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Divers TJ, Chang YF, Irby NL, Smith JL, Carter CN. Leptospirosis: An important infectious disease in North American horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:287-292. [PMID: 30629756 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
North American horses are commonly exposed to Leptospira organisms. Leptospira Bratislava is the most common infecting serovar but this serovar has not been confirmed to cause clinical disease in North American horses. Leptospira Pomona type kennewicki is responsible for most of the clinical diseases (leptospirosis) in North American horses. Leptospirosis is most commonly associated with diseases of the placenta and fetus, the kidneys and the eyes in horses. In-utero infections in pregnant mares may result in abortion, neonatal illness or birth of an antibody positive healthy foal. Acute renal failure in younger horses and recurrent uveitis in adult horses are other well documented clinical syndromes of leptospirosis. Abortions, neonatal disease and acute renal failure are caused by a subacute infection, while horses with Leptospira associated recurrent uveitis develop ocular disease months or years after the initial Leptospira infection. Diagnosis of Leptospirosis is made by a combination of antigen or antibody testing methods. Mares that abort following Leptospira infection have no additional clinical signs at the time of abortion but may shed the offending Leptospira spp. in the urine for several weeks. Antibiotic treatments are sometimes used in hopes of decreasing Leptospira shedding in infected horses or prophylactically in exposed pregnant mares but documentation of efficacy is lacking. Horses with Leptospira - associated acute renal failure can be successfully treated with antibiotics and supportive care. Recurrent uveitis is commonly associated with leptospirosis in North American horses and although horses may have chronic intraocular infection triggering an immune disease, systemic antimicrobial therapy has not been effective in eliminating the organism from the eye. An equine approved Leptospira Pomona type kennewicki vaccine is now available in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Y-F Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - N L Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - J L Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - C N Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Eydi J, Golchin M, Sakhaee E, Amiri HR, Fayed MR. Detection of equine leptospiral antibodies by latex agglutination test in Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Velineni S, Timoney JF. Preliminary evaluation of a dual antigen ELISA to distinguish vaccinated from Leptospira infected horses. Vet Rec 2016; 179:574. [PMID: 27650465 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic proteins of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona type kennewicki (Lk) including Sph1, LigA, Hsp15 and LipL45 (Qlp42) are up-regulated in infected horses but are undetectable or expressed in trace amounts on cultured organisms. In contrast, LipL32 is abundant on cultured Lk and elicits infection antibody responses. The aim of this study was to develop an ELISA based on LipL32 or Lk sonicate and host-induced proteins to differentiate vaccine from infection serum antibody. IgG specific for recombinant Sph1, LigA, Lk90 (LigA; 379-1225 a.a), Hsp15, LipL45 and LipL32 of Lk were assayed in sera of horses infected naturally with Lk and before and after immunisation with serovar Pomona bacterin. Infection but not vaccine sera reacted strongly with Sph1, LigA and Lk90. LipL45 and Hsp15 reacted moderately with infection sera and weakly with vaccine sera. Lk sonicate and LipL32 reacted strongly with both infection and vaccine sera. As expected, culture-based vaccine failed to stimulate antibody to host-induced proteins. Therefore a dual antigen ELISA based on Lk sonicate or LipL32 combined with host-induced Sph1 and Lk90 will be valuable in differentiating infection from vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Velineni
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - J F Timoney
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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Velineni S, Timoney JF, Artiushin SC, Donahue JM, Steinman M. Multiple specificities of immunoglobulin M in equine fetuses infected with Leptospira interrogans indicate a competent immune response. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:704-709. [PMID: 26671764 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Foals of mares infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona type kennewicki (Lk) may be aborted/stillborn or delivered as healthy foals. Is fetal survival explained in part by the immune response of the fetus to Leptospira antigens? OBJECTIVES To describe an outbreak of Leptospira abortion in which infected mares delivered dead/sick or normal foals and determine specificities of antibody in a collection of 54 fetuses from similar outbreaks. STUDY DESIGN Outbreak investigation in combination with a case-control study of a larger set of samples from aborted fetuses. METHODS Serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on urine and amniotic fluids were used to diagnose infection during an outbreak of Leptospira abortion. Specificities of immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgGa and IgGb for recombinant proteins of Lk in archived fluids of fetuses from similar outbreaks were compared by ELISA with those of fluids of fetuses not infected with Leptospira spp. RESULTS Five fetuses of 11 infected mares in an outbreak survived in utero in the presence of persistent placental infection and were healthy at foaling. Fetuses of 6 mares in the outbreak were aborted or died soon after birth. Significantly greater (P<0.05) IgM reactivity with all recombinant proteins and with Lk sonicate was observed in 54 archived fluids from Leptospira infected fetuses than in fluids of 30 of non-Leptospira infected fetuses. Low levels of IgGa and IgGb specific for LipL32 and Lk sonicate and traces of LigA and Hsp15 specific IgGa were detected in a minority of archived fluids from Leptospira infected fetuses. CONCLUSION Although mainly mediated by IgM, a high level of immune competence in aborted fetuses was evidenced by the multiplicity of Leptospira proteins targeted. This is likely to contribute to survival of foals in mares with evidence of placental infection at foaling as detailed in a typical outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Velineni
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - J F Timoney
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
| | - S C Artiushin
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - J M Donahue
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, USA
| | - M Steinman
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, USA
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Verma A, Stevenson B. Leptospiral uveitis - there is more to it than meets the eye! Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 59 Suppl 2:132-41. [PMID: 22958257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic species of genus Leptospira, is a highly prevalent zoonotic disease throughout many parts of the world, and an important emerging disease within the United States. Uveitis is a common complication of systemic infection in humans. A similar condition in horses is characterized by recurrent bouts of inflammation. In this article, we review advances in our understanding of leptospiral uveitis and its pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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Hamond C, Pinna A, Martins G, Lilenbaum W. The role of leptospirosis in reproductive disorders in horses. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 46:1-10. [PMID: 23990441 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance and has a worldwide distribution. This infection displays clear seasonal nature in some regions of the tropics, where the rainy season is marked by high temperatures. Household and wild animals carry leptospires and contribute to their dissemination in nature. Transmission mainly occurs by contact with water contaminated with the urine of infected animals, and consequently, it is quite widespread especially in times of rain, since many areas are subject to flooding and have poor sanitation. Serological tests demonstrate that Leptospira sp. infection in horses occurs worldwide and that the predominant serovar may vary depending on the region or infection sources. Besides systemic and ocular manifestations, leptospirosis in horses has been recognized as an important disease of the reproductive system, since it leads to the birth of weak foals, stillbirths or neonatal mortality, and mainly to abortion, usually after the sixth month of pregnancy. In this context, this review aims to gather and discuss information about the role of leptospirosis in reproductive disorders in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Hamond
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory,, Universidade Federal Fluminense,, Niterói, 24210-130, Brazil
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Numata M, Kondo T, Nambo Y, Yoshikawa Y, Watanabe K, Orino K. Change of antibody levels to ferritin in the sera of foals after birth: Possible passive transfer of maternal anti-ferritin autoantibody via colostrum and age-related anti-ferritin autoantibody production. Anim Sci J 2013; 84:782-9. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Numata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Epizootic Research Center; Equine Research Institute; Japan Racing Association; Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Equine Science Division; Hidaka Training Research Center; Japan Racing Association; Hidaka Hokkaido Japan
| | - Yasunaga Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori Japan
| | - Koichi Orino
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori Japan
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A unique genotype of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona type kennewicki is associated with equine abortion. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:349-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sturgill TL, Horohov DW. Vaccination Response of Young Foals to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin: Evidence of Effective Priming in the Presence of Maternal Antibodies. J Equine Vet Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Immunogenicity of the recombinant leptospiral putative outer membrane proteins as vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2007; 25:8190-7. [PMID: 17936448 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leptospiral putative outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are likely to be essential components of more effective vaccines. Recently completed genomic sequences of Leptospira allowed us to target putative OMPs for the development of recombinant vaccines. We focused on 12 putative OMPs that had no homology with other organisms listed in the NCBI database except MceI and MceII of Leptospira, which are approximately 25% homologous to MceI of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All putative OMPs were cloned, expressed and purified as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins. Primary screening for immunoprotective potential was performed in hamsters challenged with an LD50 inoculum of low passage serovar Pomona. Out of these 12 OMPs three fusion proteins viz. rLp1454, rLp1118 and rMceII were found to be protective in a hamster model of leptospirosis. The protective efficacy was evaluated on the basis of survival, histopathological lesions in vital organs and antibody responses against each antigen. All the recombinant proteins were able to enhance the survival and reduce the histopathological lesions. In contrast, control animals immunized with rGST demonstrated low survival and had significant lesions. Further, these three proteins were evaluated for synergistic protective efficacy as compared to LigA, which has already been established as a protective antigen. Our results indicate that rLp1454, rLp1118, and rMceII showed protection individually and synergistically against serovar Pomona infection, which may help us to develop a multicomponent vaccine for leptospirosis.
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Abstract
Diagnosis, treatment, and, ultimately, prevention of reproductive disease are vital components of equine veterinary medicine. A thorough understanding of anatomy and physiology is necessary to reconcile the pathologic findings of disease. Only then can a rational treatment plan be formulated. Many recent advances in knowledge about the reproductive system of multiple species have application to the mare and stallion.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use
- Communicable Diseases/diagnosis
- Communicable Diseases/therapy
- Communicable Diseases/veterinary
- Female
- Genital Diseases, Female/diagnosis
- Genital Diseases, Female/therapy
- Genital Diseases, Female/veterinary
- Genital Diseases, Male/diagnosis
- Genital Diseases, Male/therapy
- Genital Diseases, Male/veterinary
- Genitalia, Female/immunology
- Genitalia, Female/microbiology
- Genitalia, Male/immunology
- Genitalia, Male/microbiology
- Horse Diseases/diagnosis
- Horse Diseases/microbiology
- Horse Diseases/therapy
- Horses
- Humans
- Male
- Pregnancy
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina G Lu
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.
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Duarte PC, Conrad PA, Barr BC, Wilson WD, Ferraro GL, Packham AE, Carpenter TE, Gardner IA. RISK OF TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSMISSION OF SARCOCYSTIS NEURONA AND NEOSPORA HUGHESI IN CALIFORNIA HORSES. J Parasitol 2004; 90:1345-51. [PMID: 15715226 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to assess the risk of transplacental transmission of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi in foals from 4 California farms during 3 foaling seasons. Serum of presuckle foals and serum and colostrum of periparturient mares were tested using indirect fluorescent antibody tests for S. neurona and N. hughesi. Serum antibody titers were < or =10 in 366 presuckle foals tested. There was no serologic or histologic evidence of either parasite in aborted fetuses or placentas examined. Positivity for S. neurona and N. hughesi in mares increased with age. Mares < or =9 yr that originated from Kentucky were 3.8 and 1.4 times more likely to be positive for S. neurona and N. hughesi, respectively, than mares from California. The strength of association between positivity to either parasite and state of birth decreased as age increased. Mares positive for S. neurona and N. hughesi were 2.2 and 1.7 times more likely, respectively, to have a previous abortion than negative mares, adjusted for age and state of birth. The annual mortality rate for mares was 4%. The annual incidence rate of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis was 0.2%. In conclusion, there was no detectable risk of transplacental transmission of S. neurona and N. hughesi. Prevalence of antibodies against both parasites in mares increased with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C Duarte
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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