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Li R, Kato C, Fujita A, Abe Y, Ogawa T, Ishidori H, Misawa E, Okihara H, Kokai S, Ono T. Effect of Obesity on Masticatory Muscle Activity and Rhythmic Jaw Movements Evoked by Electrical Stimulation of Different Cortical Masticatory Areas. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12113856. [PMID: 37298051 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12113856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates rhythmic jaw movement (RJM) patterns and masticatory muscle activities during electrical stimulation in two cortical masticatory areas in obese male Zucker rats (OZRs), compared to their counterparts-lean male Zucker rats (LZRs) (seven each). At the age of 10 weeks, electromyographic (EMG) activity of the right anterior digastric muscle (RAD) and masseter muscles, and RJMs were recorded during repetitive intracortical micro-stimulation in the left anterior and posterior parts of the cortical masticatory area (A-area and P-area, respectively). Only P-area-elicited RJMs, which showed a more lateral shift and slower jaw-opening pattern than A-area-elicited RJMs, were affected by obesity. During P-area stimulation, the jaw-opening duration was significantly shorter (p < 0.01) in OZRs (24.3 ms) than LZRs (27.9 ms), the jaw-opening speed was significantly faster (p < 0.05) in OZRs (67.5 mm/s) than LZRs (50.8 mm/s), and the RAD EMG duration was significantly shorter (p < 0.01) in OZRs (5.2 ms) than LZR (6.9 ms). The two groups had no significant difference in the EMG peak-to-peak amplitude and EMG frequency parameters. This study shows that obesity affects the coordinated movement of masticatory components during cortical stimulation. While other factors may be involved, functional change in digastric muscle is partly involved in the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Li
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
| | - Chiho Kato
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
| | - Akiyo Fujita
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
| | - Yasunori Abe
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
| | - Takuya Ogawa
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishidori
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
| | - Eri Misawa
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Okihara
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kokai
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
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Shimoda M, Toyoda H, Sato H, Katagiri A, Yamada M, Murakami J, Akiyama S, Kato T. Long-term changes in oral feeding behaviors of growing rats. Odontology 2023; 111:342-349. [PMID: 36063249 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Oral feeding is critical for survival in both humans and animals. However, few studies have reported quantitative behavioral measures associated with the development of oral feeding behaviors. Therefore, the present study investigated developmental changes in the oral feeding behaviors of rats by quantitatively assessing pasta eating and licking behaviors. In the pasta eating test, the time to finish pasta sticks of three different thicknesses (Φ = 0.9, 1.4, and 1.9 mm, 4 cm long) was recorded between postnatal day 29 (P29) and P49, because all rats were able to finish eating these pasta sticks on P29. A developmental decrease in the time to finish pasta sticks of all thicknesses was observed during the initial period of recordings and plateaued before P35. The extent of this decrease was dependent on the thickness of pasta sticks. In the licking test, the number of licks per 10 s and the total intake volume during the test were recorded between P19 and P49, because all rats were able to access and lick the solution on P19. The time courses of developmental increases in the number of licks and the total intake volume were similar to the results obtained in the pasta eating test. Collectively, these results suggest that developmental changes in pasta eating and licking behaviors markedly differed between the weanling and periadolescent periods. The present study also demonstrated the applicability of the pasta eating and licking tests to the quantification of developmental changes in the oral feeding behaviors of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Shimoda
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Special Care Dentistry, Osaka University Dental Hospital, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hajime Sato
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyaki-dai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Ayano Katagiri
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaharu Yamada
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jumpei Murakami
- Division of Special Care Dentistry, Osaka University Dental Hospital, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Akiyama
- Division of Special Care Dentistry, Osaka University Dental Hospital, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kato
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Yamada M, Katagiri A, Masuda Y, Toyoda H, Niwa H, Kato T. Longitudinal electromyographic analysis of jaw-closing muscle activities during ingestive behaviors from pre-weaning to juvenile periods in rats. Physiol Behav 2023; 265:114173. [PMID: 36965571 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
This longitudinal study investigated developmental changes in jaw-closing muscle activities during ingestive behaviors in rats. On postnatal day (P) 10, electromyography (EMG) electrodes were inserted into the masseter and temporalis muscles of rat pups. EMG activities were recorded for the following ingestive behaviors between P14 and P49: for suckling, including nipple attachment and rhythmic sucking on P14 and for pasta biting, pellet chewing, and milk licking between P21 and P49. Burst rhythms and muscle coordination (i.e., the correlation and time lag) between masseter and temporalis activities were assessed for each behavior. The burst rhythms of nipple attachment and rhythmic sucking on P14 were significantly slower than those of pasta biting, pellet chewing, and milk licking on P21. Muscle coordination differed between suckling on P14 and mastication and licking on P21. Between P21 and P49, increases were observed in burst rhythms for pasta biting and pellet chewing. The rate of increases in burst rhythms was higher for pasta biting than for pellet chewing. Muscle coordination between the two muscle activities for pasta biting did not significantly change between P21 and P49, whereas that for pellet chewing significantly changed between P21 and P24 and stabilized after P24. Burst rhythms for milk licking did not significantly change over time, while muscle coordination between the two muscle activities changed from agonist to antagonist muscle-like activity on approximately P35. The present results demonstrate that distinct patterns of rhythmic jaw-closing muscle activities emerge before weaning, they continue to change over time, and they exhibit unique developmental dynamics for each behavior after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Yamada
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate school of Dentistry, Osaka university, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate school of Dentistry, Osaka university, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayano Katagiri
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate school of Dentistry, Osaka university, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Masuda
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Hirookagoubara 1780, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate school of Dentistry, Osaka university, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate school of Dentistry, Osaka university, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kato
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate school of Dentistry, Osaka university, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Three-dimensional analysis of root changes after orthodontic treatment for patients at different stages of root development. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2023; 163:60-67. [PMID: 36195543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated changes in the roots of maxillary incisors at different stages of root development after fixed-appliance treatment using cone-beam computed tomography. METHODS Data from 52 subjects receiving fixed-appliance treatment were collected retrospectively. The subjects were divided into 3 groups: mixed dentition group (aged 7-10 years; root development stage: Nolla eighth-10th; n = 16), early permanent dentition group (aged 12-18 years; root development stage: Nolla 10th; n = 20), and adult group (aged 18-35 years; root development stage: Nolla 10th; n = 16). Changes in root lengths and volume of the maxillary central incisors were measured using pretreatment and posttreatment cone-beam computed tomography. RESULTS The root lengths and volumes of maxillary central incisors in the mixed dentition group significantly increased after orthodontic treatment (P >0.05). No significant differences were found when comparing the final root length and volume of the mixed dentition group with the pretreatment maxillary incisor values of the early permanent dentition group (P >0.05). The early permanent dentition group showed a significant decrease in root length (P <0.05), and both the root length and volume of the adult group significantly decreased after treatment (P <0.05). The differences in root length and volume reduction between the 2 groups were not significant (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS Orthodontic treatment had no significant negative impact on the continued root development of incomplete roots with two-thirds root formation. Both the early permanent dentition and adult groups exhibited root resorption after orthodontic treatment. It seemed age was not a factor that resulted in significant root resorption during routine orthodontic leveling and alignment treatment once the roots were fully developed.
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Aung PT, Kato C, Fujita A, Abe Y, Ogawa T, Ishidori H, Okihara H, Kokai S, Ono T. Effects of low occlusal loading on the neuromuscular behavioral development of cortically-elicited jaw movements in growing rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7175. [PMID: 33785823 PMCID: PMC8010060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of altered occlusal force on masticatory-related neuromuscular control, which projects from the anterior part of the cortical masticatory area (A-CMA), during growth remains unclear. This study sought to evaluate the effect of occlusal hypofunction on neuromuscular development of jaw muscle activities and cortically-induced rhythmic jaw movements (RJMs) in growing rats. Sixty-four 2-week-old male albino Wistar rats were divided into the control (fed normal diet) and experimental (fed soft diet) groups soon after weaning. Electromyographic activity was recorded at 5, 7, 9, and 11 weeks from the right masseter and anterior digastric along with RJMs. We found a significantly longer onset latency and smaller peak-to-peak amplitude in the experimental group than that in the control group. The RJMs showed an increase in gape size and lateral excursion until up to 9 weeks in both groups. However, both the average gape size and lateral excursion were significantly smaller in the experimental group than that in the control group after 9 weeks. The jaw movement pattern also showed a significant decrease at the maximum opening period in the experimental group. Our findings indicate that inadequate occlusal function during growth alters neuromuscular control of masticatory behaviors and impairs the pattern of RJMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyo Thura Aung
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Chiho Kato
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Akiyo Fujita
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yasunori Abe
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takuya Ogawa
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishidori
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Okihara
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kokai
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
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Aung PT, Kato C, Abe Y, Ogawa T, Ishidori H, Fujita A, Okihara H, Kokai S, Ono T. Functional Analysis of Rhythmic Jaw Movements Evoked by Electrical Stimulation of the Cortical Masticatory Area During Low Occlusal Loading in Growing Rats. Front Physiol 2020; 11:34. [PMID: 32082192 PMCID: PMC7005729 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The maturation of rhythmic jaw movements (RJMs) and related neuromuscular control has rarely been studied in animals, though this process is essential for regulating the development of stomatognathic functions. Previous studies have shown that occlusal hypofunction during growth alters masticatory performance. However, little is known about patterns of cortically-induced RJMs under conditions of soft-diet feeding during development. The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of low occlusal loading on the pattern of cortically induced RJMs and related neuromuscular responses in growing rats. Sixty-four 2-week-old male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups and fed on either a normal diet (control) or soft diet (experimental) soon after weaning. At 5, 7, 9, and 11 weeks of age, electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the right masseter and anterior digastric muscles along with corresponding kinematic images in RJMs during repetitive intracortical microstimulation of the left cortical masticatory area (CMA). Rats in both groups showed an increase in gape size and lateral excursion until 9 weeks of age. The vertical jaw movement speed in both groups showed no significant difference between 5 and 7 weeks of age but increased with age from 9 to 11 weeks. Compared to the control group, the average gape size and vertical speed were significantly lower in the experimental group, and the pattern and rhythm of the jaw movement cycle were similar between both groups at each recording age. EMG recordings showed no age-related significant differences in onset latency, duration, and peak-to-peak amplitude. Moreover, we found significantly longer onset latency, smaller peak-to-peak amplitude, and greater drop-off mean and median frequencies in the experimental group than in the control group, while there was no significant difference in the duration between groups. These findings indicate that a lack of enough occlusal function in infancy impedes the development of patterns of RJMs and delays the neuromuscular response from specific stimulation of the CMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyo Thura Aung
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiho Kato
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Abe
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Ogawa
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishidori
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyo Fujita
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Okihara
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kokai
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Han J, Hwang S, Nguyen T, Proffit WR, Soma K, Choi YJ, Kim KH, Chung CJ. Periodontal and root changes after orthodontic treatment in middle-aged adults are similar to those in young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019; 155:650-655.e2. [PMID: 31053280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of this study was to compare the outcomes and amount of change in periodontal health of anterior teeth in young versus middle-aged adults, who were treated to improve anterior alignment and occlusion. METHODS Pre- and posttreatment records including orthodontic casts, cephalograms, and standardized periapical radiographs were retrospectively collected from young adults (aged 19-30 years; n = 12) and middle-aged adults (aged ≥40 years; n = 27). Following the American Board of Orthodontics criteria, discrepancy index (DI), cast-radiograph evaluation (CRE), treatment duration (TD), marginal bone loss (MBL), and tooth length (TL) were measured, and with the use of periapical radiographs, changes in the level of marginal bone (MBC) and the amount of root resorption (RR) after orthodontic treatment were calculated. RESULTS DI, MBL, and TD were significantly higher in the middle-aged adults than in the young adults (P < 0.05). However, CRE and MBC after treatment were similar between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). The mean amount of RR following treatment was -0.6 ± 0.44 mm and -1.0 ± 0.61 mm in young and middle-aged adults, respectively. The degree of RR after compensating for treatment complexity and TD was similar between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although the initial malocclusion and periodontal conditions were unfavorable for the middle-aged adults, the overall treatment and periodontal outcomes after orthodontic treatment of the anterior teeth were similar to those for young adults. It appears that older adults tolerate orthodontics to improve the appearance of the anterior teeth as well as younger adults, with no additional burden because of their increased age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Han
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soonshin Hwang
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea; Gangam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tung Nguyen
- Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - William R Proffit
- Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kunimichi Soma
- Orthodontic Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoon Jeong Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea; Gangam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chooryung J Chung
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea; Gangam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC.
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Menegaz RA, Ravosa MJ. Ontogenetic and functional modularity in the rodent mandible. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:61-72. [PMID: 28774721 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The material properties of diets consumed by juvenile individuals are known to affect adult morphological outcomes. However, much of the current experimental knowledge regarding dietary effects on masticatory form is derived from studies in which individuals are fed a non-variable diet for the duration of their postweaning growth period. Thus, it remains unclear how intra-individual variation in diet, due to ontogenetic variation in feeding behaviors or seasonal resource fluctuations, affects the resulting adult morphology. Furthermore, the mandible is composed of multiple developmental and functional subunits, and the extent to which growth and plasticity among these modules is correlated may be misestimated by studies that examine non-variable masticatory function in adults only. To address these gaps in our current knowledge, this study raised Sprague Dawley rats (n=42) in four dietary cohorts from weaning to skeletal maturity. Two cohorts were fed a stable ("annual") diet of either solid or powdered pellets. The other two cohorts were fed a variable ("seasonal") diet consisting of solid/powdered pellets for the first half of the study, followed by a shift to the opposite diet. Results of longitudinal morphometric analyses indicate that variation in the mandibular corpus is more prominent at immature ontogenetic stages, likely due to processes of dental eruption and the growth of tooth roots. Furthermore, adult morphology is influenced by both masticatory function and the ontogenetic timing of this function, e.g., the consumption of a mechanically resistant diet. The morphology of the coronoid process was found to separate cohorts on the basis of their early weanling diet, suggesting that the coronoid process/temporalis muscle module may have an early plasticity window related to high growth rates during this life stage. Conversely, the morphology of the angular process was found to be influenced by the consumption of a mechanically resistant diet at any point during the growth period, but with a tendency to reflect the most recent diet. The prolonged plasticity window of the angular process/pterygomasseteric muscle module may be related to delayed ossification and muscular maturation within this module. The research presented here highlights the importance of more naturalistic models of mammalian feeding, and underscores the need for a better understanding of the processes of both morphological and behavioral maturation that follow weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Menegaz
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, 221 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Uchima Koecklin KH, Hiranuma M, Kato C, Funaki Y, Kataguchi T, Yabushita T, Kokai S, Ono T. Unilateral Nasal Obstruction during Later Growth Periods Affects Craniofacial Muscles in Rats. Front Physiol 2017; 7:669. [PMID: 28119621 PMCID: PMC5222814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal obstruction can occur at different life stages. In early stages of life the respiratory system is still under development, maturing during the growth period. Previous studies have shown that nasal obstruction in neonatal rats alters craniofacial function. However, little is known about the effects of nasal obstruction that develops during later growth periods. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nasal obstruction during later periods of growth on the functional characteristics of the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) and tongue-protruding muscles. In total, 102 6-day-old male Wistar rats were randomized into either a control or experimental group (both n = 51). In order to determine the appropriate timing of nasal obstruction, the saturation of arterial oxygen (SpO2) was monitored at 8 days, and at 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 weeks in the control group. Rats in the experimental group underwent unilateral nasal obstruction at the age of 5 weeks. The SpO2 was monitored at 7, 9, and 11 weeks in the experimental group. The electromyographic responses of JOR and the contractile properties of the tongue-protruding muscles were recorded at 7, 9, and 11 weeks. In the control group, SpO2 decreased until 5 weeks of age, and remained relatively stable until 11 weeks of age. The SpO2 was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control. In the experimental group, JOR changes included a longer latency and smaller peak-to-peak amplitude, while changes in the contractile properties of the tongue-protruding muscles included larger twitch and tetanic forces, and a longer half-decay time. These results suggest that nasal obstruction during later growth periods may affect craniofacial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin H Uchima Koecklin
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maya Hiranuma
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiho Kato
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiha Funaki
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Kataguchi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadachika Yabushita
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kokai
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
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Funaki Y, Hiranuma M, Shibata M, Kokai S, Ono T. Effects of nasal obstruction on maturation of the jaw-opening reflex in growing rats. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:530-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hiranuma M, Kokai S, Fujita K, Ishida T, Shibata M, Naito S, Yabushita T, Ono T. Effects of a liquid diet on the response properties of temporomandibular joint nociceptive neurons in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis of growing rats. Orthod Craniofac Res 2013; 16:214-22. [PMID: 23574809 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether low mechanical loading on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) when ingesting a liquid diet affects the response properties of neurons in the trigeminal spinal tract subnucleus caudalis (Sp5C) in growing rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Shortly after weaning, 2-week-old male rats were fed chow pellets (control) or a liquid diet (experimental). Firing activities of single sensory units were recorded from the Sp5C at 4, 5, 7, and 9 weeks. Neurons were functionally classified by their responsiveness to TMJ stimuli. The responses of Class II and III neurons to TMJ stimuli were investigated. RESULTS In both neuron classes, the firing threshold in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the control group at all time points, but remained static in the control group throughout the experimental period, whereas it peaked in the experimental group at 4 weeks, decreased at 5 weeks, and remained stable thereafter until 9 weeks. Similarly, the initial firing frequency was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group, but remained static in the control group throughout the experimental period, whereas in the experimental group, it was at its lowest at 4 weeks, increased at 5 weeks, and stayed stable thereafter until 9 weeks. CONCLUSION Differences in TMJ loading arising from variable diet consistency during growth may affect the functional characteristics of Sp5C neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hiranuma
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Changes of myelinated nerve and myelin basic protein expression in rats' periodontal ligaments after experimental tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012. [PMID: 23195367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Information about the effect of tooth movement on the myelinated nerve in the periodontal ligament is limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate what responses of the periodontal myelinated nerve can be evoked during experimental tooth movement. METHODS In experimental-I group, the maxillary left and mandibular right third molars were moved distally. In experimental-II group, the maxillary left third molar but not the right one was moved, and the bilateral mandibular third molars were extracted. The ultrastructures of the myelinated nerve in the periodontal ligament of the bilateral maxillary third molars were observed under a transmission electron microscope. The expression of myelin basic protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Degenerative ultrastructural changes of the myelinated nerve in the periodontal ligament were noticed mainly in the myelin sheath; these were observed earlier and were recoverable in the experimental-I group. In contrast, the ultrastructural changes of the myelinated nerve occurred mainly in the axons, were observed later, and were unrecoverable in the experimental-II group. A concomitant decrease of myelin basic protein expression was observed in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Both experimental tooth movement and occlusal changes accompanying it caused changes of the myelinated nerve in the periodontal ligament.
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Changsiripun C, Yabushita T, Soma K. Differences in maturation of the jaw-opening reflex between rats that received early-and late-masticatory stimulation. J Oral Rehabil 2012; 39:879-87. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Changsiripun
- Department of Orthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - T. Yabushita
- Orthodontic Science; Department of Orofacial Development and Function; Division of Oral Health Sciences; Graduate School; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Soma
- Orthodontic Science; Department of Orofacial Development and Function; Division of Oral Health Sciences; Graduate School; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
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Sako E, Hosomichi J. Alteration of bFGF expression with growth and age in rat molar periodontal ligament. Angle Orthod 2010; 80:904-11. [DOI: 10.2319/011910-38.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Ishida T, Yabushita T, Soma K. Functional Changes of Temporomandibular Joint Mechanoreceptors Induced by Reduced Masseter Muscle Activity in Growing Rats. Angle Orthod 2009; 79:978-83. [DOI: 10.2319/081108-424.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: To determine the influence of masseter muscle activity during growth on the functional characteristics of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) mechanoreceptors.
Materials and Methods: Sixty-six 3-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into an experimental group, in which the masseter muscles were bilaterally resected at 3 weeks of age, and a control group. Single-unit activities of the TMJ mechanoreceptors were evoked by indirect stimulation of passive jaw movement. Electrophysiologic recordings of TMJ units were made at 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age.
Results: During this period, the firing threshold of the TMJ units was significantly lower and the maximum instantaneous frequency of the TMJ units was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group.
Conclusion: Reduced masseter activity during the growth period alters the response properties of TMJ mechanoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Ishida
- a Graduate Student, Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadachika Yabushita
- b Clinical Fellow, Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunimichi Soma
- c Professor and Chairman, Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ishida T, Yabushita T, Soma K. Effects of a liquid diet on temporomandibular joint mechano-receptors. J Dent Res 2009; 88:187-91. [PMID: 19278993 DOI: 10.1177/0022034508328626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Load during mastication is an important factor for the development and maintenance of mechano- receptor properties. The purpose of this study was to examine property changes in the rat TMJ mechano-receptors under conditions of liquid diet feeding and low articular load during the growth period. The hypothesis was that alterations in mastication of liquid diet might increase TMJ mechano-receptor sensitivity. Sixty-six two-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a control group that was fed on whole pellets, and an experimental group that was fed a liquid diet. Electrophysiological recordings from the TMJ units were obtained from the trigeminal ganglion when the rats were 5, 7, and 9 weeks old. In the experimental group, TMJ mechanoreceptor sensitivity increased, because the firing threshold gradually decreased and the maximum instantaneous frequency gradually increased. In conclusion, functional properties of TMJ mechano-receptors under low articular loading conditions cannot mature normally within the growth period.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ishida
- Orthodontic Sciences, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
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