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Liu-Lupo Y, Ham JD, Jeewajee SKA, Nguyen L, Delorey T, Ramos A, Weinstock DM, Regev A, Hemann MT. Integrated multi-omics analyses reveal homology-directed repair pathway as a unique dependency in near-haploid leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2023; 13:92. [PMID: 37286545 PMCID: PMC10247733 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-023-00863-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole chromosome losses resulting in near-haploid karyotypes are found in a rare subgroup of treatment-refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. To systematically dissect the unique physiology and uncover susceptibilities that can be exploited in near-haploid leukemia, we leveraged single-cell RNA-Seq and computational inference of cell cycle stages to pinpoint key differences between near-haploid and diploid leukemia cells. Combining cell cycle stage-specific differential expression with gene essentiality scores from a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout screen, we identified the homologous recombination pathway component RAD51B as an essential gene in near-haploid leukemia. DNA damage analyses revealed significantly increased sensitivity of RAD51-mediated repair to RAD51B loss in the G2/M stage of near-haploid cells, suggesting a unique role of RAD51B in the homologous recombination pathway. Elevated G2/M and G1/S checkpoint signaling was part of a RAD51B signature expression program in response to chemotherapy in a xenograft model of human near-haploid B-ALL, and RAD51B and its associated programs were overexpressed in a large panel of near-haploid B-ALL patients. These data highlight a unique genetic dependency on DNA repair machinery in near-haploid leukemia and demarcate RAD51B as a promising candidate for targeted therapy in this treatment-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu-Lupo
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- MIT Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - James Dongjoo Ham
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- MIT Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, USA
| | - Swarna K A Jeewajee
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- MIT Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, USA
| | - Lan Nguyen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Toni Delorey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Azucena Ramos
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- MIT Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, USA
| | - David M Weinstock
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- MIT Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael T Hemann
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA.
- MIT Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA.
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Panuciak K, Nowicka E, Mastalerczyk A, Zawitkowska J, Niedźwiecki M, Lejman M. Overview on Aneuploidy in Childhood B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108764. [PMID: 37240110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have brought significant progress in the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This was influenced by both the improved schemes of conventionally used therapy, as well as the development of new forms of treatment. As a consequence, 5-year survival rates have increased and now exceed 90% in pediatric patients. For this reason, it would seem that everything has already been explored in the context of ALL. However, delving into its pathogenesis at the molecular level shows that there are many variations that still need to be analyzed in more detail. One of them is aneuploidy, which is among the most common genetic changes in B-cell ALL. It includes both hyperdiploidy and hypodiploidy. Knowledge of the genetic background is important already at the time of diagnosis, because the first of these forms of aneuploidy is characterized by a good prognosis, in contrast to the second, which is in favor of an unfavorable course. In our work, we will focus on summarizing the current state of knowledge on aneuploidy, along with an indication of all the consequences that may be correlated with it in the context of the treatment of patients with B-cell ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Panuciak
- Student Scientific Society, Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Emilia Nowicka
- Student Scientific Society, Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Angelika Mastalerczyk
- Student Scientific Society, Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Niedźwiecki
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Lejman
- Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Chaturvedi A, Shetty D, Ghogale SG, Deshpande N, Badrinath Y, Chatterjee G, Girase K, Sriram H, Khanka T, Mishra C, Dasgupta N, Gujarathi SA, Rajpal S, Patkar N, Amare-Kadam P, Gujral S, Subramanian PG, Tembhare PR. Detecting hypodiploidy with endoreduplication and masked hypodiploidy in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia using multicolor flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2022; 102:199-208. [PMID: 35212133 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multicolor flow cytometry-based DNA-ploidy (MFC-ploidy) analysis is a simple, sensitive, and popular method for ploidy analysis in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). However, the utility of MFC-ploidy in the detection of B-ALL with endoreduplication or masked hypodiploidy has not been reported. Herein, we studied the patterns of MFC-ploidy assessment and its utility to detect B-ALL with hypodiploidy and endoreduplication. METHODS MFC-ploidy analysis was performed using FxCycle Violet-dye-based method, and cytogenetic ploidy was evaluated using chromosomal-counting and FISH analysis. A total of 20 B-ALL cases with endoreduplication were studied for the patterns of MFC-ploidy analysis and compared with 250 patients with hyperdiploidy and 11 cases with pure hypodiploidy. RESULTS All B-ALL with endoreduplication revealed two distinct peaks (populations) on MFC-ploidy analysis: the first (hypodiploid) peak (median-DNA-index [DI], 0.82; range, 0.6-0.95) and the second (hyperdiploid) peak with almost twice DI (median-DI, 1.53; range, 1.14-1.75). Cytogenetic findings were available in 19 cases and confirmed hypodiploidy with endoreduplication in 13/19 (68.4%) and only hypodiploidy in 3/19 cases. The remaining three cases showed hyperdiploid blasts in cytogenetic studies. Of these three, two cases had <10% blasts population with hypodiploidy. Thus, masked-hypodiploidy could be diagnosed correctly in 3/19 cases on MFC-ploidy analysis. CONCLUSION MFC-ploidy analysis shows a characteristic pattern of DNA-ploidy in samples with endoreduplication. It allows the distinction between samples with masked hypodiploidy from true hyperdiploidy. An integrated approach involving cytogenetic and MFC-ploidy detection is very helpful in the risk stratification of B-ALL in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumeha Chaturvedi
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dhanalaxmi Shetty
- Cancer Cytogenetics Department, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, HBNI University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sitaram Gundu Ghogale
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilesh Deshpande
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yajamanam Badrinath
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gaurav Chatterjee
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Karishma Girase
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harshini Sriram
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Twinkle Khanka
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chetna Mishra
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Niharika Dasgupta
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sejal Anil Gujarathi
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sweta Rajpal
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nikhil Patkar
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prathibha Amare-Kadam
- Cancer Cytogenetics Department, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, HBNI University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumeet Gujral
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Papagudi Ganesan Subramanian
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant Ramesh Tembhare
- Hematopathology Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Near-Haploidy and Low-Hypodiploidy in B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: When Less Is Too Much. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010032. [PMID: 35008193 PMCID: PMC8750410 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypodiploidy with less than 40 chromosomes is a rare genetic abnormality in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). This condition can be classified based on modal chromosome number as low-hypodiploidy (30–39 chromosomes) and near-haploidy (24–29 chromosomes), with unique cytogenetic and mutational landscapes. Hypodiploid B-ALL with <40 chromosomes has an extremely poor outcome, with 5-year overall survival rates below 50% and 20% in childhood and adult B-ALL, respectively. Accordingly, this genetic feature represents an adverse prognostic factor in B-ALL and is associated with early relapse and therapy refractoriness. Notably, half of all patients with hypodiploid B-ALL with <40 chromosomes cases ultimately exhibit chromosome doubling of the hypodiploid clone, resulting in clones with 50–78 chromosomes. Doubled clones are often the major clones at diagnosis, leading to “masked hypodiploidy”, which is clinically challenging as patients can be erroneously classified as hyperdiploid B-ALL. Here, we summarize the main cytogenetic and molecular features of hypodiploid B-ALL subtypes, and provide a brief overview of the diagnostic methods, standard-of-care treatments and overall clinical outcome. Finally, we discuss molecular mechanisms that may underlie the origin and leukemogenic impact of hypodiploidy and may open new therapeutic avenues to improve survival rates in these patients.
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Gupta N, Parihar M, Banerjee S, Brahma S, Pawar R, Rath A, Shewale S, Singh M, Sasikumaran Nair Remani A, Krishnan S, Bhatacharyya A, Das A, Kumar J, Bhave S, Radhakrishnan V, Nair R, Chandy M, Mishra D, Arora N. FxCycle™ Based Ploidy Correlates with Cytogenetic Ploidy in B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Is Able to Detect the Aneuploid Minimal Residual Disease Clone. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2019; 96:359-367. [PMID: 30715800 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow cytometry (FCM) is a simple, sensitive, and specific technique that can potentially determine DNA ploidy in B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) and is complementary to cytogenetics. METHODS A prospective FCM DNA ploidy analysis using FxCycle™ Violet (assay sensitivity 0.01%) was done in 125 consecutive new cases of BCP-ALL (90 cases <15 years of age) and compared with corresponding cytogenetic ploidy (karyotyping and/or FISH) data wherever available. This assay was also subsequently evaluated for detection of residual aneuploid clone in few BCP-ALL cases. RESULTS Of the total 125 BCP-ALL cases evaluated, flow ploidy analysis revealed diploidy (DI 0.96-1.05) in 44.8% (n = 56), low-hyperdiploidy (DI 1.06 to 1.15) in 13.6% (n = 17), high-hyperdiploidy (DI 1.16-1.39) in 32.8% (n = 41) and near-tetraploidy (DI ≥ 1.80) in 2.4% (n = 3) cases. The high risk sub-group of low-hypodiploidy (DI 0.70 to 0.88)/near-triploidy (DI 1.40 to 1.79) constituted 5.6% (n = 7) cases while there was only one case with haploidy (DI 0.58). Overall, high concordance of 90.4% (n = 113) was noted between the combined cytogenetics ploidy and FCM ploidy. Of the total discordant cases (n = 12), the maximum discordance was seen in the low-hyperdiploid DI subgroup (n = 10), which included seven cases with low DNA index high hyperdiploidy (LDI-HHD). FCM DNA ploidy assay was able to detect the residual clone in all six MRD positive aneuploid cases evaluated. CONCLUSIONS FxCycle™ based DNA ploidy ascertains strong correlation with cytogenetic profiles and yields complementary information that can be used by the cytogenetics laboratories or otherwise. © 2019 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishit Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Mayur Parihar
- Department of Laboratory Hematology and Cytogenetics, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Subhajit Brahma
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Ravikiran Pawar
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Rath
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Sundar Shewale
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Manish Singh
- Department of Laboratory Hematology and Cytogenetics, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Shekhar Krishnan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Anirban Das
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Jeevan Kumar
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Saurabh Bhave
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Reena Nair
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Mammen Chandy
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Deepak Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Hematology and Molecular Genetics, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Neeraj Arora
- Department of Laboratory Hematology and Molecular Genetics, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
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Ploidy-dependent change in cyclin D2 expression and sensitization to cdk4/6 inhibition in human somatic haploid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:231-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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7
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Near-haploid and low-hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia: two distinct subtypes with consistently poor prognosis. Blood 2016; 129:420-423. [PMID: 27903530 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-743765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypodiploidy <40 chromosomes is an uncommon genetic feature of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in both children and adults. It has long been clear by cytogenetic analyses, and recently confirmed by mutational profiling, that these cases may be further subdivided into 2 subtypes: near-haploid ALL with 24 to 30 chromosomes and low-hypodiploid ALL with 31 to 39 chromosomes. Both groups are associated with a very poor prognosis, and these patients are among those who could benefit most from novel treatments.
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8
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Hyperhaploidy is a novel high-risk cytogenetic subgroup in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2016; 31:637-644. [PMID: 27694925 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhaploid clones (24-34 chromosomes) were identified in 33 patients with multiple myeloma (MM), demonstrating a novel numerical cytogenetic subgroup. Strikingly, all hyperhaploid karyotypes were found to harbor monosomy 17p, the single most important risk stratification lesion in MM. A catastrophic loss of nearly a haploid set of chromosomes results in disomies of chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 18, 19 and 21, the same basic set of odd-numbered chromosomes found in trisomy in hyperdiploid myeloma. All other autosomes are found in monosomy, resulting in additional clinically relevant monosomies of 1p, 6q, 13q and 16q. Hypotriploid subclones (58-68 chromosomes) were also identified in 11 of the 33 patients and represent a duplication of the hyperhaploid clone. Analysis of clones utilizing interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH), metaphase FISH and spectral karyotyping identified either monosomy 17 or del17p in all patients. Amplification of 1q21 was identified in eight patients, demonstrating an additional high-risk marker. Importantly, our findings indicate that current iFISH strategies may be uninformative or ambiguous in the detection of these clones, suggesting this patient subgroup maybe underreported. Overall survival for patients with hyperhaploid clones was poor, with a 5-year survival rate of 23.1%. These findings identify a distinct numerical subgroup with cytogenetically defined high-risk disease.
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Bhandari P, Ahmad F, Dalvi R, Koppaka N, Kokate P, Das BR, Mandava S. Cytogenetic Profile of De Novo B lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Determination of Frequency, Distribution Pattern and Identification of Rare and Novel Chromosomal Aberrations in Indian Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:7219-29. [PMID: 26514515 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.16.7219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal aberrations identified in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have an important role in disease diagnosis, prognosis and management. Information on karyotype and associated clinical parameters are essential to physicians for planning cancer control interventions in different geographical regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we present the overall frequency and distribution patterns of chromosomal aberrations in both children and adult de novo B lineage ALL Indian patients using conventional cytogenetics, interphase FISH and multiplex RT-PCR. RESULTS Among the 215 subjects, cytogenetic results were achieved in 172 (80%) patients; normal karyotype represented 37.2% and abnormal 62.8% with a distribution as follows: 15.3% hypodiploidy; 10.3% hyperdiploidy; 15.8% t(9;22); 9.8% t(1;19); 3.7% t(12;21); 2.8% t(4;11); 2.8% complex karyotypes. Apart from these, we observed several novel, rare and common chromosomal rearrangements. Also, FISH studies using LSI extra-signal dual-color probes revealed additional structural or numerical changes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate cytogenetic heterogeneity of ALL and confirm that the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities varies considerably. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the largest reported series of cytogenetic investigations in Indian B-lineage ALL cases. In addition, ongoing cytogenetic studies are warranted in larger groups of B-lineage ALL cases to identify newly acquired chromosomal abnormalities that may contribute to disease diagnosis and management.
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Hakeem A, Shiekh AA, Bhat GM, Lone AR. Prognostification of ALL by Cytogenetics. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2015; 31:322-31. [PMID: 26085716 PMCID: PMC4465518 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-014-0483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic abnormalities in chromosomal number and structure are common in pediatric ALL and some have prognostic significance. One interesting association between cytogenetic status and treatment response involves the metabolism of methotrexate. Hyperdiploid lymphoblasts accumulate increased amounts of MTX and MTX polyglutamates, and they have higher basal apoptotic rates compared with leukemic cells with lower ploidy and normal cells. These characteristics may contribute to the better outcomes observed for patients with hyperdiploid lymphoblasts. A number of recurrent chromosomal abnormalities have been shown to have prognostic significance, especially in B-precursor ALL. Some chromosomal abnormalities are associated with more favorable outcomes, such as high hyperdiploidy (51-65 chromosomes) and the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion. Others are associated with a poorer prognosis, including the Philadelphia chromosome [t(9;22)], rearrangements of the MLL gene (chromosome 11q23), and intrachromosomal amplification of the AML1 gene (iAMP21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Hakeem
- Department of Med Oncology, SKIMS SGR, Srinagar, 190011 J And K India
| | - Aejaz Aziz Shiekh
- Department of Med Oncology, SKIMS SGR, Srinagar, 190011 J And K India
| | - Gull Mohd. Bhat
- Department of Med Oncology, SKIMS SGR, Srinagar, 190011 J And K India
| | - A. R. Lone
- Department of Med Oncology, SKIMS SGR, Srinagar, 190011 J And K India
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Abstract
Most animal genomes are diploid, and mammalian development depends on specific adaptations that have evolved secondary to diploidy. Genomic imprinting and dosage compensation restrict haploid development to early embryos. Recently, haploid mammalian development has been reinvestigated since the establishment of haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from mouse embryos. Haploid cells possess one copy of each gene, facilitating the generation of loss-of-function mutations in a single step. Recessive mutations can then be assessed in forward genetic screens. Applications of haploid mammalian cell systems in screens have been illustrated in several recent publications. Haploid ESCs are characterized by a wide developmental potential and can contribute to chimeric embryos and mice. Different strategies for introducing genetic modifications from haploid ESCs into the mouse germline have been further developed. Haploid ESCs therefore introduce new possibilities in mammalian genetics and could offer an unprecedented tool for genome exploration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wutz
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland;
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12
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Sakamoto LHT, Andrade RVD, Felipe MSS, Motoyama AB, Pittella Silva F. SMYD2 is highly expressed in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and constitutes a bad prognostic factor. Leuk Res 2014; 38:496-502. [PMID: 24631370 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy. Although several clinical characteristics can be associated with worse prognosis, more robust biological markers still remains uncovered. SMYD2, a member of SMYD protein family, regulates the activity of several proteins through methylation. In this study, we performed quantitative real time PCR to compare the expression of SMYD2 in 83 pediatric ALL patients and non-neoplastic bone marrow samples (BMS). The study revealed that SMYD2 expression is altered in ALL BMS and its high expression was correlated with a bad prognosis. Moreover, we also revealed that SMYD2 expression level significantly decreases in patients that respond to chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Henrique Toshihiro Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology of Cancer, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Cell Biology Department, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Jose Alencar Children's Hospital of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Vieira de Andrade
- Laboratory of Genomic Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli Soares Felipe
- Laboratory of Genomic Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Cell Biology Department, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Andrea Barretto Motoyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology of Cancer, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Fabio Pittella Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology of Cancer, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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13
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Leeb M, Wutz A. Haploid genomes illustrate epigenetic constraints and gene dosage effects in mammals. Epigenetics Chromatin 2013; 6:41. [PMID: 24305551 PMCID: PMC4175507 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8935-6-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing projects have revealed the information of many animal genomes and thereby enabled the exploration of genome evolution. Insights into how genomes have been repeatedly modified provide a basis for understanding evolutionary innovation and the ever increasing complexity of animal developmental programs. Animal genomes are diploid in most cases, suggesting that redundant information in two copies of the genome increases evolutionary fitness. Genomes are well adapted to a diploid state. Changes of ploidy can be accommodated early in development but they rarely permit successful development into adulthood. In mammals, epigenetic mechanisms including imprinting and X inactivation restrict haploid development. These restrictions are relaxed in an early phase of development suggesting that dosage regulation appears less critical. Here we review the recent literature on haploid genomes and dosage effects and try to embed recent findings in an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Leeb
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
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Settin A, Al Haggar M, Al Dosoky T, Al Baz R, Abdelrazik N, Fouda M, Aref S, Al-Tonbary Y. Prognostic cytogenetic markers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Cases from Mansoura Egypt. Hematology 2013; 12:103-11. [PMID: 17454190 DOI: 10.1080/10245330600954056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the work was to evaluate children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) showing resistance to immediate induction chemotherapy in relation to conventional and advanced cytogenetic analysis. The study was conducted on 63 ALL children (40 males and 23 females) with age range 4.5 months-16 years (mean = 7.76 years). They included 37 cases who attained a true remission and 26 complicated by failure of remission, early relapse or death. They were subjected to history, clinical examination and investigations including CBC, BM examination, karyotyping, FISH for translocations and flowcytometry for immunophenotyping and minimal residual disease diagnosis. Cases aged < 5 years; male sex with organomegaly had better remission although statistically insignificant. Initially low HB < 8 gm/dl, high WBCs and platelet counts >50.000/mm(3) also showed better but non-significant remission rates. Most of our cases were L(2) with better remission compared to other immunophenotypes. About 40 informative karyotypes were subdivided into 15 hypodiploid, 10 pseudodiploid, 8 normal diploid and 7 hyperdiploid cases; the best remission rates were noticed among the most frequent ploidy patterns. Chromosomes 9, 11 and 22 were the most frequently involved by structural aberrations followed by chromosomes 5, 12 and 17. Resistance was noted with aberrations not encountered among remission group; deletions involving chromosomes 2p, 3q, 10p and 12q; translocations involving chromosome 5; trisomies of chromosomes 16 and 21; monosomies of 5 and X and inversions of 5 and 11. Our conclusions were that cytogenetic and molecular characterizations of childhood ALL could add prognostic criteria for proper therapy allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Settin
- Genetic Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
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15
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Settin A, Al Haggar M, Al Dosoky T, Al Baz R, Abdelrazik N, Fouda M, Aref S, Al-Tonbary Y. Prognostic cytogenetic markers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Cases from Mansoura, Egypt. Hematology 2013; 11:341-9. [PMID: 17607584 DOI: 10.1080/10245330600938174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) showing resistance to immediate induction chemotherapy in relation to conventional and advanced cytogenetic analysis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This work was conducted on 63 ALL children (40 males and 23 females) with age range 4.5 months-16 years (mean = 7.76 years). They included 37 cases who attained true remission and 26 complicated by failure of remission, early relapse or death. They were subjected to history, clinical examination and investigations including CBC, BM examination, karyotyping, FISH for translocations and flow cytometry for immunophenotyping and minimal residual disease diagnosis. RESULTS Cases aged < 5 years; male sex with organomegaly had better remission although statistically insignificant. Initially low Hb < 8 gm/dl, high WBCs and platelet counts > 50,000/mm(3) also showed better but non-significant remission rates. Most of our cases were L(2) with better remission compared to other immunophenotypes. Forty informative karyotypes were subdivided into 15 hypodiploid, 10 pseudodiploid, 8 normal diploid and 7 hyperdiploid cases; the best remission rates were noticed among the most frequent ploidy patterns. Chromosomes 9, 11 and 22 were the most frequently involved by structural aberrations followed by chromosomes 5, 12 and 17. Resistance was noted with aberrations not encountered among remission group; deletions involving chromosomes 2p, 3q, 10p and 12q; translocations involving chromosome 5; trisomies of chromosomes 16 and 21; monosomies of 5 and X and inversions of 5 and 11. CONCLUSIONS Cytogenetic and molecular characterizations of childhood ALL may add prognostic criteria for optimal therapy allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Settin
- Genetic Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Egypt
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Near-haploid B lymphoblastic leukemia with an apparent hyperdiploid karyotype: the critical role of SNP analysis in establishing proper diagnosis. J Hematop 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-013-0189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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17
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Chen C, Bartenhagen C, Gombert M, Okpanyi V, Binder V, Röttgers S, Bradtke J, Teigler-Schlegel A, Harbott J, Ginzel S, Thiele R, Fischer U, Dugas M, Hu J, Borkhardt A. Next-generation-sequencing-based risk stratification and identification of new genes involved in structural and sequence variations in near haploid lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:564-79. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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18
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Braoudaki M, Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou F. Clinical Cytogenetics in Pediatric Acute Leukemia: An Update. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2012; 12:230-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Mandahl N, Johansson B, Mertens F, Mitelman F. Disease-associated patterns of disomic chromosomes in hyperhaploid neoplasms. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 51:536-44. [PMID: 22334476 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.21947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromosome number of human tumors varies widely, from near-haploidy to more than decaploidy. Overt hyperhaploid (24-34 chromosomes) tumors constitute a small minority (0.2-0.3% of cytogenetically investigated lesions), but occur in many different disease entities. In these karyotypes, most chromosomes are present in one copy; one or a few chromosomes are disomic. Published reports on 141 strictly hyperhaploid tumors, supplemented with nine previously unpublished cases, were used for evaluating the pattern of disomic chromosomes. Only one tumor type, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), was sufficiently common (n = 75) to allow proper evaluation; other neoplasms were lumped together in as reasonably logical groups as possible, including 10 myeloid leukemias (ML), nine plasma cell neoplasms (PCN), 13 chondrosarcomas (CS), 11 soft tissue tumors (STT), nine adeno- or squamous cell carcinomas (ASC), and eight tumors of the nervous system (TNS); the remaining 15 tumors could not be grouped. It was evident that the pattern of disomies is nonrandom. Moreover, unique signatures for each tumor group were detected. Among ALL, most disomies were independent of age and gender, except for disomy 10, which was overrepresented in females. Chromosome 21 was invariably disomic, whereas chromosome 17 was always monosomic. The most frequent disomies were two gonosomes in ML, chromosomes 7, 9, 11, 3, 18, and 19 in PCN, 7, 5, 20, 19, and 21 in CS, 20 in STT, 7 in ASC, and 1, 7, and 9 in TNS. Chromosome 1 was often partially disomic, due to unbalanced structural rearrangements, with segment 1q21-31 in common. Doubling of the hyperhaploid clone was found in at least one-third of the cases, apart from in ML where only one of 10 cases showed chromosome doubling. The present findings indicate that retention of disomy for some chromosomes is pathogenetically important and that the chromosome(s) maintained in two copies is related to cell type or histological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Mandahl
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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20
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Sukov WR, Ketterling RP, Wei S, Monaghan K, Blunden P, Mazzara P, Raghavan R, Oliviera AM, Wiktor AE, Keeney GL, Van Dyke DL. Nearly identical near-haploid karyotype in a peritoneal mesothelioma and a retroperitoneal malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 202:123-8. [PMID: 20875874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a near-haploid karyotype is a rare finding in human malignancies, most frequently occurring in acute leukemia. In solid tumors, a near-haploid karyotype has been reported in fewer than 40 cases. We report two nearly identical near-haploid karyotypes from two distinctly different tumor types. The first case is a biphasic malignant mesothelioma from a 53-year-old white woman forming a large retroperitoneal mass. Cytogenetic evaluation revealed a primary hyperdiploid cell population as well as near-haploid and hypertetraploid populations with an overall karyotype of 27,XX,i(5)(p10),+7,add(15)(p11.2),+dic(1;20)(p13;p13)[2]/54,idemx2[90]/101-108,idemx4[19]. The second case is a large pelvic mass from a 48-year-old man. Histologic examination identified a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor displaying a karyotype of 26,X,+i(5)(p10),+7,der(15)t(1;15)(q12;p12),+20[5]/52,idemx2[20]. Herein we discuss the potential relationship between these two disparate neoplasms with nearly identical near-haploid karyotypes and present a literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Sukov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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21
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Harrison CJ, Haas O, Harbott J, Biondi A, Stanulla M, Trka J, Izraeli S. Detection of prognostically relevant genetic abnormalities in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: recommendations from the Biology and Diagnosis Committee of the International Berlin-Frankfürt-Münster study group. Br J Haematol 2010; 151:132-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Jeison M, Ash S, Halevy-Berko G, Mardoukh J, Luria D, Avigad S, Feinberg-Gorenshtein G, Goshen Y, Hertzel G, Kapelushnik J, Ben Barak A, Attias D, Steinberg R, Stein J, Stark B, Yaniv I. 2p24 Gain region harboring MYCN gene compared with MYCN amplified and nonamplified neuroblastoma: biological and clinical characteristics. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2616-25. [PMID: 20395439 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma is well established, the biological and clinical characteristics of the 2p gain region harboring the MYCN gene remain unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the biological and clinical characteristics of these tumors with MYCN amplified and nonamplified neuroblastoma and to determine their impact on disease outcome. Samples from 177 patients were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, including MYCN, 1p, 17q, and 11q regions; 2p gain was identified in 25 patients, MYCN amplification in 31, and no amplification in 121 patients. Patients with 2p gain had a significantly worse 5-year event-free survival rate than patients with no MYCN amplified (P < 0.001), and an intermediate 5-year overall survival rate difference existed between the MYCN amplified tumors (P = 0.025) and nonamplified (P = 0.003) groups. All of the 2p gain samples were associated with segmental and/or numerical alterations in the other tested regions. The presence of segmental alterations with or without MYCN amplification was recently found to be the strongest predictor of relapse in a multivariate analysis. The results of the present study suggest that the determination of MYCN gene copy number relative to chromosome 2, when evaluating MYCN status at diagnosis, may help to reveal the underlying genetic pattern of these tumors and better understand their clinical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Jeison
- Ca-Cytogenetic Lab, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Kaplan St. 14, 49202 Petah Tikva, Israel.
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23
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Paulsson K, Johansson B. High hyperdiploid childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:637-60. [PMID: 19415723 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High hyperdiploidy (51-67 chromosomes) is the most common cytogenetic abnormality pattern in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), occurring in 25-30% of such cases. High hyperdiploid ALL is characterized cytogenetically by a nonrandom gain of chromosomes X, 4, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18, and 21 and clinically by a favorable prognosis. Despite the high frequency of this karyotypic subgroup, many questions remain regarding the epidemiology, etiology, presence of other genetic changes, the time and cell of origin, and the formation and pathogenetic consequences of high hyperdiploidy. However, during the last few years, several studies have addressed some of these important issues, and these, as well as previous reports on high hyperdiploid childhood ALL, are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Paulsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Mechanism of G1-like arrest by low concentrations of paclitaxel: next cell cycle p53-dependent arrest with sub G1 DNA content mediated by prolonged mitosis. Oncogene 2008; 27:4402-10. [PMID: 18469851 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) and other microtubule inhibitors cause mitotic arrest. However, low concentrations of PTX (low PTX) paradoxically cause G1 arrest (without mitotic arrest). Here, we demonstrated that unexpectedly, low PTX did not cause G1 arrest in the first cell cycle and did not prevent cells from passing through S phase and entering mitosis. Mitosis was prolonged but cells still divided, producing either two or three cells (tripolar mitosis), thus explaining a sub G1 peak caused by low PTX. Importantly, sub G1 cells were viable and non-apoptotic. Some cells fused back and then progressed to mitosis, frequently producing three cells again before becoming arrested in the next cell-cycle interphase. Thus, low PTX caused postmitotic arrest in second and even the third cell cycles. By increasing concentration of PTX, tripolar mitosis was transformed to mitotic slippage, thus eliminating a sub G1 peak. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that prolonged mitosis ensured a p53-dependent postmitotic arrest. We conclude that PTX directly affects cells only in mitosis and the duration of mitosis determines cell fate, including p53-dependent G1-like arrest.
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Abstract
Approximately 40 cases of DCL have been reported in the literature; cases have been reported after allografts from bone marrow, peripheral blood and cord blood. The study of these cases may provide new insights into the mechanisms of leukemogenesis. Some data suggest that the prevalence of this complication has been under-estimated. Most cases of DCL have occurred following transplantation for leukemia, but there have also been cases reported after transplantation for non-malignant conditions. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain how DCL arise and are briefly discussed. Additional studies are needed to define with more detail both the true prevalence of this complication and its precise pathogenetic mechanism.
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26
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Settin A, Al Haggar M, Al Dosoky T, Al Baz R, Abdelrazik N, Fouda M, Aref S, Al-Tonbary Y. Prognostic cytogenetic markers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Indian J Pediatr 2007; 74:255-63. [PMID: 17401264 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-007-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) showing resistance to immediate induction chemotherapy in relation to conventional and advanced cytogenetic analysis. METHODS This work was conducted on 63 ALL children (40 males and 23 females) with age range 4.5 months-16 years (mean = 7.76 years). They included 37 cases attained true remission and 26 complicated by failure of remission, early relapse or death. They were subjected to history, clinical examination and investigations including CBC, BM examination, karyotyping, FISH for translocations and flowcytometry for immunophenotyping and minimal residual disease diagnosis. RESULTS Cases aged 50.000/mm3 also showed better but non-significant remission rates. Most of the present cases were L2 with better remission compared to other immunophenotypes. Forty informative karyotypes were subdivided into 15 hypodiploid, 10 pseudodiploid, 8 normal diploid and 7 hyperdiploid cases; the best remission rates were noticed among the most frequent ploidy patterns. Chromosomes 9, 11 and 22 were the most frequently involved by structural aberrations followed by chromosomes 5, 12 and 17. Resistance was noted with aberrations not encountered among remission group; deletions involving chromosomes 2p, 3q, 10p and 12q; translocations involving chromosome 5; trisomies of chromosomes 16 and 21; monosomies of 5 and X and inversions of 5 and 11. CONCLUSION Some cytogenetic and molecular characterizations of childhood ALL could add prognostic criteria for proper therapy allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Settin
- Genetic Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
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27
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Sunil SK, Prakash PN, Hariharan S, Vinod G, Preethi RT, Geetha N, Ankathil R. Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia with near haploidy, hyperdiploidy and Ph positive lines: a rare entity with poor prognosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47:561-3. [PMID: 16396782 DOI: 10.1080/10428190500361094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal ploidies provide a wealth of information with respect to the prognosis of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The prognosis is favourable in hyperdiploidy (>50 ALL), whereas pseudodiploidy and hypodiploidy have an overall poor clinical outcome. Near haploid ALL with less than 30 chromosomes in the leukemic blasts has been reported. This is an extremely rare malignancy with an adverse clinical course compared to other lymphoblastic leukemias. We present a case of near haploid ALL in an adult male with a diagnosis of pre-B-cell ALL. The presenting features and relevance to the progression of disease are discussed with respect to the near haploid lines. Occurrence in an adult male and the presence of additional clones with structural abnormalities are both unique to the present study. Caution must be exercised when the hyperdiploid metaphases consists exclusively of tetrasomic chromosomes and morphological examination reveals definite dual populations of large and small lymphoblasts. Despite current developments in ALL therapy, near haploid ALL continues to be a disease with an adverse clinical outcome and newer therapeutic strategies are warranted for better management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharthan K Sunil
- Divisions of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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28
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Harrison CJ, Moorman AV, Broadfield ZJ, Cheung KL, Harris RL, Reza Jalali G, Robinson HM, Barber KE, Richards SM, Mitchell CD, Eden TOB, Hann IM, Hill FGH, Kinsey SE, Gibson BES, Lilleyman J, Vora A, Goldstone AH, Franklin IM, Durrant J, Martineau M. Three distinct subgroups of hypodiploidy in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2004; 125:552-9. [PMID: 15147369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study of children and adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the largest series of patients with hypodiploidy (<46 chromosomes) yet reported. The incidence of 5% was independent of age. Patients were subdivided by the number of chromosomes; near-haploidy (23-29 chromosomes), low hypodiploidy (33-39 chromosomes) and high hypodiploidy (42-45 chromosomes). The near-haploid and low hypodiploid groups were characterized by their chromosomal gains and a doubled hyperdiploid population. Structural abnormalities were more frequent in the low hypodiploid group. Near-haploidy was restricted to children of median age 7 years (range 2-15) whereas low hypodiploidy occurred in an older group of median age 15 years (range 9-54). Patients with 42-45 chromosomes were characterized by complex karyotypes involving chromosomes 7, 9 and 12. The features shared by the few patients with 42-44 chromosomes and the large number with 45 justified their inclusion in the same group. Survival analysis showed a poor outcome for the near-haploid and low hypodiploid groups compared to those with 42-45 chromosomes. Thus cytogenetics, or at least a clear definition of the modal chromosome number, is essential at diagnosis in order to stratify patients with hypodiploidy into the appropriate risk group for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Harrison
- Leukaemia Research Fund Cytogenetics Group, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Raimondi SC, Zhou Y, Mathew S, Shurtleff SA, Sandlund JT, Rivera GK, Behm FG, Pui CH. Reassessment of the prognostic significance of hypodiploidy in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2004; 98:2715-22. [PMID: 14669294 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the cytogenetic features of the hypodiploid leukemic cells of pediatric patients with this rare subgroup of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In addition, the authors determined whether subdivision of the hypodiploid category served a prognostic purpose for these patients. METHODS The authors evaluated the cytogenetic records of 979 patients with ALL admitted to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (Memphis, TN) between 1984 and 1999. RESULTS Of 67 patients (6.8%) whose leukemic cells contained a modal number (MN) of chromosomes less than or equal to 45 (i.e., hypodiploid leukemic cells), 57 had an MN of 45 and 10 had an MN of less than 45. In 19 patients, cells with an MN of 45 had a whole chromosome missing (42%), which was a sex chromosome in 12 patients (63%). Leukemic cells with an MN of 45 contained dicentric chromosomes (n = 33) formed from chromosome 9p (55%), 12p (18%), or both (21%). The ETV6-CBFA2 fusion was present in 39% of 28 evaluable B-lineage cases with an MN of 45. The event-free survival rate (EFS) for patients with hypodiploid leukemic cells of MN less than 45 (5-year EFS = 20.0% +/- 10.3%) was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than that for patients with leukemic cells of MN greater than or equal to 45 (5-year EFS = 74.9% +/- 1.6%). CONCLUSIONS Low hypodiploidy (MN < 45) should be recognized as a high-risk feature in pediatric ALL. Only two hypodiploid groups (MN < 45 and MN = 45) may be necessary in prognostic assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana C Raimondi
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, USA.
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30
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Stark B, Jeison M, Bar-Am I, Glaser-Gabay L, Mardoukh J, Luria D, Feinmesser M, Goshen Y, Stein J, Abramov A, Zaizov R, Yaniv I. Distinct cytogenetic pathways of advanced-stage neuroblastoma tumors, detected by spectral karyotyping. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 34:313-24. [PMID: 12007192 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular studies of advanced-stage neuroblastoma (NBL) have revealed a marked genetic heterogeneity. In addition to MYCN amplification and chromosome 1 short-arm deletions/translocations detected by conventional cytogenetics, application of fluorescence in situ hybridization has disclosed a high prevalence of 17q gain, whereas allelotyping and comparative genomic hybridization techniques also have revealed loss of 11q and of other chromosomal material. Using the recently developed technique of spectral karyotyping (SKY), we sought to refine the cytogenetic information, identify hidden recurrent structural chromosomal abnormalities, and compare them to the molecular findings. Thirteen samples of metaphase spreads from 11 patients with advanced-stage NBL were analyzed by SKY. Most of them were found to have complex karyotypes (more than three changes per metaphase) and complex unbalanced rearrangements. Recurrent aberrations leading to 17q gain, deletion of 1p, MYCN amplification, and loss of 11q appeared in 7, 4, 4, and 5 patients, respectively, in simple and complex karyotypes. Chromosome 3 changes and gain of 1q and 7q appeared in 6, 5, and 4 patients, respectively, in complex karyotypes only, reflecting later changes. A strikingly high prevalence of the unbalanced translocation der(11)t(11;17), leading to concomitant 11q loss and 17q gain in 4 patients, delineated a distinct cytogenetic group, none having 1p deletion and/or MYCN amplification. der(11)t(11;17) was associated with complex karyotypes with changes in chromosomes 3 and 7q. The 17q translocations with partners other than 11q were associated with 1p deletion and/or MYCN amplification. The distinct cytogenetic subgroups identified by SKY confirm and extend the recent molecular observations, and suggest that different genes may interact in the der(11)t(11;17) pathway of NBL development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batia Stark
- Cancer Cytogenetic Laboratory, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tiqva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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31
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Harrison CJ, Foroni L. Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. REVIEWS IN CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEMATOLOGY 2002; 6:91-113; discussion 200-2. [PMID: 12196211 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-0734.2002.00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An important factor in the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is that karyotype is an independent prognostic indicator, with an impact on the choice of treatment. Outcome is related to the number of chromosomes. For example, high hyperdiploidy (51-65 chromosomes) is associated with a good prognosis, whereas patients with near haploidy (23-29 chromosomes) have a poor outcome. The discovery of recurring chromosomal abnormalities in the leukemic blasts of patients with ALL has identified a large number of genes involved in leukemogenesis. Certain specific genetic changes are related to prognosis. The ETV6/AML1 fusion arising from the translocation (t12;21) (p13;q22) has been associated with a good outcome; the BCR/ABL fusion of (t9;22)(q34;q11), rearrangements of the MLL gene, and abnormalities of the short arm of chromosomes 9 involving the tumor suppressor genes p16INK4A have a poor prognosis. Unfortunately, the classification of patients into prognostic groups based on cytogenetics is not always as predicted. Even when other clinically based risk factors are taken into account, some patients with good-risk cytogenetic features will relapse. In the search for new measures of prognosis, it has recently emerged that the level of minimal residual disease following induction therapy can be a reliable predictor of outcome in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Harrison
- Leukaemia Research Fund Cytogenetics Group, Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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