1
|
Santos BG, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. The acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery of Pavlovian drug conditioning induced by post-trial dopaminergic stimulation/inhibition. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 156:24-29. [PMID: 28392213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In contextual drug conditioning, the onset of the drug treatment is contiguous with the contextual cues. Evidence suggests that drug conditioning also can occur if there is a discontinuity between the onset of the drug effect and offset of the contextual cues. Here we examine whether post-trial contextual drug conditioning conforms to several Pavlovian conditioning tenets namely: acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery. Six groups of rats received apomorphine (0.05 or 2.0mg/kg) and vehicle immediately or after a 15min delay following a 5min non-drug exposure to an open-field during three successive days (conditioning phase). The extinction phase occurred on days 4-8, in which all post-trial treatments were vehicle injections. After 2days of non-testing, the final test was performed. The results showed that on the first test day, the activity levels of the 6 groups were statistically equivalent. On test day 2, there were marked differences in activity levels selectively between the two immediate post-trial apomorphine treatment groups. The immediate low dose apomorphine group displayed a reduction in activity and the immediate high dose group an increase in activity relative to their day 1 levels. The activity levels of both vehicle groups and both apomorphine delay groups remained equivalent to their day 1 activity levels. On test day 3, the differences in activity levels between the two immediate post-trial apomorphine groups increased but the activity levels of the vehicle groups and the 15min delay post-trial apomorphine groups remained unchanged. In the extinction phase, the conditioned activity differences between the two immediate post-trial apomorphine groups were gradually eliminated. During the final test, the activity differences between the immediate post-trial apomorphine groups were partially restored, indicative of spontaneous recovery. These findings are consistent with several basic elements of Pavlovian conditioning and are supportive of drug induced trace conditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breno Garone Santos
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Morphology and Pathology Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Research and Development (151), VA Medical Center and SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Morphology and Pathology Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-600, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sadeghzadeh F, Babapour V, Haghparast A. Role of dopamine D1-like receptor within the nucleus accumbens in acute food deprivation- and drug priming-induced reinstatement of morphine seeking in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 287:172-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
3
|
Carey RJ, Damianopoulos EN. Serotonin and conditioning: focus on Pavlovian psychostimulant drug conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2015; 282:227-36. [PMID: 25446748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin containing neurons are located in nuclei deep in the brainstem and send axons throughout the central nervous system from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex. The vast scope of these connections and interactions enable serotonin and serotonin analogs to have profound effects upon sensory/motor processes. In that conditioning represents a neuroplastic process that leads to new sensory/motor connections, it is apparent that the serotonin system has the potential for a critical role in conditioning. In this article we review the basics of conditioning as well as the serotonergic system and point up the number of non-associative ways in which manipulations of serotonin neurotransmission have an impact upon conditioning. We focus upon psychostimulant drug conditioning and review the contribution of drug stimuli in the use of serotonin drugs to investigate drug conditioning and the important impact drug stimuli can have on conditioning by introducing new sensory stimuli that can create or mask a CS. We also review the ways in which experimental manipulations of serotonin can disrupt conditioned behavioral effects but not the associative processes in conditioning. In addition, we propose the use of the recently developed memory re-consolidation model of conditioning as an approach to assess the possible role of serotonin in associative processes without the complexities of performance effects related to serotonin treatment induced alterations in sensory/motor systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- Research Service and Development (151), VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Graduate School, SUNY Upstate Medical University at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Ernest N Damianopoulos
- Research Service and Development (151), VA Medical Center, Room 326, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neisewander J, Peartree N, Pentkowski N. Emotional valence and context of social influences on drug abuse-related behavior in animal models of social stress and prosocial interaction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 224:33-56. [PMID: 22955569 PMCID: PMC4071609 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Social factors are important determinants of drug dependence and relapse. OBJECTIVES We reviewed pre-clinical literature examining the role of social experiences from early life through the development of drug dependence and relapse, emphasizing two aspects of these experiences: (1) whether the social interaction is appetitive or aversive and (2) whether the social interaction occurs within or outside of the drug-taking context. METHODS The models reviewed include neonatal care, isolation, social defeat, chronic subordination, and prosocial interactions. We review results from these models in regard to effects on self-administration and conditioned place preference established with alcohol, psychostimulants, and opiates. RESULTS We suggest that in general, when the interactions occur outside of the drug-taking context, prosocial interactions are protective against drug abuse-related behaviors, whereas social stressors facilitate these behaviors. By contrast, positive or negative social interactions occurring within the drug-taking context may interact with other risk factors to enhance or inhibit these behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Despite differences in the nature and complexity of human social behavior compared to other species, the evolving animal literature provides useful models for understanding social influences on drug abuse-related behavior that will allow for research on the behavioral and biological mechanisms involved. The models have contributed to understanding social influences on initiation and maintenance of drug use, but more research is needed to understand social influences on drug relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J.L. Neisewander
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501,Corresponding author: Janet Neisewander, Ph.D., School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, , Phone: 480-965-0209, Fax: 480-965-6899
| | - N.A. Peartree
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104
| | - N.S. Pentkowski
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Braga PQ, Dias FRC, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Low dose apomorphine induces context-specific sensitization of hypolocomotion without conditioning: Support for a new state dependent retrieval hypothesis of drug conditioning and sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 93:128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
6
|
Bloise E, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Behavioral sensitization produced by a single administration of apomorphine: Implications for the role of Pavlovian conditioning in the mediation of context-specific sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:449-57. [PMID: 17289130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the minimal number of exposures to the D1/D2 agonist apomorphine capable of producing behavioral sensitization. Rats received one (experiment 1) or two administrations on two successive days (experiment 2) of apomorphine (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg) paired or unpaired to an open-field environment. After 2 days of drug withdrawal, the rats received a challenge injection with the same dose of apomorphine (sensitization test) and locomotion, rearing and sniffing were measured. The results of the first experiment showed that locomotor sensitization occurred after a single acute exposure to apomorphine and that 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg treatments were equally effective. This sensitization effect was context-specific and was limited to locomotion. The second experiment revealed a differential dose effect on the sensitization test. Two treatments with 2.0 mg/kg potentiated locomotor sensitization as compared with a single treatment but two treatments with 0.5 mg/kg did not increase the sensitization effect more than the single 0.5 mg/kg treatment. This result indicates an interaction between drug dose and frequency of drug treatment for the induction of apomorphine locomotor sensitization. In that the sensitization effects are considered to be a core contributor to psychostimulant addiction, the present findings are of importance to understanding addiction because they indicate that sensitization processes can be initiated with a single drug experience and amplified with exposure to higher drug dosage levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrrico Bloise
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E, Shanahan A. Stimulus gated cocaine sensitization: Interoceptive drug cue control of cocaine locomotor sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 82:353-60. [PMID: 16216323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Repeated cocaine treatments typically generate sensitization effects which are environment specific. In this study, we investigated whether drug treatments with highly selective receptor specificity can also function as contextual cues to control the expression of cocaine sensitization effects. Two experiments were conducted in which separate groups of rats (N=10) received ten paired or unpaired cocaine (10.0 mg/kg) treatments. In the experiments, autoreceptor preferring low doses of either the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OHDPAT (8OH) (0.05 mg/kg) or the D1/D2 agonist apomorphine (APO) (0.05 mg/kg) were administered 20 min prior to cocaine administration and test environment placement (paired treatment). Under these conditions, the drug cues generated by the 8OH/APO treatments were associated with the cocaine stimulant effect in the test environment. The unpaired treatment groups received the same drug treatments but the cocaine was administered after testing, in the homecage. Consequently, for these groups, the 8OH/APO drug cues generated by the drug treatments would not become associated with the cocaine stimulant effect in the test environment. Critically, both 8OH and APO pretreatments elicited equivalent unconditioned response effects which were opposite to the cocaine unconditioned response effects; that is, behavioral inhibition vs. behavioral stimulation. Initially, the 8OH and APO pretreatments prevented the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine; but, these inhibitory effects were reversed in the paired groups with repeated cocaine treatments, consistent with the emergence of cocaine sensitization effects. In the unpaired 8OH and APO pretreatment groups, behavioral suppression persisted throughout the treatment protocol. Subsequently, paired and unpaired groups were compared in four conditioning/sensitization tests. The conditioning tests included: a saline/saline test; and a 8OH/saline test (Experiment 1); and, a saline/saline test and a APO/saline test (Experiment 2). There were no paired/unpaired group differences in these conditioning tests. The sensitization tests included: a saline/cocaine test; and a 8OH/cocaine test (Experiment 1); and, a saline/cocaine test and a APO/cocaine test (Experiment 2). There were no paired/unpaired group differences in the saline/cocaine test for sensitization but paired/unpaired group differences were found in both the 8OH/cocaine and APO/cocaine sensitization tests. In these tests the paired but not the unpaired groups exhibited cocaine locomotor sensitization effects. Critically when, in an additional test, the pretreatments in the cocaine tests were reversed (i.e., 8OH paired group received APO and APO paired group received 8OH prior to cocaine), then there was no evidence for cocaine sensitization. Since the 8OH/APO pretreatments had equivalent inhibitory response effects, it was the stimulus properties of these drugs which controlled the expression of the cocaine locomotor sensitization effects. These findings support the critical role of associative processes in the stimulus-gating of psychostimulant drug sensitization. Importantly, this report incorporates a new methodology in which context can be specified in terms of highly specific brain receptor targets rather than in terms of global environmental situational cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Research (151), VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E, Shanahan A, Müller CP, Huston JP. Pharmacological inhibition of DA- and 5-HT activity blocks spontaneous and cocaine-activated behavior: reversal by chronic cocaine treatment. Brain Res 2005; 1047:194-204. [PMID: 15896723 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently it was shown that the combined pretreatment with low autoreceptor preferring dose levels of apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg) and 8-OHDPAT (0.05 mg/kg), which decrease dopaminergic and serotonergic activity, induces a profound behavioral inhibition and also blocks the stimulant effects of cocaine. In two experiments, we report that the acute blockade of spontaneous and cocaine locomotor stimulant effects by pretreatment with 8-OHDPAT (0.05 mg/kg) plus apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg) is dose-dependently (0.0 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg cocaine) reversed with repeated cocaine treatments. Using a paired vs. unpaired Pavlovian conditioning protocol, we found that this reversal by cocaine (10 mg/kg) of the inhibition by the combined 8-OHDPAT plus apomorphine pretreatment occurred for the paired but not the unpaired cocaine treatment. The findings suggest that this reversal of behavioral inhibition is mediated by the transformation of the drug cues generated by 8-OHDPAT and apomorphine into cocaine-conditioned stimuli which can activate behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- VA Medical Center and Upstate Medical University Syracuse, 800 Irving Avenue, Research (151), VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E. 8-OHDPAT effects upon cocaine unconditioned and conditioned behaviors: a role for drug stimulus effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002; 72:171-8. [PMID: 11900785 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the 5-HT1A agonist, (+/-)-8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin (8-OHDPAT) upon the unconditioned and conditioned behavior induced by cocaine were assessed in rats. Separate groups (n=7) received saline, cocaine (10 mg/kg), 8-OHDPAT (0.2 mg/kg), or 8-OHDPAT (0.2 mg/kg) plus cocaine (10 mg/kg) for eight treatment sessions (two per week) in which the rats were tested for 20 min in an open-field. On the eighth treatment session, cocaine enhanced locomotion and rearing but decreased grooming. 8-OHDPAT also decreased grooming and, when given in combination with cocaine, enhanced locomotion but attenuated cocaine-induced rearing. The two 8-OHDPAT groups differed substantially from each other and from the cocaine group in terms of locomotion during the drug treatment phase. Subsequently, all groups received a series of conditioning tests in which they received saline, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg 8-OHDPAT prior to testing. Groups which had received either 8-OHDPAT or cocaine prior to the conditioning tests exhibited equivalent conditioned effects on the saline conditioning test. When conditioning tests were conducted with 8-OHDPAT, however, only the group which had previously received the combined 0.2 mg/kg 8-OHDPAT plus cocaine treatment exhibited a conditioned response and this effect only occurred at the 0.2 8-OHDPAT dose level. These observations indicate the important influence of the stimulus properties of drugs for the study of drug conditioning and for understanding drug interactions with cocaine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- Research and Development (151), VA Medical Center and SUNY Health Science Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carey R, Damianopoulos E, De Palma G. 8-OH DPAT can restore the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine blocked by haloperidol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000; 66:863-72. [PMID: 10973527 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the first experiment, separate groups of rats (n = 7) were treated with either saline, cocaine (10 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), or cocaine (10 mg/kg) plus haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg). Locomotor behavior was measured in an open-field environment, and cocaine induced a reliable locomotor stimulant effect compared to saline-treated animals. Haloperidol produced a progressive decline in locomotion over the 5 test days. Haloperidol also blocked cocaine stimulant effects compared to cocaine-treated animals. In the second experiment, five groups (n = 7) of animals were treated either with saline, cocaine (10 mg/kg), 8-OH DPAT (0.2 mg/kg), 8-OH DPAT (0.2 mg/kg) plus haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), or 8-OH DPAT (0.2 mg/kg) plus haloperidol 0.1 mg/kg plus cocaine (10 mg/kg). Over the course of 5 days of treatment, cocaine induced a locomotor stimulant effect. Saline and 8-OH DPAT animals did not differ in terms of locomotion. The 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol plus 0.2 mg/kg 8-OH DPAT treatment decreased locomotion compared to the saline group, but the group given 0.2 mg/kg 8-OH DPAT plus 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol plus cocaine (10 mg/kg) exhibited a locomotor stimulant effect equivalent to the cocaine group. In a third experiment, it was found that the 0.2 mg/kg 8-OH DPAT treatment did not enhance the locomotor stimulant effect of cocaine. Thus, the 8-OH DPAT treatment was able to restore a cocaine locomotor stimulant effect in animals treated with haloperidol without directly enhancing the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine. In Experiments 2 and 3, entries into the central zone of the open field were measured. Cocaine reliably increased central zone entries. The 8-OH DPAT treatment, however, selectively blocked this behavioral effect of cocaine suggesting a qualitative influence of 5-HT(1A) receptors upon cocaine, independent of locomotion activation by cocaine. Ex vivo measurements of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in limbic tissue were consistent with the established effects of cocaine, haloperidol, and 8-OH DPAT upon dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurotransmission. In addition, measurement of cocaine brain concentration indicated that neither haloperidol or 8-OH DPAT affected cocaine concentration in brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Carey
- VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|