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Leite Junior JB, de Mello Bastos JM, Dias FRC, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. A partial habituation method to test for anterograde and retrograde amnestic treatment effects: Evidence that antagonism of the NMDA receptor can induce anterograde but not retrograde amnestic effects. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 404:110072. [PMID: 38307259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A progressive decrease in spontaneous locomotion with repeated exposure to a novel environment has been assessed using both within and between-session measures. While both are well-established and reliable measurements, neither are useful alone as methods to concurrently assess treatment effects on acquisition and retention of habituation. NEW METHOD We report a behavioral method that measures habituation by combining the within and between measurements of locomotion. We used a 30 min session divided into 6 five min blocks. In the first novel environment session activity was maximal in the first 5 min block but was reduced to a low level by the sixth block, indicative of within-session habituation. Using 8 daily sessions, we showed that this terminal block low level of activity progressed incrementally to the first block to achieve complete habituation. RESULTS/COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Within-session activity across sessions was used to identify different stages of between session habituation. It was then possible to assess drug treatment effects from partial to complete habituation, so that treatment effects on retention of the previously acquired partial habituation, expressed as a reversion to an earlier within session habituation pattern (retrograde amnesia assessment), as well as the effects on new learning by the failure in subsequent sessions to acquire complete between-session habituation (anterograde amnesia assessment). CONCLUSIONS The use of spontaneous motor activity to assess learning and memory effects provides the opportunity to assess direct treatment effects on behavior and motor activity in contrast to many learning and memory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Barbosa Leite Junior
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Marcos de Mello Bastos
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávia Regina Cruz Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Department of Psychiatry SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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Júnior JBL, Carvalho Crespo LGS, Samuels RI, Coimbra NC, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Morphine and dopamine: Low dose apomorphine can prevent both the induction and expression of morphine locomotor sensitization and conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2023; 448:114434. [PMID: 37100351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The disinhibition of dopamine neurons in the VTA by morphine is considered an important contributor to the reward potency of morphine. In this report, three experiments were conducted in which a low dose of apomorphine (0.05mg/kg) was used as a pretreatment to reduce dopamine activity. Locomotor hyperactivity was used as the behavioral response to morphine (10.0mg/kg). In the first experiment, five treatments with morphine induced the development of locomotor and conditioned hyperactivity that were prevented by apomorphine given 10min prior to morphine. Apomorphine before either vehicle or morphine induced equivalent reductions in locomotion. In the second experiment, the apomorphine pretreatment was initiated after induction of a conditioned hyperactivity and the apomorphine prevented the expression of the conditioning. To assess the effects of the apomorphine on VTA and the nucleus accumbens, ERK measurements were carried out after the induction of locomotor and conditioned hyperactivity. Increased ERK activation was found and these effects were prevented by the apomorphine in both experiments. A third experiment was conducted to assess the effects of acute morphine on ERK before locomotor stimulation was induced by morphine. Acute morphine did not increase locomotion, but a robust ERK response was produced indicating that the morphine induced ERK activation was not secondary to locomotor stimulation. The ERK activation was again prevented by the apomorphine pretreatment. We suggest that contiguity between the ongoing behavioral activity and the morphine activation of the dopamine reward system incentivizes and potentiates the ongoing behavior generating equivalent behavioral sensitization and conditioned effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Barbosa Leite Júnior
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Soares Carvalho Crespo
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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Ferreira JS, Leite Junior JB, de Mello Bastos JM, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. A new method to study learning and memory using spontaneous locomotor activity in an open-field arena. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 366:109429. [PMID: 34852253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced locomotion with repeated exposure to a novel environment is often used as a measure of the basic adaptive learning process of habituation. While this is a well-established and reliable measure of habituation, it is not useful for the investigation of neurobiological changes before and after habituation because of the uncontrolled differential activity levels in a novel versus habituated environment. In this study we report a behavioral method that uses spontaneous locomotion to measure habituation, in which the total spontaneous locomotion in an initially novel environment does not change with repeated testing but, the ratio of central to peripheral activity does change and is indicative of habituation. The test sessions are brief (5 min) and the locomotion is measured in 2 separate zones. The peripheral zone comprises 8/9 of the test arena and the central zone 1/9 of the arena. RESULTS/COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS In contrast to methods that use between-session reductions in locomotion to assess habituation, this method employs brief test sessions in which overall activity between sessions does not change, but the distribution of locomotion in the periphery versus the central zone of the arena does change. The brevity of the test session also enables us to utilize post-trial drug treatment protocols to impact memory consolidation. CONCLUSIONS The progressive change in the central/peripheral activity ratio with repeated testing can be determined independently of total activity and provides a habituation acquisition function that permits the measurement of neurobiological changes without the complication of effects related to changes in locomotor activity per se. The present report also presents evidence that this method can be used with post-trial drug treatment protocols to study the learning and memory effects of the post-trial treatments without the use of explicit rewards and punishments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaise Silva Ferreira
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Barbosa Leite Junior
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Marcos de Mello Bastos
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Department of Psychiatry SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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Dias FP, Carvalho Crespo LGS, Leite Junior JB, Samuels RI, Coimbra NC, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Morphine reward effects and morphine behavioral sensitization: The adventitious association of morphine activation of brain reward effects with ongoing spontaneous activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 209:173244. [PMID: 34363828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of sensitization is one of the hallmarks of addictive drugs such as morphine. We administered morphine (10 mg/kg; MOR) to induce locomotor sensitization and ERK activation in the VTA and NAc. In the first experiment, four groups of rats received five daily 30 min sessions in an open-field, and locomotion was measured. For the first four sessions, one group received MOR pre-test (MOR-P); a second group received vehicle pre-test (MOR-UP) and MOR 30 min post-test; the remaining 2 groups received vehicle (VEH) pre-test. On the fifth session, the MOR-P, MOR-UP, and one VEH group received MOR pre-test and the remaining VEH group received VEH. Sensitization emerged in the first 5 min and progressed over to the second and third 5 min blocks only in the MOR-P group. For the second experiment, 4 groups received MOR and 4 groups VEH, and were then returned to their home cage and after 5, 15, 30 or 60 min post-injection, were euthanized for ERK measurements in VTA and NAc. ERK activation increased and peaked at 5 min post injection in the MOR group and then declined to VEH levels by 30 min. Another two groups received either MOR or VEH immediately before a 5 min arena test and ERK was measured immediately post-test. MOR had no effect on locomotion but increased ERK in the VTA and NAc. The peak ERK activation in VTA reflected activation of reward systems by morphine that reinforced locomotor behavior and with repeated treatments, induced a sensitization effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiolla Patusco Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Soares Carvalho Crespo
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Barbosa Leite Junior
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Department of Psychiatry SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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Ferreira JS, de Mello Bastos JM, Leite Junior JB, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Morphine administered post-trial induces potent morphine conditioned effects if the context is novel but not if the context is familiar. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172978. [PMID: 32593788 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphine administered shortly after exposure to a novel environment induces potent locomotor stimulant conditioning. Environmental novelty is important as pre-exposure (PE) to a stimulus can attenuate the capacity to acquire conditioned stimulus (CS). Here, the importance of environmental novelty for the efficacy of an open-field to become a CS for elicitation of a morphine conditioned response was assessed by comparing the effects of morphine administered post-trial following a 5 min exposure to a novel environment versus a PE environment. Four groups of rats (2 vehicle and 2 morphine groups) were used. Two groups received ten daily 5 min non-drug PEs to an open-field arena and the other two groups were not pre-exposed to the environment. Subsequently, all groups received post-trial injections of either vehicle or morphine immediately after each of five daily 5 min sessions in the open-field. Importantly, on the first day of testing prior to the first post-test morphine administration, the locomotor activity of the novel and PE groups was not different. Over the 5 post-trial morphine treatments, the activity of the PE morphine group, the PE vehicle and the novel environment vehicle groups did not change and were equivalent. In contrast, in the novel environment morphine group, a conditioned hyper-activity response increased with repeated post-trial morphine treatments. For the morphine group it is suggested that the novel environment initiated a post-trial stimulus trace that occurred in temporal contiguity with the post-trial drug response and enabled the trace to become a CS for the morphine unconditioned response. In contrast, PE induced a latent inhibition effect in the PE morphine group, thus the post-trial CS trace was insufficient to become associated to the morphine response and no conditioning occurred. In addition to conventional drug induced Pavlovian delay conditioning, the findings are suggestive of drug induced Pavlovian trace conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaise Silva Ferreira
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Marcos de Mello Bastos
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Barbosa Leite Junior
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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Carey RJ. Drugs and memory: Evidence that drug effects can become associated with contextual cues by being paired post-trial with consolidation/re-consolidation. Mini review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 192:172911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Oliveira LRD, Santos BGD, de Mello Bastos JM, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Morphine administered post-trial can induce potent conditioned morphine effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 179:134-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Santos BG, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Repeated pre-trial and post-trial low and high dose apomorphine treatments induce comparable inhibitory/excitatory sensitization and conditioned drug effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 175:108-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chin AI, Appasamy S, Carey RJ, Madan N. The Authors Reply. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 3:216-217. [PMID: 29340334 PMCID: PMC5762952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Carey RJ, Carey JL. The bioengineering of stem cells to create dopamine replacement neurons is not the solution for Parkinson's. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 163:36-37. [PMID: 29066358 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, United States.
| | - Jack L Carey
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Chin AI, Appasamy S, Carey RJ, Madan N. Feasibility of Incremental 2-Times Weekly Hemodialysis in Incident Patients With Residual Kidney Function. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 2:933-942. [PMID: 29270499 PMCID: PMC5733820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We hypothesized that at least half of incident hemodialysis (HD) patients on 3-times weekly dialysis could safely start on an incremental, 2-times weekly HD schedule if residual kidney function (RKF) had been considered. METHODS RKF is assessed in all our HD patients. This single-center, retrospective cohort study of incident adult HD patients, who survived ≥6 months on a 3-times weekly HD regimen and had a timed urine collection within 3 months of starting HD, assessed each patient's theoretical ability to achieve adequate urea clearance, ultrafiltration rate, and hemodynamic stability if on 2-times weekly HD. RESULTS Of the 410 patients in the cohort, we found that 112 (27%) could have optimally and 107 (26%) could have been appropriately considered for 2-times weekly incremental HD. In general, diuretics were underutilized in >50% of subjects who had adequate RKF urea clearance. The optimal 2-times weekly patients had better potassium and phosphorus control. The correlation coefficient of calculated residual kidney urea clearance with 24-hour urine volume and with kinetic model residual kidney clearance was 0.68 and 0.99, respectively. DISCUSSION More than 50% of incident HD patients with RKF have adequate kidney urea clearance to be considered for 2-times weekly HD. When additionally ultrafiltration volume and blood pressure stability are taken into account, more than one-fourth of the total cohort could optimally start HD in an incremental fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I. Chin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Sacramento VA Medical Center, VA Northern California Health Care Systems, Mather Field, California, USA
| | - Suresh Appasamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Robert J. Carey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Niti Madan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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Santos BG, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. The acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery of Pavlovian drug conditioning induced by post-trial dopaminergic stimulation/inhibition. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 156:24-29. [PMID: 28392213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In contextual drug conditioning, the onset of the drug treatment is contiguous with the contextual cues. Evidence suggests that drug conditioning also can occur if there is a discontinuity between the onset of the drug effect and offset of the contextual cues. Here we examine whether post-trial contextual drug conditioning conforms to several Pavlovian conditioning tenets namely: acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery. Six groups of rats received apomorphine (0.05 or 2.0mg/kg) and vehicle immediately or after a 15min delay following a 5min non-drug exposure to an open-field during three successive days (conditioning phase). The extinction phase occurred on days 4-8, in which all post-trial treatments were vehicle injections. After 2days of non-testing, the final test was performed. The results showed that on the first test day, the activity levels of the 6 groups were statistically equivalent. On test day 2, there were marked differences in activity levels selectively between the two immediate post-trial apomorphine treatment groups. The immediate low dose apomorphine group displayed a reduction in activity and the immediate high dose group an increase in activity relative to their day 1 levels. The activity levels of both vehicle groups and both apomorphine delay groups remained equivalent to their day 1 activity levels. On test day 3, the differences in activity levels between the two immediate post-trial apomorphine groups increased but the activity levels of the vehicle groups and the 15min delay post-trial apomorphine groups remained unchanged. In the extinction phase, the conditioned activity differences between the two immediate post-trial apomorphine groups were gradually eliminated. During the final test, the activity differences between the immediate post-trial apomorphine groups were partially restored, indicative of spontaneous recovery. These findings are consistent with several basic elements of Pavlovian conditioning and are supportive of drug induced trace conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Garone Santos
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Morphology and Pathology Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Research and Development (151), VA Medical Center and SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Morphology and Pathology Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-600, RJ, Brazil.
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Sanguedo FV, Dias CVB, Dias FRC, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Reciprocal activation/inactivation of ERK in the amygdala and frontal cortex is correlated with the degree of novelty of an open-field environment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:841-50. [PMID: 26685992 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has been used to identify brain areas activated by exogenous stimuli including psychostimulant drugs. OBJECTIVE Assess the role of the amygdala in emotional responses. METHODS Experimental manipulations were performed in which environmental familiarity was the variable. To provide the maximal degree of familiarity, ERK was measured after removal from the home cage and re-placement back into the same cage. To maximize exposure to an unfamiliar environment, ERK was measured following placement into a novel open field. To assess whether familiarity was the critical variable in the ERK response to the novel open field, ERK was also measured after either four or eight placements into the same environment. ERK quantification was carried out in the amygdala, frontal cortex, and the nucleus accumbens. RESULTS After home cage re-placement, ERK activation was found in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens but was absent in the amygdala. Following placement in a novel environment, ERK activation was more prominent in the amygdala than the frontal cortex or nucleus accumbens. In contrast, with habituation to the novel environment, ERK phosphors declined markedly in the amygdala but increased in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens to the level observed following home cage re-placement. CONCLUSIONS The differential responsiveness of the amygdala versus the frontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens to a novel versus a habituated environment is consistent with a reciprocal interaction between these neural systems and points to their important role in the mediation of behavioral activation to novelty and behavioral inactivation with habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Velasco Sanguedo
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caio Vitor Bueno Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Cruz Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Research and Development (151), VA Medical Center and SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil.
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Carey RJ, Damianopoulos EN. Serotonin and conditioning: focus on Pavlovian psychostimulant drug conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2015; 282:227-36. [PMID: 25446748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin containing neurons are located in nuclei deep in the brainstem and send axons throughout the central nervous system from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex. The vast scope of these connections and interactions enable serotonin and serotonin analogs to have profound effects upon sensory/motor processes. In that conditioning represents a neuroplastic process that leads to new sensory/motor connections, it is apparent that the serotonin system has the potential for a critical role in conditioning. In this article we review the basics of conditioning as well as the serotonergic system and point up the number of non-associative ways in which manipulations of serotonin neurotransmission have an impact upon conditioning. We focus upon psychostimulant drug conditioning and review the contribution of drug stimuli in the use of serotonin drugs to investigate drug conditioning and the important impact drug stimuli can have on conditioning by introducing new sensory stimuli that can create or mask a CS. We also review the ways in which experimental manipulations of serotonin can disrupt conditioned behavioral effects but not the associative processes in conditioning. In addition, we propose the use of the recently developed memory re-consolidation model of conditioning as an approach to assess the possible role of serotonin in associative processes without the complexities of performance effects related to serotonin treatment induced alterations in sensory/motor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- Research Service and Development (151), VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Graduate School, SUNY Upstate Medical University at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Ernest N Damianopoulos
- Research Service and Development (151), VA Medical Center, Room 326, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Sanguedo FVC, Cruz Dias FR, Bloise E, Cespedes IC, Giraldi-Guimarães A, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Increase in medial frontal cortex ERK activation following the induction of apomorphine sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 118:60-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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de Mello Bastos JM, Dias FRC, Alves VHN, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Drug memory substitution during re-consolidation: A single inhibitory autoreceptor apomorphine treatment given during psychostimulant memory re-consolidation replaces psychostimulant conditioning with conditioned inhibition and reverses psychostimulant sensitization. Behav Brain Res 2014; 260:139-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dias FRC, de Mello Bastos JM, de Fátima Dos Santos Sampaio M, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Opposite effects of typical and atypical anti-psychotic drugs on sensitized dopamine receptors: sub-chronic low dose Olanzapine exposure reverses sensitization but a similar regimen of low dose haloperidol potentiates sensitization effects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:579-88. [PMID: 23846543 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Both typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs are D2 receptor antagonists but yet appear to have markedly different effects upon the induction of dopamine sensitization. OBJECTIVE This study aims to compare the effects of subchronic regimens of low-dose olanzapine and haloperidol administered to rats previously sensitized to apomorphine. METHODS Initially, rats received apomorphine (2.0 mg/kg) or vehicle treatments for five consecutive days followed by a conditioning test and an apomorphine challenge test. Next, there was an antipsychotic exposure phase in which three vehicle groups and three apomorphine groups received 10 daily injections of either vehicle, haloperidol (0.03 mg/kg) or olanzapine (0.01 mg/kg). In the final phase, all groups were given a second conditioning test and apomorphine challenge test. RESULTS Apomorphine induced sensitization and conditioning effects. Following haloperidol exposure, apomorphine conditioned and sensitization effects were potentiated but, in contrast, olanzapine exposure eliminated apomorphine sensitization effects. In addition, the sensitization induced by apomorphine transformed the low-dose haloperidol treatment into a potent locomotor stimulant treatment. In the vehicle groups, haloperidol and olanzapine exposure effects were equivalent and not different from vehicle treatment. CONCLUSIONS The profound differences observed between typical and atypical antipsychotic exposure in animals with an upregulated dopamine system are consistent with clinical evidence for lower risk of psychomotor disturbances with chronic treatment with atypical antipsychotic. Importantly, the finding that a very low dose of olanzapine reversed sensitization effects suggests that low-dose olanzapine may have clinical utility in a variety of disorders linked to sensitization of the dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Cruz Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology Animal, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
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Dias FRC, de Matos LW, Dos Santos Sampaio MDF, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Residual dopamine receptor desensitization following either high- or low-dose sub-chronic prior exposure to the atypical anti-psychotic drug olanzapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:141-50. [PMID: 22825579 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anti-psychotic drugs are antagonists of dopamine D2 receptors and repeated administration may lead to the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of sub-chronic olanzapine treatments upon the induction of dopamine receptor supersensitivity. METHODS Rats were administered ten daily low or high doses of the atypical anti-psychotic drug olanzapine (0.01 or 1.0 mg/kg). After 5 days of withdrawal, all groups received 2.0 mg/kg apomorphine on five successive days. Five days after the apomorphine sensitization protocol, in separate experiments, either a conditioning test or an apomorphine sensitization test was conducted. RESULTS During the anti-psychotic treatment the high dose of olanzapine induced profound locomotion suppression, whereas the low dose had no effect upon locomotion. The apomorphine treatments given to the vehicle control group generated locomotor sensitization. This sensitization effect was attenuated by the same degree for both the low or high dose prior olanzapine treatments. Also, the low and high-dose olanzapine pre-treatments diminished subsequent apomorphine-conditioned and apomorphine-sensitized locomotor responses. CONCLUSIONS The equivalent attenuation of the apomorphine sensitization produced by both olanzapine doses indicates that this effect was unrelated to the direct effects of olanzapine upon locomotion. Furthermore, the persistence of the desensitization effects well after the termination of the olanzapine treatments is indicative of a residual desensitization of the dopamine system. These findings are of importance when considering the use of atypical anti-psychotic drugs in the treatment of psychoses and other disorders in which overactivity of the dopamine system is considered a contributory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Cruz Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Carrera MP, Carey RJ, Dias FRC, de Mattos LW. Memory re-consolidation and drug conditioning: an apomorphine conditioned locomotor stimulant response can be enhanced or reversed by a single high versus low apomorphine post-trial treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:281-91. [PMID: 21922172 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Psychostimulant sensitization can have transformative effects upon contextual stimuli such as acquired conditioned stimuli and conditioned incentive motivational properties. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to induce apomorphine sensitization and conduct non-drug exposures to the contextual cues followed by post-trial treatments designed to associate increases/decreases in dopamine activity with re-consolidation of the contextual cue conditioned stimulus. METHODS Separate groups received five daily apomorphine (2.0 mg/kg) treatments, paired or unpaired to the test environment. Two days later, a 30-min non-drug conditioning test was performed. Subsequently, there were three brief (5 min) conditioning tests on successive days. After removal from the test environment on the three test days, all groups received post-trial treatment with vehicle, 0.05, and 2.0 mg/kg apomorphine. One day later, a second 30-min conditioning test was conducted. RESULTS There was a sensitized and a conditioned locomotor stimulant response in the paired groups. After the first and second post-trial treatments with 0.05 mg/kg apomorphine, the conditioned stimulant response in the paired group was transformed into a conditioned inhibitory response. In contrast, the conditioned stimulant response of the paired group administered with apomorphine 2.0 mg/kg post-trial was amplified. The apomorphine post-trial treatments administered to the unpaired groups or 2 h post-trial to paired groups were without effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that sensitization substantially enhances the associative sensitivity of contextual stimuli and imply that brief exposure to cues linked to drugs of addiction followed by treatments that inhibit neurotransmitter systems may provide a new direction in drug abuse treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Morphology and Pathology Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil.
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Dias FRC, de Matos LW, Sampaio MDFDS, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Opposite effects of low versus high dose haloperidol treatments on spontaneous and apomorphine induced motor behavior: evidence that at a very low dose haloperidol acts as an indirect dopamine agonist. Behav Brain Res 2012; 229:153-9. [PMID: 22244923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Anti-psychotic drugs are antagonists at the dopamine D2 receptors and repeated administration can lead to the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity. In two experiments, separate groups of rats were administered 10 daily low or high doses of the typical anti-psychotic drug haloperidol (0.03 or 1.0 mg/kg). The high dose decreased locomotion whereas, the low dose increased locomotion. After 5 days of withdrawal, all groups received 2.0 mg/kg apomorphine on 5 successive days. The apomorphine treatments given to the vehicle group generated a progressive locomotion sensitization effect and this effect was potentiated by pre-exposure to 0.03 mg/kg haloperidol. Initially, the prior high dose of haloperidol exaggerated the apomorphine locomotor stimulant effect but with repeated apomorphine treatments desensitization developed. Following a 5-day withdrawal period an apomorphine challenge test was conducted and apomorphine sensitization was absent in the haloperidol high dose pre-exposure group but potentiated in the low dose pre-exposure group. In the second replication experiment a conditioning test instead of a sensitization challenge test was conducted 5 days after completion of the 5-day apomorphine treatment protocol. The repeated apomorphine treatments induced conditioned hyper- locomotion and this conditioned effect was prevented by the prior high dose haloperidol pre-exposure but enhanced by the prior low dose haloperidol pre-exposure. Two new key findings are (a) that a low dose haloperidol regimen can function as a dopamine agonist and these effects persist after withdrawal and (b) that repeated apomorphine treatments can desensitize D2 receptors previously sensitized by a high dose haloperidol treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Cruz Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
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Carrera MP, Carey RJ, Dias FRC, de Matos LW. Reversal of apomorphine locomotor sensitization by a single post-conditioning trial treatment with a low autoreceptor dose of apomorphine: a memory re-consolidation approach. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:29-34. [PMID: 21447355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sensitization is a common feature of psychostimulants and sensitization effects are generally considered to be linked to the addictive properties of these drugs. We used a conventional paired/unpaired Pavlovian protocol to induce a context specific sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effect of a high dose of apomorphine (2.0mg/kg). Two days following a 5 session sensitization induction phase, a brief 5min non-drug test for conditioning was conducted. Only the paired groups exhibited locomotor stimulant conditioned response effects. Immediately following this brief test for conditioning, the paired and the unpaired groups received injections of 0.05mg/kg apomorphine, 2.0mg/kg apomorphine or vehicle designed to differentially impact memory re-consolidation of the conditioning. Two days later, all groups received a sensitization challenge test with 2.0mg/kg apomorphine. The 2.0mg/kg apomorphine post-trial treatment potentiated sensitization while the 0.05mg/kg eliminated sensitization. These effects were only observed in the paired groups. The activation of dopaminergic systems by the high dose of apomorphine strengthened the drug/environment association whereas the inhibition of dopamine activity by the low auto-receptor dose eliminated this association. The results point to the importance of conditioning to context specific sensitization and targeting memory re-consolidation of conditioning as a paradigm to modify sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil.
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de Matos LW, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Apomorphine conditioning and sensitization: The paired/unpaired treatment order as a new major determinant of drug conditioned and sensitization effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 96:317-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dias FRC, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Apomorphine-induced context-specific behavioural sensitization is prevented by the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 but potentiated and uncoupled from contextual cues by the D2 antagonist sulpiride. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 209:137-51. [PMID: 20177884 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In the study of behavioural sensitization induced by dopamine agonists, D1 and D2 receptors have a critical, but a puzzling role. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to examine the effects of the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 and the D2 antagonist sulpiride given repeatedly alone or in combination with apomorphine upon apomorphine conditioning and sensitization. METHODS Apomorphine-induced (2.0 mg/kg) conditioning and sensitization were assessed following five paired/unpaired treatments. Sulpiride (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) and SCH-23390 (0.01, 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg) were administered alone or in combination with apomorphine. In experiment 1, the effect of 5 days of sulpiride and SCH-23390 treatments given alone were assessed on apomorphine reactivity. In experiment 2, sulpiride and SCH-23390 were co-administered with apomorphine for 5 days and subsequently, conditioning and sensitization tests were performed. In experiment 3, following five apomorphine treatment sessions, sulpiride and SCH-23390 were administered prior to the conditioning and sensitization tests. RESULTS SCH-23390 and sulpiride induced hyper-reactivity to apomorphine. SCH-23390 when given after the induction of apomorphine sensitization, blocked the expression of apomorphine sensitization. When given in combination with apomorphine, SCH-23390 blocked the apomorphine conditioning and sensitization, whereas low-dose sulpiride permitted conditioning and enhanced apomorphine sensitization and high-dose sulpiride blocked conditioning but permitted apomorphine sensitization. Both sulpiride doses transformed apomorphine sensitization from context-specific to context-independent sensitization. CONCLUSION The SCH-23390 findings are supportive of a critical role for D1 receptors in apomorphine effects whereas the sulpiride effects diminish the importance of conditioning and dopamine autoreceptor subsensitivity mechanisms in the mediation of apomorphine sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Cruz Dias
- Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
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Braga PQ, Dias FRC, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Behavioral sensitization to dopaminergic inhibitory and stimulatory effects induced by low vs. high dose apomorphine treatments: An unconventional dose and response reversal sensitization challenge test reveals sensitization mechanisms. Behav Brain Res 2009; 204:169-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Braga PQ, Dias FRC, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Low dose apomorphine induces context-specific sensitization of hypolocomotion without conditioning: Support for a new state dependent retrieval hypothesis of drug conditioning and sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 93:128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Carey RJ, Damianopoulos EN, Shanahan AB. Cocaine conditioning: reversal by autoreceptor dose levels of 8-OHDPAT. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 91:447-52. [PMID: 18804487 PMCID: PMC2716395 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the contribution of serotonergic effects of cocaine to Pavlovian conditioning of cocaine locomotor stimulant effects, two experiments were conducted in which groups of rats (N=10) received cocaine treatments (10 mg/kg) paired or unpaired to placement in an open-field environment. Initially, a cocaine conditioned locomotion stimulant effect was established. Next, additional Coc-P and Coc-UP pairings were carried out in conjunction with pretreatment injections of the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OHDPAT (0.01, 0.025 and 0.05 mg/kg) or saline. In experiment 1, the Coc-P group which received the saline pretreatment again exhibited conditioning but in the 8-OHDPAT pretreatment Coc-P group conditioning was eliminated. In the second experiment, the protocol of the first experiment was repeated but expanded in the post-conditioning phase to include an 8-OHDPAT plus the 5-HT1A antagonist pretreatment Coc-P group. As in the first experiment, the 8-OHDPAT pretreatment Coc-P group did not exhibit a cocaine conditioned locomotion stimulant effect; whereas, the saline pretreatment Coc-P and the 8-OHDPAT plus WAY-100635 pretreatment Coc-P groups did exhibit the cocaine conditioned locomotion stimulant effect. These findings are consistent with an important role for serotonin in the maintenance of cocaine Pavlovian conditioned effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- Research Service (151), VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Pum ME, Carey RJ, Huston JP, Müller CP. Role of medial prefrontal, entorhinal, and occipital 5-HT in cocaine-induced place preference and hyperlocomotion: evidence for multiple dissociations. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 201:391-403. [PMID: 18762916 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Application of cocaine or exposure to cocaine-related stimuli induces widespread activation of the cortex in neuroimaging studies with human subjects. In accordance to these findings, it was reported in previous microdialysis experiments that cocaine increased serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine in various cortical brain areas. The present series of studies set out to investigate the functional role of the observed increases in 5-HT in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the entorhinal cortex (EC), and the occipital cortex (OccC) in the mediation of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and hyperactivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS To reduce 5-HTergic neurotransmission in circumscribed brain areas, bilateral local infusions of the serotonergic neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), were made into the mPFC, EC, or OccC. Two weeks following surgery, cocaine-induced (10 mg/kg; i.p.) CPP was measured in an unbiased design. RESULTS The 90% depletion of 5-HT in the mPFC significantly attenuated the preference for the cocaine-associated environment and the hyperlocomotor response to cocaine. A 61% depletion of 5-HT in the EC reduced conditioned place preference without modulation of hyperactivity, while a 78% 5-HT depletion of the OccC cortex had no effect on cocaine-induced CPP and hyperactivity. No lesion affected general activity, habituation learning, or visual stimulation-induced behavioral activation. CONCLUSION These results indicate an important role of cortical 5-HT in the mediation of cocaine-induced CPP and specify the region-dependent contribution of a neurochemical response to cocaine-mediated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Pum
- Institute of Physiological Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Carey RJ, Damianopoulos EN, Shanahan AB. Cocaine conditioned behavior: a cocaine memory trace or an anti-habituation effect. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 90:625-31. [PMID: 18571225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whether cocaine locomotor conditioning represents a cocaine positive effect; i.e., a Pavlovian cocaine conditioned response; or, a cocaine negative effect; i.e., interference with habituation to the test environment, is a subject of some controversy. Three separate experiments were conducted to compare the behavior (locomotion and grooming) of separate groups of rats given 1, 9 or 14 cocaine (10 mg/kg) treatments paired/unpaired with placement into an open-field arena. The behavior of the cocaine groups on subsequent saline tests were compared with the habituation rates of saline treated rats. After one cocaine pairing with the test environment, the subsequent behavior of the cocaine paired group on saline tests was similar to a non-habituated control group. In the two experiments with repeated cocaine pairings to the test environment, the subsequent behavior of the cocaine treated groups did not parallel that of the non-habituated saline control groups. These results were not explicable in terms of cocaine anti-habituation effects. It is suggested that cocaine contextual cues paired with cocaine treatment can activate cocaine memory traces which with subsequent cocaine treatments are reinforced and strengthened. In this way repeated cocaine use can forge conditioned stimulus connections to the cocaine behavioral response that are highly resistant to extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- Research Service (151), VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Carey RJ, DePalma G, Shanahan A, Damianopoulos EN, Müller CP, Huston JP. Effects on spontaneous and cocaine-induced behavior of pharmacological inhibition of noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 89:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pum M, Carey RJ, Huston JP, Müller CP. Dissociating effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on dopamine and serotonin in the perirhinal, entorhinal, and prefrontal cortex of freely moving rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 193:375-90. [PMID: 17468969 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neuroimaging studies with humans showed widespread activation of the cortex in response to psychostimulant drugs. However, the neurochemical nature of these brain activities is not characterized. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in cortical areas of the hippocampal network in comparison to the prefrontal cortex (PFC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted in vivo microdialysis experiments in behaving rats measuring DA and 5-HT in the perirhinal cortex (PRC), entorhinal cortex (EC), and PFC, after application of cocaine (0, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg; i.p.) or d-amphetamine (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 mg/kg; i.p.). RESULTS Cocaine and d-amphetamine dose-dependently increased DA and 5-HT levels in the PRC, EC, and PFC. A predominant DA response to d-amphetamine was only found in the PFC, but not in the PRC and EC. Cocaine increased DA and 5-HT to an equal extent in the PFC and PRC but induced a predominant 5-HT response in the EC. When comparing the neurochemical responses between the drugs at an equal level of behavioral activation, cocaine was more potent than d-amphetamine in increasing 5-HT in the PFC, while no differences were found in the PRC or EC or in the DA responses in all three cortical areas. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that cocaine and d-amphetamine increase DA and 5-HT levels in PRC and EC largely to the same extent as in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pum
- Institute of Physiological Psychology and Center for Biological and Medical Research, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Chagas-Martinich L, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. 7-OH-DPAT effects on latent inhibition: low dose facilitation but high dose blockade: Implications for dopamine receptor involvement in attentional processes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:441-8. [PMID: 17291574 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
7-OH-DPAT is a dopamine D2/D3 agonist, which at low doses acts preferentially on D3 receptors but at high doses it acts on D2 and D3 receptors. The present study investigated the contribution of D3 and D2 receptors on latent inhibition (LI) by using two dose levels of 7-OH-DPAT: a low dose, 0.1 mg/kg (D3 receptor activation) and a high dose, 1.0 mg/kg, (D2/D3 receptor activation) in a conditioned emotional response (CER) paradigm. The LI Protocols included CS pre-exposure (10 or 40 CS alone trials), CER induction and a non-drug CER test phase. Additionally, the drug effects upon CER acquisition without LI were assessed using the same treatments and test environment pre-exposure protocols but without the tone CS. The effects of 7-OH-DPAT on crossing, rearing and grooming were also measured in an open field 1 day after the CER test phase. The results showed that the low dose 7-OH-DPAT treatment potentiated LI at 10 but not at 40 CS pre-exposures. The high dose 7-OH-DPAT treatment blocked LI at both the 10 and 40 stimulus pre-exposures; and it also induced hyperactivity. Thus, D3 stimulation induced by a low dose of 7-OH-DPAT can facilitate LI but these effects are contingent upon and are specific to the number of stimulus presentations. Altogether, these findings indicate that D3 stimulation can enhance attentional processes, but D2 stimulation can impair attentional processes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Attention/drug effects
- Attention/physiology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Dopamine Agonists/administration & dosage
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Inhibition, Psychological
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Dopamine/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/physiology
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/administration & dosage
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Chagas-Martinich
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
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Bloise E, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Behavioral sensitization produced by a single administration of apomorphine: Implications for the role of Pavlovian conditioning in the mediation of context-specific sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:449-57. [PMID: 17289130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the minimal number of exposures to the D1/D2 agonist apomorphine capable of producing behavioral sensitization. Rats received one (experiment 1) or two administrations on two successive days (experiment 2) of apomorphine (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg) paired or unpaired to an open-field environment. After 2 days of drug withdrawal, the rats received a challenge injection with the same dose of apomorphine (sensitization test) and locomotion, rearing and sniffing were measured. The results of the first experiment showed that locomotor sensitization occurred after a single acute exposure to apomorphine and that 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg treatments were equally effective. This sensitization effect was context-specific and was limited to locomotion. The second experiment revealed a differential dose effect on the sensitization test. Two treatments with 2.0 mg/kg potentiated locomotor sensitization as compared with a single treatment but two treatments with 0.5 mg/kg did not increase the sensitization effect more than the single 0.5 mg/kg treatment. This result indicates an interaction between drug dose and frequency of drug treatment for the induction of apomorphine locomotor sensitization. In that the sensitization effects are considered to be a core contributor to psychostimulant addiction, the present findings are of importance to understanding addiction because they indicate that sensitization processes can be initiated with a single drug experience and amplified with exposure to higher drug dosage levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrrico Bloise
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
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Müller CP, Carey RJ, Huston JP, De Souza Silva MA. Serotonin and psychostimulant addiction: Focus on 5-HT1A-receptors. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 81:133-78. [PMID: 17316955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin(1A)-receptors (5-HT(1A)-Rs) are important components of the 5-HT system in the brain. As somatodendritic autoreceptors they control the activity of 5-HT neurons, and, as postsynaptic receptors, the activity in terminal areas. Cocaine (COC), amphetamine (AMPH), methamphetamine (METH) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("Ecstasy", MDMA) are psychostimulant drugs that can lead to addiction-related behavior in humans and in animals. At the neurochemical level, these psychostimulant drugs interact with monoamine transporters and increase extracellular 5-HT, dopamine and noradrenalin activity in the brain. The increase in 5-HT, which, in addition to dopamine, is a core mechanism of action for drug addiction, hyperactivates 5-HT(1A)-Rs. Here, we first review the role of the various 5-HT(1A)-R populations in spontaneous behavior to provide a background to elucidate the contribution of the 5-HT(1A)-Rs to the organization of psychostimulant-induced addiction behavior. The progress achieved in this field shows the fundamental contribution of brain 5-HT(1A)-Rs to virtually all behaviors associated with psychostimulant addiction. Importantly, the contribution of pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT(1A)-Rs can be dissociated and frequently act in opposite directions. We conclude that 5-HT(1A)-autoreceptors mainly facilitate psychostimulant addiction-related behaviors by a limitation of the 5-HT response in terminal areas. Postsynaptic 5-HT(1A)-Rs, in contrast, predominantly inhibit the expression of various addiction-related behaviors directly. In addition, they may also influence the local 5-HT response by feedback mechanisms. The reviewed findings do not only show a crucial role of 5-HT(1A)-Rs in the control of brain 5-HT activity and spontaneous behavior, but also their complex role in the regulation of the psychostimulant-induced 5-HT response and subsequent addiction-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Müller
- Institute of Physiological Psychology I, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Müller CP, Carey RJ. Intracellular 5-HT2C-receptor dephosphorylation: a new target for treating drug addiction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:455-8. [PMID: 16876260 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(2C) receptor has received considerable attention as a target for treating drug addiction. 5-HT(2C)-receptor agonism, however, also induces side-effects. In this article, we review recent findings regarding the involvement of 5-HT(2C) receptors in behaviours related to drug addiction in animals. It was recently shown that 5-HT(2C)-receptor agonist effects can be induced intracellularly using the protein peptide Tat-3L4F, which prevents 5-HT(2C)-receptor dephosphorylation induced by phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10. The most promising finding is that Tat-3L4F can selectively reduce the potency of addictive drugs by reducing mesolimbic dopamine transmission without eliciting the side-effects of 5-HT(2C)-receptor agonist treatment, thus highlighting its potential use as a strategy to treat drug addiction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Müller
- Institute of Physiological Psychology I and Center for Biological and Medical Research, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Carey RJ, Damianopoulos EN. Cocaine conditioning and sensitization: The habituation factor. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 84:128-33. [PMID: 16764915 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral and neurobiological impact of cocaine can be strongly influenced by the environmental context in which the cocaine effects are experienced. In this report, we present the results of an experimental study in which the effects of environmental context in terms of novelty/familiarity upon locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine were examined. In the first phase of the study, two groups of naïve rats (N=10/group) received either cocaine (10 mg/kg) or saline immediately prior to a 20-min test in a novel open-field environment. After three daily cocaine/saline test sessions, both groups received a saline test to evaluate cocaine conditioned drug effects. In the second phase, two groups (N=10/group) were administered a 20-min saline test 1 day prior to receiving the same cocaine and saline testing regimen as in the first phase. Cocaine sensitization effects were not observed when the cocaine treatments were initiated in a novel environment but were observed when the same cocaine treatments were preceded 1 day by a single 20-min test environment exposure. The maximal locomotion sensitization effects observed, however, did not exceed the locomotor stimulant effects induced by cocaine administered in a novel environment. Thus, the cocaine sensitization manifested following a brief 20-min exposure to the test environment 1 day prior to cocaine administration represented a reversal of an inhibitory habituation effect. Cocaine-conditioned effects were also observed in both phases. These cocaine conditioned effects approximated, but did not exceed, the activation effects generated by a novel environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- Research and Development Service (151), VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Dias FRC, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Conditioned locomotion induced by unilateral intrastriatal administration of apomorphine: D(2) receptor activation is critical but not the expression of the unconditioned response. Brain Res 2006; 1083:85-95. [PMID: 16530737 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the role of D(1) and D(2) receptors in the conditioning of apomorphine-induced locomotor behavior. A Pavlovian conditioning protocol was used in which rats received 5 daily intrastriatal apomorphine treatments paired or unpaired to an open-field environment followed, 2 days later, by a saline test for conditioning. In the conditioning induction phase, the intrastriatal apomorphine treatment increased locomotor activity expressed as an increased number of sectional crossings and rearings. In the conditioning test, the apomorphine-paired group had significantly higher locomotor activity than the unpaired and vehicle groups, consistent with the development of a conditioned locomotor response. The concomitant blockade of D(1) and D(2) receptors with D(1) (SCH23390) and D(2) (sulpiride) antagonists prevented the apomorphine-induced behavioral response during the induction phase and in the conditioning test. Pretreatment with the D(1) antagonist SCH 23390 also blocked the apomorphine-induced behavioral response during the induction phase but did not block the apomorphine conditioned response. Pretreatment with the selective D(2) antagonist sulpiride blocked the apomorphine behavioral response during the induction phase and in the conditioning test. Altogether, these results indicate that antagonism of either the D(1) or D(2) receptors in the dorsal striatum can block apomorphine-induced locomotor activation but that D(2) but not D(1) antagonism can prevent the development of the apomorphine conditioned response. Altogether, these findings indicate a key role for the D(2) receptor site in the mediation of apomorphine conditioned behavior; and, in addition, that apomorphine conditioned locomotor response can develop without the expression of the locomotor stimulant response during the induction phase of conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Cruz Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600 RJ, Brazil
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Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E, Shanahan A. Stimulus gated cocaine sensitization: Interoceptive drug cue control of cocaine locomotor sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 82:353-60. [PMID: 16216323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Repeated cocaine treatments typically generate sensitization effects which are environment specific. In this study, we investigated whether drug treatments with highly selective receptor specificity can also function as contextual cues to control the expression of cocaine sensitization effects. Two experiments were conducted in which separate groups of rats (N=10) received ten paired or unpaired cocaine (10.0 mg/kg) treatments. In the experiments, autoreceptor preferring low doses of either the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OHDPAT (8OH) (0.05 mg/kg) or the D1/D2 agonist apomorphine (APO) (0.05 mg/kg) were administered 20 min prior to cocaine administration and test environment placement (paired treatment). Under these conditions, the drug cues generated by the 8OH/APO treatments were associated with the cocaine stimulant effect in the test environment. The unpaired treatment groups received the same drug treatments but the cocaine was administered after testing, in the homecage. Consequently, for these groups, the 8OH/APO drug cues generated by the drug treatments would not become associated with the cocaine stimulant effect in the test environment. Critically, both 8OH and APO pretreatments elicited equivalent unconditioned response effects which were opposite to the cocaine unconditioned response effects; that is, behavioral inhibition vs. behavioral stimulation. Initially, the 8OH and APO pretreatments prevented the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine; but, these inhibitory effects were reversed in the paired groups with repeated cocaine treatments, consistent with the emergence of cocaine sensitization effects. In the unpaired 8OH and APO pretreatment groups, behavioral suppression persisted throughout the treatment protocol. Subsequently, paired and unpaired groups were compared in four conditioning/sensitization tests. The conditioning tests included: a saline/saline test; and a 8OH/saline test (Experiment 1); and, a saline/saline test and a APO/saline test (Experiment 2). There were no paired/unpaired group differences in these conditioning tests. The sensitization tests included: a saline/cocaine test; and a 8OH/cocaine test (Experiment 1); and, a saline/cocaine test and a APO/cocaine test (Experiment 2). There were no paired/unpaired group differences in the saline/cocaine test for sensitization but paired/unpaired group differences were found in both the 8OH/cocaine and APO/cocaine sensitization tests. In these tests the paired but not the unpaired groups exhibited cocaine locomotor sensitization effects. Critically when, in an additional test, the pretreatments in the cocaine tests were reversed (i.e., 8OH paired group received APO and APO paired group received 8OH prior to cocaine), then there was no evidence for cocaine sensitization. Since the 8OH/APO pretreatments had equivalent inhibitory response effects, it was the stimulus properties of these drugs which controlled the expression of the cocaine locomotor sensitization effects. These findings support the critical role of associative processes in the stimulus-gating of psychostimulant drug sensitization. Importantly, this report incorporates a new methodology in which context can be specified in terms of highly specific brain receptor targets rather than in terms of global environmental situational cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Research (151), VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E, Shanahan A, Müller CP, Huston JP. Pharmacological inhibition of DA- and 5-HT activity blocks spontaneous and cocaine-activated behavior: reversal by chronic cocaine treatment. Brain Res 2005; 1047:194-204. [PMID: 15896723 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently it was shown that the combined pretreatment with low autoreceptor preferring dose levels of apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg) and 8-OHDPAT (0.05 mg/kg), which decrease dopaminergic and serotonergic activity, induces a profound behavioral inhibition and also blocks the stimulant effects of cocaine. In two experiments, we report that the acute blockade of spontaneous and cocaine locomotor stimulant effects by pretreatment with 8-OHDPAT (0.05 mg/kg) plus apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg) is dose-dependently (0.0 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg cocaine) reversed with repeated cocaine treatments. Using a paired vs. unpaired Pavlovian conditioning protocol, we found that this reversal by cocaine (10 mg/kg) of the inhibition by the combined 8-OHDPAT plus apomorphine pretreatment occurred for the paired but not the unpaired cocaine treatment. The findings suggest that this reversal of behavioral inhibition is mediated by the transformation of the drug cues generated by 8-OHDPAT and apomorphine into cocaine-conditioned stimuli which can activate behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- VA Medical Center and Upstate Medical University Syracuse, 800 Irving Avenue, Research (151), VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E. Acute and chronic cocaine behavioral effects in novel versus familiar environments: open-field familiarity differentiates cocaine locomotor stimulant effects from cocaine emotional behavioral effects. Behav Brain Res 2005; 158:321-30. [PMID: 15698899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is a potent stimulant drug, but its stimulant effects can be substantially modulated by environmental novelty versus familiarity. In this report, we varied exposures to a novel environment as a way to assess the impact of environmental familiarity versus novelty upon the locomotor activation induced by acute and chronic cocaine treatments. In experiment 1, the effects of 1 (PE1) versus 0 (PE0) pre-exposures to the test environment were compared for their impact upon the locomotor stimulant, central zone entry and grooming effects induced by an acute cocaine (10 mg/kg) treatment. In experiment 2, the effects of 10 (PE10) versus 0 (PE0) pre-exposures upon the cocaine effects were compared. Experiment 3 assessed the effects of nine cocaine treatments (10.0 mg/kg) initiated in a novel environment (PE0) versus familiar environment (PE10). In all experiments, cocaine had a potent locomotor stimulant effect in a novel environment, which was attenuated by environmental familiarity such that in PE10 groups, cocaine did not reliably induce an acute locomotor stimulant effect. Environmental novelty/familiarity, however, did not reliably alter cocaine effects upon central zone penetration, grooming behavior, or the neurochemical effects induced by cocaine. In the chronic treatment regimen, the PE0 group exhibited a tolerance-like decrease in locomotor activation, but the PE10 group exhibited a sensitization-like increase in locomotor activation. Despite the marked directional changes in the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine treatments, initiated in a novel (PE0) versus familiar (PE10) environment, the same asymptotic levels of locomotor activation were achieved. In contrast, the behavioral measures of central zone activity progressively increased with repeated treatments regardless of whether the environment was initially novel (PE0) or familiar (PE10). Thus, habituation factors can profoundly alter the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine and can induce pseudo-tolerance phenomena. In contrast, central zone activity undergoes sensitization-like effects independent of habituation state and therefore appears to represent a more fundamental behavioral effect of cocaine. In that, central zone penetration in an open-field is linked to emotional processes; this finding is of substantial importance in understanding the effects of repeated cocaine usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- VA Medical Center and SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Research (151), Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Mello EL, Maior RS, Carey RJ, Huston JP, Tomaz C, Müller CP. Serotonin1A-receptor antagonism blocks psychostimulant properties of diethylpropion in marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 511:43-52. [PMID: 15777778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diethylpropion (1-phenyl-2-diethylamine-1-propanone hydrochloride) is a stimulant drug with reinforcing properties that is used to treat obesity in humans. While the anorectic properties of diethylpropion are mediated by a noradrenergic mechanism, stimulant properties depend on its effects on the serotonergic (5-HT) and/or dopaminergic systems. In this study we investigated the role of the 5-HT1A-receptor in the acute behavioral effects of diethylpropion in marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). Animals were pretreated with the selective 5-HT1A-receptor antagonist, N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexane-carboxamide trihydrochloride (WAY 100635; 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (i.p.) and received a treatment with diethylpropion (10 mg/kg, i.p) or saline (i.p.). Diethylpropion induced an increase in locomotor activity in 60% of the monkeys, which were classified as diethylpropion sensitive, but did not affect locomotion in 40% of the monkeys (diethylpropion insensitive). Sensitivity analysis revealed two types of responders to diethylpropion. In the sensitive animals (type A) diethylpropion increased locomotor activity and anxiogenic-like behavior, but decreased bodycare activities. In the insensitive animals (type B) diethylpropion did not affect locomotor and bodycare activity after diethylpropion, but led to a strong increase in anxiogenic-like behavioral responses. Selective 5-HT1A-receptor antagonism modulated the acute diethylpropion effects responder type specifically. In the sensitive (type A) monkeys WAY 100635 blocked the diethylpropion-induced increase in locomotor activity, while not affecting anxiogenic-like behavioral responses or the suppression of bodycare activities. In the insensitive monkeys, WAY 100635 had no effect on locomotor activity after diethylpropion, but blocked diethylpropion effects on some anxiogenic-like behavioral responses. In conclusion, these results suggest an essential contribution of the 5-HT1A-receptor to the stimulant effects of diethylpropion, which is responder type specific. It also suggests the 5-HT1A-receptor to be a source of the interindividual variance in the acute behavioral response to the stimulant diethylpropion in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldon L Mello
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, CEP 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
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Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E, Shanahan A, Müller CP, Huston JP. Evidence that the 5-HT1A autoreceptor is an important pharmacological target for the modulation of cocaine behavioral stimulant effects. Brain Res 2005; 1034:162-71. [PMID: 15713268 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The psychostimulant effects of cocaine critically depend on the serotonergic (5-HT) system, of which the 5-HT1A receptor is an essential component. We recently showed divergent contributions of various pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor populations to the behavioral effects of cocaine. Here, we further investigate the role of 5-HT1A autoreceptors in the acute and chronic stimulant effects of cocaine using 5-HT1A receptor ligands in autoreceptor preferring doses. In experiment 1, four groups of rats (N = 10) received either saline or the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OHDPAT (0.05 mg/kg) 20 min prior to a saline or cocaine (10 mg/kg) injection on 9 consecutive days. In experiment 2, six groups (N = 10) were given either saline, the 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY 100635 (0.05 mg/kg) or 8-OHDPAT (0.05 mg/kg) plus WAY 100635 (0.05 mg/kg) 20 min before a saline or cocaine (10.0 mg/kg) treatment on 9 consecutive days. Initially, both the 8-OHDPAT and WAY 100635 pretreatments completely blocked the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine whereas the combined 8-OHDPAT plus WAY 100635 pretreatment had no effect. In saline treated groups, neither the WAY 100635 nor the 8-OHDPAT plus WAY 100635 pretreatment influenced spontaneous activity levels, whereas the 8-OHDPAT alone severely reduced spontaneous activity. These effects persisted over the course of the 9 test sessions. A different pattern of results was obtained for the cocaine treatment groups. With repeated treatments, the WAY 100635 treatment always blocked the locomotor activation effect of cocaine, whereas the effects of 8-OHDPAT were transformed from an inhibition to an enhancement of cocaine locomotor stimulation. The combined 8-OHDPAT plus WAY 100635 pretreatment did not affect the stimulant effect of cocaine. These findings demonstrate that low dose autoreceptor preferring treatments with a 5-HT1A agonist and antagonist can strongly modify the behavioral stimulant effects of cocaine and suggest that the 5-HT1A autoreceptor may be an important pharmacological target for the development of treatments for cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- Research and Development (151), VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E. Evidence for Pavlovian conditioning of cocaine-induced responses linked to emotional behavioral effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 80:123-34. [PMID: 15652388 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Revised: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pairing of cocaine treatments with a specific test environment typically leads to cocaine-conditioned drug effects. In this study, we first pre-exposed rats 10 times to an open-field environment to establish an habituation asymptote in locomotor activity prior to the initiation of cocaine treatments. Two groups (N=10) equated for locomotion, grooming, central zone penetrations and rearing behavior were used. One group received five pairings of cocaine (10.0 mg/kg) and the second group five pairings of saline injections with placements in the open-field environment. Subsequently, both groups received a saline test to detect possible cocaine-conditioned behavioral effects. During the cocaine treatment phase, cocaine enhanced locomotion and central zone penetrations but decreased rearing and grooming. On the conditioning test, the cocaine group exhibited enhanced central zone penetrations and decreased grooming as compared to the saline group. There were no group differences in locomotion or rearing. When within group comparisons were performed between behavioral responses on the pre-conditioning test vs. the conditioning test, the saline group scores were essentially unchanged. In contrast, the cocaine group exhibited higher central zone penetrations and decreased grooming without changes in locomotion or rearing. In that a cocaine conditioning test can also be viewed as a cocaine withdrawal test, two additional experiments were conducted using an unpaired conditioning protocol to test for withdrawal effects without conditioning. These results indicated that the central zone and grooming effects observed in the conditioning protocol were not withdrawal effects. Altogether, these findings provide support for Pavlovian conditioning of cocaine-induced changes in emotion-related behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- VA Medical Center and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Carey RJ, Depalma G, Damianopoulos E, Müller CP, Huston JP. The 5-HT1A receptor and behavioral stimulation in the rat: effects of 8-OHDPAT on spontaneous and cocaine-induced behavior. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 177:46-54. [PMID: 15167982 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-1917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 03/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The contribution of the 5-HT(1A) somato-dendritic autoreceptor populations to spontaneous and cocaine-induced locomotion is unclear. OBJECTIVES To use a low dose range of +/-8-hydroxy-2-(di- n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OHDPAT) to preferentially stimulate 5-HT(1A) autoreceptors and a medium 8-OHDPAT dose range to stimulate both 5-HT(1A) autoreceptors and postsynaptic receptors as pretreatments prior to either saline or cocaine. METHODS In experiment 1, either a medium dose of 8-OHDPAT (0.4 mg/kg) or a low dose (0.05 mg/kg) was given as pretreatments 20 min before five separate 20-min open-field tests. In experiment 2, the pretreatments were changed to a low dose range of 8-OHDPAT (0.01-0.05 mg/kg), with or without WAY 100635 (0.01-0.05 mg/kg). In experiment 3, the 8-OHDPAT pretreatments (0.01, 0.025 or 0.05 mg/kg) were administered 20 min prior to saline or cocaine (10 mg/kg) tests. In experiment 4, a medium dose range (0.2-0.3 mg/kg) was given 20 min prior to saline or cocaine (10 mg/kg) tests. RESULTS Experiment 1 showed that 8-OHDPAT (0.4 mg/kg) tended to increase locomotor activity but that pretreatment with 0.05 mg/kg severely suppressed locomotor activity. In experiment 2, 8-OHDPAT in the low dose range inhibited locomotor activity and this effect was reversed by co-administration of WAY 100635. Experiment 3 showed that the low-dose 8-OHDPAT pretreatment reduced locomotor activity in saline but not cocaine tests. In experiment 4, 8-OHDPAT in the medium dose range enhanced locomotor activity in cocaine tests. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that the facilitatory effect of 8-OHDPAT on cocaine-induced locomotor stimulation is mediated by inhibition of 5-HT(1A) somato-dendritic autoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- VA Medical Center and Upstate Medical University Syracuse, Research & Development (151) 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Müller CP, Thönnessen H, Jocham G, Barros M, Tomaz C, Carey RJ, Huston JP. Cocaine-induced ???active immobility??? and its modulation by the serotonin1A receptor. Behav Pharmacol 2004; 15:481-93. [PMID: 15472570 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200411000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
'Active immobility' (AI) is an independent behaviour that can be characterized by behavioural immobility, an increased muscular rigidity and the sustaining of an unusual posture. In previous studies with cocaine we observed, concomitant with hyperlocomotion and increased rearing activity, an increase in AI in well-habituated animals, which may constitute another 'positive' acute effect of cocaine on behaviour. The contribution of the serotonergic (5-HT) system to AI is well established. However, little information exists about the contribution of particular 5-HT-receptor subtypes. In order to examine a possible role of the 5-HT1A receptor on this effect of cocaine, we systematically re-analysed four previous experiments in well-habituated animals and one in little-habituated animals, focusing on the acute behavioural effects of cocaine on AI. We found that, in well-habituated animals, cocaine at a medium dose (10 mg/kg, i.p.) induces AI behaviour, which, however, does not correlate with cocaine effects on locomotion, rearing or grooming behaviour. However, there was no effect of cocaine (1, 5 or 15 mg/kg, i.p.) on AI in little-habituated animals. The 5-HT1A-receptor antagonist, WAY 100635 [N-[2-(4-2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexane carboxamide trihydrochloride] (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.), potentiated cocaine-induced AI in well-habituated animals, while the 5-HT1A-receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.), attenuated it. The local application of 8-OH-DPAT [8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin] into the nucleus accumbens (0, 1, 10 micromol/l) or hippocampus (0, 0.1, 1, 10 micromol/l) modulated cocaine-induced AI in a complex way. These results showed that cocaine induces AI at a medium dose in well-habituated but not in little-habituated animals. The cocaine-induced AI in well-habituated animals can be potentiated by systemic 5-HT1A-receptor antagonism and attenuated by 5-HT1A-receptor agonism. Two experiments with local activation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors revealed that both nucleus accumbens and hippocampal 5-HT1A-receptor populations are involved in the expression of cocaine-induced AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Müller
- Institute of Physiological Psychology I and Center for Biological and Medical Research, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Novoseltsev VN, Carey RJ, Novoseltseva JA, Papadopoulos NT, Blay S, Yashin AI. Systemic mechanisms of individual reproductive life history in female Medflies. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 125:77-87. [PMID: 14706240 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper is the second one in a series of two papers hypothesizing and testing systemic grounds of reproductive life history in the female fruit fly. In the first paper, we analyzed mechanisms of individual fecundity scheduling and have drawn the following conclusions. Individual fecundity in female flies is endowed as a flat pattern with a steady-state period of a constant rate of egg-laying. An individual female reveals three stages in her adult life history: maturation, maturity, and senescence. The first stage is a transient period of achieving a steady state at maturity, which can be maintained until the senescence stage. Thus, an individual fecundity pattern has no maximum. The maximums observed experimentally are averaging-caused artifacts. Two natural causes of deaths exist in flies, senescence-caused ones and premature deaths, probably due to a reproductive overload. In this paper, to confirm these findings, we use individual daily scores of egg-laying in four populations of Mediterranean fruit flies. Based on fecundity scores, we divide each Medfly population into four classes, namely zero-egg, short-, medium- and long-lived egg-layers. We demonstrate that, indeed, the three above findings definitely exist in Medflies. Our procedure allows the efficient storage of individual fecundity in parametric form, with only five numbers for each fly. Finally, this protocol will allow a more precise analysis of fecundity-energy trade-offs in flies carrying appropriate longevity mutations.
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Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E, Hopkins A, Shanahan A, Müller CP, Huston JP. Dopaminergic and serotonergic autoreceptor stimulation effects are equivalent and additive in the suppression of spontaneous and cocaine induced locomotor activity. Brain Res 2004; 1019:134-43. [PMID: 15306247 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We used the D(2) receptor agonist, apomorphine (APO) and the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, 8-OHDPAT (8OH) in a low dose range to stimulate autoreceptors and in this way assess the separate and combined effects of reduced DA and 5-HT activity upon spontaneous and cocaine induced locomotor behavior. Two separate experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, separate groups of rats (N=10) were tested with either saline, 8OH, APO or 8OH plus APO (0.01, 0.025, 0.05 mg/kg). At 0.05 mg/kg, 8OH and APO induced similar dose related decreases (up to approximately 50%) in locomotor activity. The combined 8OH plus APO treatment induced dose-related decreases in locomotion (approximately 90%). At the 0.05 mg/kg dose level, the drug treatments given separately blocked cocaine induced increases in activity and the 8OH and APO inhibitory effects were again additive. In the second experiment, separate groups (N=10) received saline, 0.05 mg/kg APO, 0.05 mg/kg 8OH or 0.05 mg/kg APO plus 0.05 mg/kg 8OH. As in the first experiment, the 8OH and APO given separately reduced locomotor activity by approximately 50% and when given together, locomotor activity was virtually eliminated (reduced 80-90%). When the combined APO/8OH group also received the 5-HT(1A) antagonist, WAY 100635 (0.05 mg/kg), the effect on activity was equivalent to 0.05 mg/kg APO alone. Ex vivo neurochemical measurement of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) metabolism confirmed that the APO decreased DA turnover, 8OH decreased 5-HT turnover and the combined treatment reduced both the DA and 5-HT turnover. Thus, for both spontaneous and cocaine induced locomotor behavior, the low dose 8OH and APO treatments suppressed locomotor activity and these effects were additive. These findings indicate that DA and 5-HT systems contribute separately to motoric activation. These results suggest that it is important to consider both DA and 5-HT contributions to disorders of motoric impoverishment such as Parkinson's disease as well as to hyperkinetic states such as those induced by stimulant drugs.
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Müller CP, Thönnessen H, De Souza Silva MA, Fink H, Bert B, Carey RJ, Huston JP. Nucleus accumbens serotonin1A receptors control cocaine-induced hyperactivity but not local serotonin increase: an in vivo microdialysis study. Neuropharmacology 2004; 47:205-15. [PMID: 15223299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2003] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (Nac) is an important structure for cocaine-induced hyperactivity and receives a dense serotonergic (5-HT) innervation. Previous studies showed that a systemic activation of 5-HT(1A) receptors potentiates cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion, but attenuates the cocaine-induced 5-HT increase in the Nac. In order to address the role of Nac 5-HT(1A) receptors in the control of cocaine-induced and spontaneous behavioural activity and local 5-HT release, we used in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats. The 5-HT(1A)-receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (0, 1 and 10 microM), was applied locally into the Nac by reverse dialysis followed by a cocaine (10 mg/kg) or saline i.p. injection. The Nac 5-HT(1A)-receptor activation potentiated cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion, but attenuated rearing behaviour dose-dependently. Parallel to that, the cocaine-induced increase in Nac 5-HT dialysate level was unaffected, as were the decreases in 5-HIAA and DOPAC dialysate levels after cocaine. In saline treated rats, the local application of 8-OH-DPAT into the Nac affected neither spontaneous behavioural activity nor 5-HT, 5-HIAA or DOPAC dialysate levels in the Nac. These data suggest that Nac 5-HT(1A) receptors exert a bi-directional control of cocaine-induced hyperactivity, while not affecting spontaneous behaviour. Furthermore, accumbal 5-HT(1A) receptors do not appear to be directly involved in the acute effects of cocaine on 5-HT, 5-HIAA or DOPAC levels in the Nac.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Müller
- Institute of Physiological Psychology I, Center for Biological and Medical Research, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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Müller CP, Thönnessen H, Barros M, Tomaz C, Carey RJ, Huston JP. Hippocampus 5-HT1A-receptors attenuate cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion and the increase in hippocampal but not nucleus accumbens 5-HT. Hippocampus 2004; 14:710-21. [PMID: 15318330 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.10209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine induces an increase in hippocampal and nucleus accumbens (Nac) serotonin (5-HT) concentration parallel to locomotor activation. Both effects can be modulated by systemic 5-HT(1A)-receptor agonism/antagonism. Given the contribution of the hippocampus to spontaneous behavioral activity, these observations suggest a role for hippocampal 5-HT as well in the modulation of cocaine effects on behavior. To determine the role of hippocampal 5-HT(1A)-receptors in cocaine effects on behavior and hippocampal 5-HT release, we used in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats. The 5-HT(1A)-receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 microM), was applied locally into the hippocampus by reversed dialysis followed by a cocaine (10 mg/kg) or saline i.p. injection. The hippocampal 5-HT(1A)-receptor activation attenuated cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion and rearing behavior dose-dependently. Parallel to that, the cocaine-induced 5-HT increase was attenuated dose-dependently in the hippocampus but was left unaffected in the Nac. The intra-hippocampal application of 8-OH-DPAT affected neither behavioral activity nor 5-HT concentration in the hippocampus and in the Nac. In accord with these findings, hippocampal 5-HT(1A)-receptors may not be directly involved in the regulation of spontaneous behavior or basal 5-HT concentration in the hippocampus and Nac. However, the results indicate an inhibitory role of hippocampal 5-HT(1A)-receptors in cocaine-induced hyperactivity and in the 5-HT increase evoked by cocaine in the hippocampus but not in the Nac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Müller
- Institute of Physiological Psychology I and Center for Biological and Medical Research, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Kaplan GB, Leite-Morris KA, Joshi M, Shoeb MH, Carey RJ. Baclofen inhibits opiate-induced conditioned place preference and associated induction of Fos in cortical and limbic regions. Brain Res 2003; 987:122-5. [PMID: 14499954 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In C57BL/6 mice, pretreatment with GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen blocked the rewarding effects of morphine as measured by acquisition of conditioned place preference. Fos immunoreactivity, a neuronal activity marker, was induced in opiate conditioned mice in several forebrain regions including the nucleus accumbens core and shell, anterior cingulate cortex, and prelimbic cortex. Baclofen pretreatment blocked the induction of Fos in opiate conditioned subjects. These result suggest that GABA(B) receptor transmission has a role in reversing morphine-induced activation of motivational circuitry and conditioned reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Kaplan
- Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA.
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