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Ali H, AbdelMageed M, Olsson L, Lindmark G, Hammarström ML, Hammarström S, Sitohy B. Detection of lymph node metastasis in colon cancer by ectopically expressed fibroblast markers FOXQ1 and THBS2. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1297324. [PMID: 38156105 PMCID: PMC10754486 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1297324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Approximately 25% of colon cancer (CC) patients having curative surgery will relapse. Therefore, it is crucial to identify patients with increased recurrence risk to offer them adjuvant chemotherapy. Three markers with prominent expression in fibroblasts: forkhead box Q1 (FOXQ1), matrix metalloproteinase-11 (MMP11), and thrombospondin-2 (THBS2), and the fibroblast expressed chemokine CXCL12 were selected for studies because of the critical role of fibroblasts in the microenvironment of the tumor. Methods The expression levels of the biomarkers were assessed in primary CC tumors, lymph nodes of CC patients and controls, and CC cell lines at mRNA and protein levels by real-time qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results FOXQ1, MMP11, and THBS2 mRNAs were expressed at significantly higher levels in primary tumors compared to normal colon (P=0.002, P<0.0001, and P<0.0001, respectively). In contrast, CXCL12 mRNA levels were higher in normal colon tissue. FOXQ1, MMP11, and THBS2 levels were also expressed at significantly higher levels in metastasis-positive lymph nodes compared to both metastasis-negative- and control nodes (P<0.0001/P=0.002, P<0.0001/P<0.0001, and P<0.0001/P<0.0001, respectively). Immuno-morphometry revealed that 30-40% of the tumor cells expressed FOXQ1, MMP11, and THBS2. FOXQ1 and THBS2 were barely detected in normal colon epithelium (P<0.0001), while MMP11 was expressed in normal colon epithelium at high levels. Discussion We conclude that CC tumor cells show ectopic expression of FOXQ1 and THBS2 possibly making these tumor cells independent of fibroblast cell support. The high expression levels of these two biomarkers in metastatic lymph nodes suggest that they are potential indicators of patients at risk for recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haytham Ali
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Manar AbdelMageed
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Lina Olsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gudrun Lindmark
- Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Sten Hammarström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Basel Sitohy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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The role of enteric neurons in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:420-434. [PMID: 28847715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic neural network of the gastrointestinal tract, which is essential for regulating gut functions and intestinal homeostasis. The importance of the ENS is underscored by the existence of severe gastrointestinal diseases, such as Hirschsprung's disease and intestinal pseudo-obstruction, which arise when the ENS fails to develop normally or becomes dysregulated. Moreover, it is known that enteric neurons are involved in intestinal inflammation. However, the role of the ENS in colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis remains poorly understood, even though processes like perineural invasion and neoneurogenesis are important factors in CRC. Here we summarize how enteric neurons are affected during CRC and discuss the influence of enteric neurons, either direct or indirect, on the development and/or progression of CRC. Finally, we illustrate how the ENS could be targeted as a potential anti-cancer therapy, establishing the ENS as an integral part of the tumor microenvironment.
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Fluoxetine induces preventive and complex effects against colon cancer development in epithelial and stromal areas in rats. Toxicol Lett 2011; 204:134-40. [PMID: 21554931 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine (FLX) is a drug commonly used as antidepressant. However, its effects on tumorigenesis remain controversial. Aiming to evaluate the effects of FLX treatment on early malignant changes, we analyzed serotonin (5-HT) metabolism and recognition, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), proliferative process, microvessels, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in colon tissue. Male Wistar rats received a daily FLX-gavage (30mgkg(-1)) and, a single dose of 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH; i.p., 125mgkg(-1)). After 6 weeks of FLX-treatment, our results revealed that FLX and nor-fluoxetine (N-FLX) are present in colon tissue, which was related to significant increase in serotonin (5-HT) levels (P<0.05) possibly through a blockade in SERT mRNA (serotonin reuptake transporter; P<0.05) resulting in lower 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels (P<0.01) and, 5-HT2C receptor mRNA expressions. FLX-treatment decreased dysplastic ACF development (P<0.01) and proliferative process (P<0.001) in epithelia. We observed a significant decrease in the development of malignant microvessels (P<0.05), VEGF (P<0.001), and COX-2 expression (P<0.01). These findings suggest that FLX may have oncostatic effects on carcinogenic colon tissue, probably due to its modulatory activity on 5-HT metabolism and/or its ability to reduce colonic malignant events.
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Kanazawa T, Misawa K, Carey TE. Galanin receptor subtypes 1 and 2 as therapeutic targets in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:289-302. [PMID: 20148716 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003598922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Despite advances in the therapeutic approaches for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) at some sites, no substantial improvement in treatment efficacy and survival has occurred over the past several decades. Recent application of molecular biology has focused on the importance of galanin and its receptors as potential therapeutic targets for HNSCC. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Our aim is to examine galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) and galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) as HNSCC therapeutic targets and explore opportunities and strategies for making use of GALR1 and GALR2 signaling. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review provides recent data about galanin receptor signaling and function in various cell types, especially HNSCC. Signaling through GALR1 induces cell cycle arrest and suppresses proliferation in HNSCC. Similar to GALR1, GALR2 not only induces cell cycle arrest but also apoptosis, which was not observed with GALR1. TAKE HOME MESSAGES GALR1 and GALR2 act as tumor suppressors in HNSCC, in a p53-independent manner. The current data suggest that GALR1 and GALR2 are potentially significant therapeutic targets and prognostic factors in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Kanazawa
- The University of Michigan, Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Biology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0506, USA
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Abstract
Many tumours of neuroendocrine origin, and also an increasing number of non-neuroendocrine cancers, have been shown to express neuropeptides and/or their corresponding receptors. These peptides and receptors represent the molecular basis for in vivo diagnostic or therapeutic targeting of cancer with radiolabelled or cytotoxic peptide analogues. Galanin is a classical neuropeptide that functions in diverse physiological processes such as food intake, nociception, and blood pressure regulation, and it can also act as a growth factor for neurons. Expression of galanin peptide has been detected in pheochromocytoma, pituitary adenoma, neuroblastic tumours, gastrointestinal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, brain tumours, melanoma, breast cancer and embryonal carcinoma. In several cancers and tumour cell lines expression of galanin receptors--three are known (GalR1, 2 and 3)--has been shown as well. Expression of peptide or receptors has been correlated with tumour stage or subtypes of pituitary adenoma, neuroblastic tumours, colon carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Galanin treatment has tumour-reducing effects in murine models of gastrointestinal cancer, whereas in animal experiments on adenoma formation, galanin seems to act as a growth factor, promoting both proliferation and tumour formation. In cell culture experiments on tumour cell lines, galanin has shown growth promoting or inhibiting effects. Activation of GalR1 is generally anti-proliferative, whereas activation of GalR2 can have pro- or anti-proliferative effects. Therefore, galanin and its receptors are promising targets for diagnosis and treatment of several types of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rauch
- Department of Pediatrics, SALK and Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Eynard HG, Soria EA, Cuestas E, Rovasio RA, Eynard AR. Assessment of Colorectal Cancer Prognosis Through Nuclear Morphometry. J Surg Res 2009; 154:345-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Berger A, Santic R, Hauser-Kronberger C, Schilling FH, Kogner P, Ratschek M, Gamper A, Jones N, Sperl W, Kofler B. Galanin and galanin receptors in human cancers. Neuropeptides 2005; 39:353-9. [PMID: 15944034 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2004.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The increasing interest in peptides and peptide receptors in cancer is based on the possibility of receptor targeting, because peptide receptors are often expressed in different human tumors. The neuropeptide galanin has also been suggested to be involved in the development of neuroendocrine tumors based on the development of estrogen-induced tumors in estrogen-sensitive rats. This study summarizes our current knowledge on the expression of galanin peptide and galanin receptors in different human neuroendocrine tumors. The expression of both, peptide and corresponding receptor, seems to be a common feature of human gliomas, pheochromocytomas, pituitary and neuroblastic tumors. The co-expression of galanin and its receptors supports a role for galanin in tumor cell pathology via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Muellner-Hauptstrasse 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Berger A, Lang R, Moritz K, Santic R, Hermann A, Sperl W, Kofler B. Galanin receptor subtype GalR2 mediates apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Endocrinology 2004; 145:500-7. [PMID: 14592962 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently we have shown that galanin binding significantly correlates with survival in neuroblastoma patients, indicating a possible modulatory role of galanin receptors in neuroblastic tumor biology. However, the molecular mechanisms beyond this correlation have not been elucidated. Here, the cellular effects on activation of specific galanin receptor subtypes in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were analyzed using a tetracycline-controlled expression system. Pharmacological studies confirmed the inducible expression of high affinity binding sites for galanin in SH-SY5Y cells transfected with the galanin receptors GalR1 (SY5Y/GalR1) and GalR2 (SY5Y/GalR2). Microphysiometry revealed that both receptor subtypes were able to mediate an intracellular signal upon galanin application. Interestingly, induction of receptor expression and treatment with 100 nm galanin resulted in a dramatic decrease in cell viability in SY5Y/GalR2 cells (93 +/- 3%) compared with a less pronounced effect in SY5Y/GalR1 cells (19 +/- 10%). The antiproliferative potency of galanin was 100-fold higher in SY5Y/GalR2 (50% effective concentration, 1.1 nm) than in SY5Y/GalR1 cells (50% effective concentration, 190 nm). Furthermore, activation of receptor expression and exposure to galanin resulted in apparent morphological changes indicative of apoptosis in SY5Y/GalR2 cells only. Induction of cell death by the apoptotic process was confirmed by poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase cleavage, caspase-3 activation, and the typical laddering of DNA. This study indicates that a high level of GalR2 expression is able to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells and therefore identifies GalR2 as a possible target for pharmacological intervention in neuroblastoma.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- DNA Fragmentation/drug effects
- Galanin/analysis
- Galanin/metabolism
- Galanin/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Kinetics
- Neuroblastoma/chemistry
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/physiology
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/analysis
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/physiology
- Tetracycline/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Naylor MJ, Ginsburg E, Iismaa TP, Vonderhaar BK, Wynick D, Ormandy CJ. The neuropeptide galanin augments lobuloalveolar development. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:29145-52. [PMID: 12759342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303746200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary lobuloalveolar development during pregnancy is controlled by ovarian sex steroids and pituitary prolactin release. In organ culture these hormones are incapable of reproducing the density and size of lobuloalveoli seen in mice, suggesting the existence of other undiscovered factors. We showed previously that galanin knockout mice fail to lactate sufficiently for pup survival following their first pregnancy. Here we demonstrate that prolactin treatment of galanin knockout mice allows pup survival but does not completely rescue lobuloalveolar development or reduced milk protein expression. When galanin was used in combination with prolactin in mammary organ culture, larger and more numerous lobules were produced than with prolactin alone. Galanin alone produced sustained activation of STAT5a and the induction of milk protein expression but did not induce lobulogenesis. Examination of the transcriptional interaction between galanin and prolactin using oligonucleotide microarrays demonstrated synergistic and antagonistic modes of interaction between these hormones. These data establish a new role for galanin as a hormone augmenting mammary development during pregnancy in concert with prolactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Naylor
- Development Group, Cancer Research Program and Neurobiology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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