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Prevalence and antibacterial susceptibilities of Arcobacter spp. and Campylobacter spp. from fresh vegetables. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:132. [PMID: 35689134 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at the isolation and identification of Arcobacter spp. and Campylobacter spp. from fresh vegetables sold at district markets in the Kayseri province, and at the determination of the antibacterial susceptibility of the recovered isolates. For this purpose, a total of 175 vegetable samples, including 35 spinach, 35 lettuce, 35 parsley, 35 arugula, and 35 radish samples, were collected. While the pre-enrichment and membrane filtration techniques were used for the isolation of Arcobacter spp., the pre-enrichment and direct inoculation methods were used for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. The isolates were identified by means of phenotypic tests and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using genus- and species-specific primers. In addition, the susceptibilities of the isolates to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline were determined by the disk diffusion method. Out of the 175 vegetable samples tested, 93 (53.14%) were found to be positive for Arcobacter spp., and 119 Arcobacter spp. isolates were recovered from these 93 positive samples. All of the samples examined were found to be negative for Campylobacter spp. One hundred one (86%) and 14 (10%) of the 119 Arcobacter isolates obtained were identified as A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus, respectively, but four isolates could not be identified at the species level by mPCR. Mixed contamination with more than one species and/or genotypes of Arcobacter was detected in 24 of the positive samples. While all of the Arcobacter isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline, 2 (1.68%), 2 (1.68%), and 5 (4.20%) isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, and neomycin, respectively. Consequently, the determination of a high prevalence of arcobacters and mixed contamination with more than one species and/or genotypes of arcobacters in vegetables often consumed raw by humans demonstrated that the consumption of raw vegetables may be a risk to the public health.
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Chon JW, Jung JY, Ahn Y, Bae D, Khan S, Seo KH, Kim H, Sung K. Detection of Campylobacter jejuni from Fresh Produce: Comparison of Culture- and PCR-based Techniques, and Metagenomic Approach for Analyses of the Microbiome before and after Enrichment. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1704-1712. [PMID: 33878155 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this study, we compared the efficiency of culture-based methods with or without membrane filtration, real-time PCR, and digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) for the detection of Campylobacter in fresh produce. Alfalfa sprouts, clover sprouts, coleslaw, and lettuce salad spiked with Campylobacter jejuni were enriched in Bolton broth for 48 h, and enrichment cultures were either directly inoculated onto modified charcoal-cefoperazone-deoxycholate agar or applied on membrane filters placed on the surface of plating media. In parallel, 2-mL Bolton broth cultures were taken to extract DNA for real-time PCR and ddPCR assays and bacterial community analysis. A developed primer set for ddPCR and real-time PCR was evaluated for its inclusivity and exclusivity using pure culture of C. jejuni and non-C. jejuni strains, respectively. In pure culture, the primer set reacted only with C. jejuni strains and showed negative reaction to non-C. jejuni strains. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the detection efficiency of positive Campylobacter isolates from coleslaw and lettuce salad using four detection methods. However, for sprout samples, the detection efficiency of the culture method was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of the two PCR assays and the filtration method. The analysis also revealed the presence of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter as the most prevalent competing microbiota in enriched culture and only Acinetobacter on agar plates in the selective culture step. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Whan Chon
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Ji Young Jung
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Youngbeom Ahn
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Dongryeoul Bae
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Saeed Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Kun-Ho Seo
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Food & Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kidon Sung
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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Suman Kumar M, Ramees TP, Dhanze H, Gupta S, Dubal ZB, Kumar A. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolates from broiler chicken and slaughter house environment in India. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 34:199-207. [PMID: 34352178 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1953514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is among the most frequently reported foodborne zoonoses. A total of 848 samples were screened for Campylobacter spp. and occurrence was found to be 8.7%, 2.3% and 1.65% in broiler cecum samples, chicken meat samples and slaughter house environment swabs, respectively. High level of antimicrobial resistance was found against tetracycline (64.1%), doxycycline (54.4%), ampicillin (46.6%), nalidixic acid (42.7%), kanamycin (35.9%), and ciprofloxacin (33.33%). Resistance to co-amoxiclav (19.4%) and erythromycin (21.4%) was less common. The MAR index of the isolates was in the range of 0.11-0.78. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 54.4% of the isolates, with 53.2% C. jejuni and 55.3% C. coli isolates found resistant against three or more classes of antimicrobials. Presence of mutations in gyrA and 23S rRNA genes was investigated, which revealed that all the fluoroquinolone resistant isolates possessed Thr-86-Ile point mutation, whereas only 68% of erythromycin resistant isolates had A2075G mutation. The tetO gene was present in 91.7% tetracycline resistant isolates and blaOXA-61 gene was detected in 97.9% of the ampicillin resistant isolates. The occurrence of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter spp. in broiler chicken samples and slaughter house settings is a public health risk and calls for judicial use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suman Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - T P Ramees
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - H Dhanze
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - S Gupta
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Z B Dubal
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - A Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
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Ben Romdhane R, Merle R. The Data Behind Risk Analysis of Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:25-58. [PMID: 33620647 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are major causes of food-borne enteritis in humans. Poultry meat is known to be responsible for a large proportion of cases of human campylobacteriosis. However, other food-borne, environmental and animal sources are frequently associated with the disease in humans as well. Human campylobacteriosis causes gastroenteritis that in most cases is self-limiting. Nevertheless, the burden of the disease is relatively large compared with other food-borne diseases, which is mostly due to rare but long-lasting symptoms related to immunological sequelae. In order to pave the way to improved surveillance and control of human campylobacteriosis, we review here the data that is typically used for risk analysis to quantify the risk and disease burden, identify specific surveillance strategies and assist in choosing the most effective control strategies. Such data are mostly collected from the literature, and their nature is discussed here, for each of the three processes that are essential for a complete risk analysis procedure: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Of these, the first, risk assessment, is most dependent on data, and this process is subdivided into the steps of hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. For each of these steps of risk assessment, information from published material that is typically collected will be summarized here. In addition, surveillance data are highly valuable for risk assessments. Different surveillance systems are employed in different countries, which can make international comparison of data challenging. Risk analysis typically results in targeted control strategies, and these again differ between countries. The applied control strategies are as yet not sufficient to eradicate human campylobacteriosis. The surveillance tools of Campylobacter in humans and exposure sources in place in different countries are briefly reviewed to better understand the Campylobacter dynamics and guide control strategies. Finally, the available control measures on different risk factors and exposure sources are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racem Ben Romdhane
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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García-Sánchez L, Melero B, Diez AM, Jaime I, Rovira J. Characterization of Campylobacter species in Spanish retail from different fresh chicken products and their antimicrobial resistance. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:457-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mohammadpour H, Berizi E, Hosseinzadeh S, Majlesi M, Zare M. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in vegetables, fruits, and fresh produce: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:41. [PMID: 30275908 PMCID: PMC6158901 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a number of reports indicating correlation between outbreaks of campylobacteriosis and the consumption of raw vegetables. This study is a meta-analysis on the prevalence of Campylobacter in fresh vegetables and fruits without any location limitation, which was performed through a documented review of the available resources. Relevant literature was reviewed by trained reviewers, who examined the results for the inclusion of articles in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of Campylobacter in raw vegetables, the sample source, the Campylobacter species, and the method of detection were extracted. The prevalence of Campylobacter in vegetables, fruits, and fresh produce were estimated to be 0.53%. Analysis of the various sample groups initially showed that the bean and sprouts group was the vegetable with the highest prevalence of Campylobacter (11.08%). The rate of contamination was higher when both the molecular and conventional methods were employed. The highest prevalence of Campylobacter was found in Asia (33.4%). Despite the low prevalence, consumption of raw vegetables is inherently risky because no treatment is used to inactivate the pathogens. Therefore, proper sanitation methods are recommended to treat the raw products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooriyeh Mohammadpour
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Enayat Berizi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345-1731 Iran
| | - Majid Majlesi
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Morteza Zare
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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TP R, RS R, A K, TR A, GVPPS RK, K K, YS M, K D, RK S. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF Arcobacter butzleri AND Arcobacter skirrowii ISOLATES AND THEIR DETECTION FROM CONTAMINATED VEGETABLES BY MULTIPLEX PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.18006/2018.6(2).307.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Khan JA, Rathore RS, Abulreesh HH, Qais FA, Ahmad I. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles ofCampylobacter jejuniIsolated from Poultry Meat and Related Samples at Retail Shops in Northern India. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:218-225. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javed Ahamad Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Ram Swaroop Rathore
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Hussein Hasan Abulreesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faizan Abul Qais
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India
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Tambalo DD, Boa T, Aryal B, Yost CK. Temporal variation in the prevalence and species richness of Campylobacter spp. in a prairie watershed impacted by urban and agricultural mixed inputs. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:402-10. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are a substantial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Human infection can result from ingestion of contaminated food or water from a variety of sources, including the consumption of fresh produce that is contaminated with the pathogen via the use of contaminated irrigation water. Using molecular methods, we investigated the occurrence of Campylobacter in the Qu’Appelle River watershed, an important source of irrigation water for vegetable producers in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Water samples were collected from 7 sampling sites from April to September 2009 (145 samples), and from 5 sampling sites from May to October 2013 (116 samples). Campylobacter was detected in 57% and 16% of the samples collected in 2009 and 2013, respectively. Campylobacter detection was highest in May and June for both sampling years. In 2009, the predominant species were Campylobacter lari and Campylobacter jejuni, with prevalences of 84% and 41%, respectively. Other Campylobacter spp. were detected less frequently. Only C. lari was detected in 2013. The results in 2009 demonstrate the species richness of Campylobacter in water sources within the watershed. The occurrence of Campylobacter in the study area also underscores the importance of monitoring irrigation water used to irrigate fresh produce from a public health prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah D. Tambalo
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Tyler Boa
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Bijaya Aryal
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Christopher K. Yost
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
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Kwan PSL, Xavier C, Santovenia M, Pruckler J, Stroika S, Joyce K, Gardner T, Fields PI, McLaughlin J, Tauxe RV, Fitzgerald C. Multilocus sequence typing confirms wild birds as the source of a Campylobacter outbreak associated with the consumption of raw peas. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:4540-6. [PMID: 24837383 PMCID: PMC4148789 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00537-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From August to September 2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assisted the Alaska Division of Public Health with an outbreak investigation of campylobacteriosis occurring among the residents of Southcentral Alaska. During the investigation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from human, raw pea, and wild bird fecal samples confirmed the epidemiologic link between illness and the consumption of raw peas contaminated by sandhill cranes for 15 of 43 epidemiologically linked human isolates. However, an association between the remaining epidemiologically linked human infections and the pea and wild bird isolates was not established. To better understand the molecular epidemiology of the outbreak, C. jejuni isolates (n=130; 59 from humans, 40 from peas, and 31 from wild birds) were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Here we present the molecular evidence to demonstrate the association of many more human C.jejuni infections associated with the outbreak with raw peas and wild bird feces. Among all sequence types (STs) identified, 26 of 39 (67%) were novel and exclusive to the outbreak. Five clusters of overlapping STs (n=32 isolates; 17 from humans, 2 from peas, and 13 from wild birds) were identified. In particular, cluster E (n=7 isolates; ST-5049) consisted of isolates from humans,peas, and wild birds. Novel STs clustered closely with isolates typically associated with wild birds and the environment but distinct from lineages commonly seen in human infections. Novel STs and alleles recovered from human outbreak isolates allowed additional infections caused by these rare genotypes to be attributed to the contaminated raw peas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. L. Kwan
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Catherine Xavier
- Alaska State Public Health Laboratories, Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Monica Santovenia
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Janet Pruckler
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven Stroika
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kevin Joyce
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tracie Gardner
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Assigned to the State of Alaska Section of Epidemiology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Patricia I. Fields
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joe McLaughlin
- Alaska State Public Health Laboratories, Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Robert V. Tauxe
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Collette Fitzgerald
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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de Carvalho AF, da Silva DM, Azevedo SS, Piatti RM, Genovez ME, Scarcelli E. Detection of CDT toxin genes in Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from broiler carcasses and vegetables in São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 44:693-9. [PMID: 24516435 PMCID: PMC3910176 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis. One of the main virulence factors related to Campylobacter spp. in animals and humans is the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), encoded by three adjacent genes (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC). The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in samples of vegetables has not been reported in Brazil yet, and has seldom been described in the international literature. The detection of CDT in these strains has not been reported, either. The objectives of the present study were to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. strains carrying virulence factors in samples of poultry and vegetables (lettuce and spinach) from different points of sale, thus verifying if vegetables are as an important vehicle for potentially virulent Campylobacter spp. strains as poultry. Twenty four strains were identified as Campylobacter jejuni by phenotypic and genotypic methods: 22 from broiler carcasses and two from lettuce samples. Three strains were identified as Campylobacter coli: two from broiler carcasses and one from lettuce. The presence of the cdt genes were detected in 20/24 (83.3%) C. jejuni strains, and 3/3 (100%) C. coli strains. The isolation of Campylobacter spp. strains with the cdt gene cluster in lettuce samples points to a new possible source of contamination, which could have an impact in the vegetable production chain and risk to public health. Results show that potentially virulent C. jejuni and C. coli strains remain viable in samples of broiler carcasses and vegetables at the points of sale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Feola de Carvalho
- Instituto Biológico, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Sanidade Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Martins da Silva
- Instituto Biológico, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Sanidade Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rosa Maria Piatti
- Instituto Biológico, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Sanidade Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Margareth Elide Genovez
- Instituto Biológico, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Sanidade Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Scarcelli
- Instituto Biológico, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Sanidade Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Gu G, Luo Z, Cevallos-Cevallos JM, Adams P, Vellidis G, Wright A, van Bruggen AHC. Occurrence and population density of Campylobacter jejuni in irrigation ponds on produce farms in the Suwannee River Watershed. Can J Microbiol 2013; 59:339-46. [PMID: 23647347 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2013-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp., especially Campylobacter jejuni, are common causal agents of gastroenteritis globally. Poultry, contaminated water, and fresh produce are considered to be the main sources for infection by this pathogen. In this study, occurrence and population density of C. jejuni from vegetable irrigation ponds in the Suwannee River watershed were investigated and the relationship to environmental factors was analyzed. Two water samples were collected from each of 10 ponds every month from January 2011 to February 2012. Campylobacter jejuni was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Nine of the 10 ponds were positive for C. jejuni some of the time with an overall prevalence of 19.3%. The highest counts were obtained in spring 2011. Oxidation-reduction potential and total nitrogen concentration were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with mean population and occurrence of C. jejuni, while temperature and dissolved oxygen percent saturation (DO%) were negatively correlated with mean population (P < 0.05). Presence of this pathogen was related to bacterial community composition. No correlations were found between C. jejuni and fecal indicators. Increasing DO% of irrigation water and limiting nitrogen pollution in the ponds are suggested to reduce the contamination risk of C. jejuni in a major fruit and vegetable growing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganyu Gu
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Olaimat AN, Holley RA. Factors influencing the microbial safety of fresh produce: A review. Food Microbiol 2012; 32:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Silva G, Carvalho A, Miyashiro S, Nassar A, Piatti R, Scarcelli E. Detecção de fatores de virulência em estirpes de Campylobacter spp. isoladas de carcaças de suínos abatidos em frigoríficos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000500019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolaram-se estirpes de Campylobacter spp. em amostras de carcaças (n=65), fezes (n=65) e linfonodos mesentéricos (n=65) de suínos abatidos em frigoríficos do estado de São Paulo e detectaram, pela técnica da Multiplex-PCR, a presença do complexo de genes cdt, responsáveis pela expressão do fator de virulência da toxina CDT. Do total de 195 amostras de origem suína, Campylobacter spp. foi isolado de 31 (15,9%), sendo 29 (93,6%) de amostras de suabe retal, 1/65 (3,2%) de suabe de carcaça e um (3,2%) de linfonodo. Vinte e oito estirpes de C. coli foram positivas para a detecção dos genes cdt, e três estirpes de C. jejuni foram negativas para a detecção desses genes. Foi detectada, pela primeira vez no estado de São Paulo, a presença dos genes cdt em 100% das estirpes de Campylobacter coli provenientes de suínos abatidos em frigoríficos.
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Eberle KN, Kiess AS. Phenotypic and genotypic methods for typing Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in poultry. Poult Sci 2012; 91:255-64. [PMID: 22184452 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human campylobacteriosis, an infection caused by the bacterium Campylobacter, is a major issue in the United States food system, especially for poultry products. According to the Center for Disease Control, campylobacterosis is estimated to affect over 2.4 million people annually. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are 2 species responsible for the majority of campylobacterosis infections. Phenotypic and genotypic typing methods are often used to discriminate between bacteria at the species and subspecies level and are often used to identify pathogenic organisms, such as C. jejuni and C. coli. This review describes the design as well as advantages and disadvantages for 3 current phenotypic techniques (biotyping, serotyping, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis) and 6 genotypic techniques (multilocus sequence typing, PCR, pulse-field gel electrophoresis, ribotyping, flagellin typing, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms) for typing pathogenic Campylobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Eberle
- Mississippi State University Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State 39762, USA
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Consumption of raw vegetables and fruits: A risk factor for Campylobacter infections. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 144:406-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Carvalho A, Silva D, Azevedo S, Piatti R, Genovez M, Scarcelli E. Detecção dos genes da toxina citoletal distensiva em estirpes de Campylobacter jejuni isoladas de carcaças de frangos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foram analisadas 80 amostras de sobrecoxas de frangos de corte resfriados provenientes de feiras livres e hipermercados do município de São Paulo, SP. Treze estirpes de Campylobacter spp. foram isoladas em 10 (12,5%) sobrecoxas, sendo cinco amostras originárias de feiras livres e cinco de hipermercados. Onze estirpes foram identificadas como Campylobacter jejuni e duas como Campylobacter coli. As 11 estirpes foram confirmadas como C. jejuni pela PCR do gene da hipuricase (hip), e destas, quatro (36,4%) apresentaram os três genes (cdtA, cdtB e cdtC) codificantes da toxina citoletal distensiva pela multiplex-PCR, sendo três estirpes provenientes de hipermercados e uma de feira livre. Observou-se a presença de estirpes virulentas de C. jejuni, portadoras do complexo de genes cdt, nas amostras de frango resfriado, não só na linha de abate, mas até o ponto final da cadeia de distribuição, nos dois principais centros de venda a varejo.
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Mayr AM, Lick S, Bauer J, Thärigen D, Busch U, Huber I. Rapid detection and differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari in food, using multiplex real-time PCR. J Food Prot 2010; 73:241-50. [PMID: 20132668 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex real-time PCR assay based on four differently labeled TaqMan probes for detection and differentiation of the thermophilic Campylobacter species C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari was established and validated in food products. This assay combines two previously published PCR assays for C. jejuni and C. coli with a newly developed detection assay for C. lari and an internal amplification control system. The selectivity of the method was determined by analyzing 70 Campylobacter strains and 43 strains of other bacteria. The sensitivity was 50 fg of C. jejuni and C. lari DNA and 500 fg of C. coli DNA per PCR. It was possible to detect 1 to 10 CFU/25 g of food before preenrichment of all three species. More than 400 samples of various foods (poultry, seafood, and meat) were analyzed after 48 h of preenrichment parallel to the conventional diagnostic method of culture and biochemical identification. Using the established real-time PCR assay, 55.4% of the samples were recognized as positive for thermophilic Campylobacter species, whereas with the conventional method only 40.3% of the samples were positive. The real-time PCR assay also detected contaminations with two different Campylobacter species in 32.6% of the analyzed poultry samples, a finding of epidemiological interest. Compared with the original PCR method, which was established for the differentiation of bacterial isolates of C. jejuni and C. coli, this new method also detects and distinguishes C. lari, was validated as an analytical tool for food analysis, and provides reliable and extensive results within 2 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mayr
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Heaton J, Jones K. Microbial contamination of fruit and vegetables and the behaviour of enteropathogens in the phyllosphere: a review. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 104:613-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hochel I, Slavíčková D, Viochna D, Škvor J, Steinhauserová I. Detection ofCampylobacterspecies in foods by indirect competitive ELISA using hen and rabbit antibodies. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100701666857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Chai LC, Robin T, Ragavan UM, Gunsalam JW, Bakar FA, Ghazali FM, Radu S, Kumar MP. Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in salad vegetables in Malaysia. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 117:106-11. [PMID: 17399832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to combine the techniques of most probable number (MPN) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for quantifying the prevalence and numbers of Campylobacter spp. in ulam, a popular Malaysian salad dish, from a traditional wet market and two modern supermarkets in Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 309 samples of raw vegetables which are used in ulam were examined in the study. The prevalences of campylobacters in raw vegetables were, for supermarket I, Campylobacter spp., 51.9%; Campylobacter jejuni, 40.7%; and Campylobacter coli, 35.2%: for supermarket II, Campylobacter spp., 67.7%; C. jejuni, 67.7%; and C. coli, 65.7%: and for the wet market, Campylobacter spp., 29.4%; C. jejuni, 25.5%; and C. coli, 22.6%. In addition Campylobacter fetus was detected in 1.9% of raw vegetables from supermarket I. The maximum numbers of Campylobacter spp. in raw vegetables from supermarkets and the wet market were >2400 and 460 MPN/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay Ching Chai
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, 43300 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Brandl MT. Fitness of human enteric pathogens on plants and implications for food safety. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2006; 44:367-92. [PMID: 16704355 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The continuous rise in the number of outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to fresh fruit and vegetables challenges the notion that enteric pathogens are defined mostly by their ability to colonize the intestinal habitat. This review describes the epidemiology of produce-associated outbreaks of foodborne disease and presents recently acquired knowledge about the behavior of enteric pathogens on plants, with an emphasis on Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes. The growth and survival of enteric pathogens on plants are discussed in the light of knowledge and concepts in plant microbial ecology, including epiphytic fitness, the physicochemical nature of plant surfaces, biofilm formation, and microbe-microbe and plant-microbe interactions. Information regarding the various stresses that affect the survival of enteric pathogens and the molecular events that underlie their interactions in the plant environment provides a good foundation for assessing their role in the infectious dose of the pathogens when contaminated fresh produce is the vehicle of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Brandl
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA.
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) related to Campylobacter in animals and foodstuffs. EFSA J 2005. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Kärenlampi R, Hänninen ML. Survival of Campylobacter jejuni on various fresh produce. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 97:187-95. [PMID: 15541805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The survival of seven human and two chicken Campylobacter jejuni strains, with known Penner heat-stable (HS) serotypes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes, was investigated on fresh-cut iceberg lettuce. In addition, the survival of four selected C. jejuni strains was assessed on cantaloupe pieces, cucumber slices, grated carrot and strawberries. Fresh produce was inoculated with 10(5) to 10(7) colony-forming units (CFU) of C. jejuni per gram, and the bacterium was enumerated using standard procedures after sample storage at 7 and 21 degrees C for 24, 48 and 72 h. The absolute values of the slopes (death rates) of the survival curves (log(10) CFU/g versus time) were calculated and compared. At 7 degrees C, the mean death rates (day(-1)) were 0.44 on cantaloupe, 0.41 on cucumber slices, 0.43 on grated carrot, 0.59 on iceberg lettuce and 1.02 on strawberries. The corresponding death rates (day(-1)) at 21 degrees C were 1.52, 1.55, 2.61, 1.39 and 8.74. The death rate of C. jejuni on strawberries (pH 3.4) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than on other produce. Moreover, the death rate at 21 degrees C as compared with 7 degrees C was significantly higher (P<0.05). Minor differences were observed in the survival of different C. jejuni strains. Our results suggest that after contamination of fresh produce, including strawberries, C. jejuni may survive sufficiently long to pose a risk to the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kärenlampi
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
Awareness is growing that fresh or minimally processed fruit and vegetables can be sources of disease-causing bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Irrigation with poor-quality water is one way that fruit and vegetables can become contaminated with foodborne pathogens. Groundwater, surface water, and human wastewater are commonly used for irrigation. The risk of disease transmission from pathogenic microorganisms present in irrigation water is influenced by the level of contamination; the persistence of pathogens in water, in soil, and on crops; and the route of exposure. Groundwater is generally of good microbial quality, unless it is contaminated with surface runoff; human wastewater is usually of very poor microbial quality and requires extensive treatment before it can be used safely to irrigate crops; surface water is of variable microbial quality. Bacteria and protozoa tend to show the poorest survival outside a human host, whereas viruses and helminths can remain infective for months to years. Guidelines governing irrigation water quality and strategies to reduce the risk of disease transmission by foodborne pathogens in irrigation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Steele
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J7
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Brandl MT, Haxo AF, Bates AH, Mandrell RE. Comparison of survival of Campylobacter jejuni in the phyllosphere with that in the rhizosphere of spinach and radish plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:1182-9. [PMID: 14766604 PMCID: PMC348832 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.2.1182-1189.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Accepted: 11/16/2003] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni has been isolated previously from market produce and has caused gastroenteritis outbreaks linked to produce. We have tested the ability of this human pathogen to utilize organic compounds that are present in leaf and root exudates and to survive in the plant environment under various conditions. Carbon utilization profiles revealed that C. jejuni can utilize many organic acids and amino acids available on leaves and roots. Despite the presence of suitable substrates in the phyllosphere and the rhizosphere, C. jejuni was unable to grow on lettuce and spinach leaves and on spinach and radish roots of plants incubated at 33 degrees C, a temperature that is conducive to its growth in vitro. However, C. jejuni was cultured from radish roots and from the spinach rhizosphere for at least 23 and 28 days, respectively, at 10 degrees C. This enteric pathogen also persisted in the rhizosphere of spinach for prolonged periods of time at 16 degrees C, a temperature at which many cool-season crops are grown. The decline rate constants of C. jejuni populations in the spinach and radish rhizosphere were 10- and 6-fold lower, respectively, than on healthy spinach leaves at 10 degrees C. The enhanced survival of C. jejuni in soil and in the rhizosphere may be a significant factor in its contamination cycle in the environment and may be associated with the sporadic C. jejuni incidence and campylobacteriosis outbreaks linked to produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Brandl
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA.
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