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Lian Z, Yang D, Wang Y, Zhao L, Rao L, Liao X. Investigating the microbial inactivation effect of low temperature high pressure carbon dioxide and its application in frozen prawn (Penaeus vannamei). Food Control 2022; 145:109401. [PMID: 36186659 PMCID: PMC9512252 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019, the fact that frozen foods can carry the relevant virus raises concerns about the microbial safety of cold-chain foods. As a non-thermal processing technology, high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) is a potential method to reduce microbial load on cold-chain foods. In this study, we explored the microbial inactivation of low temperature (5-10 °C) HPCD (LT-HPCD) and evaluated its effect on the quality of prawn during freeze-chilled and frozen storage. LT-HPCD treatment at 6.5 MPa and 10 °C for 15 min could effectively inactivate E. coli (99.45%) and S. aureus (94.6%) suspended in 0.85% NaCl, SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudovirus (>99%) and human coronavirus 229E (hCoV-229E) (>1-log virus tilter reduction) suspended in DMEM medium. The inactivation effect of LT-HPCD was weakened but still significant when the microorganisms were inoculated on the surface of food or package. LT-HPCD treatment at 6.5 MPa and 10 °C for 15 min achieved about 60% inactivation of total aerobic count while could maintain frozen state and quality of prawn. Moreover, LT-HPCD treated prawn exhibited significant slower microbial proliferation and no occurrence of melanosis compared with the untreated samples during chilled storage. A comprehensive quality investigation indicated that LT-HPCD treatment could maintain the color, texture and sensory of prawn during chilled or frozen storage. Consequently, LT-HPCD could improve the microbial safety of frozen prawn while maintaining its original quality, and could be a potential method for food industry to improve the microbial safety of cold-chain foods.
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Rao L, Wang Y, Chen F, Hu X, Liao X, Zhao L. High pressure CO2 reduces the wet heat resistance of Bacillus subtilis spores by perturbing the inner membrane. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yu T, Chen Y. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on environmental microbes and its mechanisms: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:865-879. [PMID: 30481713 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Before the industrial revolution, the atmospheric CO2 concentration was 180-330 ppm; however, fossil-fuel combustion and forest destruction have led to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. CO2 capture and storage is regarded as a promising strategy to prevent global warming and ocean acidification and to alleviate elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, but the leakage of CO2 from storage system can lead to rapid acidification of the surrounding circumstance, which might cause negative influence on environmental microbes. The effects of elevated CO2 on microbes have been reported extensively, but the review regarding CO2 affecting different environmental microorganisms has never been done previously. Also, the mechanisms of CO2 affecting environmental microorganisms are usually contributed to the change of pH values, while the direct influences of CO2 on microorganisms were often neglected. This paper aimed to provide a systematic review of elevated CO2 affecting environmental microbes and its mechanisms. Firstly, the influences of elevated CO2 and potential leakage of CO2 from storage sites on community structures and diversity of different surrounding environmental microbes were assessed and compared. Secondly, the adverse impacts of CO2 on microbial growth, cell morphology and membranes, bacterial spores, and microbial metabolism were introduced. Then, based on biochemical principles and knowledge of microbiology and molecular biology, the fundamental mechanisms of the influences of carbon dioxide on environmental microbes were discussed from the aspects of enzyme activity, electron generation and transfer, and key gene and protein expressions. Finally, key questions relevant to the environmental effect of CO2 that need to be answered in the future were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yinguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Soares GC, Learmonth DA, Vallejo MC, Davila SP, González P, Sousa RA, Oliveira AL. Supercritical CO 2 technology: The next standard sterilization technique? MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:520-540. [PMID: 30889727 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sterilization of implantable medical devices is of most importance to avoid surgery related complications such as infection and rejection. Advances in biotechnology fields, such as tissue engineering, have led to the development of more sophisticated and complex biomedical devices that are often composed of natural biomaterials. This complexity poses a challenge to current sterilization techniques which frequently damage materials upon sterilization. The need for an effective alternative has driven research on supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) technology. This technology is characterized by using low temperatures and for being inert and non-toxic. The herein presented paper reviews the most relevant studies over the last 15 years which cover the use of scCO2 for sterilization and in which effective terminal sterilization is reported. The major topics discussed here are: microorganisms effectively sterilized by scCO2, inactivation mechanisms, operating parameters, materials sterilized by scCO2 and major requirements for validation of such technique according to medical devices' standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo C Soares
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - David A Learmonth
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Avepark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mariana C Vallejo
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Avepark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Perez Davila
- New Materials Group, Applied Physics Department, IIS-GS, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Pío González
- New Materials Group, Applied Physics Department, IIS-GS, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rui A Sousa
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Avepark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana L Oliveira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal.
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Calvo L, Casas J. Sterilization of Biological Weapons in Technical Clothing and Sensitive Material by High-Pressure CO2 and Water. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Calvo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Casas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Lopes RP, Mota MJ, Gomes AM, Delgadillo I, Saraiva JA. Application of High Pressure with Homogenization, Temperature, Carbon Dioxide, and Cold Plasma for the Inactivation of Bacterial Spores: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:532-555. [PMID: 33350128 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Formation of highly resistant spores is a concern for the safety of low-acid foods as they are a perfect vehicle for food spoilage and/or human infection. For spore inactivation, the strategy usually applied in the food industry is the intensification of traditional preservation methods to sterilization levels, which is often accompanied by decreases of nutritional and sensory properties. In order to overcome these unwanted side effects in food products, novel and emerging sterilization technologies are being developed, such as pressure-assisted thermal sterilization, high-pressure carbon dioxide, high-pressure homogenization, and cold plasma. In this review, the application of these emergent technologies is discussed, in order to understand the effects on bacterial spores and their inactivation and thus ensure food safety of low-acid foods. In general, the application of these novel technologies for inactivating spores is showing promising results. However, it is important to note that each technique has specific features that can be more suitable for a particular type of product. Thus, the most appropriate sterilization method for each product (and target microorganisms) should be assessed and carefully selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita P Lopes
- QOPNA, Chemistry Dept., Univ. of Aveiro, Campus Univ. de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria J Mota
- QOPNA, Chemistry Dept., Univ. of Aveiro, Campus Univ. de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana M Gomes
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Univ. Católica Portuguesa, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivonne Delgadillo
- QOPNA, Chemistry Dept., Univ. of Aveiro, Campus Univ. de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge A Saraiva
- QOPNA, Chemistry Dept., Univ. of Aveiro, Campus Univ. de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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7
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Microbial inactivation of paprika using oregano essential oil combined with high-pressure CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Rao L, Zhao F, Wang Y, Chen F, Hu X, Liao X. Investigating the Inactivation Mechanism of Bacillus subtilis Spores by High Pressure CO2. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1411. [PMID: 27656175 PMCID: PMC5013045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the inactivation mechanism of Bacillus subtilis spores by high pressure CO2 (HPCD) processing. The spores of B. subtilis were subjected to heat at 0.1 MPa or HPCD at 6.5-20 MPa, and 64-86°C for 0-120 min. The germination, the permeability of inner membrane (IM) and cortex, the release of pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylic acid (DPA), and changes in the morphological and internal structures of spores were investigated. The HPCD-treated spores did not lose heat resistance and their DPA release was lower than the inactivation, suggesting that spores did not germinate during HPCD. The flow cytometry analysis suggested that the permeability of the IM and cortex of HPCD-treated spores was increased. Furthermore, the DPA of the HPCD-treated spores were released in parallel with their inactivation and the fluorescence photomicrographs showed that these treated spores were stained by propidium iodide, ensuring that the permeability of IM of spores was increased by HPCD. The scanning electron microscopy photomicrographs showed that spores were crushed into debris or exhibited a hollowness on the surface, and the transmission electron microscopy photomicrographs exhibited an enlarged core, ruptured and indistinguishable IM and a loss of core materials in the HPCD-treated spores, indicating that HPCD damaged the structures of the spores. These findings suggested that HPCD inactivated B. subtilis spores by directly damaging the structure of the spores, rather than inducing germination of the spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Rao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingBeijing, China; Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingBeijing, China; Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingBeijing, China; Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingBeijing, China; Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingBeijing, China; Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingBeijing, China; Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
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Rao L, Bi X, Zhao F, Wu J, Hu X, Liao X. Effect of High-pressure CO2Processing on Bacterial Spores. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:1808-25. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.787385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Furukawa S, Shimazaki J, Kawaharada K, Matsuda T, Aoyagi H, Wakabayashi H, Ogihara H, Yamasaki M, Morinaga Y. Acid resistance contributes to the high-pressure carbon dioxide resistance of Escherichia coli K-12. Curr Microbiol 2014; 70:1-5. [PMID: 25119308 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Effect of deletion of acid resistant genes of E. coli on the high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPC) resistance was investigated. Genes coding amino acid decarboxylases, such as lysine, arginine, and glutamate decarboxylase, were found to contribute to HPC resistance. Protonophore-treated cells showed hypersensitivity to HPC, confirming that HPC induced cytoplasm acidification and exerted severe damage on cells by intrusion of gaseous carbon dioxide into cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Furukawa
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510, Japan,
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Casas J, Valverde M, Marín-Iniesta F, Calvo L. Inactivation of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores by high pressure CO2 in apple cream. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 156:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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NOMA S, YAMASHITA N, KLANGPETCH W, IGURA N, SHIMODA M. Effects of Carbonation with Heating on Germination of Bacillus subtilis Spores. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.17.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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14
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Inactivation of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores in apple juice by supercritical carbon dioxide. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 136:95-100. [PMID: 19819038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the lethal effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2); temperature: 65, 70 degrees C, pressure: 80, 100, 120 bar, time: 10-40 min) on Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores (10(6)-10(7)spores/ml) suspended in apple juice. A. acidoterrestris spores were completely inactivated by SC-CO(2) to undetectable levels in above 65 degrees C, 100 bar for 40 min and 70 degrees C, 80 bar for 30 min. The SC-CO(2) did not affect (p>0.05) the pH and Brix of apple juice. In electron microscopic observations, the surface and internal morphological changes and extraction of intracellular materials of the treated spores were observed. Our results indicate that SC-CO(2) can effectively kill A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice with no changes to the quality of the juice and also provides a complementary understanding of inactivation action of SC-CO(2).
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15
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BALASUBRAMANIAN S, BALASUBRAMANIAM V. SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND pH ON INACTIVATION OF BACILLUS SUBTILISSPORES IN BUFFER AND MODEL FOOD SYSTEMS. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2008.00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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MATSUFUJI H, FURUKAWA S, TERANISHI K, KAWAHARADA K, CHINO M, YAMAGATA K, OGIHARA H, YAMASAKI M. Effects of Nonthermal Processes on the Inactivation of Microorganisms and Antioxidants in Minimally Processed Vegetables. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.15.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Khosravi-Darani K, Vasheghani-Farahani E. Application of Supercritical Fluid Extraction in Biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 25:231-42. [PMID: 16419619 DOI: 10.1080/07388550500354841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper recent investigations on the applications of supercritical fluid extraction (SCE) from post fermentation biomass or in situ extraction of inhibitory fermentation products as a promising method for increasing the yield of extraction have been reviewed. Although supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) is unfriendly, or even toxic, for some living cells and precludes direct fermentation in dense CO2, it does not rule out other useful applications for in situ extraction of inhibitory fermentation products and fractional extraction of biomass constituents. This technique is a highly desirable method for fractional extraction of biomass constituents, and intracellular metabolites due to the potential of system modification by physical parameters and addition of co-solvents to selectively extract compounds of different polarity, volatility and hydrophilicity without any contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Khosravi-Darani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, IR Iran
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19
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Zhang J, Dalal N, Matthews MA, Waller LN, Saunders C, Fox KF, Fox A. Supercritical carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide cause mild changes in spore structures associated with high killing rate of Bacillus anthracis. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 70:442-51. [PMID: 17628729 PMCID: PMC2084089 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present work examines chemical and structural response in B. anthracis spores killed by a mixture of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO(2)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Deactivation of 6-log of B. anthracis spores by SCCO(2)+H(2)O(2) was demonstrated, but changes in structure were observed in only a small portion of spores. Results from phase contrast microscopy proved that this treatment is mild and does not trigger germination-like changes. TEM imaging revealed mild damage in a portion of spores while the majority remained intact. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) analysis showed that <10% of the DPA was released from the spore core into the external milieu, further demonstrating only modest damage to the spores. Confocal fluorescent microscopy, assessing uptake of DNA-binding dyes, directly demonstrated compromise of the permeability barrier. However, the magnitude of uptake was small compared to spores that had been autoclaved. This work suggests that SCCO(2)+H(2)O(2) is quite mild compared to other sterilization methods, which has major implications in its application. These results provide some insight on the possible interactions between spores and the SCCO(2)+H(2)O(2) sterilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Nishita Dalal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Michael A. Matthews
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
- * Corresponding author: Phone (803) 777-0556. Fax (803) 777-8265. Email address:
| | - Lashanda N. Waller
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Clint Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Karen F. Fox
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Alvin Fox
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
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Garcia-Gonzalez L, Geeraerd AH, Spilimbergo S, Elst K, Van Ginneken L, Debevere J, Van Impe JF, Devlieghere F. High pressure carbon dioxide inactivation of microorganisms in foods: The past, the present and the future. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 117:1-28. [PMID: 17475355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermal pasteurization is a well known and old technique for reducing the microbial count of foods. Traditional thermal processing, however, can destroy heat-sensitive nutrients and food product qualities such as flavor, color and texture. For more than 2 decades now, the use of high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) has been proposed as an alternative cold pasteurization technique for foods. This method presents some fundamental advantages related to the mild conditions employed, particularly because it allows processing at much lower temperature than the ones used in thermal pasteurization. In spite of intensified research efforts the last couple of years, the HPCD preservation technique has not yet been implemented on a large scale by the food industry until now. This review presents a survey of published knowledge concerning the HPCD technique for microbial inactivation, and addresses issues of the technology such as the mechanism of carbon dioxide bactericidal action, the potential for inactivating vegetative cells and bacterial spores, and the regulatory hurdles which need to be overcome. In addition, the review also reflects on the opportunities and especially the current drawbacks of the HPCD technique for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Environmental and Process Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), B-2400 Mol, Belgium
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Damar S, Balaban MO. Review of Dense Phase CO2 Technology: Microbial and Enzyme Inactivation, and Effects on Food Quality. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.tb12397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Werner BG, Hotchkiss JH. Continuous Flow Nonthermal CO2 Processing: The Lethal Effects of Subcritical and Supercritical CO2 on Total Microbial Populations and Bacterial Spores in Raw Milk. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:872-81. [PMID: 16507680 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of pressurized (<50 MPa) CO2 as a nonthermal process for bacterial reduction in raw skim milk was examined using a unique pressurized continuous flow system. The lethal effects of subcritical and super-critical CO2 applied at different temperatures and pressures toward total native psychrotrophic microbial populations, total inoculated Pseudomonas fluorescens, and total inoculated spore populations were studied and compared. Pressures between 10.3 and 48.3 MPa; temperatures of 15, 30, 35, and 40 degrees C; and CO2 concentrations of 0, 3, 66, and 132 g/kg of milk were studied. For both native populations and inoculated P. fluorescens, greater total microbial lethality was observed under supercritical CO2 conditions than under subcritical CO2 conditions. At 30 degrees C, there was no effect on total microbial lethality of increasing pressure up to 20.7 MPa with either 66 or 132 g/kg of CO2; at 35 degrees C, there was a positive relationship between pressure and lethality at CO2 levels of 132 g/kg, but no relationship at 66 g/kg of CO2. For total microbial populations and P. fluorescens, CO2 applied at 132 g/kg at 30 degrees C and pressures of 10.3 to 20.7 MPa resulted in an average standard plate count reduction of 3.81 and 2.93 log, respectively; at 35 degrees C and 20.7 MPa, maximum reductions achieved were 5.36 and 5.02 log, respectively. For both total microbial populations and inoculated P. fluorescens, CO2 exhibited a greater overall lethal effect at 132 g/kg than at 66 g/kg and a greater effect at 35 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. At 24.1 and 48.3 MPa and 40 degrees C, microbial lethality in raw aged milk treated with 3 g/kg of CO2 was not significantly different than that observed for uncarbonated milk; lethality achieved in milk treated with 132 g/kg of CO2 was significantly higher than that achieved in these 2 low-level CO2 treatments. No treatment studied had any significant impact on spore populations. Our work shows that, using the studied system, pressurized CO2 results in greater microbial lethality in milk above critical temperatures than below and suggests that a critical concentration threshold level of CO2 is required for lethal effects. Our work also suggests that supercritical CO2 processing in a continuous flow system can achieve reductions in some microbial populations equal to or better than that typically achieved during high-temperature, short-time pasteurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Werner
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Furukawa S, Watanabe T, Koyama T, Hirata J, Narisawa N, Ogihara H, Yamasaki M. Effect of high pressure carbon dioxide on the clumping of the bacterial spores. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 106:95-8. [PMID: 16233924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 02/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of spore clumps of Bacillus coagulans and Bacillus licheniformis during high-pressure carbon dioxide treatment (HCT) was investigated. As the treatment time increased, the number of spore clumps increased. After 120 min, single spore decreased to 20-35% of the population. Addition of a surfactant decreased the hydrophobicity of spore surface and increased both the number of single spores and the rate of inactivation ratio of B. coagulans and B. licheniformis spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, 252-8510, Japan
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SASAGAWA A, YAMAZAKI A, KOBAYASHI A, HOSHINO J, OHSHIMA T, SATO M, FUJII T, YAMADA A. Inactivation of Bacillus Subtilis Spores by a Combination of Hydrostatic High-Pressure and Pulsed Electric Field Treatments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.4131/jshpreview.16.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Watanabe T, Furukawa S, Kitamoto K, Takatsuki A, Hirata R, Ogihara H, Yamasaki M. Vacuolar H+-ATPase and plasma membrane H+-ATPase contribute to the tolerance against high-pressure carbon dioxide treatment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 105:131-7. [PMID: 16102865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 02/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As a non-thermal sterilization process, high-pressure carbon dioxide treatment (HPCT) is considered to be promising. The main sterilizing effect of HPCT is thought to be acidification in cytoplasm of microorganisms. We investigated the tolerance mechanism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to HPCT with special reference to vacuolar and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases. HPCT was imposed at 35 degrees C, 4 to 10 MPa, for 10 min. slp1 mutant defective in vacuole morphogenesis was more sensitive to HPCT than its isogenic parent. Concanamycin A, a specific inhibitor of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), at 10 microM rendered the parent more HPCT-sensitive to the level of slp1. To confirm further the contribution of V-ATPase to the tolerance against HPCT in S. cerevisiae, we compared vma1 mutant of V-ATPase with its isogenic parent for their HPCT sensitivity. vma1 mutant was more sensitive to HPCT than its parent. Addition of 10 microM vanadate, an inhibitor of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase (P-ATPase), to the wild type strains also increased the inactivation ratio. These results clearly show that V- and P-ATPases contribute to the tolerance against HPCT in S. cerevisiae by accumulating excess H(+) from cytoplasm to vacuole and excluding H(+) outside of the cell, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Watanabe
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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Watanabe T, Furukawa S, Hirata J, Koyama T, Ogihara H, Yamasaki M. Inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores by high-pressure carbon dioxide treatment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:7124-9. [PMID: 14660357 PMCID: PMC309949 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.12.7124-7129.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-pressure CO2 treatment has been studied as a promising method for inactivating bacterial spores. In the present study, we compared this method with other sterilization techniques, including heat and pressure treatment. Spores of Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus were subjected to CO2 treatment at 30 MPa and 35 degrees C, to high-hydrostatic-pressure treatment at 200 MPa and 65 degrees C, or to heat treatment at 0.1 MPa and 85 degrees C. All of the bacterial spores except the G. stearothermophilus spores were easily inactivated by the heat treatment. The highly heat- and pressure-resistant spores of G. stearothermophilus were not the most resistant to CO2 treatment. We also investigated the influence of temperature on CO2 inactivation of G. stearothermophilus. Treatment with CO2 and 30 MPa of pressure at 95 degrees C for 120 min resulted in 5-log-order spore inactivation, whereas heat treatment at 95 degrees C for 120 min and high-hydrostatic-pressure treatment at 30 MPa and 95 degrees C for 120 min had little effect. The activation energy required for CO2 treatment of G. stearothermophilus spores was lower than the activation energy for heat or pressure treatment. Although heat was not necessary for inactivationby CO2 treatment of G. stearothermophilus spores, CO2 treatment at 95 degrees C was more effective than treatment at 95 degrees C alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Watanabe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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