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Ataie M, Sutherland K, Pakzad L, Fatehi P. Assembly of aluminum oxide particles with lignin-acrylic acid polymer in saline systems. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Arefmanesh M, Vuong TV, Nikafshar S, Wallmo H, Nejad M, Master ER. Enzymatic synthesis of kraft lignin-acrylate copolymers using an alkaline tolerant laccase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2969-2979. [PMID: 35449361 PMCID: PMC9064866 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Softwood kraft lignin is a major bioresource relevant to the production of sustainable bio-based products. Continued challenges to lignin valorization, however, include poor solubility in organic solvents and in aqueous solutions at neutral pH. Herein, an alkaline tolerant laccase was used to graft acrylate functionalities onto softwood kraft lignin, which is expected to enhance the reactivity of lignin with isocyanate when producing bio-based polyurethanes. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to confirm successful grafting of the acrylate monomer onto lignin and verify the importance of including tert-butyl hydroperoxide as an initiator in the grafting reaction. Laccase-mediated grafting of softwood kraft lignin under alkaline conditions produced lignin products with approximately 30% higher hydroxyl value and higher reactivity toward isocyanate. The reported enzymatic and aqueous process presents an opportunity for the sustainable valorization of softwood kraft lignin. Key points • Softwood kraft lignin displayed high phenolic hydroxyl content, polydispersity index and average molecular weight • Grafting hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) monomer onto kraft lignin by laccase was successful at 60 °C and alkaline conditions • Lignin-HEA grafted copolymer showed an increase in total OH value and an increase in average molecular weight Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-11916-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Arefmanesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Thu V Vuong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Saeid Nikafshar
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Henrik Wallmo
- Valmet AB, Regnbågsgatan 6, PO Box 8734, 402 75, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mojgan Nejad
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, 428 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Emma R Master
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada. .,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
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3
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Aslan F, Baybaş D, Ulusoy U. Lignin grafted hydroxyapatite entrapped in polyacrylamide: Characterization and adsorptive features for Th 4+ and bovine serum albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:333-344. [PMID: 35131231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble sulfolignin (SL) was grafted onto hydroxyapatite (Hap) by using epichlorohydrin. SLgHap was then entrapped in cross-linked polyacrylamide by in situ polymerizations of acrylamide and N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide to obtain the composite of PSLgHap. The composite was characterized by FT-IR, BET- porosity, XRD, EDXRF, SEM-EDX, TGA-DTG, PZC, CEC, and swelling tests. The adsorptive features of PSLgHAP were investigated for Th4+ and BSA in view of its dependence on pH, ionic intensity, concentration, temperature, and time. The results of characterization tests confirmed the formation of PSLgHap. The grafting efficiency concerning sulfur contents of PSLgHap was 96% by EDXRF. The isotherms were best represented by the Sips model, Langmuir adsorption capacities were 369 and 390 mg gSLgHap-1 for BSA and Th4+. The enthalpy and entropy changes were positive whilst Gibbs energy was negative by entropy controlled. The adsorption kinetics of both species was obeyed to pseudo second-order model, whereas it was first-order for BSA and hybrid-order for Th4+ of Langmuir model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Aslan
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Science Faculty, Chemistry Department, Sivas 58140, Turkey.
| | - Demet Baybaş
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Science Faculty, Biochemistry Department, Sivas 58140, Turkey.
| | - Ulvi Ulusoy
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Science Faculty, Chemistry Department, Sivas 58140, Turkey.
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Xue X, Gao J, Wang J, Chen Y. Evaluation of High-Temperature and Low-Temperature Performances of Lignin-Waste Engine Oil Modified Asphalt Binder and Its Mixture. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:ma15010052. [PMID: 35009199 PMCID: PMC8746038 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to explore the high-temperature and low-temperature performances of lignin-waste engine oil-modified asphalt binder and its mixture. For this research, the lignin with two contents (4%, 6%) and waste engine oil with two contents (3%, 5%) were adopted to modify the control asphalt binder (PG 58-28). The high-temperature rheological properties of the lignin-waste engine oil-modified asphalt binder were investigated by the viscosity obtained by the Brookfield viscometer and the temperature sweep test by the dynamic shear rheometer. The low-temperature rheological property of the lignin-waste engine oil-modified asphalt binder was evaluated by the stiffness and m-value at two different temperatures (-18 °C, -12 °C) obtained by the bending beam rheometer. The high-temperature and the low-temperature performances of the lignin-waste engine oil-modified asphalt mixture were explored by the rutting test and low-temperature bending beam test. The results displayed that the rotational viscosity and rutting factor improved with the addition of lignin and decreased with the incorporation of waste engine oil. Adding the lignin into the control asphalt binder enhanced the elastic component while adding the waste engine oil lowered the elastic component of the asphalt binder. The stiffness of asphalt binder LO60 could not meet the requirement in the specification, but the waste engine oil made it reach the requirement based on the bending beam rheometer test. The waste engine oil could enhance the low-temperature performance. The dynamic stabilities of LO40- and LO60-modified asphalt mixture increased by about 9.05% and 17.41%, compared to the control mixture, respectively. The maximum tensile strain of LO45 and LO65 increased by 16.39% and 25.28% compared to that of LO40 and LO60, respectively. The high- and low-temperature performances of the lignin-waste engine oil-modified asphalt LO65 was higher than that of the control asphalt. The dynamic stability had a good linear relationship with viscosity, the rutting factor of the unaged at 58 °C, and the rutting factor of the aged at 58 °C, while the maximum tensile strain had a good linear relationship with m-value at -18 °C. This research provides a theoretical basis for the further applications of lignin-waste engine oil-modified asphalt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xue
- Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Road Structure and Materials (Xi’an), Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (X.X.); (Y.C.)
- Xi’an Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Junfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Road Structure and Materials (Xi’an), Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (X.X.); (Y.C.)
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Transportation and Civil Engineering Materials, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Jiaqing Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yujing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Road Structure and Materials (Xi’an), Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (X.X.); (Y.C.)
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5
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Agustin MB, de Carvalho DM, Lahtinen MH, Hilden K, Lundell T, Mikkonen KS. Laccase as a Tool in Building Advanced Lignin-Based Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4615-4635. [PMID: 34399033 PMCID: PMC8597079 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant natural feedstock that offers great potential as a renewable substitute for fossil-based resources. Its polyaromatic structure and unique properties have attracted significant research efforts. The advantages of an enzymatic over chemical or thermal approach to construct or deconstruct lignins are that it operates in mild conditions, requires less energy, and usually uses non-toxic chemicals. Laccase is a widely investigated oxidative enzyme that can catalyze the polymerization and depolymerization of lignin. Its dual nature causes a challenge in controlling the overall direction of lignin-laccase catalysis. In this Review, the factors that affect laccase-catalyzed lignin polymerization were summarized, evaluated, and compared to identify key features that favor lignin polymerization. In addition, a critical assessment of the conditions that enable production of novel lignin hybrids via laccase-catalyzed grafting was presented. To assess the industrial relevance of laccase-assisted lignin valorization, patented applications were surveyed and industrial challenges and opportunities were analyzed. Finally, our perspective in realizing the full potential of laccase in building lignin-based materials for advanced applications was deduced from analysis of the limitations governing laccase-assisted lignin polymerization and grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B. Agustin
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Danila Morais de Carvalho
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Maarit H. Lahtinen
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Kristiina Hilden
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Taina Lundell
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Kirsi S. Mikkonen
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6500014HelsinkiFinland
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6
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Aldajani M, Alipoormazandarani N, Kong F, Fatehi P. Acid hydrolysis of kraft lignin-acrylamide polymer to improve its flocculation affinity. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Experimental and modeling analysis of lignin derived polymer in flocculating aluminium oxide particles. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Singh G, Arya SK. Utility of laccase in pulp and paper industry: A progressive step towards the green technology. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:1070-1084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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Ganewatta MS, Lokupitiya HN, Tang C. Lignin Biopolymers in the Age of Controlled Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1176. [PMID: 31336845 PMCID: PMC6680560 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers made from natural biomass are gaining interest due to the rising environmental concerns and depletion of petrochemical resources. Lignin isolated from lignocellulosic biomass is the second most abundant natural polymer next to cellulose. The paper pulp process produces industrial lignin as a byproduct that is mostly used for energy and has less significant utility in materials applications. High abundance, rich chemical functionalities, CO2 neutrality, reinforcing properties, antioxidant and UV blocking abilities, as well as environmental friendliness, make lignin an interesting substrate for materials and chemical development. However, poor processability, low reactivity, and intrinsic structural heterogeneity limit lignins' polymeric applications in high-performance advanced materials. With the advent of controlled polymerization methods such as ATRP, RAFT, and ADMET, there has been a great interest in academia and industry to make value-added polymeric materials from lignin. This review focuses on recent investigations that utilize controlled polymerization methods to generate novel lignin-based polymeric materials. Polymers developed from lignin-based monomers, various polymer grafting technologies, copolymer properties, and their applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra S Ganewatta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
- Ingevity Corporation, 5255 Virginia Avenue, North Charleston, SC 29406, USA.
| | - Hasala N Lokupitiya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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10
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Saha M, Saynik PB, Borah A, Malani RS, Arya P, Shivangi, Moholkar VS. Dioxane-based extraction process for production of high quality lignin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Marjamaa K, Kruus K. Enzyme biotechnology in degradation and modification of plant cell wall polymers. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:106-118. [PMID: 29987848 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lignocelluloses are abundant raw materials for production of fuels, chemicals and materials. The purpose of this paper is to review the enzyme-types and enzyme-technologies studied and applied in the processing of the lignocelluloses into different products. The enzymes here are mostly glycoside hydrolases, esterases and different redox enzymes. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polysaccharides to platform sugars has been widely studied leading to development of advanced commercial products for this purpose. Restricted hydrolysis or oxidation of cellulosic fibers have been applied in processing of pulps to paper products, nanocelluloses and textile fibers. Oxidation, transglycosylation and derivatization have been utilized in functionalization of fibers, cellulosic surfaces and polysaccharides. Enzymatic polymerization, depolymerization and grafting methods are being developed for lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Marjamaa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, Espoo, 02044, Finland
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, Espoo, 02044, Finland
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12
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Gillgren T, Hedenström M, Jönsson LJ. Comparison of laccase-catalyzed cross-linking of organosolv lignin and lignosulfonates. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:438-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Munk L, Punt AM, Kabel MA, Meyer AS. Laccase catalyzed grafting of –N–OH type mediators to lignin via radical–radical coupling. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26106j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin can be functionalized with –N–OH type mediators via laccase catalysis. Three radical coupling mechanisms are suggested for this enzymatic “hetero-functionalization” which may be a new route for biomass lignin upgrading.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Munk
- Center for BioProcess Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - A. M. Punt
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - M. A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - A. S. Meyer
- Center for BioProcess Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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14
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Wu H, Silva C, Yu Y, Dong A, Wang Q, Fan X, Wang P, Yuan J, Cavaco-Paulo A. Hydrophobic functionalization of jute fabrics by enzymatic-assisted grafting of vinyl copolymers. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00613f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism of grafting of vinyl monomers onto the lignin molecules of jute fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Carla Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Aixue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Xuerong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Jiugang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses
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15
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Zhang F, Lin J, Zhao G. Preparation and Characterization of Modified Soda Lignin with Polyethylene Glycol. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9100822. [PMID: 28773943 PMCID: PMC5456608 DOI: 10.3390/ma9100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soda lignin does not have thermal flowing characteristics and it is impossible for it to be further thermally molded. To achieve the fusibility of soda lignin for fiber preparation by melt-spinning, an effective method for soda lignin modification was conducted by cooking it with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 at various ratios. The higher the ratio of PEG that was used, the more PEG molecular chains were grafted at the alpha carbon of the soda lignin through ether bonds, resulting in lower thermal transition temperatures and more excellent fusibility. The modified soda lignin with a weight ratio of lignin to PEG of 1:4 exhibited a relative thermal stability of molten viscosity at selected temperatures. Thereafter, the resultant fusible soda lignin was successfully melt-spun into filaments with an average diameter of 33 ± 5 μm, which is smaller than that of some industrial lignins. Accordingly, it is possible to utilize soda lignin to produce fibrous carbonaceous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangda Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jian Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Guangjie Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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16
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Cannatelli MD, Ragauskas AJ. Conversion of lignin into value-added materials and chemicals via laccase-assisted copolymerization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8685-91. [PMID: 27645296 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With today's environmental concerns and the diminishing supply of the world's petroleum-based chemicals and materials, much focus has been directed toward alternative sources. Woody biomass presents a promising option due to its sheer abundance, renewability, and biodegradability. Lignin, a highly irregular polyphenolic compound, is one of the major chemical constituents of woody biomass and is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth, surpassed only by cellulose. The pulp and paper and cellulosic ethanol industries produce lignin on the scale of millions of tons each year as a by-product. Traditionally, lignin has been viewed as a waste material and burned as an inefficient fuel. However, in recent decades, research has focused on more economical ways to convert lignin into value-added commodities, such as biofuels, biomaterials, and biochemicals, thus developing and strengthening the concept of fully integrated biorefineries. Owing to the phenolic structure of lignin, it is possible to enzymatically graft molecules onto its surface using laccases (benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductases, EC 1.10.3.2) to create exciting novel biomaterials. These environmentally friendly enzymes use oxygen as their only co-substrate and produce water as their sole by-product, and have thus found great industrial application. This mini-review highlights recent advances in the field of laccase-facilitated functionalization of lignin as well as promising future directions for lignin-based polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Cannatelli
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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17
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Yu C, Wang F, Zhang C, Fu S, Lucia LA. The synthesis and absorption dynamics of a lignin-based hydrogel for remediation of cationic dye-contaminated effluent. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Wang C, Kelley SS, Venditti RA. Lignin-Based Thermoplastic Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:770-83. [PMID: 27059111 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lignin-based thermoplastic materials have attracted increasing interest as sustainable, cost-effective, and biodegradable alternatives for petroleum-based thermoplastics. As an amorphous thermoplastic material, lignin has a relatively high glass-transition temperature and also undergoes radical-induced self-condensation at high temperatures, which limits its thermal processability. Additionally, lignin-based materials are usually brittle and exhibit poor mechanical properties. To improve the thermoplasticity and mechanical properties of technical lignin, polymers or plasticizers are usually integrated with lignin by blending or chemical modification. This Review attempts to cover the reported approaches towards the development of lignin-based thermoplastic materials on the basis of published information. Approaches reviewed include plasticization, blending with miscible polymers, and chemical modifications by esterification, etherification, polymer grafting, and copolymerization. Those lignin-based thermoplastic materials are expected to show applications as engineering plastics, polymeric foams, thermoplastic elastomers, and carbon-fiber precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- H.B. Fuller Company, 1200 Willow Lake Blvd, St. Paul, MN, 55110, USA
| | - Stephen S Kelley
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Richard A Venditti
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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19
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Wu H, Noro J, Wang Q, Fan X, Silva C, Cavaco-Paulo A. Jute hydrophobization via laccase-catalyzed grafting of fluorophenol and fluoroamine. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17687a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The figure mechanism of the 4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]phenol (TFMPP) and 1H,1H-perfluorononylamine (PFNL) grafting onto the lignins of jute fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
| | - Jennifer Noro
- Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
| | - Xuerong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
| | - Carla Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses
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Liu X, Zong E, Jiang J, Fu S, Wang J, Xu B, Li W, Lin X, Xu Y, Wang C, Chu F. Preparation and characterization of Lignin-graft-poly (ɛ-caprolactone) copolymers based on lignocellulosic butanol residue. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:521-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Zhou H, Yang D, Zhu JY. Molecular Structure of Sodium Lignosulfonate from Different Sources and their Properties as Dispersant of TiO2Slurry. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2014.989572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Liu R, Dong A, Fan X, Wang Q, Yu Y, Cavaco-Paulo A. HRP-mediated polyacrylamide graft modification of raw jute fabric. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Kalia S, Thakur K, Kumar A, Celli A. Laccase-assisted surface functionalization of lignocellulosics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Dong A, Yuan J, Wang Q, Fan X. Modification of jute fabric via laccase/t-BHP-mediated graft polymerization with acrylamide. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aixue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiugang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuerong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
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25
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Chowdhury MA. The controlled release of bioactive compounds from lignin and lignin-based biopolymer matrices. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 65:136-47. [PMID: 24418342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the perspectives on the lignin-based controlled release (CR) of bioactive materials which are based on the researches that took place over the last three decades. It encompasses three broad spectra of observations: CR formulations with mixed-matrix of lignin; CR formulations with modified lignin; and the lignin-based CR formulation modelling. The article covers a range of bioactive materials aimed for agricultural utilisations viz. herbicides, pesticides, insecticides and fertilisers for their controlled release studies, which were formulated either with lignin or lignin-based biopolymers. The inherent complexities, structural heterogeneities, and the presence of myriad range of functionalities in the lignin structure make it difficult to understand and explaining the underlying CR behaviour and process. In conjunction to this issue, the fundamental aspects of the synthetic and biocompatible polymer-based drug controlled release process are presented, and correlated with the lignin-based CR research. The articulation of this correlation and the overview presented in this article may be complemented of the future lignin-based CR research gaining better insights, reflections, and understanding. A recommended approach on the lignin depolymerisation is suggested to fragmenting the lignin, which may be tailored further using the re-polymerisation or other synthetic approaches. Thus it may allow more control with flexibilities and improved properties of the modified lignin materials, and help achieve the desired CR outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Chowdhury
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia.
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26
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Sen S, Sadeghifar H, Argyropoulos DS. Kraft Lignin Chain Extension Chemistry via Propargylation, Oxidative Coupling, and Claisen Rearrangement. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3399-408. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghamitra Sen
- Departments of Chemistry and Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8005, United States
| | - Hasan Sadeghifar
- Departments of Chemistry and Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8005, United States
| | - Dimitris S. Argyropoulos
- Departments of Chemistry and Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8005, United States
- Center
of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Şimşek S, Ulusoy U. Adsorptive properties of sulfolignin–polyacrylamide graft copolymer for lead and uranium: Effect of hydroxilamine–hydrochloride treatment. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Lü QF, Huang ZK, Liu B, Cheng X. Preparation and heavy metal ions biosorption of graft copolymers from enzymatic hydrolysis lignin and amino acids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 104:111-8. [PMID: 22100241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel biosorbents, graft copolymers, were prepared via Mannich reaction from enzymatic hydrolysis lignin with glycine and cystine, respectively. The element content, FT-IR and fluorescence spectra, relative viscosity, and particle size of the copolymers were systematically investigated. Furthermore, effects of initial pH, ionic strength, temperature, contact time and initial metal ion concentration on the biosorption capacities of Cu(II) and Co(II) ions onto the copolymers were studied using batch sorption technique. It was found that the copolymers exhibited excellent biosorption characteristics for Cu(II) and Co(II) ions. The sorption kinetic data can be described well with a pseudo-second-order model, and the equilibrium data can be fitted well to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm for Cu(II) and Co(II) biosorption process, respectively. Surface complexation and ion-exchange modeling were performed to elucidate the biosorption mechanism involved because surfaces of the copolymers contained three main types of acid/base sites from the amino acid grafted copolymer units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Feng Lü
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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30
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Enzymatic Polymer Functionalisation: Advances in Laccase and Peroxidase Derived Lignocellulose Functional Polymers. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2010_86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Mikolasch A, Schauer F. Fungal laccases as tools for the synthesis of new hybrid molecules and biomaterials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82:605-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Witayakran S, Ragauskas AJ. Modification of high-lignin softwood kraft pulp with laccase and amino acids. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Weihua Q, Hongzhang C. An alkali-stable enzyme with laccase activity from entophytic fungus and the enzymatic modification of alkali lignin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:5480-5484. [PMID: 18096384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mycelia Sterilia YY-5, an entophytic fungus, was isolated from Rhus chinensis Mill and its extracellular enzyme had a higher laccase activity (MS-Lac). After been purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, MS-Lac, which had a molecular mass of 45 kDa, was found to be an alkali-stable enzyme with an optimum pH of 10.0 and capable of retaining 80% activity after incubation for 72 h with syringaldazine as substrate. It was also found that syringaldazine had a higher affinity than 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonate (ABTS) as substrate for MS-Lac, which was determined in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0, 0.1M) at 30 degrees C. Meanwhile, the lignin modification, catalyzed by MS-Lac, indicated that it could oxidize the phenolic hydroxyl, side chain substituent or carbonyl group of spruce alkali lignin in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) reversed micelles (20 mM, pH 6.0, W/O=40) and steam-exploded wheat straw alkali lignin in NaOH solution (20 mM, pH 10.0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Weihua
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China
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34
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Liu C, Wu G, Mu H, Yuan Z, Tang L, Lin X. Synthesis and application of lignin-based copolymer LSAA on controlling non-point source pollution resulted from surface runoff. J Environ Sci (China) 2008; 20:820-826. [PMID: 18814577 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this article, alkali lignin separated from paper pulp waste was grafted into a novel copolymer LSAA (a copolymer of lignin, starch, acrylamide, and acrylic acid). Its practical application effect and environmental safety were studied. The results of field simulation experiment indicated that the application of LSAA significantly affected the output of the runoff and pollutants. The runoff quantity was decreased by 16.67%-47.00% and the loads of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were reduced by 17.78%-62.14%, 26.32%-59.91%, 15.25%-47.42%, and 22.18%-52.78%, respectively. The tests on its environmental safety showed that LSAA did no harm the soil. Compared with polyacrylamide (PAM), a dominant product in this field, LSAA exhibited similar effects and cheap cost. Thus, this study not only created a new product for controlling runoff water quality but also offered a beneficial application for industrial paper waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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35
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Ahmann D, Dorgan JR. Bioengineering for pollution prevention through development of biobased energy and materials state of the science report. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2007. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2007.3.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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36
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Influence of lignosulfonate on crystal structure and productivity of bacterial cellulose in a static culture. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Hernández Fernaud J, Carnicero A, Perestelo F, Hernández Cutuli M, Arias E, Falcón M. Upgrading of an industrial lignin by using laccase produced by Fusarium proliferatum and different laccase-mediator systems. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Cadimaliev DA, Revin VV, Atykyan NA, Samuilov VD. Extracellular Oxidases of the Lignin-Degrading Fungus Panus tigrinus. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 70:703-7. [PMID: 16038613 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two extracellular oxidases (laccases) were isolated from the extracellular fluid of the fungus Panus (Lentinus) tigrinus cultivated in low-nitrogen medium supplemented with birch sawdust. The enzymes were purified by successive chromatography on columns with TEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Toyopearl 650M. Both oxidases catalyze oxidation of pyrocatechol and ABTS. Moreover, oxidase 1 also catalyzes oxidation of guaiacol, o-phenylenediamine, and syringaldazine. The enzymes have identical pH (7.0) and temperature (60-65 degrees C) optimums. Absorption spectra of the oxidases differ from the spectra of typical "blue" laccases and are similar to the spectrum of yellow oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Cadimaliev
- Department of Biotechnology, Biological Faculty, Ogarev Mordovian State University, Bolshevistskaya ul. 68, 430000 Saransk, Russia.
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39
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Mai C, Schormann W, Majcherczyk A, Hüttermann A. Degradation of acrylic copolymers by white-rot fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 65:479-87. [PMID: 15257422 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1668-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 05/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Various water-soluble homopolymers and copolymers of acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AA) which contained phenolic sites, such as guaiacol, lignin sulfonate (LS) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA), were tested with regard to their degradability by white-rot fungi. Compared with Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus caused a significantly higher decrease in the average molecular weight ( Mw) of most of the copolymers and the homopolymer under the applied culture conditions. However, the Mw of poly(guaiacol/AAm) increased significantly during incubation with Pl ostreatus. P. chrysosporium was able to reduce only the Mw of the poly(LS/AA) to a significant degree and not that of the other polymers. The mineralization rate of AAm and AA copolymers and terpolymers of AAm, AA and phenolics (LS, 3,4-DHBA, guiacol), which were tested with P. ostreatus and Trametes versicolor, turned out to be low (0.8-3.2%). While the rates of mineralization were similar among all polymers, the decrease in radioactivity from the culture media was higher with the terpolymers bearing phenolic sites. UV spectra of the culture media revealed that the phenolic sites in the terpolymers were significantly degraded by both fungi. Obviously, the degradation of phenolics within the polymer chain caused a higher decrease in Mw but did not significantly increase the mineralization rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Mai
- Institute of Wood Biology and Technology, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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40
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Mai C, Majcherczyk A, Schormann W, Hüttermann A. Degradation of acrylic copolymers by Fenton's reagent. Polym Degrad Stab 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(01)00209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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41
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42
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Mai C, Schormann W, Hüttermann A. The effect of ions on the enzymatically induced synthesis of lignin graft copolymers. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001; 28:460-466. [PMID: 11240206 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of different ions which are constituents of technical lignin sulfonates (LS) on chemo-enzymatic graft co-polymerization was determined. The application of the iron chelator desferrioxamine in the initial reaction mixture revealed that iron impurities of LS which catalyzed a Fenton-like reaction were crucial for the initiation of grafting, whereas calcium or chloride ions showed no such effect. The addition of laccase (ATCC 11235) to the reaction mixture which contained desferrioxamine caused a significantly higher yield compared to the control; this indicates a crucial effect of laccase with regard to the initiation of copolymerization. The involvement of laccase in the initiation of the graft copolymerization was additionally confirmed by the application of low molecular weight phenolics instead of LS. In the presence of the lignin-like substrates, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and guaiacol, the rate of the decomposition of t-butylhydroperoxide was significantly enhanced by laccase. It can be assumed that the enzymatically generated phenoxy radicals mediate the production of oxygen centered radicals (alkoxy or peroxy) which initiate grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mai
- Institut für Forstbotanik, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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