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Ma JX, Wang H, Jin C, Ye YF, Tang LX, Si J, Song J. Whole genome sequencing and annotation of Daedaleopsis sinensis, a wood-decaying fungus significantly degrading lignocellulose. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1325088. [PMID: 38292304 PMCID: PMC10826855 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1325088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Daedaleopsis sinensis is a fungus that grows on wood and secretes a series of enzymes to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and cause wood rot decay. Wood-decaying fungi have ecological, economic, edible, and medicinal functions. Furthermore, the use of microorganisms to biodegrade lignocellulose has high application value. Genome sequencing has allowed microorganisms to be analyzed from the aspects of genome characteristics, genome function annotation, metabolic pathways, and comparative genomics. Subsequently, the relevant information regarding lignocellulosic degradation has been mined by bioinformatics. Here, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of D. sinensis for the first time. A 51.67-Mb genome sequence was assembled to 24 contigs, which led to the prediction of 12,153 protein-coding genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database analysis of the D. sinensis data revealed that 3,831 genes are involved in almost 120 metabolic pathways. According to the Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme database, 481 enzymes are found in D. sinensis, of which glycoside hydrolases are the most abundant. The genome sequence of D. sinensis provides insights into its lignocellulosic degradation and subsequent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Ma
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Can Jin
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ye
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Xin Tang
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Si
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Horticulture and Food, Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
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Wakade G, Lin S, Saha P, Kumari U, Daniell H. Abatement of microfibre pollution and detoxification of textile dye - Indigo by engineered plant enzymes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:302-316. [PMID: 36208023 PMCID: PMC9884014 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfibres (diameter <5 mm) and textile dyes released from textile industries are ubiquitous, cause environmental pollution, and harm aquatic flora, fauna, animals and human life. Therefore, enzymatic abatement of microfibre pollution and textile dye detoxification is essential. Microbial enzymes for such application present major challenges of scale and affordability to clean up large scale pollution. Therefore, enzymes required for the biodegradation of microfibres and indigo dye were expressed in transplastomic tobacco plants through chloroplast genetic engineering. Integration of laccase and lignin peroxidase genes into the tobacco chloroplast genomes and homoplasmy was confirmed by Southern blots. Decolorization (up to 86%) of samples containing indigo dye (100 mg/L) was obtained using cp-laccase (0.5% plant enzyme powder). Significant (8-fold) reduction in commercial microbial cellulase cocktail was achieved in pretreated cotton fibre hydrolysis by supplementing cost effective cellulases (endoglucanases, ß-glucosidases) and accessory enzymes (swollenin, xylanase, lipase) and ligninases (laccase lignin peroxidase) expressed in chloroplasts. Microfibre hydrolysis using cocktail of Cp-cellulases and Cp-accessory enzymes along with minimal dose (0.25% and 0.5%) of commercial cellulase blend (Ctec2) showed 88%-89% of sugar release from pretreated cotton and microfibres. Cp-ligninases, Cp-cellulases and Cp-accessory enzymes were stable in freeze dried leaves up to 15 and 36 months respectively at room temperature, when protected from light. Use of plant powder for decolorization or hydrolysis eliminated the need for preservatives, purification or concentration or cold chain. Evidently, abatement of microfibre pollution and textile dye detoxification using Cp-enzymes is a novel and cost-effective approach to prevent their environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Wakade
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shina Lin
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Prasenjit Saha
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Uma Kumari
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Goswami K, Deka Boruah HP, Saikia R. Purification and characterization of cellulase produced by
Novosphingobium
sp. Cm1 and its waste hydrolysis efficiency and bio‐stoning potential. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3618-3628. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kongkana Goswami
- CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology Jorhat‐785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad‐201002 India
| | | | - Ratul Saikia
- CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology Jorhat‐785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad‐201002 India
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Luo Y, Pei L, Zhang H, Zhong Q, Wang J. Improvement of the Rubbing Fastness of Cotton Fiber in Indigo/Silicon Non-Aqueous Dyeing Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111854. [PMID: 31717899 PMCID: PMC6918309 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to solve the poor rubbing fastness of dyed cotton fiber in the indigo/silicon non-aqueous dyeing system, the process parameters of the silicon non-aqueous dyeing system were optimized. Dyed cotton fiber was post-treated to achieve the optimum dyeing conditions for obtaining a better rubbing fastness. Meanwhile, the dyeing performance of cotton fiber in a traditional water bath and silicon non-aqueous dyeing system was compared. The results showed that the rubbing fastness of dyed cotton fiber in the silicon non-aqueous dyeing system (one dyeing) was lower than that of traditional water bath (twelve cycles), although the color depth of dyed cotton fiber was deeper. For obtaining a good rubbing fastness, the optimum temperature was about 70 °C and the optimal dyeing cycle was one. Moreover, fixing agents can significantly improve the rubbing fastness of dyed cotton fiber. Especially, cationic waterborne polyurethane had an optimal fixing effect on the dyed cotton fiber. Soft finishing would weaken the effect of fixing finishing on the dyed cotton fiber, but the softener can significantly improve the handle of dyed cotton fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Luo
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Liujun Pei
- School of Fashion Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hongjuan Zhang
- School of Fashion Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiping Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- School of Fashion Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
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Pashirova TN, Bogdanov AV, Musin LI, Voronina JK, Nizameev IR, Kadirov MK, Mironov VF, Zakharova LY, Latypov SK, Sinyashin OG. Nanoscale isoindigo-carriers: self-assembly and tunable properties. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:313-324. [PMID: 28243570 PMCID: PMC5301918 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade isoindigo derivatives have attracted much attention due to their high potential in pharmacy and in the chemistry of materials. In addition, isoindigo derivatives can be modified to form supramolecular structures with tunable morphologies for the use in drug delivery. Amphiphilic long-chain dialkylated isoindigos have the ability to form stable solid nanoparticles via a simple nanoprecipitation technique. Their self-assembly was investigated using tensiometry, dynamic light scattering, spectrophotometry, and fluorometry. The critical association concentrations and aggregate sizes were measured. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of alkylated isoindigo derivatives strongly influences aggregate morphology. In the case of short-chain dialkylated isoindigo derivatives, supramolecular polymers of 200 to 700 nm were formed. For long-chain dialkylated isoindigo derivatives, micellar aggregates of 100 to 200 nm were observed. Using micellar surfactant water-soluble forms of monosubstituted 1-hexadecylisoindigo as well as 1,1'-dimethylisoindigo were prepared for the first time. The formation of mixed micellar structures of different types in micellar anionic surfactant solutions (sodium dodecyl sulfate) was determined. These findings are of practical importance and are of potential interest for the design of drug delivery systems and new nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Pashirova
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei V Bogdanov
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Lenar I Musin
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Julia K Voronina
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Irek R Nizameev
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Marsil K Kadirov
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir F Mironov
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Lucia Ya Zakharova
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Shamil K Latypov
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg G Sinyashin
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
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Maryan AS, Montazer M, Harifi T, Rad MM. Aged-look vat dyed cotton with anti-bacterial/anti-fungal properties by treatment with nano clay and enzymes. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 95:338-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Soares JC, Moreira PR, Queiroga AC, Morgado J, Malcata FX, Pintado ME. Application of immobilized enzyme technologies for the textile industry: a review. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2011.635301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Guimarães C, Kim S, Silva C, Cavaco-Paulo A. In situ laccase-assisted overdyeing of denim using flavonoids. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:1272-9. [PMID: 21751397 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A laccase-mediated system for denim overdyeing using phenolic compounds was developed. Laccase from ascomycete Myceliophthora thermophila was able to oxidize phenolic compounds such as catechol and catechin and mediate their attachment to denim surfaces. Laccase-generated polymers gave rise to new coloration states from dark brown to green-yellow and replaced dyes in the overdyeing process. Process parameters, such as enzyme dosage, incubation time and presence of mediator, were studied by considering a compromise between the highest overdyeing level and lower energy/products consumption (2 U/mL laccase; 4 h incubation in the absence of mediator). Enzyme-generated polymers were followed by UV/Vis spectrophotometry and their level of attachment to denim surfaces was evaluated by means of spectral values quantification [k/s, Kubelka-Munk relationship (k=absorption coefficient, s=scattering coefficient)]. Overdyeing of denim with phenolics, such as catechol or catechin, was successfully achieved with acceptable levels in terms of durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Guimarães
- University of Minho, Textile Engineering Department, Guimarães, Portugal
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Sedov SA, Belogurova NG, Shipovskov S, Levashov AV, Levashov PA. Lysis of Escherichia coli cells by lysozyme: discrimination between adsorption and enzyme action. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 88:131-3. [PMID: 21763113 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The key factors of enzymatic lysis of cells are the interaction between the enzyme and the cell - catalytic and non-catalytic adsorption of enzyme on cell surface. Here, the studies of lysis of intact Escherichia coli cells by chicken egg white lysozyme were performed. It was found that the ionic strength has a dual effect onto the system. On the one hand, the desorption constant of the enzyme increases with the increase of the solution ionic strength, which results in a better enzyme performance. On the other hand, due to the higher osmosis, the cell lysis rate decreases with the increasing of ionic strength of the system. It was found that pH 8.6 and 30 mM NaCl are optimal conditions for lysis of E. coli cells by lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Sedov
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Morozova VV, Gusakov AV, Andrianov RM, Pravilnikov AG, Osipov DO, Sinitsyn AP. Cellulases of Penicillium verruculosum. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:871-80. [PMID: 20540109 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nine major cellulolytic enzymes were isolated from a culture broth of a mutant strain of the fungus Penicillium verruculosum: five endo-1, 4-beta-glucanases (EGs) having molecular masses 25, 33, 39, 52, and 70 kDa, and four cellobiohydrolases (CBHs: 50, 55, 60, and 66 kDa). Based on amino acid similarities of short sequenced fragments and peptide mass fingerprinting, the isolated enzymes were preliminary classified into different families of glycoside hydrolases: Cel5A (EG IIa, 39 kDa), Cel5B (EG IIb, 33 kDa), Cel6A (CBH II, two forms: 50 and 60 kDa), Cel7A (CBH I: 55 and 66 kDa), Cel7B (EG I: 52 and 70 kDa). The 25 kDa enzyme was identical to the previously isolated Cel12A (EG III). The family assignment was further confirmed by the studies of the substrate specificity of the purified enzymes. High-molecular-weight forms of the Cel6A, Cel7A, and Cel7B were found to possess a cellulose-binding module (CBM), while the catalytically active low-molecular-weight forms of the enzymes, as well as other cellulases, lacked the CBM. Properties of the isolated enzymes, such as substrate specificity toward different polysaccharides and synthetic glycosides, effect of pH and temperature on the enzyme activity and stability, adsorption on Avicel cellulose and kinetics of its hydrolysis, were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria V Morozova
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyovy Gory, Moscow, Russia
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Montazer M, Sadeghian Maryan A. Influences of Different Enzymatic Treatment on Denim Garment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:2114-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rau M, Heidemann C, Pascoalin AM, Filho EXF, Camassola M, Dillon AJP, Fernandes Das Chagas C, Andreaus J. Application of cellulases fromAcrophialophora nainianaandPenicillium echinulatumin textile processing of cellulosic fibres. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420802249430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Qin Y, Wei X, Song X, Qu Y. The role of the site 342 in catalytic efficiency and pH optima of endoglucanase II fromTrichoderma reeseias probed by saturation mutagenesis. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420802249299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Saravanan D, Vasanthi N, Ramachandran T. A review on influential behaviour of biopolishing on dyeability and certain physico-mechanical properties of cotton fabrics. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Montazer M, Maryan AS. Application of laccases with cellulases on denim for clean effluent and repeatable biowashing. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Anish R, Rahman MS, Rao M. Application of cellulases from an alkalothermophilic Thermomonospora sp. in biopolishing of denims. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 96:48-56. [PMID: 16952150 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Use of cellulase for denim washing is a standard eco-friendly technique to achieve desirable appearance and softness for cotton fabrics and denims. But enzymatic washing of denim till date involved acid cellulase (Trichoderma reesei) and neutral cellulase (Humicola isolens) the use of which has a drawback of backstaining of the indigo dye on to the fabric. Though it has been suggested that pH is a major factor in controlling backstaining there are no reports on use of cellulase under alkaline conditions for denim washing. In this study for the first time an alkali stable endoglucanase from alkalothermophilic Thermomonospora sp. (T-EG) has been used for denim biofinishing under alkaline conditions. T-EG is effective in removing hairiness with negligible weight loss and imparting softness to the fabric. Higher abrasive activity with lower backstaining was a preferred property for denim biofinishing exhibited by T-EG. The activities were comparable to acid and neutral cellulases that are being regularly used. The enzyme was also effective under non-buffering conditions which is an added advantage for use in textile industry. A probable mechanism of enzymatic finishing of cotton fabric has been represented based on the unique properties of T-EG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishnan Anish
- Biochemical Sciences Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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17
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Rabinovich ML. Ethanol production from materials containing cellulose: The potential of Russian research and development. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683806010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nicholson SK, John P. The mechanism of bacterial indigo reduction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 68:117-23. [PMID: 15635460 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of water-insoluble indigo by the recently isolated moderate thermophile, Clostridium isatidis, has been studied with the aim of developing a sustainable technology for industrial indigo reduction. The ability to reduce indigo was not shared with C. aurantibutyricum, C. celatum and C. papyrosolvens, but C. papyrosolvens could reduce indigo carmine (5,5'-indigosulfonic acid), a soluble indigo derivative. The supernatant from cultures of C. isatidis, but not from cultures of the other bacteria tested, decreased indigo particle size to one-tenth diameter. Addition of madder powder, anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid, and humic acid all stimulated indigo reduction by C. isatidis. Redox potentials of cultures of C. isatidis were about 100 mV more negative than those of C. aurantibutyricum, C. celatum and C. papyrosolvens, and reached -600 mV versus the SCE in the presence of indigo, but potentials were not consistently affected by the addition of the quinone compounds, which probably act by modifying the surface of the bacteria or indigo particles. It is concluded that C. isatidis can reduce indigo because (1) it produces an extracellular factor that decreases indigo particle size, and (2) it generates a sufficiently reducing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Nicholson
- Plant Science Laboratories, School of Plant Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AS, UK
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Abstract
Kinase inhibitors are widely employed as biological reagents and as leads for drug design. Their use is often complicated by their lack of specificity. Although binding conserved ATP sites accounts for some of their nonspecificity, some compounds inhibit proteins not known to bind ATP. It has been found that promiscuous hits from high-throughput screening may act as aggregates. To explore whether this mechanism might explain the action of widely used nonspecific kinase inhibitors, 15 such compounds were studied. Eight of these, rottlerin, quercetin, K-252c, bisindolylmaleimide I, bisindolylmaleimide IX, U0126, indirubin, and indigo, inhibited three diverse non-kinase enzymes. Inhibition was time-dependent and sensitive to enzyme concentration; by light scattering, the compounds formed particles of 100-1000 nm diameter. These observations suggest that these eight kinase inhibitors, at least at micromolar concentrations, are promiscuous and act as aggregates. Results obtained from the use of these compounds at micromolar or higher concentrations against individual enzymes should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L McGovern
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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