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Fox LE, Locke MC, Lenschow DJ. Context Is Key: Delineating the Unique Functions of IFNα and IFNβ in Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606874. [PMID: 33408718 PMCID: PMC7779635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical effector cytokines of the immune system and were originally known for their important role in protecting against viral infections; however, they have more recently been shown to play protective or detrimental roles in many disease states. Type I IFNs consist of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNϵ, IFNκ, IFNω, and a few others, and they all signal through a shared receptor to exert a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects. Though the individual type I IFN subtypes possess overlapping functions, there is growing appreciation that they also have unique properties. In this review, we summarize some of the mechanisms underlying differential expression of and signaling by type I IFNs, and we discuss examples of differential functions of IFNα and IFNβ in models of infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marissa C Locke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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Zhou Y, Li S, Tang Z, Xu C, Huang S, Wu J, Dittmer U, Dickow J, Sutter K, Lu M, Yang D, Song J. Different antiviral effects of IFNα and IFNβ in an HBV mouse model. Immunobiology 2016; 222:562-570. [PMID: 27839836 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferons α and β (IFNα and IFNβ) are type I interferons produced by the host to control pathogen propagation. However, only a minority of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients generate a sustained response after treatment with recombinant IFNα. The anti-HBV effect of IFNβ and the underlying mechanism are not well-understood. Here, we compared the antiviral activities of IFNα and IFNβ by application of IFNα or IFNβ expression plasmids using the well-established HBV hydrodynamic injection (HI) mouse model. Injection of IFNα expression plasmid could significantly reduce HBV serum markers including HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA as well as the number of HBcAg positive cells in the liver, while IFNβ showed only a weak inhibition of HBV replication. In contrast to IFNβ, IFNα resulted in elevated expression levels of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) as well as the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL6) in the liver. Moreover, IFNβ treated mice showed higher expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL10 and TGFβ in the liver compared to IFNα. Our results demonstrated that both IFNα and IFNβ exert antiviral activities against HBV in HI mouse model, but IFNα is more effective than IFNβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China; School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, PR China.
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China; Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Zongsheng Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Chunli Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Shunmei Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Julia Dickow
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Jingjiao Song
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
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Lee JI, Eisenberg SP, Rosendahl MS, Chlipala EA, Brown JD, Doherty DH, Cox GN. Site-specific PEGylation enhances the pharmacokinetic properties and antitumor activity of interferon beta-1b. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:769-77. [PMID: 23962003 PMCID: PMC3868373 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon beta (IFN-β) is widely used to ameliorate disease progression in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. IFN-β has a short half-life in humans, necessitating frequent administration for optimum effectiveness. Covalent modification of IFN-β with polyethylene glycol (PEG) improves the pharmacokinetic properties of the protein, but can adversely affect the protein's in vitro bioactivity. Random modification of lysine residues in IFN-β with amine-reactive PEGs decreased the in vitro bioactivity of the protein 50-fold, presumably due to modification of lysine residues near critical receptor binding sites. PEGylated IFN-β proteins that retained high in vitro bioactivity could be obtained by selective modification of the N-terminus of the protein with PEG. Here we use site-specific PEGylation technology (targeted attachment of a cysteine-reactive-PEG to an engineered cysteine residue in IFN-β) to identify several additional amino acid positions where PEG can be attached to IFN-β without appreciable loss of in vitro bioactivity. Unexpectedly, we found that most of the PEG-IFN-β analogs showed 11- to 78-fold improved in vitro bioactivities relative to their unPEGylated parent proteins and to IFN-β-1b. In vivo studies showed that a lead PEG-IFN-β protein had improved pharmacokinetic properties compared to IFN-β and was significantly more effective than IFN-β at inhibiting growth of a human tumor xenograft in athymic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji I Lee
- 1 Bolder BioTechnology, Inc. , Boulder, Colorado
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Abstract
In 2007, the world celebrated the 50th anniversary of the discovery of interferon (IFN) by Isaacs and Lindenmann. Subsequently, the IFN-alpha gene was cloned, fully sequenced and IFN-alpha was produced in recombinant form. Recombinant IFN-alpha is now used as the basis for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection and can also be used to treat certain forms of chronic hepatitis B virus infections. IFNs have also been used in other viral infections, although with less success. The antiviral mechanisms of IFNs are reviewed in this chapter as well as the utility of IFNs in the treatment of persistent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Hygiene Institute Department of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Hygiene Institute Department of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection affects about 400 million people around the globe and causes approximately one million deaths a year. Since the discovery of interferon-α as a therapeutic option the treatment of hepatitis B has evolved fast and management has become increasingly complicated. The amount of viral replication reflected in the viral load (HBV-DNA) plays an important role in the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The current treatment modalities for chronic hepatitis B are immunomodulatory (interferons) and antiviral suppressants (nucleoside and nucleotide analogues) all with their own advantages and limitations. An overview of the treatment efficacy for both immunomodulatory as antiviral compounds is provided in order to provide the clinician insight into the factors influencing treatment outcome. With nucleoside or nucleotide analogues suppression of viral replication by 5-7 log10 is feasible, but not all patients respond to therapy. Known factors influencing treatment outcome are viral load, ALT levels and compliance. Many other factors which might influence treatment are scarcely investigated. Identifying the factors associated with response might result in stopping rules, so treatment could be adapted in an early stage to provide adequate treatment and avoid the development of resistance. The efficacy of compounds for the treatment of mutant virus and the cross-resistance is largely unknown. However, genotypic and phenotypic testing as well as small clinical trials provided some data on efficacy in this population. Discontinuation of nucleoside or nucleotide analogues frequently results in viral relapse; however, some patients have a sustained response. Data on the risk factors for relapse are necessary in order to determine when treatment can be discontinued safely. In conclusion: chronic hepatitis B has become a treatable disease; however, much research is needed to tailor therapy to an individual patient, to predict the sustainability of response and determine the best treatment for those failing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Leemans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Room H 437, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Moreno-Otero R, Trapero-Marugán M, Gómez-Domínguez E, García-Buey L, Moreno-Monteagudo JA. Is interferon-beta an alternative treatment for chronic hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:2730-6. [PMID: 16718760 PMCID: PMC4130982 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i17.2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is still far from optimal, particularly for those subpopulations that do not respond to the standard combination therapy with Interferon-α (IFNα) plus ribavirin. Although in some cases the use of higher doses or longer treatment periods may be effective, these approaches are generally associated with a higher incidence of adverse events, which may either lead to a reduction in patient compliance or require drug withdrawal. IFNβ could represent an interesting alternative for treating CHC patients. Controversial data about IFNβ efficacy in CHC exist, the main reason being that many results stem from pilot studies with small cohorts of patients. However, promising results have been obtained in some subgroups of patients that fail to respond to IFNα. Additionally, the good tolerability of IFNβ represents an important advantage of the drug. The rates of dropouts in controlled clinical trials, as well as the need for dose reductions or treatment discontinuation are very low. It might be worth assessing the value of IFNβ plus ribavirin in randomized studies with a larger cohort of patients, not eligible or not tolerating standard therapy, and for non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Moreno-Otero
- Unit of Hepatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
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Hui CK, Zhang HY, Lau GKK. Management of chronic hepatitis B in treatment-experienced patients. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2004; 33:601-16, x. [PMID: 15324946 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Current monotherapy with interferon (IFN), lamivudine, or adefovir remains unsatisfactory for most patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Prolonged treatment with lamivudine monotherapy is needed in most patients with chronic hepatitis B infection and leads to an increased risk of developing lamivudine resistance. Recent data suggest that lamivudine resistance occasionally can result in serious clinical sequelae. On the other hand, conventional IFN treatment is ineffective in up to 70% of chronic hepatitis B patients. Adefovir resistance, although less frequent than lamivudine resistance,also has been identified. With the introduction of new nucleoside/nucleotide analogs such as entacavir, clevudine, LFd4C,tenofovir, and immunomodulatory agents such as pegylated IFN, new treatment options, either alone or in combination, are being investigated to increase the response rate in treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced chronic hepatitis B patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Kin Hui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, 103 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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