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Yulfo-Soto G, McCormick S, Chen H, Bai G, Trick HN, Hao G. Reduction of Fusarium head blight and trichothecene contamination in transgenic wheat expressing Fusarium graminearum trichothecene 3- O-acetyltransferase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1389605. [PMID: 38650698 PMCID: PMC11033581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1389605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), produces various mycotoxins that contaminate wheat grains and cause profound health problems in humans and animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most common trichothecene found in contaminated grains. Our previous study showed that Arabidopsis-expressing F. graminearum trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (FgTRI101) converted DON to 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and excreted it outside of Arabidopsis cells. To determine if wheat can convert and excrete 3-ADON and reduce FHB and DON contamination, FgTRI101 was cloned and introduced into wheat cv Bobwhite. Four independent transgenic lines containing FgTRI101 were identified. Gene expression studies showed that FgTRI101 was highly expressed in wheat leaf and spike tissues in the transgenic line FgTri101-1606. The seedlings of two FgTri101 transgenic wheat lines (FgTri101-1606 and 1651) grew significantly longer roots than the controls on media containing 5 µg/mL DON; however, the 3-ADON conversion and excretion was detected inconsistently in the seedlings of FgTri101-1606. Further analyses did not detect 3-ADON or other possible DON-related products in FgTri101-1606 seedlings after adding deuterium-labeled DON into the growth media. FgTri101-transgenic wheat plants showed significantly enhanced FHB resistance and lower DON content after they were infected with F. graminearum, but 3-ADON was not detected. Our study suggests that it is promising to utilize FgTRI101, a gene that the fungus uses for self-protection, for managing FHB and mycotoxin in wheat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabdiel Yulfo-Soto
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Susan McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Guihua Bai
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Harold N. Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Guixia Hao
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL, United States
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Luo K, Guo J, He D, Li G, Ouellet T. Deoxynivalenol accumulation and detoxification in cereals and its potential role in wheat- Fusarium graminearum interactions. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:155-171. [PMID: 37581023 PMCID: PMC10423186 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a prominent mycotoxin showing significant accumulation in cereal plants during infection by the phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum. It is a virulence factor that is important in the spread of F. graminearum within cereal heads, and it causes serious yield losses and significant contamination of cereal grains. In recent decades, genetic and genomic studies have facilitated the characterization of the molecular pathways of DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum and the environmental factors that influence DON accumulation. In addition, diverse scab resistance traits related to the repression of DON accumulation in plants have been identified, and experimental studies of wheat-pathogen interactions have contributed to understanding detoxification mechanisms in host plants. The present review illustrates and summarizes the molecular networks of DON mycotoxin production in F. graminearum and the methods of DON detoxification in plants based on the current literature, which provides molecular targets for crop improvement programs. This review also comprehensively discusses recent advances and challenges related to genetic engineering-mediated cultivar improvements to strengthen scab resistance. Furthermore, ongoing advancements in genetic engineering will enable the application of these molecular targets to develop more scab-resistant wheat cultivars with DON detoxification traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000 China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000 China
| | - Dejia He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000 China
| | - Guangwei Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000 China
| | - Thérèse Ouellet
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
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Anteyi WO, Klaiber I, Rasche F. Diacetoxyscirpenol, a Fusarium exometabolite, prevents efficiently the incidence of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:84. [PMID: 35209839 PMCID: PMC8867772 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain Fusarium exometabolites have been reported to inhibit seed germination of the cereal-parasitizing witchweed, Striga hermonthica, in vitro. However, it is unknown if these exometabolites will consistently prevent S. hermonthica incidence in planta. The study screened a selection of known, highly phytotoxic Fusarium exometabolites, in identifying the most potent/efficient candidate (i.e., having the greatest effect at minimal concentration) to completely hinder S. hermonthica seed germination in vitro and incidence in planta, without affecting the host crop development and yield. RESULTS In vitro germination assays of the tested Fusarium exometabolites (i.e., 1,4-naphthoquinone, equisetin, fusaric acid, hymeglusin, neosolaniol (Neo), T-2 toxin (T-2) and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)) as pre-Striga seed conditioning treatments at 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 µM, revealed that only DAS, out of all tested exometabolites, completely inhibited S. hermonthica seed germination at each concentration. It was followed by T-2 and Neo, as from 10 to 20 µM respectively. The remaining exometabolites reduced S. hermonthica seed germination as from 20 µM (P < 0. 0001). In planta assessment (in a S. hermonthica-sorghum parasitic system) of the exometabolites at 20 µM showed that, although, none of the tested exometabolites affected sorghum aboveground dry biomass (P > 0.05), only DAS completely prevented S. hermonthica incidence. Following a 14-d incubation of DAS in the planting soil substrate, bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and fungal 18S rRNA gene copy numbers of the soil microbial community were enhanced; which coincided with complete degradation of DAS in the substrate. Metabolic footprinting revealed that the S. hermonthica mycoherbicidal agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae (isolates Foxy-2, FK3), did not produce DAS; a discovery that corresponded with underexpression of key genes (Tri5, Tri4) necessary for Fusarium trichothecene biosynthesis (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Among the tested Fusarium exometabolites, DAS exhibited the most promising herbicidal potential against S. hermonthica. Thus, it could serve as a new biocontrol agent for efficient S. hermonthica management. Further examination of DAS specific mode of action against the target weed S. hermonthica at low concentrations (≤ 20 µM), as opposed to non-target soil organisms, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams Oyifioda Anteyi
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Iris Klaiber
- Core Facility Hohenheim, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Rasche
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Matsui K, Takeda H, Shinkai K, Kakinuma T, Koizumi Y, Kase M, Yoshinari T, Minegishi H, Nakajima Y, Aikawa S, Takahashi-Ando N, Kimura M. 4- O-Glucosylation of Trichothecenes by Fusarium Species: A Phase II Xenobiotic Metabolism for t-Type Trichothecene Producers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13542. [PMID: 34948339 PMCID: PMC8709292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The t-type trichothecene producers Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum protect themselves against their own mycotoxins by acetylating the C-3 hydroxy group with Tri101p acetylase. To understand the mechanism by which they deal with exogenously added d-type trichothecenes, the Δtri5 mutants expressing all but the first trichothecene pathway enzymes were fed with trichodermol (TDmol), trichothecolone (TCC), 8-deoxytrichothecin, and trichothecin. LC-MS/MS and NMR analyses showed that these C-3 unoxygenated trichothecenes were conjugated with glucose at C-4 by α-glucosidic linkage. As t-type trichothecenes are readily incorporated into the biosynthetic pathway following the C-3 acetylation, the mycotoxins were fed to the ΔFgtri5ΔFgtri101 mutant to examine their fate. LC-MS/MS and NMR analyses demonstrated that the mutant conjugated glucose at C-4 of HT-2 toxin (HT-2) by α-glucosidic linkage, while the ΔFgtri5 mutant metabolized HT-2 to 3-acetyl HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin. The 4-O-glucosylation of exogenously added t-type trichothecenes appears to be a general response of the ΔFgtri5ΔFgtri101 mutant, as nivalenol and its acetylated derivatives appeared to be conjugated with hexose to some extent. The toxicities of 4-O-glucosides of TDmol, TCC, and HT-2 were much weaker than their corresponding aglycons, suggesting that 4-O-glucosylation serves as a phase II xenobiotic metabolism for t-type trichothecene producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Matsui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Hirone Takeda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Saitama, Japan; (H.T.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.K.); (H.M.)
| | - Koki Shinkai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Saitama, Japan; (H.T.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.K.); (H.M.)
| | - Takao Kakinuma
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Yoshiaki Koizumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Saitama, Japan; (H.T.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.K.); (H.M.)
| | - Masahiro Kase
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Saitama, Japan; (H.T.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.K.); (H.M.)
| | - Tomoya Yoshinari
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health and Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Hiroaki Minegishi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Saitama, Japan; (H.T.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.K.); (H.M.)
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Shunichi Aikawa
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Naoko Takahashi-Ando
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Saitama, Japan; (H.T.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.K.); (H.M.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Saitama, Japan;
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.N.); (M.K.)
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Ye W, Zhu M, Li S, Cen Y, Liu T, Li H, Liu H, Zhang W. The excavation of novel toxin-resistance proteins against trichothecenes toxins in Paramyrothecium roridum. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:369-378. [PMID: 34634329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecene toxins cause serious hazard towards human health and economical crops. However, there are no sufficient molecular strategies to reduce the hazard of trichothecene toxins. Thus it is urgent to exploit novel approaches to control the hazard of trichothecenes. In this study, four trichothecene toxin-resistance genes including mfs1, GNAT1, TRP1 and tri12 in Paramyrothecium roridum were excavated based on genome sequencing results, and then expressed in toxin-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae BJ5464, the toxin resistance genes pdr5, pdr10 and pdr15 of which were firstly knocked out simultaneously by the introduction of TAA stop codon employing CRISPR/Cas9 system. Therefore, three novel hazardous toxin-resistance genes mfs1, GNAT1, TRP1 in P. roridum were firstly excavated by the co-incubation of DON toxin and toxin resistant genes-containing BJ5464 strains. The in vitro function and properties of novel toxin-resistance genes coding proteins including GNAT1, MFS1 and TRP1 were identified by heterologous expression and cellular location analysis as well as in vitro biochemical reaction. The excavation of novel trichothecene toxin-resistance genes provide novel molecular clues for controlling the harm of trichothecenes, meanwhile, this study will also pave a new way for the yield improvement of trichothecenes by heterologous expression to facilitate the development of trichothecenes as anti-tumor lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Muzi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Saini Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Youfei Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Taomei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Haohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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Detoxification and Excretion of Trichothecenes in Transgenic Arabidopsisthaliana Expressing Fusarium graminearum Trichothecene 3- O-acetyltransferase. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050320. [PMID: 33946742 PMCID: PMC8145220 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), produces trichothecenes including deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and 3,7,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (NX-3). These toxins contaminate grains and cause profound health problems in humans and animals. To explore exploiting a fungal self-protection mechanism in plants, we examined the ability of F. graminearum trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (FgTri101) to detoxify several key trichothecenes produced by F. graminearum: DON, 15-ADON, NX-3, and NIV. FgTri101 was cloned from F. graminearum and expressed in Arabidopsis plants. We compared the phytotoxic effects of purified DON, NIV, and NX-3 on the root growth of transgenic Arabidopsis expressing FgTri101. Compared to wild type and GUS controls, FgTri101 transgenic Arabidopsis plants displayed significantly longer root length on media containing DON and NX-3. Furthermore, we confirmed that the FgTri101 transgenic plants acetylated DON to 3-ADON, 15-ADON to 3,15-diADON, and NX-3 to NX-2, but did not acetylate NIV. Approximately 90% of the converted toxins were excreted into the media. Our study indicates that transgenic Arabidopsis expressing FgTri101 can provide plant protection by detoxifying trichothecenes and excreting the acetylated toxins out of plant cells. Characterization of plant transporters involved in trichothecene efflux will provide novel targets to reduce FHB and mycotoxin contamination in economically important plant crops.
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Jiang H, Wu N, Jin S, Ahmed T, Wang H, Li B, Wu X, Bao Y, Liu F, Zhang JZ. Identification of Rice Seed-Derived Fusarium Spp. and Development of LAMP Assay against Fusarium Fujikuroi. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010001. [PMID: 33374990 PMCID: PMC7822049 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species are important seedborne pathogens that cause rice bakanae disease (RBD). In this study, 421 strains were isolated from 25 rice samples collected from Zhejiang, Anhui, and Jiangxi provinces of China. Furthermore, 407 isolates were identified as F. fujikuroi (80.05% isolation frequency), F. proliferatum (8.31%), F. equiseti (5.94%), F. incarnatum (2.61%), F. andiyazi (0.95%), and F. asiaticum (0.48%) based on morphology and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) gene. Phylogenetic analysis of combined sequences of the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), TEF1-α gene, and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) showed that 17 representative strains were attributed to six species. Pathogenicity tests showed that representative isolates possessed varying ability to cause symptoms of bakanae on rice seedlings. Moreover, the seed germination assay revealed that six isolates had different effects, such as inhibition of seed germination, as well as seed and bud rot. The loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based assay were developed for the detection of F. fujikuroi. According to sequences of desaturase-coding gene promoter, a species-specific marker desM231 was developed for the detection of F. fujikuroi. The LAMP assay using seeds collected from field was validated, and diagnostics developed are efficient, rapid, and sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (S.J.); (T.A.); (H.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Na Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; (N.W.); (Y.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Shaomin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (S.J.); (T.A.); (H.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Temoor Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (S.J.); (T.A.); (H.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (S.J.); (T.A.); (H.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (S.J.); (T.A.); (H.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Xiaobi Wu
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Cangnan County, Wenzhou 325000, China;
| | - Yidan Bao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; (N.W.); (Y.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; (N.W.); (Y.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Jing-Ze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (S.J.); (T.A.); (H.W.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-8898-2267
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The biological detoxification of deoxynivalenol: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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Perincherry L, Lalak-Kańczugowska J, Stępień Ł. Fusarium-Produced Mycotoxins in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110664. [PMID: 31739566 PMCID: PMC6891594 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens belonging to the Fusarium genus are causal agents of the most significant crop diseases worldwide. Virtually all Fusarium species synthesize toxic secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins; however, the roles of mycotoxins are not yet fully understood. To understand how a fungal partner alters its lifestyle to assimilate with the plant host remains a challenge. The review presented the mechanisms of mycotoxin biosynthesis in the Fusarium genus under various environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, moisture content, and nitrogen source. It also concentrated on plant metabolic pathways and cytogenetic changes that are influenced as a consequence of mycotoxin confrontations. Moreover, we looked through special secondary metabolite production and mycotoxins specific for some significant fungal pathogens-plant host models. Plant strategies of avoiding the Fusarium mycotoxins were also discussed. Finally, we outlined the studies on the potential of plant secondary metabolites in defense reaction to Fusarium infection.
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Tanaka N, Takushima R, Tanaka A, Okada A, Matsui K, Maeda K, Aikawa S, Kimura M, Takahashi-Ando N. Reduced Toxicity of Trichothecenes, Isotrichodermol, and Deoxynivalenol, by Transgenic Expression of the Tri101 3- O-Acetyltransferase Gene in Cultured Mammalian FM3A Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110654. [PMID: 31717667 PMCID: PMC6891669 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In trichothecene-producing fusaria, isotrichodermol (ITDol) is the first intermediate with a trichothecene skeleton. In the biosynthetic pathway of trichothecene, a 3-O-acetyltransferase, encoded by Tri101, acetylates ITDol to a less-toxic intermediate, isotrichodermin (ITD). Although trichothecene resistance has been conferred to microbes and plants transformed with Tri101, there are no reports of resistance in cultured mammalian cells. In this study, we found that a 3-O-acetyl group of trichothecenes is liable to hydrolysis by esterases in fetal bovine serum and FM3A cells. We transfected the cells with Tri101 under the control of the MMTV-LTR promoter and obtained a cell line G3 with the highest level of C-3 acetylase activity. While the wild-type FM3A cells hardly grew in the medium containing 0.40 μM ITDol, many G3 cells survived at this concentration. The IC50 values of ITDol and ITD in G3 cells were 1.0 and 9.6 μM, respectively, which were higher than the values of 0.23 and 3.0 μM in the wild-type FM3A cells. A similar, but more modest, tendency was observed in deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Our findings indicate that the expression of Tri101 conferred trichothecene resistance in cultured mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Ryo Takushima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Ayaki Okada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Kosuke Matsui
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Kazuyuki Maeda
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Shunichi Aikawa
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Naoko Takahashi-Ando
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-49-239-1384
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11
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Hartman GL, McCormick SP, O'Donnell K. Trichothecene-Producing Fusarium Species Isolated from Soybean Roots in Ethiopia and Ghana and their Pathogenicity on Soybean. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2070-2075. [PMID: 31215854 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-18-2286-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous pathogen surveys have reported that diverse Fusarium spp. threaten soybean production in North and South America. However, little research has been conducted to characterize Fusarium pathogens of soybean in sub-Saharan Africa. Our objectives were to (i) identify Fusarium spp. isolated from discolored root segments of soybean grown in Ethiopia and Ghana using DNA sequence data, (ii) determine whether isolates nested in the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti and F. sambucinum species complexes (FIESC and FSAMSC, respectively) produced trichothecene mycotoxins in vitro, and (iii) test these isolates for pathogenicity on soybean. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the trichothecene mycotoxin-producing isolates comprised three undescribed species within the FIESC and FSAMSC. Mycotoxin type B trichothecene 4,15-diacetylnivalenol or T-2 toxin and related type A neosolaniol trichothecenes were produced by 18 of the 21 isolates. Of the 12 isolates from Ethiopia and Ghana tested for their impact on seed germination, 5, comprising two undescribed phylospecies (i.e., Fusarium sp. number 3 and Fusarium sp. FIESC 2,) completely inhibited germination, whereas 4 caused no reduction in germination. Root lesions induced by all 12 isolates were greater than the uninoculated negative control. Additional variation among the isolates was reflected in differences (α = 0.05) in lesion lengths, which ranged from 34 to 67% of total root length. This is the first report characterizing FIESC and FSAMSC isolates from soybean roots in Ethiopia and Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen L Hartman
- 1United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) and Department of Crop Sciences, National Soybean Research Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801-4733
| | - Susan P McCormick
- 2Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604-3999
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- 2Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604-3999
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12
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Gunter AB, Hermans A, Bosnich W, Johnson DA, Harris LJ, Gleddie S. Protein engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae transporter Pdr5p identifies key residues that impact Fusarium mycotoxin export and resistance to inhibition. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:979-991. [PMID: 27263049 PMCID: PMC5221463 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal infection by the broad host range fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum is a significant global agricultural and food safety issue due to the deposition of mycotoxins within infected grains. Methods to study the intracellular effects of mycotoxins often use the baker's yeast model system (Saccharomyces cerevisiae); however, this organism has an efficient drug export network known as the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) network, which consists of a family of multidrug exporters. This study describes the first study that has evaluated the potential involvement of all known or putative ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters from the PDR network in exporting the F. graminearum trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15A-DON) from living yeast cells. We found that Pdr5p appears to be the only transporter from the PDR network capable of exporting these mycotoxins. We engineered mutants of Pdr5p at two sites previously identified as important in determining substrate specificity and inhibitor susceptibility. These results indicate that it is possible to alter inhibitor insensitivity while maintaining the ability of Pdr5p to export the mycotoxins DON and 15A-DON, which may enable the development of resistance strategies to generate more Fusarium-tolerant crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Gunter
- Ottawa Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaOttawaONK1A 0C6Canada
- Ottawa‐Carleton Institute of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
| | - Anne Hermans
- Ottawa Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaOttawaONK1A 0C6Canada
| | - Whynn Bosnich
- Ottawa Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaOttawaONK1A 0C6Canada
| | - Douglas A. Johnson
- Ottawa‐Carleton Institute of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
| | - Linda J. Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaOttawaONK1A 0C6Canada
| | - Steve Gleddie
- Ottawa Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaOttawaONK1A 0C6Canada
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13
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Foroud NA, Shank RA, Kiss D, Eudes F, Hazendonk P. Solvent and Water Mediated Structural Variations in Deoxynivalenol and Their Potential Implications on the Disruption of Ribosomal Function. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1239. [PMID: 27582730 PMCID: PMC4987352 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease of cereal crops caused by trichothecene producing Fusarium species. Trichothecenes, macrocylicic fungal metabolites composed of three fused rings (A-C) with one epoxide functionality, are a class of mycotoxins known to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic ribosomes. These toxins accumulate in the kernels of infected plants rendering them unsuitable for human and animal consumption. Among the four classes of trichothecenes (A-D) A and B are associated with FHB, where the type B trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) is most relevant. While it is known that these toxins inhibit protein synthesis by disrupting peptidyl transferase activity, the exact mechanism of this inhibition is poorly understood. The three-dimensional structures and H-bonding behavior of DON were evaluated using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques. Comparisons of the NMR structure presented here with the recently reported crystal structure of DON bound in the yeast ribosome reveal insights into the possible toxicity mechanism of this compound. The work described herein identifies a water binding pocket in the core structure of DON, where the 3OH plays an important role in this interaction. These results provide preliminary insights into how substitution at C3 reduces trichothecene toxicity. Further investigations along these lines will provide opportunities to develop trichothecene remediation strategies based on the disruption of water binding interactions with 3OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Roxanne A. Shank
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas Kiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - François Eudes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Hazendonk
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
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14
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Li X, Shin S, Heinen S, Dill-Macky R, Berthiller F, Nersesian N, Clemente T, McCormick S, Muehlbauer GJ. Transgenic Wheat Expressing a Barley UDP-Glucosyltransferase Detoxifies Deoxynivalenol and Provides High Levels of Resistance to Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015. [PMID: 26214711 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-15-0062-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat that results in economic losses worldwide. During infection, F. graminearum produces trichothecene mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), that increase fungal virulence and reduce grain quality. Transgenic wheat expressing a barley UDP-glucosyltransferase (HvUGT13248) were developed and evaluated for FHB resistance, DON accumulation, and the ability to metabolize DON to the less toxic DON-3-O-glucoside (D3G). Point-inoculation tests in the greenhouse showed that transgenic wheat carrying HvUGT13248 exhibited significantly higher resistance to disease spread in the spike (type II resistance) compared with nontransformed controls. Two transgenic events displayed complete suppression of disease spread in the spikes. Expression of HvUGT13248 in transgenic wheat rapidly and efficiently conjugated DON to D3G, suggesting that the enzymatic rate of DON detoxification translates to type II resistance. Under field conditions, FHB severity was variable; nonetheless, transgenic events showed significantly less-severe disease phenotypes compared with the nontransformed controls. In addition, a seedling assay demonstrated that the transformed plants had a higher tolerance to DON-inhibited root growth than nontransformed plants. These results demonstrate the utility of detoxifying DON as a FHB control strategy in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- 1 Department of Plant Biology
| | | | - Shane Heinen
- 2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, and
| | - Ruth Dill-Macky
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Franz Berthiller
- 4 Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Natalya Nersesian
- 5 Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Clemente
- 5 Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Susan McCormick
- 6 USDA-ARS, Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Gary J Muehlbauer
- 1 Department of Plant Biology
- 2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, and
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15
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Transcriptome and allele specificity associated with a 3BL locus for Fusarium crown rot resistance in bread wheat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113309. [PMID: 25405461 PMCID: PMC4236173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium pathogens cause two major diseases in cereals, Fusarium crown rot (FCR) and head blight (FHB). A large-effect locus conferring resistance to FCR disease was previously located to chromosome arm 3BL (designated as Qcrs-3B) and several independent sets of near isogenic lines (NILs) have been developed for this locus. In this study, five sets of the NILs were used to examine transcriptional changes associated with the Qcrs-3B locus and to identify genes linked to the resistance locus as a step towards the isolation of the causative gene(s). Of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) detected between the NILs, 12.7% was located on the single chromosome 3B. Of the expressed genes containing SNP (SNP-EGs) detected, 23.5% was mapped to this chromosome. Several of the DEGs and SNP-EGs are known to be involved in host-pathogen interactions, and a large number of the DEGs were among those detected for FHB in previous studies. Of the DEGs detected, 22 were mapped in the Qcrs-3B interval and they included eight which were detected in the resistant isolines only. The enrichment of DEG, and not necessarily those containing SNPs between the resistant and susceptible isolines, around the Qcrs-3B locus is suggestive of local regulation of this region by the resistance allele. Functions for 13 of these DEGs are known. Of the SNP-EGs, 28 were mapped in the Qcrs-3B interval and biological functions for 16 of them are known. These results provide insights into responses regulated by the 3BL locus and identify a tractable number of target genes for fine mapping and functional testing to identify the causative gene(s) at this QTL.
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16
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Identification and differential induction of ABCG transporter genes in wheat cultivars challenged by a deoxynivalenol-producing Fusarium graminearum strain. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6181-94. [PMID: 24973883 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), predominantly caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease that poses a serious threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production worldwide. A suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA library was constructed from F. graminearum infected spikes of a resistant Belgian winter wheat, Centenaire, exhibiting Type II resistance to FHB in order to identify differentially expressed members of full-size ABCG family. Members of the ABCG family are pleiotropic drug transporters allowing the movement of structurally unrelated metabolites, including pathogens-derived virulent compounds, across biological membranes and could be potentially involved in resistance to plant pathogens. In this study, five new full-size ABCG transporter expressed sequence tags TaABCG2, TaABCG3, TaABCG4, TaABCG5 and TaABCG6 have been identified. Time-course gene expression profiling between the FHB resistant Centenaire and the susceptible Robigus genotype showed that the newly isolated transcripts were differentially expressed up to 72 h-post inoculation. The respective genes encoding these transcripts were mapped to corresponding wheat chromosomes or chromosomal arms known to harbor quantitative trait loci for FHB resistance. Interestingly, these ABCG transcripts were also induced by deoxynivalenol (DON) treatment of germinating wheat seeds and the toxin treatment inhibited root and hypocotyl growth. However, the hypocotyl of the FHB resistant cultivar Centenaire was less affected than that of the susceptible cultivar Robigus, reflecting more likely the genotype-dependent differential expression pattern of the identified ABCG genes. This work emphasizes the potential involvement of ABCG transporters in wheat resistance to FHB, at least in part through the detoxification of the pathogen-produced DON.
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17
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Suzuki T, Iwahashi Y. Comprehensive gene expression analysis of type B trichothecenes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9519-9527. [PMID: 22897823 DOI: 10.1021/jf3020975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Type B trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV), are secondary metabolites of Fusarium species and are major pollutants in food and feed products. Recently, the production trend of their derivatives, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), and 4-acetylnivalenol (4-AcNIV or fusarenon-X), has been changing in various regions worldwide. Although in vivo behavior has been reported, it is necessary to acquire more detailed information about these derivatives. Here, the yeast PDR5 mutant was used for toxicity evaluation, and the growth test revealed that DON, 15-AcDON, and 4-AcNIV had higher toxicity compared to 3-AcDON and NIV. 15-AcDON exerted the most significant gene expression changes, and cellular localization clustering exhibited repression of mitochondrial ribosomal genes. This study suggests that the toxicity trends of both DON products (DON and its derivatives) and NIV products (NIV and its derivatives) are similar to those observed in mammalian cells, with a notable toxic response to 15-AcDON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Suzuki
- Applied Microbiology Division, National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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18
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Foroud NA, McCormick SP, MacMillan T, Badea A, Kendra DF, Ellis BE, Eudes F. Greenhouse Studies Reveal Increased Aggressiveness of Emergent Canadian Fusarium graminearum Chemotypes in Wheat. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1271-1279. [PMID: 30727146 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-11-0863-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The role of Fusarium graminearum trichothecene-chemotypes in disease outcomes was evaluated by point inoculation in a series of wheat lines with different levels of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB). Four inocula, each consisting of a composite of four strains with either 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (ADON) chemotypes from "traditional" or emergent populations, a 3-ADON chemotype, or a nivalenol (NIV) chemotype, were compared. The evaluated wheat included Canadian lines with different levels of FHB resistance/susceptibility and double haploid lines developed from crosses of these lines. Highly resistant lines were resistant to infection by all of the F. graminearum chemotypes evaluated. In the moderately susceptible/resistant wheat lines, the 3-ADON producers and the emergent 15-ADON population were, in some instances, more aggressive and resulted in higher Fusarium damaged kernel scores and levels of trichothecene accumulation. The data presented in this study demonstrate the importance of growing highly resistant wheat cultivars in the current climate of an evolving F. graminearum population, and suggest that moderate levels of FHB resistance may not be sufficient to minimize trichothecene contamination of grain from F. graminearum-infected wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Foroud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Alberta T1J 4B1
| | - S P McCormick
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604
| | - T MacMillan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Alberta
| | - A Badea
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Alberta
| | - D F Kendra
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL
| | - B E Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4
| | - F Eudes
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Alberta
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19
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Ruocco M, Ambrosino P, Lanzuise S, Woo SL, Lorito M, Scala F. Four potato (Solanum tuberosum) ABCG transporters and their expression in response to abiotic factors and Phytophthora infestans infection. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:2225-33. [PMID: 21908070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pleiotropic drug resistant (PDR/ABCG) genes are involved in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this work, we cloned, from Solanum tuberosum, four PDR/ABCG transporter genes named StPDR1, StPDR2, StPDR3 and StPDR4, which were differentially expressed in plant tissues and cell cultures. A number of different chemically unrelated compounds were found to regulate the transcript levels of the four genes in cultured cells. In particular, StPDR2 was highly up-regulated in the presence of Botrytis cinerea cell walls, NaCl, 2,4-dichlorophenol, sclareol and α-solanin and biological compounds. The expression of the genes was also investigated by real time RT-PCR during infection by Phytophthora infestans. StPDR1 and StPDR2 were up-regulated about 13- and 37-fold at 48 h post-infection (hpi), StPDR3 was expressed (4-5-fold) at 24 and 48 hpi and then rapidly decreased, while StPDR4 RNA accumulation was stimulated (about 4-fold) at 12 and 24 hpi, decreased at 48 hpi and increased again at 96 hpi. We discuss the role of StPDR1-4 genes in response to pathogens and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelina Ruocco
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante CNR, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
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20
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Shank RA, Foroud NA, Hazendonk P, Eudes F, Blackwell BA. Current and future experimental strategies for structural analysis of trichothecene mycotoxins--a prospectus. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:1518-53. [PMID: 22295175 PMCID: PMC3268455 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal toxins, such as those produced by members of the order Hypocreales, have widespread effects on cereal crops, resulting in yield losses and the potential for severe disease and mortality in humans and livestock. Among the most toxic are the trichothecenes. Trichothecenes have various detrimental effects on eukaryotic cells including an interference with protein production and the disruption of nucleic acid synthesis. However, these toxins can have a wide range of toxicity depending on the system. Major differences in the phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of these mycotoxins are observed for individual members of the class, and variations in toxicity are observed among different species for each individual compound. Furthermore, while diverse toxicological effects are observed throughout the whole cellular system upon trichothecene exposure, the mechanism of toxicity is not well understood. In order to comprehend how these toxins interact with the cell, we must first have an advanced understanding of their structure and dynamics. The structural analysis of trichothecenes was a subject of major interest in the 1980s, and primarily focused on crystallographic and solution-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic studies. Recent advances in structural determination through solution- and solid-state NMR, as well as computation based molecular modeling is leading to a resurgent interest in the structure of these and other mycotoxins, with the focus shifting in the direction of structural dynamics. The purpose of this work is to first provide a brief overview of the structural data available on trichothecenes and a characterization of the methods commonly employed to obtain such information. A summary of the current understanding of the relationship between structure and known function of these compounds is also presented. Finally, a prospectus on the application of new emerging structural methods on these and other related systems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne A. Shank
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (N.A.F.)
- University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Nora A. Foroud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (N.A.F.)
| | - Paul Hazendonk
- University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - François Eudes
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (N.A.F.)
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21
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Khatibi PA, Montanti J, Nghiem NP, Hicks KB, Berger G, Brooks WS, Griffey CA, Schmale DG. Conversion of deoxynivalenol to 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol in barley-derived fuel ethanol co-products with yeast expressing trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferases. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2011; 4:26. [PMID: 21888629 PMCID: PMC3179442 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) may be concentrated in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; a co-product of fuel ethanol fermentation) when grain containing DON is used to produce fuel ethanol. Even low levels of DON (≤ 5 ppm) in DDGS sold as feed pose a significant threat to the health of monogastric animals. New and improved strategies to reduce DON in DDGS need to be developed and implemented to address this problem. Enzymes known as trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferases convert DON to 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON), and may reduce its toxicity in plants and animals. RESULTS Two Fusarium trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferases (FgTRI101 and FfTRI201) were cloned and expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) during a series of small-scale ethanol fermentations using barley (Hordeum vulgare). DON was concentrated 1.6 to 8.2 times in DDGS compared with the starting ground grain. During the fermentation process, FgTRI101 converted 9.2% to 55.3% of the DON to 3ADON, resulting in DDGS with reductions in DON and increases in 3ADON in the Virginia winter barley cultivars Eve, Thoroughbred and Price, and the experimental line VA06H-25. Analysis of barley mashes prepared from the barley line VA04B-125 showed that yeast expressing FfTRI201 were more effective at acetylating DON than those expressing FgTRI101; DON conversion for FfTRI201 ranged from 26.1% to 28.3%, whereas DON conversion for FgTRI101 ranged from 18.3% to 21.8% in VA04B-125 mashes. Ethanol yields were highest with the industrial yeast strain Ethanol Red®, which also consumed galactose when present in the mash. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential of using yeast expressing a trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase to modify DON during commercial fuel ethanol fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyum A Khatibi
- Virginia Tech, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Justin Montanti
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Nhuan P Nghiem
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Kevin B Hicks
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Greg Berger
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Wynse S Brooks
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Carl A Griffey
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - David G Schmale
- Virginia Tech, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Virginia Tech, USA
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22
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Biological detoxification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its use in genetically engineered crops and feed additives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:491-504. [PMID: 21691789 PMCID: PMC3136691 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the major mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi in grains. Food and feed contaminated with DON pose a health risk to humans and livestock. The risk can be reduced by enzymatic detoxification. Complete mineralization of DON by microbial cultures has rarely been observed and the activities turned out to be unstable. The detoxification of DON by reactions targeting its epoxide group or hydroxyl on carbon 3 is more feasible. Microbial strains that de-epoxidize DON under anaerobic conditions have been isolated from animal digestive system. Feed additives claimed to de-epoxidize trichothecenes enzymatically are on the market but their efficacy has been disputed. A new detoxification pathway leading to 3-oxo-DON and 3-epi-DON was discovered in taxonomically unrelated soil bacteria from three continents; the enzymes involved remain to be identified. Arabidopsis, tobacco, wheat, barley, and rice were engineered to acetylate DON on carbon 3. In wheat expressing DON acetylation activity, the increase in resistance against Fusarium head blight was only moderate. The Tri101 gene from Fusarium sporotrichioides was used; Fusarium graminearum enzyme which possesses higher activity towards DON would presumably be a better choice. Glycosylation of trichothecenes occurs in plants, contributing to the resistance of wheat to F. graminearum infection. Marker-assisted selection based on the trichothecene-3-O-glucosyltransferase gene can be used in breeding for resistance. Fungal acetyltransferases and plant glucosyltransferases targeting carbon 3 of trichothecenes remain promising candidates for engineering resistance against Fusarium head blight. Bacterial enzymes catalyzing oxidation, epimerization, and less likely de-epoxidation of DON may extend this list in future.
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Bioprospecting for trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferases in the fungal genus Fusarium yields functional enzymes with different abilities to modify the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:1162-70. [PMID: 21169453 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01738-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common contaminant of small grains, such as wheat and barley, in the United States. New strategies to mitigate the threat of DON need to be developed and implemented. TRI101 and TRI201 are trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferases that are able to modify DON and reduce its toxicity. Recent work has highlighted differences in the activities of TRI101 from two different species of Fusarium (F. graminearum and F. sporotrichioides), but little is known about the relative activities of TRI101/TRI201 enzymes produced by other species of Fusarium. We cloned TRI101 or TRI201 genes from seven different species of Fusarium and found genetic identity between sequences ranging from 66% to 98%. In vitro feeding studies using transformed yeast showed that all of the TRI101/TRI201 enzymes tested were able to acetylate DON; conversion of DON to 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON) ranged from 50.5% to 100.0%, depending on the Fusarium species from which the gene originated. A time course assay showed that the rate of acetylation varied from species to species, with the gene from F. sporotrichioides having the lowest rate. Steady-state kinetic assays using seven purified enzymes produced catalytic efficiencies for DON acetylation ranging from 6.8 × 10(4) M(-1)·s(-1) to 4.7 × 10(6) M(-1)·s(-1). Thermostability measurements for the seven orthologs ranged from 37.1°C to 43.2°C. Extended sequence analysis of portions of TRI101/TRI201 from 31 species of Fusarium (including known trichothecene producers and nonproducers) suggested that other members of the genus may contain functional TRI101/TRI201 genes, some with the potential to outperform those evaluated in the present study.
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Jia H, Cho S, Muehlbauer GJ. Transcriptome analysis of a wheat near-isogenic line pair carrying Fusarium head blight-resistant and -susceptible alleles. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:1366-78. [PMID: 19810806 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-11-1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum, decreases grain yield and quality in wheat and barley. Disease severity, deoxynivalenol (DON), fungal biomass, and transcript accumulation were examined in a wheat near-isogenic line pair carrying either the resistant or susceptible allele for the chromosome 3BS FHB-resistance quantitative trait locus (Fhb1). Fhb1 restricts spread of disease symptoms but does not provide resistance to initial infection or initial DON accumulation. Wheat exhibits both induction and repression of large sets of gene transcripts during F. graminearum infection. In addition, a difference in the general timing of transcript accumulation in plants carrying either the resistant or susceptible allele at the Fhb1 locus was detected, and 14 wheat gene transcripts were detected that exhibited accumulation differences between the resistant and susceptible alleles. These results indicate that these may be host responses that differentiate the resistant from the susceptible interaction. Comparative analysis of the wheat-F. graminearum and the barley-F. graminearum interactions revealed a large set of conserved transcript accumulation patterns. However, we also detected gene transcripts that were repressed in wheat but not in barley. Based on the disease symptoms, transcript accumulation data, and comparative analysis of the barley and wheat host response to F. graminearum infection, we developed an integrated model for the interactions of wheat and barley with F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jia
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Alexander N. The TRI101 story: engineering wheat and barley to resist Fusarium head blight. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2008. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.x004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum, is a major disease of wheat and barley in the United States and Canada. FHB epidemics have been on the increase since 1993 and have caused severe monetary damage for the growers and seed industry. Along with reduced yields, the presence of mycotoxins in moldy grain constitutes a major problem for the grain industry. These mycotoxins pose health hazards to humans and animals upon ingestion. The acute phytotoxicity of these mycotoxins and their occurrence in plant tissues correlates with their role in pathogenesis and the production of plant disease. Transgenic plants incorporating the Fusarium sporotrichioides Tri101 gene, a gene that reduces toxicity of trichothecenes, have reduced levels of disease, thus demonstrating that FHB severity and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation can be reduced in small grains by the introduction of a toxin-modification gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Alexander
- Mycotoxin Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, ARS, USDA, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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Boddu J, Cho S, Muehlbauer GJ. Transcriptome analysis of trichothecene-induced gene expression in barley. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:1364-1375. [PMID: 17977148 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-11-1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight, caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum, is a major disease problem on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Trichothecene mycotoxins produced by the fungus during infection increase the aggressiveness of the fungus and promote infection in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Loss-of-function mutations in the TRI5 gene in F. graminearum result in the inability to synthesize trichothecenes and in reduced virulence on wheat. We examined the impact of pathogen-derived trichothecenes on virulence and the transcriptional differences in barley spikes infected with a trichothecene-producing wild-type strain and a loss-of-function tri5 trichothecene nonproducing mutant. Disease severity, fungal biomass, and floret necrosis and bleaching were reduced in spikes inoculated with the tri5 mutant strain compared with the wild-type strain, indicating that the inability to synthesize trichothecenes results in reduced virulence in barley. We detected 63 transcripts that were induced during trichothecene accumulation, including genes encoding putative trichothecene detoxification and transport proteins, ubiquitination-related proteins, programmed cell death-related proteins, transcription factors, and cytochrome P450s. We also detected 414 gene transcripts that were designated as basal defense response genes largely independent of trichothecene accumulation. Our results show that barley exhibits a specific response to trichothecene accumulation that can be separated from the basal defense response. We propose that barley responds to trichothecene accumulation by inducing at least two general responses. One response is the induction of genes encoding trichothecene detoxification and transport activities that may reduce the impact of trichothecenes. The other response is to induce genes encoding proteins associated with ubiquitination and cell death which may promote successful establishment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanand Boddu
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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Garvey GS, McCormick SP, Rayment I. Structural and functional characterization of the TRI101 trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase from Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum: kinetic insights to combating Fusarium head blight. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:1660-1669. [PMID: 17923480 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705752200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a plant disease with serious economic and health impacts. It is caused by fungal species belonging to the genus Fusarium and the mycotoxins they produce. Although it has proved difficult to combat this disease, one strategy that has been examined is the introduction of an indigenous fungal protective gene into cereals such as wheat barley and rice. Thus far the gene of choice has been tri101 whose gene product catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A to the C3 hydroxyl moiety of several trichothecene mycotoxins. In vitro this has been shown to reduce the toxicity of the toxins by approximately 100-fold but has demonstrated limited resistance to FHB in transgenic cereal. To understand the molecular basis for the differences between in vitro and in vivo resistance the three-dimensional structures and kinetic properties of two TRI101 orthologs isolated from Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum have been determined. The kinetic results reveal important differences in activity of these enzymes toward B-type trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol. These differences in activity can be explained in part by the three-dimensional structures for the ternary complexes for both of these enzymes with coenzyme A and trichothecene mycotoxins. The structural and kinetic results together emphasize that the choice of an enzymatic resistance gene in transgenic crop protection strategies must take into account the kinetic profile of the selected protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme S Garvey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.
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Desjardins AE, McCormick SP, Appell M. Structure-activity relationships of trichothecene toxins in an Arabidopsis thaliana leaf assay. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:6487-92. [PMID: 17630765 DOI: 10.1021/jf0709193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Many Fusarium species produce trichothecenes, sesquiterpene epoxides that differ in patterns of oxygenation and esterification at carbon positions C-3, C-4, C-7, C-8, and C-15. For the first comprehensive and quantitative comparison of the effects of oxygenation and esterification on trichothecene phytotoxicity, we tested 24 precursors, intermediates, and end products of the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway in an Arabidopsis thaliana detached leaf assay. At 100 microM, the highest concentration tested, only the trichothecene precursor trichodiene was nontoxic. Among trichothecenes, toxicity varied more than 200-fold. Oxygenation at C-4, C-8, C-7/8, or C-15 was, on average, as likely to decrease as to increase toxicity. Esterification at C-4, C-8, or C-15 generally increased toxicity. Esterification at C-3 increased toxicity in one case and decreased toxicity in three of eight cases tested. Thus, the increase in structural complexity along the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway in Fusarium is not necessarily associated with an increase in phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Desjardins
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
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The Trichothecenes and Their Biosynthesis. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-49389-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ohsato S, Ochiai-Fukuda T, Nishiuchi T, Takahashi-Ando N, Koizumi S, Hamamoto H, Kudo T, Yamaguchi I, Kimura M. Transgenic rice plants expressing trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase show resistance to the Fusarium phytotoxin deoxynivalenol. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:531-8. [PMID: 17031651 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of small grain cereal crops caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. These fungi produce the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives, which enhance the disease development during their interactions with host plants. For the self-protection, the trichothecene producer Fusarium species have Tri101 encoding trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase. Although transgenic expression of Tri101 significantly reduced inhibitory action of DON on tobacco plants, there are several conflicting observations regarding the phytotoxicity of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) to cereal plants; 3-ADON was reported to be highly phytotoxic to wheat at low concentrations. To examine whether cereal plants show sufficient resistance to 3-ADON, we generated transgenic rice plants with stable expression and inheritance of Tri101. While root growth of wild-type rice plants was severely inhibited by DON in the medium, this fungal toxin was not phytotoxic to the transgenic lines that showed trichothecene 3-O-acetylation activity. This is the first report demonstrating the DON acetylase activity and DON-resistant phenotype of cereal plants expressing the fungal gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Ohsato
- Plant & Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit and Laboratory for Remediation Research, Discovery Research Institute and Plant Science Center, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Maier FJ, Miedaner T, Hadeler B, Felk A, Salomon S, Lemmens M, Kassner H, Schäfer W. Involvement of trichothecenes in fusarioses of wheat, barley and maize evaluated by gene disruption of the trichodiene synthase (Tri5) gene in three field isolates of different chemotype and virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2006; 7:449-461. [PMID: 20507460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2006.00351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Fusarium graminearum is the main causative agent of Fusarium head blight on small grain cereals and of ear rot on maize. The disease leads to dramatic yield losses and to an accumulation of mycotoxins. The most dominant F. graminearum mycotoxins are the trichothecenes, with deoxynivalenol and nivalenol being the most prevalent derivatives. To investigate the involvement of trichothecenes in the virulence of the pathogen, the gene coding for the initial enzyme of the trichothecene pathway was disrupted in three field isolates, differing in chemotype and in virulence. From each isolate three individual disruption mutants were tested for their virulence on wheat, barley and maize. Despite the different initial virulence of the three wild-type progenitor strains on wheat, all disruption mutants caused disease symptoms on the inoculated spikelet, but the symptoms did not spread into other spikelets. On barley, the trichothecene deficient mutants showed no significant difference compared to the wild-type strains: all were equally aggressive. On maize, mutants derived from the NIV-producing strain caused less disease than their wild-type progenitor strain, while mutants derived from DON-producing strains caused the same level of disease as their progenitor strains. These data demonstrate that trichothecenes influence the virulence of F. graminearum in a highly complex manner, which is strongly host as well as moderately chemotype specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Maier
- University of Hamburg, Center of Applied Molecular Biology of Plants, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
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Zhang DY, Krell PJ, Feng QL. Two lepidopteran cell lines stably transformed by the abc transporter gene pdr5 show tolerance to diacetoxyscirpenol. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2006; 42:27-32. [PMID: 16618208 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-006-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic drug resistance 5 gene (pdr5) encodes a multidrug membrane transporter and plays a very important role in the efflux of a broad range of chemicals in yeast cells. To study the possible function of pdr5 in insect cells, two stably pdr5-transformed lepidopteran insect cell lines, Sf21 and CF-203, were developed. Transcripts of pdr5 were detected in these two lines using Northern blotting and RT-PCR analysis. When cells were treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor diacetoxyscirpenol, the transformed Sf21 and CF-203 cell lines showed increased tolerance to this chemical. However, unlike in yeast cells, ecdysone agonist RH5992 could not be excluded by PDR5, probably because of low expression levels or imperfect incorporation of the recombinant protein in these transformed cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-Y Zhang
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, P6A 2E5
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Nishiuchi T, Masuda D, Nakashita H, Ichimura K, Shinozaki K, Yoshida S, Kimura M, Yamaguchi I, Yamaguchi K. Fusarium phytotoxin trichothecenes have an elicitor-like activity in Arabidopsis thaliana, but the activity differed significantly among their molecular species. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:512-20. [PMID: 16673938 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi such as Fusarium spp. synthesize trichothecene family phytotoxins. Although the type B trichothecene, deoxynivalenol (DON), is thought to be a virulence factor allowing infection of plants by their trichothecene-producing Fusarium spp., little is known about effects of trichothecenes on the defense response in host plants. Therefore, in this article, we investigated these effects of various trichothecenes in Fusarium-susceptible Arabidopsis thaliana. Necrotic lesions were observed in Arabidopsis leaves infiltrated by 1 microM type A trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin. Trichothecene-induced lesions exhibited dead cells, callose deposition, generation of hydrogen peroxide, and accumulation of salicylic acids. Moreover, infiltration by trichothecenes caused rapid and prolonged activation of two mitogen-activated protein kinases and induced expression of both PR-1 and PDF1.2 genes. Thus, type A trichothecenes trigger the cell death by activation of an elicitor-like signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Although DON did not have such an activity even at 10 microM, translational inhibition by DON was observed at concentrations above 5 microM. These results suggested that DON is capable of inhibiting translation in Arabidopsis cells without induction of the elicitor-like signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan.
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Upchurch RG, Rose MS, Eweida M, Zuo W. Expression of the cercosporin transporter, CFP, in tobacco reduces frog-eye lesion size. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:1543-50. [PMID: 16245172 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-1780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The cercosporin Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporter, CFP, under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, was introduced into the Xanthi cultivar of tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. CFP(+) transgenic plants were physically indistinguishable from non-transgenic Xanthi and progressed normally through growth to seed set. Accumulation of CFP in the leaf membrane fraction of CFP(+ )transgenic plants was associated with decreased cercosporin phytotoxicity. Frog-eye leaf lesions on CFP(+ )transgenic plants infected with Cercospora nicotianae conidia were smaller but were similar in number to those on non-transgenic plants. We conclude that transgenic expression of CFP may have relevance for a disease control strategy in Cercospora-plant pathosystems where cercosporin is implicated in pathogen virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Upchurch
- Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Di R, Tumer NE. Expression of a truncated form of ribosomal protein L3 confers resistance to pokeweed antiviral protein and the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2005; 18:762-70. [PMID: 16134888 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-18-0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of important agricultural products such as wheat, barley, or maize with the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) due to infection with Fusarium species is a worldwide problem. Trichothecenes inhibit protein synthesis by targeting ribosomal protein L3. Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a ribosome-inactivating protein binds to L3 to depurinate the alpha-sarcin/loop of the large rRNA. Plants transformed with the wild-type PAP show lesions and express very low levels of PAP because PAP autoregulates its expression by destabilizing its own mRNA. We show here that transgenic tobacco plants expressing both the wild-type PAP and a truncated form of yeast L3 (L3delta) are phenotypically normal. PAP mRNA and protein levels are very high in these plants, indicating that L3delta suppresses the autoregulation of PAP mRNA expression. Ribosomes are not depurinated in the transgenic plants expressing PAP and L3delta, even though PAP is associated with ribosomes. The expression of the endogenous tobacco ribosomal protein L3 is up-regulated in these plants and they are resistant to the Fusarium mycotoxin DON. These results demonstrate that expression of an N-terminal fragment of yeast L3 leads to trans-dominant resistance to PAP and the trichothecene mycotoxin DON, providing evidence that both toxins target L3 by a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Di
- Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
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Zwiers LH, Stergiopoulos I, Gielkens MMC, Goodall SD, De Waard MA. ABC transporters of the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola function as protectants against biotic and xenobiotic toxic compounds. Mol Genet Genomics 2003; 269:499-507. [PMID: 12768412 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-003-0855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2003] [Accepted: 04/25/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the role of five ABC transporter genes (MgAtr to MgAtr5) from the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola in multidrug resistance (MDR). Complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with the ABC transporter genes from M. graminicola showed that all the genes tested encode proteins that provide protection against chemically unrelated compounds, indicating that their products function as multidrug transporters with distinct but overlapping substrate specificities. Their substrate range in yeast includes fungicides, plant metabolites, antibiotics, and a mycotoxin derived from Fusarium graminearum (diacetoxyscirpenol). Transformants of M. graminicola in which individual ABC transporter genes were deleted or disrupted did not exhibit clear-cut phenotypes, probably due to the functional redundancy of transporters with overlapping substrate specificity. Independently generated MgAtr5 deletion mutants of M. graminicola showed an increase in sensitivity to the putative wheat defence compound resorcinol and to the grape phytoalexin resveratrol, suggesting a role for this transporter in protecting the fungus against plant defence compounds. Bioassays with antagonistic bacteria indicated that MgAtr2 provides protection against metabolites produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Burkholderia cepacia. In summary, our results show that ABC transporters from M. graminicola play a role in protection against toxic compounds of natural and artificial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-H Zwiers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8025, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cleveland TE, Dowd PF, Desjardins AE, Bhatnagar D, Cotty PJ. United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on pre-harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in US crops. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2003; 59:629-642. [PMID: 12846313 DOI: 10.1002/ps.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economically relevant mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt mycotoxin biosynthesis. This research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious mycotoxin outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Cleveland
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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Duffy B, Schouten A, Raaijmakers JM. Pathogen self-defense: mechanisms to counteract microbial antagonism,. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2003; 41:501-538. [PMID: 12730392 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural and agricultural ecosystems harbor a wide variety of microorganisms that play an integral role in plant health, crop productivity, and preservation of multiple ecosystem functions. Interactions within and among microbial communities are numerous and range from synergistic and mutualistic to antagonistic and parasitic. Antagonistic and parasitic interactions have been exploited in the area of biological control of plant pathogenic microorganisms. To date, biocontrol is typically viewed from the perspective of how antagonists affect pathogens. This review examines the other face of this interaction: how plant pathogens respond to antagonists and how this can affect the efficacy of biocontrol. Just as microbial antagonists utilize a diverse arsenal of mechanisms to dominate interactions with pathogens, pathogens have surprisingly diverse responses to counteract antagonism. These responses include detoxification, repression of biosynthetic genes involved in biocontrol, active efflux of antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance. Understanding pathogen self-defense mechanisms for coping with antagonist assault provides a novel approach to improving the durability of biologically based disease control strategies and has implications for the deployment of transgenes (microorganisms or plants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brion Duffy
- Swiss Federal Research Center for Fruit Production, Viticulture and Horticulture, FAW, Postfach 185, CH-8820 Wadenswil, Switzerland.
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Higa A, Kimura M, Mimori K, Ochiai-Fukuda T, Tokai T, Takahashi-Ando N, Nishiuchi T, Igawa T, Fujimura M, Hamamoto H, Usami R, Yamaguchi I. Expression in cereal plants of genes that inactivate Fusarium mycotoxins. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2003; 67:914-8. [PMID: 12784641 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (encoded by Tri101) inactivates the virulence factor of the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Zearalenone hydrolase (encoded by zhd101) detoxifies the oestrogenic mycotoxin produced by the same pathogen. These genes were introduced into a model monocotyledon rice plant to evaluate their usefulness for decontamination of mycotoxins. The strong and constitutive rice Act1 promoter did not cause accumulation of TRI101 protein in transgenic rice plants. In contrast, the same promoter was suitable for transgenic production of ZHD101 protein; so far, five promising T0 plants have been generated. Low transgenic expression of Tri101 was suggested to be increased by addition of an omega enhancer sequence upstream of the start codon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Higa
- Laboratory for Remediation Research, Plant Science Center, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Goossens A, Häkkinen ST, Laakso I, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Inzé D. Secretion of secondary metabolites by ATP-binding cassette transporters in plant cell suspension cultures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:1161-4. [PMID: 12644666 PMCID: PMC1540296 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.016329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Ward TJ, Bielawski JP, Kistler HC, Sullivan E, O'Donnell K. Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:9278-83. [PMID: 12080147 PMCID: PMC123131 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.142307199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi within the Fusarium graminearum species complex (Fg complex) are the primary etiological agents of Fusarium head blight (scab) of wheat and barley. Scab is an economically devastating plant disease that greatly limits grain yield and quality. In addition, scabby grain is often contaminated with trichothecene mycotoxins that act as virulence factors on some hosts, and pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. Strain-specific differences in trichothecene metabolite profiles (chemotypes) are not well correlated with the Fg complex phylogeny based on genealogical concordance at six single-copy nuclear genes. To examine the basis for this discord between species and toxin evolution, a 19-kb region of the trichothecene gene cluster was sequenced in 39 strains chosen to represent the global genetic diversity of species in the Fg complex and four related species of Fusarium. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that polymorphism within these virulence-associated genes is transspecific and appears to have been maintained by balancing selection acting on chemotype differences that originated in the ancestor of this important group of plant pathogens. Chemotype-specific differences in selective constraint and evidence of adaptive evolution within trichothecene genes are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Ward
- Microbial Genomics and Bioprocessing Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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