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Liu Y, Qin Z, Wang C, Jiang Z. N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-based oligosaccharides from chitin: Enzymatic production, characterization and biological activities. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:121019. [PMID: 37230627 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer, possesses diverse applications in the food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries due to its functional properties. However, the potential applications of chitin are limited owing to its high crystallinity and low solubility. N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides and lacto-N-triose II, the two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides, can be obtained from chitin by enzymatic methods. With their lower molecular weights and improved solubility, these two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides display more various beneficial health effects when compared to chitin. Among their abilities, they have exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, and plant elicitor activities as well as immunomodulatory and prebiotic effects, which suggests they have the potential to be utilized as food additives, functional daily supplements, drug precursors, elicitors for plants, and prebiotics. This review comprehensively covers the enzymatic methods used for the two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides production from chitin by chitinolytic enzymes. Moreover, current advances in the structural characterization and biological activities of these two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides are summarized in the review. We also highlight current problems in the production of these oligosaccharides and trends in their development, aiming to offer some directions for producing functional oligosaccharides from chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Baoshan District, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Boamah PO, Onumah J, Aduguba WO, Santo KG. Application of depolymerized chitosan in crop production: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123858. [PMID: 36871686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, chitosan (CHT) is well known for its uses, particularly in veterinary and agricultural fields. However, chitosan's uses suffer greatly due to its extremely solid crystalline structure, it is insoluble at pH levels above or equal to 7. This has sped up the process of derivatizing and depolymerizing it into low molecular weight chitosan (LMWCHT). As a result of its diverse physicochemical as well as biological features which include antibacterial activity, non-toxicity, and biodegradability, LMWCHT has evolved into new biomaterials with extremely complex functions. The most important physicochemical and biological property is antibacterial, which has some degree of industrialization today. CHT and LMWCHT have potential due to the antibacterial and plant resistance-inducing properties when applied in crop production. This study has highlighted the many advantages of chitosan derivatives as well as the most recent studies on low molecular weight chitosan applications in crop development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Osei Boamah
- Department of Ecological Agriculture, Bolgatanga Technical University, Bolgatanga, Ghana.
| | - Jacqueline Onumah
- Department of Ecological Agriculture, Bolgatanga Technical University, Bolgatanga, Ghana
| | | | - Kwadwo Gyasi Santo
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Production, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Ghana
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3
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Riseh RS, Hassanisaadi M, Vatankhah M, Babaki SA, Barka EA. Chitosan as a potential natural compound to manage plant diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:998-1009. [PMID: 35988725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The necessity for non-chemical approaches has grown as awareness of the dangers posed by pesticides has spread. Chitosan, due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity is one the effective choice in phytopathology. Chitosan is a biopolymer that reduces plant diseases through two main mechanisms: (1) Direct antimicrobial function against pathogens, including plasma membrane damage mechanisms, interactions with DNA and RNA (electrostatic interactions), metal chelating capacity, and deposition onto the microbial surface, (2) Induction of plant defense responses resulting from downstream signalling, transcription factor activation, gene transcription and finally cellular activation after recognition and binding of chitin and chitosan by cell surface receptors. This biopolymer have potential with capability to combating fungi, bacteria, and viruses phythopathogens. Chitosan is synthesized by deacetylating chitin. The degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of chitosan are variable and have been mentioned as important structural parameters in chitosan's biological properties. Chitosan with a higher degree of deacetylation (>70 %) has better biological properties. Many crops able to withstand pre- and post-harvest illnesses better after receiving chitosan as a seed treatment, soil amendment, or foliar spray. This review discussed the properties and use of chitosan and focuses on its application as a plant resistance inducer against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Imam Khomeini Square, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran.
| | - Mohadeseh Hassanisaadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Imam Khomeini Square, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 7618411764, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Vatankhah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Imam Khomeini Square, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran
| | - Somayeh Abdani Babaki
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Imam Khomeini Square, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Induced Resistance and Plant BioProtection Research Unit, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707-USC INRAeE1488, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France.
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van Leeuwe TM, Arentshorst M, Punt PJ, Ram AF. Interrogation of the cell wall integrity pathway in Aspergillus niger identifies a putative negative regulator of transcription involved in chitin deposition. Gene 2021; 763S:100028. [PMID: 32550555 PMCID: PMC7285910 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-fermentation fungal biomass waste provides a viable source for chitin. Cell wall chitin of filamentous fungi, and in particular its de-N-acetylated derivative chitosan, has a wide range of commercial applications. Although the cell wall of filamentous fungi comprises 10–30% chitin, these yields are too low for cost-effective production. Therefore, we aimed to identify the genes involved in increased chitin deposition by screening a collection of UV-derived cell wall mutants in Aspergillus niger. This screen revealed a mutant strain (RD15.4#55) that showed a 30–40% increase in cell wall chitin compared to the wild type. In addition to the cell wall chitin phenotype, this strain also exhibited sensitivity to SDS and produces an unknown yellow pigment. Genome sequencing combined with classical genetic linkage analysis identified two mutated genes on chromosome VII that were linked with the mutant phenotype. Single gene knockouts and subsequent complementation analysis revealed that an 8 bp deletion in NRRL3_09595 is solely responsible for the associated phenotypes of RD15.4#55. The mutated gene, which was named cwcA (cell wall chitin A), encodes an orthologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bypass of ESS1 (BYE1), a negative regulator of transcription elongation. We propose that this conserved fungal protein is involved in preventing cell wall integrity signaling under non-inducing conditions, where loss of function results in constitutive activation of the cell wall stress response pathway, and consequently leads to increased chitin content in the mutant cell wall. An Aspergillus niger UV-mutant with increased cell wall chitin was characterized. Causative mutation was identified in a single gene, named cell wall chitin A (cwcA). CwcA is orthologous to yeast Bye1p and exists as a single copy gene. Three relevant domains are found in both CwcA and Bye1p: PHD, TFIIS and SPOC. CwcA acts as negative regulator of CWI signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M. van Leeuwe
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Arentshorst
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Punt
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
- Dutch DNA Biotech, Hugo R Kruytgebouw 4-Noord, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur F.J. Ram
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author at: Leiden University, Institute of Biology, Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands.
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5
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Pasin TM, de Oliveira TB, Scarcella ASDA, Polizeli MDLTDM, Guazzaroni ME. Perspectives on Expanding the Repertoire of Novel Microbial Chitinases for Biological Control. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3284-3288. [PMID: 33720714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interest in chitin-degrading enzymes has grown over the years, and microbial chitinases are the most attractive and promising candidates for the control of plant pests (fungi and insects). Currently, there are many studies on chitinases produced by cultivable microorganisms; however, almost none of them have achieved acceptable applicability as a biopesticide in the field. Approximately 99% of the microorganisms from soil cannot be isolated by conventional culture-dependent methods, thus having an enormous biotechnological/genetic potential to be explored. On the basis of this, the present paper aims to provide a brief overview of the metagenomic opportunities that have been emerging and allowing access to the biochemical potential of uncultivable microorganisms through the direct mining of DNA sequences recovered from the environment. This work also shortly discussed the future perspectives of functional and sequence-based metagenomic approaches for the identification of new chitinase-coding genes with potential for applications in several agricultural and biotechnological industries, especially in biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Machado Pasin
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Tássio Brito de Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Sílvia de Almeida Scarcella
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - María-Eugenia Guazzaroni
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
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Li K, Xing R, Liu S, Li P. Chitin and Chitosan Fragments Responsible for Plant Elicitor and Growth Stimulator. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12203-12211. [PMID: 33095004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan are natural polysaccharides with huge application potential in agriculture, such as promoting plant growth, eliciting plant resistance against biotic and abiotic stress, and activating symbiotic signaling between plants and beneficial microorganisms. Chitin and chitosan offer a sustainable alternative for future crop production. The bioactivities of chitin and chitosan closely depend on their structural factors, including molecular size, degree of acetylation, and pattern of acetylation. It is of great significance to identify the key fragments in chitin and chitosan chains that are responsible for these agricultural bioactivities. Herein, we review the recent progress in the structure-function relationship of chitin and chitosan in the field of agriculture application. The preparation of chitin and chitosan fragments and their action mode for plant protection and growth are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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7
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Huarancca Reyes T, Scartazza A, Pompeiano A, Ciurli A, Lu Y, Guglielminetti L, Yamaguchi J. Nitrate Reductase Modulation in Response to Changes in C/N Balance and Nitrogen Source in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1248-1254. [PMID: 29860377 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental cues modulate the balance of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) which are essential elements for plant metabolism and growth. In Arabidopsis, photochemical efficiency of PSII, phosphorylation status and localization of many enzymes, and the level of total soluble sugars were affected by an unbalanced C/N ratio. Since differences in C/N affect these parameters, here we checked whether different sources of N have different effects when a high C/N ratio is imposed. NO3- and NH4+ were separately provided in C/N medium. We investigated the effects on photochemical efficiency of PSII, the level of total soluble sugars and nitrate reductase activity under stressful C/N conditions compared with control conditions. We found that treated plants accumulated more total soluble sugars when compared with control. Photochemical efficiency of PSII did not show significant differences between the two sources of nitrogen after 24 h. The actual nitrate reductase activity was the result of a combination of activity, activation state and protein level. This activity constantly decreased starting from time zero in control conditions; in contrast, the actual nitrate reductase activity showed a peak at 2 h after treatment with NO3-, and at 30 min with NH4+. This, according to the level of total soluble sugars, can be explained by the existence of a cross-talk between the sugars in excess and low nitrate in the medium that blocks the activity of nitrate reductase in stressful sugar conditions until the plant is adapted to the stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Huarancca Reyes
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo Scalo, RM 00016, Italy
| | - Antonio Pompeiano
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Ciurli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Yu Lu
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | | | - Junji Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
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8
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Li K, Xing R, Liu S, Li P. Advances in preparation, analysis and biological activities of single chitooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 139:178-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Ueda Y, Frimpong F, Qi Y, Matthus E, Wu L, Höller S, Kraska T, Frei M. Genetic dissection of ozone tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by a genome-wide association study. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:293-306. [PMID: 25371505 PMCID: PMC4265164 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone causes various negative effects on plants and affects the yield and quality of agricultural crops. Here, we report a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) to determine candidate loci associated with ozone tolerance. A diversity panel consisting of 328 accessions representing all subgroups of O. sativa was exposed to ozone stress at 60 nl l(-1) for 7h every day throughout the growth season, or to control conditions. Averaged over all genotypes, ozone significantly affected biomass-related traits (plant height -1.0%, shoot dry weight -15.9%, tiller number -8.3%, grain weight -9.3%, total panicle weight -19.7%, single panicle weight -5.5%) and biochemical/physiological traits (symptom formation, SPAD value -4.4%, foliar lignin content +3.4%). A wide range of genotypic variance in response to ozone stress were observed in all phenotypes. Association mapping based on more than 30 000 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers yielded 16 significant markers throughout the genome by applying a significance threshold of P<0.0001. Furthermore, by determining linkage disequilibrium blocks associated with significant SNPs, we gained a total of 195 candidate genes for these traits. The following sequence analysis revealed a number of novel polymorphisms in two candidate genes for the formation of visible leaf symptoms, a RING and an EREBP gene, both of which are involved in cell death and stress defence reactions. This study demonstrated substantial natural variation of responses to ozone in rice and the possibility of using GWAS in elucidating the genetic factors underlying ozone tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ueda
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Frimpong
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yitao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Elsa Matthus
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Linbo Wu
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Höller
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kraska
- Campus Klein-Altendorf, University of Bonn, Klein-Altendorf 2, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Michael Frei
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Nishizawa Y, Mochizuki S, Koiwai H, Kondo K, Kishimoto K, Katoh E, Minami E. Rice ubiquitin ligase EL5 prevents root meristematic cell death under high nitrogen conditions and interacts with a cytosolic GAPDH. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e990801. [PMID: 25807209 PMCID: PMC4623351 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.990801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Root formation in rice transformants overexpressing mutated EL5 (mEL5) was severely inhibited because of meristematic cell death. Cell death was caused by nitrogen sources, particularly nitrate forms, in the culture medium. Nitrite treatment increased the cytokinin contents in roots, but mEL5 contained more cytokinins than non-transformants. Transcriptome profiling showed overlaps between nitrite-responsive genes in non-transformants and genes with altered expression in untreated mEL5. These results indicate that impairment of EL5 function activates nitrogen signaling despite the absence of a nitrogen source. Physical interaction between the EL5 C-terminal region and a cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, OsGapC2, was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Elucidation of the role of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in oxidative cell death in plants is expected in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nishizawa
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences; Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Susumu Mochizuki
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences; Tsukuba, Japan
- Currently at Graduate School and Faculty of Agriculture; Kagawa University; Miki, Japan
| | - Hanae Koiwai
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences; Tsukuba, Japan
- Currently at Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences; Kitasato University; Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kondo
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences; Tsukuba, Japan
- Currently at JIRCAS; Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kyutaro Kishimoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences; Tsukuba, Japan
- Currently at NARO Institute of Floricultural Science; Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Etsuko Katoh
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences; Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eiichi Minami
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences; Tsukuba, Japan
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11
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A Review of the Applications of Chitin and Its Derivatives in Agriculture to Modify Plant-Microbial Interactions and Improve Crop Yields. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy3040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Marino D, Peeters N, Rivas S. Ubiquitination during plant immune signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:15-27. [PMID: 22689893 PMCID: PMC3440193 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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13
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Maekawa S, Sato T, Asada Y, Yasuda S, Yoshida M, Chiba Y, Yamaguchi J. The Arabidopsis ubiquitin ligases ATL31 and ATL6 control the defense response as well as the carbon/nitrogen response. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:217-27. [PMID: 22481162 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, the metabolism of carbon (C) and nitrogen nutrients (N) is mutually regulated and referred to as the C and N balance (C/N). Plants are thus able to optimize their growth depending on their cellular C/N status. Arabidopsis ATL31 and ATL6 encode a RING-type ubiquitin ligases which play a critical role in the C/N status response (Sato et al. in Plant J 60:852-864, 2009). Since many ATL members are involved in the plant defense response, the present study evaluated whether the C/N response regulators ATL31 and ATL6 are involved in defense responses. Our results confirmed that ATL31 and ATL6 expression is up-regulated with the microbe-associated molecular patterns elicitors flg22 and chitin as well as with infections with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst. DC3000). Moreover, transgenic plants overexpressing ATL31 and ATL6 displayed increased resistance to Pst. DC3000. In accordance with these data, loss of ATL31 and ATL6 function in an atl31 atl6 double knockout mutant resulted in reduced resistance to Pst. DC3000. In addition, the molecular cross-talk between C/N and the defense response was investigated by mining public databases. The analysis identified the transcription factors MYB51 and WRKY33, which are involved in the defense response, and their transcripts levels correlate closely with ATL31 and ATL6. Further study demonstrated that the expression of ATL31, ATL6 and defense marker genes including MYB51 and WRKY33 were regulated by C/N conditions. Taken together, these results indicate that ATL31 and ATL6 function as key components of both C/N regulation and the defense response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Maekawa
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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14
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Sato T, Maekawa S, Yasuda S, Domeki Y, Sueyoshi K, Fujiwara M, Fukao Y, Goto DB, Yamaguchi J. Identification of 14-3-3 proteins as a target of ATL31 ubiquitin ligase, a regulator of the C/N response in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:137-46. [PMID: 21668537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The balance between carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) availability is an important determinant for various phases of plant growth; however, the detailed mechanisms regulating the C/N response are not well understood. We previously described two related ubiquitin ligases, ATL31 and ATL6, that function in the C/N response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we used FLAG tag affinity purification and MS analysis to identify proteins targeted by ATL31, and thus likely to be involved in regulating the phase transition checkpoint based on C/N status. This analysis revealed that 14-3-3 proteins were associated with ATL31, and one of these, 14-3-3χ, was selected for detailed characterization. The interaction between ATL31 and 14-3-3χ was confirmed by yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation analyses. In vitro assays showed that ubiquitination of 14-3-3χ is catalyzed by ATL31. Degradation of 14-3-3χin vivo was shown to be correlated with ATL31 activity, and to occur in a proteasome-dependent manner. Furthermore, 14-3-3 protein accumulation was induced by a shift to high-C/N stress conditions in Arabidopsis seedlings, and this regulated response required both ATL31 and ATL6. It was also shown that over-expression of 14-3-3χ leads to hypersensitivity of Arabidopsis seedlings to C/N stress conditions. These results indicate that ATL31 targets and ubiquitinates 14-3-3 proteins for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system during the response to cellular C/N status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Sato
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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15
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Sato T, Maekawa S, Yasuda S, Yamaguchi J. Carbon and nitrogen metabolism regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1465-8. [PMID: 21897122 PMCID: PMC3256372 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.10.17343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a unique protein degradation mechanism conserved in the eukaryotic cell. In addition to the control of protein quality, UPS regulates diverse cellular signal transduction via the fine-tuning of target protein degradation. Protein ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome are involved in almost all aspects of plant growth and development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recent studies reveal that the UPS plays an essential role in adaptation to carbon and nitrogen availability in plants. Here we highlight ubiquitin ligase ATL31 and the homologue ATL6 target 14-3-3 proteins for ubiquitylation to be degraded, which control signaling for carbon and nitrogen metabolisms and C/N balance response. We also give an overview of the UPS function involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Sato
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Park JJ, Yi J, Yoon J, Cho LH, Ping J, Jeong HJ, Cho SK, Kim WT, An G. OsPUB15, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, functions to reduce cellular oxidative stress during seedling establishment. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:194-205. [PMID: 21223385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant U-box (PUB) protein functions as an E3 ligase to poly-ubiquitinate a target protein for its degradation or post-translational modification. Here, we report functional roles for OsPUB15, which encodes a cytosolic U-box protein in the class-II PUB family. Self-ubiquitination assays showed that bacterially expressed MBP-OsPUB15 protein has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. A T-DNA insertional mutation in OsPUB15 caused severe growth retardation and a seedling-lethal phenotype. Mutant seeds did not produce primary roots, and their shoot development was significantly delayed. Transgenic plants expressing the OsPUB15 antisense transcript phenocopied these mutant characters. The abnormal phenotypes were partially rescued by two antioxidants, catechin and ascorbic acid. Germinating seeds in the dark also recovered the rootless defect. Levels of H2O2 and oxidized proteins were higher in the knock-out mutant compared with the wild type. OsPUB15 transcript levels were increased upon H2O2, salt and drought stresses; plants overexpressing the gene grew better than the wild type under high salinity. These results indicate that PUB15 is a regulator that reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Jin Park
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Ni X, Tian Z, Liu J, Song B, Xie C. Cloning and molecular characterization of the potato RING finger protein gene StRFP1 and its function in potato broad-spectrum resistance against Phytophthora infestans. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:488-96. [PMID: 20042252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Really interesting new gene (RING) finger proteins function as ubiquitin ligase and play key roles in biotic and abiotic stresses. A new RING-H2 finger protein gene, StRFP1, was cloned from Phytophthora infestans-inoculated leaves of potato (Solanum tuberosum) clone 386209.10, which is free of R1-R11 genes. The deduced amino acid sequence was characterized by an N-terminal transmembrane domain, a GLD region and a RING-H2 finger signature. StRFP1 is homologous to the tobacco NtACRE132 protein and belongs to the ATL family. The DNA gel blot analysis and mapping revealed that StRFP1, an intron-free gene, had one to two copies in the potato genome and was located on chromosome 3. RT-PCR assays showed that StRFP1 was constitutively expressed in potato plants and significantly induced in detached potato leaves by P. infestans and plant defense-related signal molecules, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate. Transient expression studies revealed that StRFP1 fused with GFP localized to the plasma membrane or out of that in onion epidermal cells. The function of StRFP1 in potato resistance against late blight was further investigated by constructing overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) vectors, which were introduced into potato cv. E-potato 3, respectively. By challenging the detached leaves with mixture races of P. infestans, all of the StRFP1-overexpressing plants displayed slower disease development than non-transformed controls in terms of the lesion growth rate (LGR). In contrast, StRFP1-silencing plants through RNAi were more susceptible to pathogen infection. The present results demonstrate that StRFP1 contributes to broad-spectrum resistance against P. infestans in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
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El Hadrami A, Adam LR, El Hadrami I, Daayf F. Chitosan in plant protection. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:968-87. [PMID: 20479963 PMCID: PMC2866471 DOI: 10.3390/md8040968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan are naturally-occurring compounds that have potential in agriculture with regard to controlling plant diseases. These molecules were shown to display toxicity and inhibit fungal growth and development. They were reported to be active against viruses, bacteria and other pests. Fragments from chitin and chitosan are known to have eliciting activities leading to a variety of defense responses in host plants in response to microbial infections, including the accumulation of phytoalexins, pathogen-related (PR) proteins and proteinase inhibitors, lignin synthesis, and callose formation. Based on these and other proprieties that help strengthen host plant defenses, interest has been growing in using them in agricultural systems to reduce the negative impact of diseases on yield and quality of crops. This review recapitulates the properties and uses of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives, and will focus on their applications and mechanisms of action during plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbasset El Hadrami
- University of Manitoba, Department of Plant Science, 222, Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; E-Mail:
(A.E.);
(L.R.A.)
| | - Lorne R. Adam
- University of Manitoba, Department of Plant Science, 222, Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; E-Mail:
(A.E.);
(L.R.A.)
| | - Ismail El Hadrami
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies, Protection et Valorisation des Ressources Végétales (Biotec-VRV), Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, B.P. 2390, 40 000, Marrakech, Morocco; E-Mail:
(I.E.)
| | - Fouad Daayf
- University of Manitoba, Department of Plant Science, 222, Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; E-Mail:
(A.E.);
(L.R.A.)
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Mukoko Bopopi J, Vandeputte OM, Himanen K, Mol A, Vaessen Q, El Jaziri M, Baucher M. Ectopic expression of PtaRHE1, encoding a poplar RING-H2 protein with E3 ligase activity, alters plant development and induces defence-related responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:297-310. [PMID: 19892745 PMCID: PMC2791127 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
RING (really interesting new gene)-H2 domain-containing proteins are widely represented in plants and play important roles in the regulation of many developmental processes as well as in plant-environment interactions. In the present report, experiments were performed to unravel the role of the poplar gene PtaRHE1, coding for a RING-H2 protein. In vitro ubiquitination assays indicate a functional E3 ligase activity for PtaRHE1 with the specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5a. The overexpression of PtaRHE1 in tobacco resulted in a pleiotropic phenotype characterized by a curling of the leaves, the formation of necrotic lesions on leaf blades, growth retardation, and a delay in floral transition. The plant gene expression response to PtaRHE1 overexpression provided evidence for the up-regulation of defence- and/or programmed cell death-related genes. Moreover, genes coding for WRKY transcription factors as well as for mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), were also found to be induced in the transgenic lines as compared with the wild type. In addition, histochemical beta-glucuronidase staining showed that the PtaRHE1 promoter is induced by plant pathogens and by elicitors such as salicylic acid and cellulase. Taken together, these results suggest that the E3 ligase PtaRHE1 plays a role in the ubiquitination-mediated regulation of defence response, possibly by acting upstream of WIPK and/or in the activation of WRKY factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Mukoko Bopopi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Olivier M. Vandeputte
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Kristiina Himanen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Adeline Mol
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Quentin Vaessen
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Mondher El Jaziri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marie Baucher
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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Sato T, Maekawa S, Yasuda S, Sonoda Y, Katoh E, Ichikawa T, Nakazawa M, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Matsui M, Goto DB, Ikeda A, Yamaguchi J. CNI1/ATL31, a RING-type ubiquitin ligase that functions in the carbon/nitrogen response for growth phase transition in Arabidopsis seedlings. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 60:852-64. [PMID: 19702666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are able to sense and respond to changes in the balance between carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolite availability, known as the C/N response. During the transition to photoautotrophic growth following germination, growth of seedlings is arrested if a high external C/N ratio is detected. To clarify the mechanisms for C/N sensing and signaling during this transition period, we screened a large collection of FOX transgenic plants, overexpressing full-length cDNAs, for individuals able to continue post-germinative growth under severe C/N stress. One line, cni1-D (carbon/nitrogen insensitive 1-dominant), was shown to have a suppressed sensitivity to C/N conditions at both the physiological and molecular level. The CNI1 cDNA encoded a predicted RING-type ubiquitin ligase previously annotated as ATL31. Overexpression of ATL31 was confirmed to be responsible for the cni1-D phenotype, and a knock-out of this gene resulted in hypersensitivity to C/N conditions during post-germinative growth. The ATL31 protein was confirmed to contain ubiquitin ligase activity using an in vitro assay system. Moreover, removal of this ubiquitin ligase activity from the overexpressed protein resulted in the loss of the mutant phenotype. Taken together, these data demonstrated that CNI1/ATL31 activity is required for the plant C/N response during seedling growth transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Sato
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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21
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Li Y, Yin H, Wang Q, Zhao X, Du Y, Li F. Oligochitosan induced Brassica napus L. production of NO and H2O2 and their physiological function. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Liu H, Zhang H, Yang Y, Li G, Yang Y, Wang X, Basnayake BMVS, Li D, Song F. Functional analysis reveals pleiotropic effects of rice RING-H2 finger protein gene OsBIRF1 on regulation of growth and defense responses against abiotic and biotic stresses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 68:17-30. [PMID: 18496756 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
RING finger proteins comprise a large family and play key roles in regulating growth/developmental processes, hormone signaling and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. A rice gene, OsBIRF1, encoding a putative RING-H2 finger protein, was cloned and identified. OsBIRF1 encodes a 396 amino acid protein belonging to the ATL family characterized by a conserved RING-H2 finger domain (C-X2-C-X15-C-X1-H-X2-H-X2-C-X10-C-X2-C), a transmembrane domain at the N-terminal, a basic amino acid rich region and a characteristic GLD region. Expression of OsBIRF1 was up-regulated in rice seedlings after treatment with benzothaidiazole, salicylic acid, l-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and jasmonic acid, and was induced differentially in incompatible but not compatible interactions between rice and Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of blast disease. Transgenic tobacco plants that constitutively express OsBIRF1 exhibit enhanced disease resistance against tobacco mosaic virus and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and elevated expression levels of defense-related genes, e.g. PR-1, PR-2, PR-3 and PR-5. The OsBIRF1-overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants show increased oxidative stress tolerance to exogenous treatment with methyl viologen and H2O2, and up-regulate expression of oxidative stress-related genes. Reduced ABA sensitivity in root elongation and increased drought tolerance in seed germination were also observed in OsBIRF1 transgenic tobacco plants. Furthermore, the transgenic tobacco plants show longer roots and higher plant heights as compared with the wild-type plants, suggesting that overexpression of OsBIRF1 promote plant growth. These results demonstrate that OsBIRF1 has pleiotropic effects on growth and defense response against multiple abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Huajiachi Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Nishizawa Y, Katoh S, Koiwai H, Katoh E. EL5 is involved in root development as an anti-cell death ubiquitin ligase. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:148-50. [PMID: 19704739 PMCID: PMC2634009 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.2.5081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligase (E3) plays a central role in substrate recognition during ubiquitination, a post-translational modification of proteins. Rice EL5 is an E3 with a RING-H2 finger domain (RFD) and its transcript is upregulated by a chitin elicitor. The EL5-RFD has been intensively studied and demonstrated to exhibit E3 activity. Its three-dimensional structure was determined for the first time in plant E3, and the amino acid residues required for the interaction with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) were identified. Recent analyses revealed that EL5 plays a crucial role as an E3 in the maintenance of cell viability during root development in rice. In this addendum, we report that the EL5-RFD catalyzes polyubiquitination via the Lys48 residue of ubiquitin. We also discuss the possible role of EL5 as an anti-cell death enzyme. We hypothesize that EL5 might be responsible for mediating the degradation of cytotoxic proteins produced in root cells after the actions of phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nishizawa
- Division of Plant Sciences; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences; Tsukuba, Japan
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Koiwai H, Tagiri A, Katoh S, Katoh E, Ichikawa H, Minami E, Nishizawa Y. RING-H2 type ubiquitin ligase EL5 is involved in root development through the maintenance of cell viability in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 51:92-104. [PMID: 17559513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice EL5 is an ATL family gene characterized by a transmembrane domain at the N-terminal and a RING-H2 finger domain (RFD), which exhibits ubiquitin ligase (E3) activity. To elucidate the physiological roles of EL5, we analyzed transgenic rice plants overexpressing mutant EL5 proteins that are impaired in E3 activity to various degrees. Plants expressing EL5C153A and EL5W165A, which encode an inactive E3, showed a rootless phenotype accompanied by cell death in root primordia, and those expressing EL5V162A, with moderately impaired E3 activity, formed short crown roots with necrotic lateral roots. The dominant-negative phenotype was specifically observed in root meristems where EL5 is expressed, and not recovered by exogenous auxin. When wild-type EL5 was transcriptionally overexpressed, the EL5 protein was barely detected by Western blotting. Neither treatment with a proteasome inhibitor nor mutation of the sole lysine residue, a potential target of ubiquitination, resulted in increased EL5 accumulation, whereas mutations in the RFD led to increased EL5 accumulation. The stabilized EL5 without the RFD was localized in the plasma membrane. Deletion of the transmembrane domain prevented the EL5 from localizing in the membrane and from exerting an inhibitory effect on root formation. Deletion of the C-terminal region also neutralized the negative effect. We concluded that EL5 plays a major role as a membrane-anchored E3 for the maintenance of cell viability after the initiation of root primordial formation. In addition, we propose that EL5 is an unstable protein, of which degradation is regulated by the RFD in a proteasome-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Koiwai
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Hong JK, Choi HW, Hwang IS, Hwang BK. Role of a novel pathogen-induced pepper C3-H-C4 type RING-finger protein gene, CaRFPI, in disease susceptibility and osmotic stress tolerance. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 63:571-88. [PMID: 17149652 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is available about the roles of RING-finger proteins in plant defense. A pepper CaRFP1 encoding the C3-H-C4 type RING-finger protein that physically interacted with the basic PR-1 protein CABPR1 was isolated from pepper leaves infected by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. The CaRFP1 protein has VWFA domain, and N-terminal serine-rich and C-terminal cysteine-rich regions. The CaRFP1 transcripts accumulated earlier than did those of the basic PR-1 gene CABPR1 during the incompatible interaction of pepper leaves with X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, as well as in the systemic, uninoculated pepper leaf tissues. The CaRFP1 gene also was induced in pepper leaf tissues infected by Colletotrichum coccodes. The CaRFP1 gene was strongly induced much earlier by salicylic acid, ethylene and methyl jasmonate treatments, as well as environmental stresses including methyl viologen, mannitol and NaCl treatments. Overexpression of the CaRFP1 gene in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants conferred disease susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection, accompanied by reduced PR-2 and PR-5 gene expression, suggesting that the CaRFP1 acts as an E3 ligase for polyubiquitination of target PR proteins. Exogenous salicylic acid treatment also abolished PR-2 and PR-5 gene expression in the transgenic plants. Differential osmotic stress tolerance was induced by high salt and drought in the CaRFPI-overexpressing plants during germination and seedling development, which was closely correlated with abscisic acid sensitivity of Arabidopsis plants. These results suggest that the CaRFP1 gene functions as an early defense regulator controlling bacterial disease susceptibility and osmotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeum Kyu Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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26
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Hondo D, Hase S, Kanayama Y, Yoshikawa N, Takenaka S, Takahashi H. The LeATL6-associated ubiquitin/proteasome system may contribute to fungal elicitor-activated defense response via the jasmonic acid-dependent signaling pathway in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:72-81. [PMID: 17249424 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The expression of LeATL6, an ortholog of Arabidopsis ATL6 that encodes a RING-H2 finger protein, was induced in tomato roots treated with a cell wall protein fraction (CWP) elicitor of the biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum. The LeATL6 protein was expressed as a fusion protein with a maltose-binding protein (MBP) in Escherichia coli, and it catalyzed the transfer of ubiquitin to the MBP moiety on incubation with ubiquitin, the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2; this indicated that LeATL6 represents ubiquitin ligase E3. LeATL6 expression also was induced by elicitor treatment of jail-1 mutant tomato cells in which the jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signaling pathway was impaired; however, JA-dependent expression of the basic PR-6 and TPI-1 genes that encode proteinase inhibitor II and I, respectively, was not induced in elicitor-treated jail-1 mutants. Furthermore, transient overexpression of LeATL6 under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter induced the basic PR6 and TPI-1 expression in wild tomato but not in the jail-1 mutant. In contrast, LeATL6 overexpression did not activate salicylic acid-responsive acidic PR-1 and PR-2 promoters in wild tomato. These results indicated that elicitor-responsive LeATL6 probably regulates JA-dependent basic PR6 and TPI-1 gene expression in tomato. The LeATL6-associated ubiquitin/proteasome system may contribute to elicitor-activated defense responses via a JA-dependent signaling pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hondo
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Meng XB, Zhao WS, Lin RM, Wang M, Peng YL. Molecular cloning and characterization of a rice blast-inducible RING-H2 type zinc finger gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 17:41-8. [PMID: 16753816 DOI: 10.1080/10425170500476509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel blast-inducible RING-H2 type zinc finger protein gene OsRING-1 was cloned from rice by cDNA library screening. OsRING-1 is 1670 bp in length and encodes a 46.6 kDa basic protein with two transmembrane (TM) domains, a basic domain (BD), a conserved domain (CD), a RING finger domain and a serine rich (S-rich) domain. By database search, OsRING-1 was mapped on chromosome 2 and clustered together with other six zinc finger genes. The promoter sequence analysis of OsRING-1 gene revealed that some ABA, GA, ethylene, wound, drought, heat stress and pathogen infection responsive elements were found within the OsRING-1 promoter region. Northern analysis showed that OsRING-1 was induced in different degree by pathogen infections, SA, ABA, JA and ethephon (ET) treatments. Tissue expression analysis showed that OsRING-1 was constitutively strongly expressed in roots, but faintly in stems, leaves and sheaths. Taken together, OsRING-1, as a novel C3H2C3-type zinc finger protein involved in many stress responses in rice might plays a role as a transcription regulator in plant stress response signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Bing Meng
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
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Serrano M, Parra S, Alcaraz LD, Guzmán P. The ATL gene family from Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa comprises a large number of putative ubiquitin ligases of the RING-H2 type. J Mol Evol 2006; 62:434-45. [PMID: 16557337 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-005-0038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases play an important regulatory role in the control of protein degradation processes via the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway in eukaryotes. These enzymes participate in substrate specification and mediate the transfer of ubiquitin to target proteins. A large number of ubiquitin ligases are predicted in the eukaryotes whose genomes have been sequenced; in Arabidopsis thaliana more than 1300 genes are thought to encode ubiquitin ligases. At least three classes of ubiquitin ligases are present in Arabidopsis, one of which comprises about 470 RING zinc-finger domain proteins. Within this class we have characterized the ATL family that encodes a RING-H2 finger. We identified 80 members of this family in A. thaliana and 121 in Oryza sativa. About 60% of the rice ATLs are clustered with A. thaliana ATLs, and in many cases the gene products showed sequence similarities beyond the ATL's conserved features, suggesting that they could be orthologous genes. Ninety percent of the ATLs are intronless genes, suggesting that the structure of the basic ATL protein may have evolved as a functional module. We carried out a survey of T-DNA insertions in 30% of the Arabidopsis ATL genes and screened for possible phenotypes. Four of these genes are likely to be essential for viability, since homozygous plants for the T-DNA insertion were not recovered. One of them, ATL8, is mainly expressed in young siliques, suggesting a role during embryogenesis. We also recovered a line carrying a T-DNA insertion in ATL43 that showed an ABA-insensitive phenotype, suggesting a role of this gene in the ABA response. The organization of ATLs in Arabidopsis and rice in this study will be a valuable comprehensive guide for this multigene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Serrano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Irapuato, Apartado Postal 629, Irapuato, Gto., 36500, México
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29
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Katoh S, Tsunoda Y, Murata K, Minami E, Katoh E. Active site residues and amino acid specificity of the ubiquitin carrier protein-binding RING-H2 finger domain. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:41015-24. [PMID: 16186120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411127200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
EL5 is a rice ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase (E3) containing a RING-H2 finger domain that interacts with Oryza sativa (Os) UBC5b, a rice ubiquitin carrier protein. We introduced point mutations into the EL5 RING-H2 finger so that residues that functionally interact with OsUBC5b could be identified when assayed for ubiquitination activity in vitro. The residue positions were selected based on the results of an EL5 RING-H2 finger/OsUBC5b NMR titration experiment. These RING-H2 finger residues form or are adjacent to a shallow groove that is recognized by OsUBC5b. The E3 activity of EL5 is shown to be dependent on a Trp located at the center of the groove. We classified rice RING fingers according to the type of metal-chelating motif, i.e. RING-H2 or RING-HC, and according to the presence or absence of a conserved EL5-like Trp. We discuss the probable relationship between E3 activity and the conserved Trp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Katoh
- Biochemistry Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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30
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Serrano M, Guzmán P. Isolation and gene expression analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with constitutive expression of ATL2, an early elicitor-response RING-H2 zinc-finger gene. Genetics 2005; 167:919-29. [PMID: 15238540 PMCID: PMC1470891 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.028043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes with unstable transcripts often encode proteins that play important regulatory roles. ATL2 is a member of a multigene family coding highly related RING-H2 zinc-finger proteins that may function as E3 ubiquitin ligases. ATL2 mRNA accumulation occurs rapidly and transiently after incubation with elicitors of pathogen response. We screened 50,000 M(2) families from a line that carries a fusion of pATL2 to the GUS reporter gene and isolated five mutants, which we named eca (expresión constitutiva de ATL2), that showed constitutive expression of the reporter gene. One mutant exhibits a drastic stunted phenotype while the other four grow similarly to wild type. Two early chitin-induced genes and known pathogenesis-related genes such as NPR1, PAL, and CHS are activated in all the mutants whereas members of the ATL family and PR-1 and PDF2.1, which are markers of the salicylic acid (SA) jasmonate (JA) defense-response pathways, display differential expression between the mutants. These observations indicate that the ECA gene products may function in the early steps of an elicitor-response pathway, although some of them may function at other stages on the SA or JA defense-response pathways. Likewise, the fact that ATL2 and other members of the ATL family are activated in eca mutants links the induction of this putative class of ubiquitin ligases to plant defense signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Serrano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36500, México
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31
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Emani C, Garcia JM, Lopata-Finch E, Pozo MJ, Uribe P, Kim DJ, Sunilkumar G, Cook DR, Kenerley CM, Rathore KS. Enhanced fungal resistance in transgenic cotton expressing an endochitinase gene from Trichoderma virens. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2003; 1:321-36. [PMID: 17166131 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycoparasitic fungi are proving to be rich sources of antifungal genes that can be utilized to genetically engineer important crops for resistance against fungal pathogens. We have transformed cotton and tobacco plants with a cDNA clone encoding a 42 kDa endochitinase from the mycoparasitic fungus, Trichoderma virens. Plants from 82 independently transformed callus lines of cotton were regenerated and analysed for transgene expression. Several primary transformants were identified with endochitinase activities that were significantly higher than the control values. Transgene integration and expression was confirmed by Southern and Northern blot analyses, respectively. The transgenic endochitinase activities were examined in the leaves of transgenic tobacco as well as in the leaves, roots, hypocotyls and seeds of transgenic cotton. Transgenic plants with elevated endochitinase activities also showed the expected 42 kDa endochitinase band in fluorescence, gel-based assays performed with the leaf extracts in both species. Homozygous T2 plants of the high endochitinase-expressing cotton lines were tested for disease resistance against a soil-borne pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani and a foliar pathogen, Alternaria alternata. Transgenic cotton plants showed significant resistance to both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakanth Emani
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Norman Borlaug Center for Southern Crop Improvement, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2123, USA
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32
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Brunner S, Keller B, Feuillet C. A large rearrangement involving genes and low-copy DNA interrupts the microcollinearity between rice and barley at the Rph7 locus. Genetics 2003; 164:673-83. [PMID: 12807788 PMCID: PMC1462599 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/164.2.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass genomes differ greatly in chromosome number, ploidy level, and size. Despite these differences, very good conservation of the marker order (collinearity) was found at the genetic map level between the different grass genomes. Collinearity is particularly good between rice chromosome 1 and the group 3 chromosomes in the Triticeae. We have used this collinearity to saturate the leaf rust resistance locus Rph7 on chromosome 3HS in barley with ESTs originating from rice chromosome 1S. Chromosome walking allowed the establishment of a contig of 212 kb spanning the Rph7 resistance gene. Sequencing of the contig showed an average gene density of one gene/20 kb with islands of higher density. Comparison with the orthologous rice sequence revealed the complete conservation of five members of the HGA gene family whereas intergenic regions differ greatly in size and composition. In rice, the five genes are closely associated whereas in barley intergenic regions are >38-fold larger. The size difference is due mainly to the presence of six additional genes as well as noncoding low-copy sequences. Our data suggest that a major rearrangement occurred in this region since the Triticeae and rice lineage diverged.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Conserved Sequence
- Contig Mapping
- DNA, Intergenic
- DNA, Plant
- Evolution, Molecular
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- Gene Library
- Genes, Plant
- Genome, Plant
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oryza/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Poaceae/genetics
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Triticum/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brunner
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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33
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Katoh S, Hong C, Tsunoda Y, Murata K, Takai R, Minami E, Yamazaki T, Katoh E. High precision NMR structure and function of the RING-H2 finger domain of EL5, a rice protein whose expression is increased upon exposure to pathogen-derived oligosaccharides. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:15341-8. [PMID: 12588869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210531200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
EL5, a RING-H2 finger protein, is rapidly induced by N-acetylchitooligosaccharides in rice cell. We expressed the EL5 RING-H2 finger domain in Escherichia coli and determined its structure in solution by NMR spectroscopy. The EL5 RING-H2 finger domain consists of two-stranded beta-sheets (beta1, Ala(147)-Phe(149); beta2, Gly(156)-His(158)), one alpha-helix (Cys(161)-Leu(166)), and two large N- and C-terminal loops. It is stabilized by two tetrahedrally coordinated zinc ions. This structure is similar to that of other RING finger domains of proteins of known function. From structural analogies, we inferred that the EL5 RING-H2 finger is a binding domain for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2). The binding site is probably formed by solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues of the N- and C-terminal loops and the alpha-helix. We demonstrated that the fusion protein with EL5-(96-181) and maltose-binding protein (MBP) was polyubiquitinated by incubation with ubiquitin, ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), and a rice E2 protein, OsUBC5b. This supported the idea that the EL5 RING finger domain is essential for ubiquitin-ligase activity of EL5. By NMR titration experiments, we identified residues that are critical for the interaction between the EL5 RING-H2 finger and OsUBC5b. We conclude that the RING-H2 finger domain of EL5 is the E2 binding site of EL5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Katoh
- Biochemistry Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Day RB, Shibuya N, Minami E. Identification and characterization of two new members of the GRAS gene family in rice responsive to N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1625:261-8. [PMID: 12591613 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We identified two new members of the GRAS gene family from rice, CIGR1 and CIGR2, which are rapidly induced upon N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor perception. The predicated proteins encoded by CIGR1 and CIGR2 possess significant sequence similarity with previously identified members of the GRAS family, such as Arabidopsis SCARECROW, GAI, RGA, tomato Lateral suppressor, and rice SLR1, all of which have VHIID regions, likely to play a role in cellular signaling. Fusions of CIGR1 and CIGR2 with Green Fluorescent Protein were detected exclusively in the nuclei of onion epidermal cells. The expression of CIGR1 and CIGR2 was dependent on the structure of N-acetylchitooligosaccharides, which parallels the structural specificity for chitin binding to the plasma membrane-localized chitin-binding protein, and independent of de novo protein synthesis. Co-cultivation of rice cells with rice blast fungus strongly induced the expression of CIGR1 and CIGR2, whereas inoculation of suspension cells with phytopathogenic bacteria did not. We hypothesize that CIGR1 and CIGR2 act as transcriptional regulators in the early events of the elicitor-induced defense response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bradley Day
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, 305-8602, Tsukuba, Japan
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35
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Ramonell KM, Zhang B, Ewing RM, Chen Y, Xu D, Stacey G, Somerville S. Microarray analysis of chitin elicitation in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2002; 3:301-11. [PMID: 20569338 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Summary Chitin oligomers, released from fungal cell walls by endochitinase, induce defence and related cellular responses in many plants. However, little is known about chitin responses in the model plant Arabidopsis. We describe here a large-scale characterization of gene expression patterns in Arabidopsis in response to chitin treatment using an Arabidopsis microarray consisting of 2375 EST clones representing putative defence-related and regulatory genes. Transcript levels for 71 ESTs, representing 61 genes, were altered three-fold or more in chitin-treated seedlings relative to control seedlings. A number of transcripts exhibited altered accumulation as early as 10 min after exposure to chitin, representing some of the earliest changes in gene expression observed in chitin-treated plants. Included among the 61 genes were those that have been reported to be elicited by various pathogen-related stimuli in other plants. Additional genes, including genes of unknown function, were also identified, broadening our understanding of chitin-elicited responses. Among transcripts with enhanced accumulation, one cluster was enriched in genes with both the W-box promoter element and a novel regulatory element. In addition, a number of transcripts had decreased abundance, encoding several proteins involved in cell wall strengthening and wall deposition. The chalcone synthase promoter element was identified in the upstream regions of these genes, suggesting that pathogen signals may suppress the expression of some genes. These data indicate that Arabidopsis should be an excellent model to elucidate the mechanisms of chitin elicitation in plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Ramonell
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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36
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Takai R, Matsuda N, Nakano A, Hasegawa K, Akimoto C, Shibuya N, Minami E. EL5, a rice N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor-responsive RING-H2 finger protein, is a ubiquitin ligase which functions in vitro in co-operation with an elicitor-responsive ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, OsUBC5b. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 30:447-455. [PMID: 12028574 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
EL5, a rice gene responsive to N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor, encodes a RING-H2 finger protein with structural features common to the plant-specific ATL family. We show that the fusion protein of EL5 with maltose binding protein (MBP) was polyubiquitinated by incubation with ubiquitin, ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), and the Ubc4/5 subfamily of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2). EL5 possesses the activity to catalyse the transfer of ubiquitin to the MBP moiety, and the RING-H2 finger motif of EL5 is necessary for this activity. Thus, we concluded that EL5 represents a ubiquitin ligase (E3). We also show that two rice E2s (OsUBC5a, OsUBC5b) of the Ubc4/5 subfamily function as E2 which catalyses EL5-mediated ubiquitination, and OsUBC5b was induced by elicitor, as well as EL5. These results strongly suggest that EL5 and OsUBC5b have roles in plant defense response through the turnover of protein(s) via the ubiquitin/proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Takai
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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37
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Okada M, Matsumura M, Ito Y, Shibuya N. High-affinity binding proteins for N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor in the plasma membranes from wheat, barley and carrot cells: conserved presence and correlation with the responsiveness to the elicitor. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:505-12. [PMID: 12040097 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Binding experiments as well as affinity labeling with an (125)I-labeled 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethylamino derivative of N-acetylchitooctaose revealed the presence of high-affinity binding sites/proteins for N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor in the plasma membrane preparation from suspension-cultured carrot cells, barley cells and wheat leaves. Their binding specificity corresponded with the elicitor activity of N-acetylchitooligosaccharides and related sugars in these plant cells/tissues, and was similar to that reported for the binding site/protein previously reported for suspension-cultured rice cells. The molecular size of the binding proteins identified in carrot, barley and wheat was slightly smaller than that of rice. These plant cells were shown to respond to N-acetylchitooligosaccharides and generate reactive oxygen species, induced medium alkalinization, or previously shown to initiate lignification (wheat leaves, Barber et al. (1989) Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 34: 3). No elicitor-binding protein nor the elicitor-induced cellular responses was detected for a cell line of tobacco BY-2 (BY-2T). On the other hand, another cell line of tobacco BY-2 (BY-2N) showed the presence of elicitor-binding protein and also elicitor-induced medium alkalinization. Thus, there was a good correlation between the existence of high-affinity binding proteins for the elicitor and elicitor-induced cellular responses among tested plant cells. These results indicated the wide distribution of N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor-binding protein among various plants and added further support for the function of these plasma membrane proteins in the perception of the elicitor signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Okada
- Biochemistry Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
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