1
|
Zhou Y, Ge F, Du Y, Li Q, Cai J, Liu X, Guo Y, Shen Z, Duan L, Huang Z, Yao F, Zhu C, Shi H, Huang Y. Unique Profile of Driver Gene Mutations in Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer in Qujing City, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Front Oncol 2021; 11:644895. [PMID: 33928034 PMCID: PMC8076749 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.644895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Qujing City, Yunnan Province, China, has a high incidence of lung cancer and related mortality. The etiology of NSCLC in Qujing area and distribution of associated molecular aberrations has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to reveal the profile of driver gene mutations in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Qujing and explore their relationships with clinicopathological characteristics. Methods In this study, the mutation profiles of NSCLC driver genes, including EGFR, ALK, ROS1, KRAS, BRAF, RET, MET, HER2, NRAS, and PIK3CA, were investigated in patients with NSCLC from Qujing and compared with those from other regions in Yunnan Province. The associations between molecular mutations and clinicopathological characteristics were further analyzed. Results A distinct profile of driver gene mutations was discovered in patients with NSCLC from Qujing. Interestingly, a higher proportion of EGFR compound mutations, including G719X + S768I (19.65% vs 3.38%, P < 0.0001) and G719X + L861Q (21.10% vs 2.82%, P < 0.0001), was observed in patients with NSCLC in Qujing compared with patients in non-Qujing area, besides significantly different distributions of EGFR (46.01% vs. 51.07%, P = 0.0125), ALK (3.17% vs. 6.97%, P = 0.0012), ROS1 (0.5% vs. 2.02%, P = 0.0113), and KRAS (23.02% vs. 7.85%, P < 0.0001). Further, EGFR compound mutations were more likely associated with the occupation of patients (living/working in rural areas, e.g., farmers). Moreover, KRAS G12C was the dominant subtype (51.11% vs 25.00%, P = 0.0275) among patients with NSCLC having KRAS mutations in Qujing. Conclusions Patients with NSCLC in Qujing displayed a unique profile of driver gene mutations, especially a higher prevalence of EGFR compound mutations and dominant KRAS G12C subtype, in this study, indicating a peculiar etiology of NSCLC in Qujing. Therefore, a different paradigm of therapeutic strategy might need to be considered for patients with NSCLC in Qujing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhou
- Molecular Diagnosis Sub Center of Yunnan Cancer Center, Yunnan Cancer Molecular Diagnosis Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Tumor Hospital), Kunming, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yaxi Du
- Molecular Diagnosis Sub Center of Yunnan Cancer Center, Yunnan Cancer Molecular Diagnosis Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Tumor Hospital), Kunming, China
| | - Quan Li
- Molecular Diagnosis Sub Center of Yunnan Cancer Center, Yunnan Cancer Molecular Diagnosis Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Tumor Hospital), Kunming, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Molecular Diagnosis Sub Center of Yunnan Cancer Center, Yunnan Cancer Molecular Diagnosis Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Tumor Hospital), Kunming, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Molecular Diagnosis Sub Center of Yunnan Cancer Center, Yunnan Cancer Molecular Diagnosis Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Tumor Hospital), Kunming, China
| | - Yinjin Guo
- Molecular Diagnosis Sub Center of Yunnan Cancer Center, Yunnan Cancer Molecular Diagnosis Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Tumor Hospital), Kunming, China
| | - Zhenghai Shen
- Cancer Center Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Tumor Hospital), Kunming, China
| | - Lincan Duan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Tumor Hospital), Kunming, China
| | - Zhan Huang
- Department of Medical Affairs, Amoy Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Department of Medical Affairs, Amoy Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Changbin Zhu
- Department of Medical Affairs, Amoy Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Hutao Shi
- Imaging Department, Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Yunchao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Tumor Hospital), Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Keohavong P, Lan Q, Gao W. p53 and K-ras mutations in lung tissues and sputum samples of individuals exposed to smoky coal emissions in Xuan Wei County, China. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 829-830:70-74. [PMID: 29704996 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer mortality in Xuan Wei County (XWC) is among the highest in China. Lung cancer in XWC is associated with exposure, in poorly vented homes, to coal smoke containing high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We have previously investigated mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and the K-ras oncogene in lung carcinomas and in sputum samples from individuals exposed to smoky coal emissions in XWC. This paper summarizes the results concerning p53 and K-ras mutations from these studies, in relation to mutations found in lung cancer patients not exposed to smoky coal emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phouthone Keohavong
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Weimin Gao
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vatan O, Bilaloglu R, Tunca B, Cecener G, Gebitekin C, Egeli U, Yakut T, Urer N. Low Frequency of p53AND k-ras Codon 12 Mutations in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma(NSCLC) Tumors and Surgical Margins. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 93:473-7. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160709300511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and has became a predominant cause of cancer-related death throughout the world. The k-ras codon 12 mutation, which is the most common lung cancer mutation, is found in 15 to 30% of all lung cancers. Furthermore, the p53 gene has a very important role in the biological properties of tumor cells, and it is mutated in about 50% of non-small cell lung cancers. Residual tumor cells remain in surgical margins diagnosed as tumor free by histopathological techniques, and they can play a role in forming any local recurrence. Molecular methods may be exploited that are sensitive enough to detect small numbers of tumor cells. Methods In the present study, we examined p53 gene mutations and k-ras codon 12 mutations from the tumor samples and surgical margins of 34 non-small-cell lung cancer patients. P53 gene mutations were analyzed by single strand conformational polymorphism analysis, heterodublex analysis and DNA sequencing. K-ras codon 12 mutations were analyzed by the mutagenic PCR-restricted fragment length polymorphism method. Results A p53 mutation was detected only in primary tumors of 3 out of 34 patients (8.82%). These mutations were clustered in exon 5. Moreover, a k-ras codon 12 mutation was detected in both the primary tumor and the surgical margin tissues of 2 out of 34 patients (5.88%). Conclusions The detected mutation rate was low, in the range given in the literature. We think that different mechanisms related to other genes and individual genetic differences might play a role in cancer formation in our study group. We believe that molecular studies are necessary to identify biomarkers and to determine genetic alterations in histopathologically normal surgical margins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Vatan
- Department of Biology, Science and Art Faculty
| | | | - Berrin Tunca
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa
| | - Gulsah Cecener
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa
| | - Cengiz Gebitekin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa
| | - Unal Egeli
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa
| | - Tahsin Yakut
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa
| | - Nur Urer
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of Yedikule Chest Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang L, Hou XY, Wei Y, Thai P, Chai F. Biomarkers of the health outcomes associated with ambient particulate matter exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1446-1459. [PMID: 27908628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence supports the positive association of cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality, and lung cancer risk with exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM). Oxidative stress and inflammation have been proposed to be the major causal factors involved in mediating PM effects on both cardiovascular and pulmonary health outcomes. However, the mechanism whereby PM causes the health effects is not fully elucidated. To evaluate and investigate human exposure to PM, it is essential to have a specific, sensitive and robust characterization of individual exposure to PM. Biomarkers may mark important intermediate steps leading to overt health effects after PM exposure. Thus biomarkers are promising indicators, which could serve as representative measures of the exposure to PM for assessing the health impacts and understanding the mechanism. Indeed, a number of biomarkers are already in use in the field of epidemiological studies and toxicological research. However, we are facing now the challenges to select robust, specific and sensitive biomarkers, which can be employed in large-scale of population to assess the health risk and to monitor the effectiveness of interventions. In this review, we describe a range of biomarkers that are associated with air pollution exposure, particularly markers of oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and microRNAs, as well as markers of pollutants metabolites. Understanding the nature of the association of these biomarkers with PM exposure may shed some light on the process of selecting biomarkers for large-scale population studies, developing novel preventative and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Yang
- Department of Environmental Pollution and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China.
| | - Xiang-Yu Hou
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Department of Environmental Pollution and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Fahe Chai
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Xue Q, Pan G, Meng QH, Tuo X, Cai X, Chen Z, Li Y, Huang T, Duan X, Duan Y. Integrated Analysis of Genome-Wide Copy Number Alterations and Gene Expression Profiling of Lung Cancer in Xuanwei, China. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169098. [PMID: 28056099 PMCID: PMC5215791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Lung cancer in Xuanwei (LCXW), China, is known throughout the world for its distinctive characteristics, but little is known about its pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to screen potential novel “driver genes” in LCXW. Methods Genome-wide DNA copy number alterations (CNAs) were detected by array-based comparative genomic hybridization and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by gene expression microarrays in 8 paired LCXW and non-cancerous lung tissues. Candidate driver genes were screened by integrated analysis of CNAs and DEGs. The candidate genes were further validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Large numbers of CNAs and DEGs were detected, respectively. Some of the most frequently occurring CNAs included gains at 5p15.33-p15.32, 5p15.1-p14.3, and 5p14.3-p14.2 and losses at 11q24.3, 21q21.1, 21q22.12-q22.13, and 21q22.2. Integrated analysis of CNAs and DEGs identified 24 candidate genes with frequent copy number gains and concordant upregulation, which were considered potential oncogenes, including CREB3L4, TRIP13, and CCNE2. In addition, the analysis identified 19 candidate genes with a negative association between copy number change and expression change, considered potential tumor suppressor genes, including AHRR, NKD2, and KLF10. One of the most studied oncogenes, MYC, may not play a carcinogenic role in LCXW. Conclusions This integrated analysis of CNAs and DEGs identified several potential novel LCXW-related genes, laying an important foundation for further research on the pathogenesis of LCXW and identification of novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyue Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China
| | - Qing H Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyu Tuo
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghui Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China
| | - Xincen Duan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Somers, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yong Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Claxton LD. The history, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of carbon-based fuels and their emissions. Part 2: Solid fuels. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 762:108-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
7
|
Hosgood HD, Pao W, Rothman N, Hu W, Pan YH, Kuchinsky K, Jones KD, Xu J, Vermeulen R, Simko J, Lan Q. Driver mutations among never smoking female lung cancer tissues in China identify unique EGFR and KRAS mutation pattern associated with household coal burning. Respir Med 2013; 107:1755-62. [PMID: 24055406 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer in never smokers, which has been partially attributed to household solid fuel use (i.e., coal), is etiologically and clinically different from lung cancer attributed to tobacco smoking. To explore the spectrum of driver mutations among lung cancer tissues from never smokers, specifically in a population where high lung cancer rates have been attributed to indoor air pollution from domestic coal use, multiplexed assays were used to detect >40 point mutations, insertions, and deletions (EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, HER2, NRAS, PIK3CA, MEK1, AKT1, and PTEN) among the lung tumors of confirmed never smoking females from Xuanwei, China [32 adenocarcinomas (ADCs), 7 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 1 adenosquamous carcinoma (ADSC)]. EGFR mutations were detected in 35% of tumors. 46% of these involved EGFR exon 18 G719X, while 14% were exon 21 L858R mutations. KRAS mutations, all of which were G12C_34G>T, were observed in 15% of tumors. EGFR and KRAS mutations were mutually exclusive, and no mutations were observed in the other tested genes. Most point mutations were transversions and were also found in tumors from patients who used coal in their homes. Our high mutation frequencies in EGFR exon 18 and KRAS and low mutation frequency in EGFR exon 21 are strikingly divergent from those in other smoking and never smoking populations from Asia. Given that our subjects live in a region where coal is typically burned indoors, our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of lung cancer among never smoking females exposed to indoor air pollution from coal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Dean Hosgood
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA; Division of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hubers AJ, Prinsen CFM, Sozzi G, Witte BI, Thunnissen E. Molecular sputum analysis for the diagnosis of lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:530-7. [PMID: 23868001 PMCID: PMC3738145 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality rate worldwide, mainly because of the presence of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Early detection of lung cancer improves prognosis, and towards this end, large screening trials in high-risk individuals have been conducted since the past century. Despite all efforts, the need for novel (complementary) lung cancer diagnostic and screening methods still exists. In this review, we focus on the assessment of lung cancer-related biomarkers in sputum in the past decennium. Besides cytology, mutation and microRNA analysis, special attention has been paid to DNA promoter hypermethylation, of which all available literature is summarised without time restriction. A model is proposed to aid in the distinction between diagnostic and risk markers. Research on the use of sputum for non-invasive detection of early-stage lung cancer has brought new insights and advanced molecular techniques. The sputum shows a promising potential for routine diagnostic and possibly screening purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Hubers
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Almost 3 billion people worldwide burn solid fuels indoors. Despite the large population at risk worldwide, the effect of exposure to indoor solid fuel smoke has not been adequately studied. Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use is strongly associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory tract infections, and lung cancer, and weakly associated with asthma, tuberculosis, and interstitial lung disease. Tobacco use further potentiates the development of respiratory disease among subjects exposed to solid fuel smoke. There is a need to perform additional interventional studies in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Sood
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC 10 5550, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Frequency of well-identified oncogenic driver mutations in lung adenocarcinoma of smokers varies with histological subtypes and graduated smoking dose. Lung Cancer 2012; 79:8-13. [PMID: 23098378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We performed this analysis to reveal the association between six well-identified oncogenic driver mutations and clinical and pathological features in lung adenocarcinomas from smokers. It may have the potentiality to optimize existing treatment strategies and clinical trial design. METHODS In this series, 230 resected lung adenocarcinomas from smoker (>100 cigarettes in lifetime) at single center (Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China) were tested for mutation in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, HER2, EML4-ALK and PIK3CA. Further we compared the mutation frequency with sex, age at diagnosis, stage, differentiation, smoking dose, and histological subtype. RESULTS Among 230 smokers, we detected 100 (43.5%) EGFR mutations, 38 (16.5%) KRAS mutations, 8 (3.5%) PIK3CA mutations, 7 (3.0%) BRAF mutations and 7 (3.0%) EML4-ALK fusions. No HER2 mutation was found. EGFR mutations occurred at a significantly higher frequency in patients with smoking dose ≤20 pack-years (p < 0.001) or age ≥60 years old at diagnosis (p = 0.018). Smoking dose >20 pack-years and age <60 years old at diagnosis were associated with the presence of KRAS mutation. With regard to association between histological subtypes and driver mutation frequency, EGFR mutation had positive correlation with histological subtype micropapillary (p = 0.003), lepidic (p = 0.011), as well as papillary (p = 0.05) predominant adenocarcinoma. Negative correlation was found between EGFR mutation and solid predominant (p < 0.001), as well as invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) (p = 0.006). Besides, KRAS mutation had positive correlation with IMA (p = 0.043). The frequency of EGFR mutation decreased with increasing tobacco dose. In contrast, higher frequency of KRAS mutations was observed with increasing tobacco dose. Generally, the frequency of these driver mutations tested in our study decreased with increasing smoking dose. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first comprehensive and concurrent analysis of these six well-identified driver mutations in a large cohort of lung adenocarcinoma from East-Asian smokers. Our molecular data in conjunction with the clinical and pathological features indicated that prospective genotyping of lung adenocarcinomas from smokers for these genetic alterations could lead to rationally chosen targeted therapy in the overwhelming majority of cases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Barone-Adesi F, Chapman RS, Silverman DT, He X, Hu W, Vermeulen R, Ning B, Fraumeni JF, Rothman N, Lan Q. Risk of lung cancer associated with domestic use of coal in Xuanwei, China: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2012; 345:e5414. [PMID: 22936785 PMCID: PMC3431444 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e5414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the risk of lung cancer associated with the use of different types of coal for household cooking and heating. SETTING Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, China. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study (follow-up 1976-96) comparing mortality from lung cancer between lifelong users of "smoky coal" (bituminous) and "smokeless coal" (anthracite). PARTICIPANTS 27,310 individuals using smoky coal and 9962 individuals using smokeless coal during their entire life. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes were absolute and relative risk of death from lung cancer among users of different types of coal. Unadjusted survival analysis was used to estimate the absolute risk of lung cancer, while Cox regression models compared mortality hazards for lung cancer between smoky and smokeless coal users. RESULTS Lung cancer mortality was substantially higher among users of smoky coal than users of smokeless coal. The absolute risks of lung cancer death before 70 years of age for men and women using smoky coal were 18% and 20%, respectively, compared with less than 0.5% among smokeless coal users of both sexes. Lung cancer alone accounted for about 40% of all deaths before age 60 among individuals using smoky coal. Compared with smokeless coal, use of smoky coal was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer death (for men, hazard ratio 36 (95% confidence interval 20 to 65); for women, 99 (37 to 266)). CONCLUSIONS In Xuanwei, the domestic use of smoky coal is associated with a substantial increase in the absolute lifetime risk of developing lung cancer and is likely to represent one of the strongest effects of environmental pollution reported for cancer risk. Use of less carcinogenic types of coal could translate to a substantial reduction of lung cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Barone-Adesi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 6120 Executive Blv, EPS 8015, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sex differences in susceptibility to PAHs is an intrinsic property of human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Lung Cancer 2010; 71:264-70. [PMID: 20951464 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies have disputed whether females are at increased risk of lung cancer compared to males. However, several molecular studies are in support of an increased susceptibility to tobacco smoke carcinogens among females. Our earlier findings suggest that women display higher levels of smoking-induced bulky/hydrophobic DNA adducts which may be related to an increased expression of CYP1A1 in their lungs, compared to men. In this in vitro study, 11 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, 6 of male and 5 of female origin, were exposed to benzo[a]pyrene, cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), or vehicle control. Subsequent expression analysis of genes in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioactivation pathway was conducted with Real-Time RT-PCR. DNA adducts were measured in benzo[a]pyrene-exposed cells by ³²P-postlabelling analysis, and CYP1 activity was measured by EROD assay. Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts showed higher levels of adducts in cell lines from women compared to cell lines from men (p=0.03). The results also revealed significant sex differences in CYP1A1 gene expression, both in untreated cells (p=0.03), and in cells exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (p=0.017) and cigarette smoke condensate (p=0.0043). In CSC-exposed cells, significantly higher levels of CYP1 activity was found in cell lines of female origin (p=0.049). These results are in support of the previously published in vivo data, providing evidence for a higher susceptibility to PAH of women's lungs.
Collapse
|
13
|
Steiling K, Ryan J, Brody JS, Spira A. The field of tissue injury in the lung and airway. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 1:396-403. [PMID: 19138985 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of field cancerization was first introduced over 6 decades ago in the setting of oral cancer. Later, field cancerization involving histologic and molecular changes of neoplasms and adjacent tissue began to be characterized in smokers with or without lung cancer. Investigators also described a diffuse, nonneoplastic field of molecular injury throughout the respiratory tract that is attributable to cigarette smoking and susceptibility to smoking-induced lung disease. The potential molecular origins of field cancerization and the field of injury following cigarette smoke exposure in lung and airway epithelia are critical to understanding their potential impact on clinical diagnostics and therapeutics for smoking-induced lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Steiling
- The Pulmonary Center, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Naufal Z, Zhou GD, McDonald T, Li Z, Li Z, Donnelly KC. Genotoxicity of organic extracts of house dust from Shanxi, China. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:2080-2088. [PMID: 18049997 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701601376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Indoor combustion of solid fuel such as coal may generate respirable particles containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) that may adhere to settled dust. Dust might therefore present a major source of PAH exposure in humans. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of PAH mixtures extracted from house dust samples. Four dust samples (E1-4) were collected from houses in Shanxi, China, where coal is heavily used for heating and cooking. For comparison, a coal sample was also collected from one of the houses and included in the analyses. The samples were extracted with methylene chloride:acetone (95:5 v/v), dried, and redissolved in appropriate solvents for assessment in genotoxicity assays. Samples were evaluated for their ability to induce point mutations in bacteria and DNA adducts in vivo. DNA adduct levels were analyzed by nuclease P1-enhanced 32P-postlabeling. PAH were quantified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Based on chemical analysis, sample E1 had the highest concentration by sampling area of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (181 microg/m2) and total PAH (10100 microg/m2). However, based on the microbial genotoxicity assay, sample E3, with the highest carcinogenic PAH/total PAH ratio (26%), produced the greatest number of revertants. In mice, administration of the extract of coal induced more adducts (9.81 adducts per 10(9) nucleotides) than dust extracts. The results of this study confirm the presence of genotoxic chemicals in residential dust. Inhalation of respirable particles containing similar mixtures of PAH represents a cancer risk for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Naufal
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, School of Rural Public Health, College Station, Texas 77843-1266, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krohn K, Maier J, Paschke R. Mechanisms of Disease: hydrogen peroxide, DNA damage and mutagenesis in the development of thyroid tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:713-20. [PMID: 17893690 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations can be identified in two-thirds of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas and 'hot' thyroid nodules, whereas equivalent mutations relevant for benign 'cold' thyroid nodules are unknown. This Review summarizes current knowledge about early molecular conditions for nodular and tumor transformation in the thyroid gland. We reconstruct a line of events that could explain the predominant neoplastic character (i.e. originating from a single mutated cell) of thyroid nodular lesions. This process might be triggered by the oxidative nature of thyroid hormone synthesis or additional oxidative stress caused by iodine deficiency or smoking. If the antioxidant defense is not effective, this oxidative stress can cause DNA damage followed by an increase in the spontaneous mutation rate, which is a platform for tumor genesis. The hallmark of thyroid physiology--H2O2 production during hormone synthesis--is therefore very likely to be the ultimate cause of frequent mutagenesis in the thyroid gland. DNA damage and mutagenesis could provide the basis for the frequent nodular transformation of endemic goiters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Knut Krohn
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang JJ, Smith KR. Household air pollution from coal and biomass fuels in China: measurements, health impacts, and interventions. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:848-55. [PMID: 17589590 PMCID: PMC1892127 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nearly all China's rural residents and a shrinking fraction of urban residents use solid fuels (biomass and coal) for household cooking and/or heating. Consequently, global meta-analyses of epidemiologic studies indicate that indoor air pollution from solid fuel use in China is responsible for approximately 420,000 premature deaths annually, more than the approximately 300,000 attributed to urban outdoor air pollution in the country. Our objective in this review was to help elucidate the extent of this indoor air pollution health hazard. DATA SOURCES We reviewed approximately 200 publications in both Chinese- and English-language journals that reported health effects, exposure characteristics, and fuel/stove intervention options. CONCLUSIONS Observed health effects include respiratory illnesses, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, weakening of the immune system, and reduction in lung function. Arsenic poisoning and fluorosis resulting from the use of "poisonous" coal have been observed in certain regions of China. Although attempts have been made in a few studies to identify specific coal smoke constituents responsible for specific adverse health effects, the majority of indoor air measurements include those of only particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and/or nitrogen dioxide. These measurements indicate that pollution levels in households using solid fuel generally exceed China's indoor air quality standards. Intervention technologies ranging from simply adding a chimney to the more complex modernized bioenergy program are available, but they can be viable only with coordinated support from the government and the commercial sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Jim Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vineis P, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Air pollution and cancer: biomarker studies in human populations. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1846-55. [PMID: 16123121 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large cohort studies in the U.S. and in Europe suggest that air pollution may increase lung cancer risk. Biomarkers can be useful to understand the mechanisms and to characterize high-risk groups. Here we describe biomarkers of exposure, in particular DNA adducts as well as markers of early damage, including mutagenicity, other endpoints of genotoxicity and molecular biomarkers of cancer. Several studies found an association between external measures of exposure to air pollution and increased levels of DNA adducts, with an apparent levelling-off of the dose-response relationship. Also, numerous experimental studies in vitro and in vivo have provided unambiguous evidence for genotoxicity of air pollution. In addition, due to the organic extracts of particulate matter [especially various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds], particulate air pollution induces oxidative damage to DNA. The experimental work, combined with the data on frequent oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes in people exposed to urban air pollution, suggests 8-oxo-dG as one of the important promutagenic lesions. Lung cancer develops through a series of progressive pathological changes occurring in the respiratory epithelium. Molecular alterations such as loss of heterozygosity, gene mutations and aberrant gene promoter methylation have emerged as potentially promising molecular biomarkers of lung carcinogenesis. Data from such studies relevant for emissions rich in PAHs are also summarized, although the exposure circumstances are not directly relevant to outdoor air pollution, in order to shed light on potential mechanisms of air pollution-related carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Norfolk Place, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Genotoxicity of environmental tobacco smoke: a review. Mutat Res 2005; 567:427-45. [PMID: 15572289 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), or second-hand smoke, is a widespread contaminant of indoor air in environments where smoking is not prohibited. It is a significant source of exposure to a large number of substances known to be hazardous to human health. Numerous expert panels have concluded that there is sufficient evidence to classify involuntary smoking (or passive smoking) as carcinogenic to humans. According to the recent evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, involuntary smoking causes lung cancer in never-smokers with an excess risk in the order of 20% for women and 30% for men. The present paper reviews studies on genotoxicity and related endpoints carried out on ETS since the mid-1980s. The evidence from in vitro studies demonstrates induction of DNA strand breaks, formation of DNA adducts, mutagenicity in bacterial assays and cytogenetic effects. In vivo experiments in rodents have shown that exposure to tobacco smoke, whole-body exposure to mainstream smoke (MS), sidestream smoke (SS), or their mixture, causes DNA single strand breaks, aromatic adducts and oxidative damage to DNA, chromosome aberrations and micronuclei. Genotoxicity of transplacental exposure to ETS has also been reported. Review of human biomarker studies conducted among non-smokers with involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke indicates presence of DNA adducts, urinary metabolites of carcinogens, urinary mutagenicity, SCEs and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene mutations (in newborns exposed through involuntary smoking of the mother). Studies on human lung cancer from smokers and never-smokers involuntarily exposed to tobacco smoke suggest occurrence of similar kinds of genetic alterations in both groups. In conclusion, these overwhelming data are compatible with the current knowledge on the mechanisms of carcinogenesis of tobacco-related cancers, occurring not only in smokers but with a high biological plausibility also in involuntary smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Husgafvel-Pursiainen
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Keohavong P, Gao WM, Zheng KC, Mady H, Lan Q, Melhem M, Mumford J. Detection of K-ras and p53 mutations in sputum samples of lung cancer patients using laser capture microdissection microscope and mutation analysis. Anal Biochem 2004; 324:92-9. [PMID: 14654050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and the K-ras oncogene have been frequently found in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples of lung cancer patients and other patients prior to presenting clinical symptoms of lung cancer, suggesting that they may provide useful biomarkers for early lung cancer diagnosis. However, the detection of these gene mutations in sputum and BAL samples has been complicated by the fact that they often occur in only a small fraction of epithelial cells among sputum cells and, in the case of p53 gene, at many codons. In this study, sputum cells were collected on a filter membrane by sputum cytocentrifugation and morphologically analyzed. Epithelial cells were selectively taken by using a laser capture microdissection microscope and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) for p53 mutations and by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for K-ras mutations. This method was used to analyze sputum of 15 Chinese women with lung cancer from Xuan Wei County, China and detected mutations in sputum of 7 (46.7%) patients, including 5 patients with p53 mutations, 1 patient with a K-ras mutation, and 1 patient with K-ras and p53 mutations. For comparison, only two of the mutations were detected by conventional methods. Therefore, the laser capture/mutation analysis method is sensitive and facilitates the detection of low-fraction mutations occurring throughout the p53 and K-ras genes in sputum of lung cancer patients. This method may be applicable to the analysis of epithelial cells from clinically normal sputum or BAL samples from individuals with a high risk for developing lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phouthone Keohavong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|