Cutaneous deposition diseases. Part II

Treatment of Calcinosis in Dermatomyositis-Case Report and Review

Background/Objectives: Calcinosis cutis (CC) is a condition that may develop in the course of several autoimmune connective tissue diseases (ACTDs). Among these, the conditions most frequently associated with CC are systemic sclerosis (SSc) and dermatomyositis (DM). Despite both the prevalence and diversity of available treatment options, therapeutic recommendations remain not fully established due to a limited number of studies and lack of unambiguous evidence regarding their effectiveness. Case Presentation: We report two cases of patients with DM and concomitant massive cutaneous calcifications who were treated: in the case of a 71-year-old man with DM and past medical history of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) who received intralesional (IL) 25% sodium thiosulfate (STS) with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, and, in the case of a second patient, 24-year-old woman with nephrolithiasis, who received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) infusions at a dose of 2 g/kg in combination with prednisone at a dose of 5 mg/day. Conclusions: The applied treatment led to reduction in pain, size, and number of calcified lesions. Additionally, healing of fingertip ulcers after PRP injections was observed. While this report highlights only two isolated cases, the use of IVIG and STS with PRP injections appears to be an effective treatment method. Nevertheless, both standardization and additional research are required.

Novel therapies and innovation for systemic sclerosis skin ulceration

Skin ulceration is an important cause of morbidity in systemic sclerosis and can occur at anytime during disease progression. Incident disease cohorts are important for understanding whether skin ulceration represents active vasculopathy versus resultant damage. Biomarkers for skin ulcer pathogenesis, both serum and imaging, are under investigation to elucidate the functional consequences of the structural abnormalities. Novel therapeutics for the treatment of vasculopathy benefit from reliable biomarkers able to predict the disease evolution remains an important unmet need. Nonetheless, a diagnostic approach that captures early skin ulceration and treatments that restore vascular and immune homeostasis is critical for effective systemic sclerosis (SSc) vasculopathy management.

Management of calcinosis cutis in rheumatic diseases

Calcinosis (hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate crystal deposition) within the extracellular matrix of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue is a frequent manifestation of adult and pediatric systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, specifically systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this article, we review classification of calcinosis, highlight mechanisms that may contribute to the pathogenesis of calcinosis and summarize the evidence evaluating non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of calcinosis.

Spätmanifeste Kalzinose in Brandnarben: Eine Literaturübersicht und zwei Fallberichte

Calcinosis cutis, die heterotope Ablagerung von Kalziumsalzen in der Haut, wurde in einigen Fällen als spät auftretende Komplikation von Brandnarben beschrieben. Sie unterscheidet sich diesbezüglich von heterotoper Ossifikation, die eine früh einsetzende Komplikation von Brandverletzungen sein kann. Die Diagnose einer Kalzinose kann radiographisch, sonographisch, computertomographisch, magnetresonanztomographisch oder histologisch bestätigt werden. Nahezu alle Fälle einer spätmanifesten Kalzinose bei Brandnarben imponieren als nicht heilendes Ulkus an den unteren Extremitäten in der Nähe der Kontrakturbänder. Es wird diskutiert, dass diese Lokalisation auf die häufigeren Mikrotraumen an den unteren Extremitäten zurückzuführen ist, und dass die Ulzeration aufgrund der Kalziumablagerungen als Fremdkörper auftritt. In unserer Studie betrug das Durchschnittsalter zum Zeitpunkt der Brandverletzung 12,5 ± 8,27 Jahre und die Kalzinose entwickelte sich im Mittel nach einer Zeitspanne von 37,5 ± 14,95 Jahren (das Durchschnittsalter bei Beginn war 50,5 ± 14,53 Jahre). Es gab keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen Brandnarben, die mittels Hauttransplantation behandelt wurden, und solchen, bei denen keine Hauttransplantation durchgeführt wurde. Die Ulzera verheilten nach Resektion oder Extraktion der Ablagerungen ohne Rezidiv an derselben Stelle. Im Gegensatz zu früher gemeldeten Fällen beobachteten wir zwei Fälle einer spät einsetzenden Kalzinose ohne Ulzeration bei Brandnarben an den oberen Extremitäten.

Late-onset calcinosis in burn scars: A review of the literature and two case reports

Calcinosis cutis is a heterotopic accumulation of calcium salts in the skin. It has been described as a late‐onset complication of burn scars in a few cases, in contrast to heterotopic ossification, which may be an early‐onset complication of burn injuries. Diagnosis of calcinosis can be confirmed by radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or histology. Almost all cases of late‐onset calcinosis in burn scars present as non‐healing ulcers on the lower extremities near contracture bands. It has been hypothesized that this localization is due to the more frequent microtrauma of the lower extremities, and that ulceration is due to the presence of calcium deposits as foreign bodies. In our study, the mean age at the time of burn injury was 12.5 ± 8.27 years, and calcinosis developed after a mean time of 37.5 ± 14.95 years (mean age at onset was 50.5 ± 14.53 years). There was no significant difference between burn scars managed with skin grafting and those where skin grafting was not carried out. The ulcers healed after resection or extraction of the deposits without any recurrence at the same site. In contrast to previously reported cases, we observed two cases of non‐ulcerating late‐onset calcinosis in burn scars of the upper extremities.

Gouty Tophus in the Scrotum: An Unusual Extra-Articular Manifestation of Gout

Background: Gout is a chronic disorder caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in soft tissues. Tophi are granulomatous inflammatory responses to the deposited crystals and manifest as subcutaneous nodules, typically in the first metatarsophalangeal joint but also in the olecranon bursa, Achilles tendon, ears, and finger pulps.

Case Report: A 56-year-old male presented to an outpatient clinic with an 8-month history of an expanding scrotal lesion. The patient had no significant family history but had a history of high blood pressure and gout, diagnosed at age 24 years, without current treatment. Excisional biopsy from the ulcerated area of the scrotum was performed for confirmatory diagnosis, and pathology reported gouty tophus.

Conclusion: To our knowledge, this case is the first report of a scrotal manifestation of gouty tophus and the second of genital involvement. Awareness of the possibility of genital manifestations of this disease is important because although gouty tophi are rare, they can present in patients with long-term uncontrolled gout.

A rare case report of neonatal calcinosis cutis induced by distant and delayed extravasation of intravenous calcium gluconate

A 3,480 g male neonate showed tachypnea symptom with a serum ionized calcium level of 0.66 mmol/L by routine clinical analysis. He was injected calcium gluconate intravenously through femoral vein catheter to treat the hypocalcemia. On second day after the injection, he started to show erythema in the flank area. The lesion became firm and changed into whitish crust consist of small crystals. Abdominal X-ray and ultrasonography showed the accumulation of calcium deposit in the subcutaneous layer of the lesion. Surgical debridement was performed to remove the crust with calcium deposit and acellular fish skin graft rich in omega-3 (Kerecis) was applied to the defect site for secondary intention of the defect wound. After 2 months, the skin and soft tissue defect were fully covered with healthy normal skin without depression or contracture. This report is a first case of iatrogenic calcinosis cutis without extravasation symptom.

Local, non-systemic, and minimally invasive therapies for calcinosis cutis: a systematic review

Calcinosis cutis is a deposition of calcium in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, often accompanied by pain, reduced mobility, and chronic infections. Limited evidence is available about the feasibility and efficacy of therapies alternative to systemic treatment and surgical excision, both of which often lead to unsatisfactory results or complications. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical and intralesional sodium thiosulfate, extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and laser for calcinosis cutis. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched. Reports of calciphylaxis and treatment combined with systemic medications were excluded. A total of 40 studies including 136 patients were analysed. Partial or complete remission after monotherapy was observed in 64% to 81% of cases. Self-applied topical sodium thiosulfate required patient’s adherence (mean treatment duration, 4.9 months; range 2–24). Laser therapy enabled complete remission of microcalcifications after a single procedure (57%; 12/21). ESWL and intralesional sodium thiosulfate injections decreased calcinosis-associated pain (median reduction in VAS score, 3; range 0–9 and 1; range 0–5, respectively). The most common adverse event was scarring and hyperkeratosis, observed after CO₂ laser (56%; 10/18). Intralesional sodium thiosulfate injections caused transient pain in over 11% of patients. Recurrences within the follow-up were rare (2%; 3/136). This study provides an overview of minimally invasive and local therapies that in selected cases might transcend conventional treatment. The limitation of this study is the poor level of evidence, which emerges mainly from non-randomized studies at high risk of bias.

Optimal Timing of Surgical Excision in Pediatric Pilomatricoma: Association between Clinicopathological Features and Cosmetic Outcomes

Background

The treatment of choice for pilomatricomas is surgical excision; however, data for the optimal timing of treatment and cosmetic outcomes are limited.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the optimal timing of treatment in pilomatricomas by considering clinicopathological findings and cosmetic outcomes.

Methods

Seventy-three pilomatricomas patients aged ≤15 years were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified into early excision (disease duration ≤12 months, group A) and delayed excision groups (disease duration >12 months, group B). Tumor characteristics, and histopathological features with evolutionary stages were assessed. Cosmetic outcomes were evaluated by the Modified Vancouver Scar Scale (MVSS), 5-point patient satisfaction score, and complication rates.

Results

Group A showed better cosmetic outcomes than group B in the MVSS (1.53±1.22 vs. 3.68±1.84), 5-point patient satisfaction score (4.08±0.89 vs. 3.18±1.01), and complication rates (11.8% vs. 36.4%), respectively (p<0.05). Secondary anetoderma, tent sign, calcification, and late regressive stage (evolutionary stage IV) were more common in group B, (p<0.05). Moreover, evolutionary stages showed a positive correlation with mean MVSS (r=0.670, p<0.05).

Conclusion

Early excision (disease duration ≤12 months) provides superior cosmetic outcomes compared to delayed procedures. Early recognition, diagnosis, and management for pediatric pilomatricomas is important to improve overall cosmetic outcomes.

Basal Cell Carcinoma With Calcification: Case Report of Calcifying Basal Cell Carcinoma and Review of Calcinosis Cutis Associated With Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cutaneous neoplasm. Calcinosis cutis is the deposition of calcium within the dermis. An 80-year-old man presented with a pearly nodule on his left nasal ala; a shave biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of a nodular basal cell carcinoma with calcinosis cutis, which was removed with Mohs micrographic surgery. The incidence of basal cell carcinoma with calcinosis cutis as well as the classification, identification, and potential origin of calcium deposits in basal cell carcinoma are discussed. Basal cell carcinoma can be associated with calcinosis cutis; indeed, calcifying basal cell carcinoma has a calculated incidence of 14%. There are five categories of calcification in basal cell carcinoma. In addition, calcification observed in cancer-free initial sections of a suspected basal cell carcinoma may be a diagnostic clue that a neoplasm is present in deeper sections of the tissue specimen. Although nodular basal cell carcinoma has the greatest incidence (37%) of calcium deposition, infiltrative (29%) and micronodular (27%) basal cell carcinomas are also frequently associated with calcification; therefore, the presence of calcifying basal cell carcinoma may indicate a more aggressive tumor subtype. Basal cell carcinoma may also be suspected in the differential diagnosis of a superficial breast neoplasm in which calcification is observed in the dermis; in this situation, mammography has been an effective diagnostic approach for identifying the basal cell carcinoma with calcification. The pathogenesis of calcification in basal cell carcinoma remains to be definitively established; however, calcium-binding proteins found in poorly differentiated keratinocytes may contribute to the etiology of basal cell carcinoma with calcification. The treatment of basal cell carcinomas with calcinosis cutis is similar to that of non-calcifying basal cell carcinomas; it is based upon the histologic subtype, the size, and the location of the tumor.

Clinical and ultrasound response to intralesional sodium thiosulfate for the treatment of calcinosis cutis in the setting of systemic sclerosis. A case-based review

Calcinosis cutis (CC) is defined as the deposition of calcium salts on the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It is associated with different conditions, including some autoimmune diseases, and it can generate significant inflammation, pain, and functional impairment. Different therapies have been tried with limited results. Intralesional sodium thiosulfate seems a promising therapeutic option. We report a patient with diffuse systemic sclerosis who presented with two symmetrical plaques on both axillae, which caused pain and skin retraction. The clinical diagnosis was consistent with CC, which was confirmed by skin biopsy and ultrasound. The patient was treated with a 250 mg/ml solution of sodium thiosulfate injected into the plaques. Complete resolution was achieved after three monthly sessions. The only reported adverse effect was a transient burning sensation during the injections. Given its effectiveness and safety, we believe that intralesional sodium thiosulfate could become a valid first-line option for the treatment of CC.

Exogenous Ochronosis (EO): Skin lightening cream causing rare caviar-like lesion with banana-like pigments; review of literature and histological comparison with endogenous counterpart

Ochronosis is a cutaneous disorder caused by the accumulation of phenols, either endogenously as homogentisic acid in patients with alkaptonuria (autosomal recessive disorder with deficiency of the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase), or exogenously in patients using phenol products such as topical creams containing hydroquinone or the intramuscular application of antimalarial drugs. Exogenous ochronosis (EO) typically affects the face and was reported in patients with dark skin such as Black South Africans or Hispanics who use skin-lightening products containing hydroquinone for extended periods. Recently more cases have been reported worldwide even in patients with lighter skin tones, to include Eastern Indians, Asians, and Europeans. However, just 39 cases of EO have been reported in the US literature from 1983 to 2020. Here we present two cases; a 69 and a 45-year-old female who were seen for melasma, given hydroquinone 4% cream daily and tretinoin 0.05%. Both patients noticed brown spots on their cheeks, which progressively enlarged and darkened in color. The diagnosis of ochronosis was confirmed by characteristic histopathological features on the punch biopsy. Unfortunately, neither patient responded to multiple treatments (to include, tazarotene 0.1% gel and pimecrolimus ointment, topical corticosteroids, and avoidance of hydroquinone containing products). We also present a case of classic (endogenous) ochronosis in a patient with alkaptonuria to picture the histological similarities of these two entities. EO is an important clinical consideration because early diagnosis and treatment may offer the best outcome for this notoriously refractory clinical diagnosis.

MR imaging findings of calcinosis cutis in primary Sjogren syndrome, a rare manifestation

Soft tissue calcifications associated with various connective tissue diseases such as dermatomyositis and scleroderma have been well documented Plaque-like sheets of subcutaneous calcifications presenting as an indurated soft tissue mass in a patient with primary Sjogren syndrome have been rarely documented in the literature. We present the magnetic resonance and conventional radiographic findings of calcinosis cutis and calcinosis circumscripta of a 47-year-old woman with biopsy proven Sjogren syndrome. We also delineate various types of soft tissue calcification, histopathology of calcinosis cutis, and current treatment options. Recognizing the magnetic resonance characteristics of this phenomenon may prove useful to radiologists, especially in the absence of clinical history and conventional radiographs.

Calcinosis Biomarkers in Adult and Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Dermatomyositis (DM) is a rare idiopathic inflammatory myopathy characterized by muscle weakness and cutaneous manifestations in adults and children. Calcinosis, a complication of DM, is the abnormal deposition of insoluble calcium salts in tissues, including skin, subcutaneous tissue, tendons, fascia, and muscle. Calcinosis is more commonly seen in juvenile DM (JDM), but also develops in adult DM. Although the mechanism of calcinosis remains unclear, several pathogenic hypotheses have been proposed, including intracellular accumulation of calcium secondary to an alteration of the cellular membrane by trauma and inflammation, local vascular ischemia, dysregulation of mechanisms controlling the deposition and solubility of calcium and phosphate, and mitochondrial damage of muscle cells. Identifying calcinosis biomarkers is important for early disease detection and risk assessment, and may lead to novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of DM-associated calcinosis. In this review, we summarize myositis autoantibodies associated with calcinosis in DM, histopathology and chemical composition of calcinosis, genetic and inflammatory markers that have been studied in adult DM and JDM-associated calcinosis, as well as potential novel biomarkers.

Miscellaneous Perianal Afflictions

This article provides an overview of hidradenitis suppurativa, lichen planus, lichen sclerosis, calcinosis cuti, pyogenic granuloma, intertrigo, and seborrheic keratosis. This article also focuses on recognition and management of these pleomorphic afflictions of the perianal region.

Diagnostic histochemistry in non-neoplastic skin diseases

Non-neoplastic skin lesions comprise a sizable group of disorders with variable etiologies and clinical manifestations. They can be grouped into vesiculopustular dermatitides; spongiotic and psoriasiform diseases; lichenoid dermatitides; lymphoid infiltrates of the dermis; granulomatous processes; bullous disorders; vasculopathies; panniculitides; deposition disorders; and defects in maintenance of dermal connective tissue. The use of histochemical methods continues to be an indispensable adjunct to conventional microscopy in the further characterization of such lesions. This review considers that topic.

Presumptive Glucocorticoid-Induced Refractory Hypocalcemia in a Dog with Idiopathic Immune-Mediated Hypoparathyroidism, Thrombocytopenia, and Hemolytic Anemia

Clinically relevant hypocalcemia is a well-documented complication of glucocorticoid administration in people with hypoparathyroidism. The current report describes the phenomenon in a dog. A 7 yr old neutered male Pomeranian was diagnosed with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, and primary hypoparathyroidism. This dog required long-term parenteral calcium gluconate to prevent clinical hypocalcemia despite appropriate doses of oral calcitriol and calcium carbonate. This is the first description of clinically significant presumptive glucocorticoid induced hypocalcemia in a dog with primary hypoparathyroidism.

Systemic sclerosis: Current concepts of skin and systemic manifestations

Systemic sclerosis is an uncommon autoimmune connective tissue disease with multiorgan system involvement and significant associated morbidity and mortality. Cutaneous signs and clinical manifestations are of particular importance, as they may be recognized before systemic manifestations, allowing earlier risk stratification into the limited and diffuse cutaneous subtypes, as well as earlier initiation of treatment. Important cutaneous manifestations include Raynaud's phenomenon, digital ulcers, cutaneous sclerosis, calcinosis cutis, telangiectasias, pruritus, and dyspigmentation. Despite investigation of a wide variety of treatments, no FDA-approved pharmacologic therapies exist for systemic sclerosis, and data from high-quality studies are limited. In the following review, we will discuss skin-directed therapies. Although there is evidence to support specific treatments for Raynaud's phenomenon, digital ulcers, and cutaneous sclerosis, there are limited rigorous studies evaluating the treatment of other cutaneous signs and clinical manifestations. Additional randomized-controlled trials and large observational studies are necessary to develop future evidence-based treatment options.

Worsening of soft tissue dystrophic calcification in an osteoporotic patient treated with teriparatide

Teriparatide, used for treatment of osteoporosis in patients at high risk of fracture risk, sometimes results in mild and transient hypercalcemia. There have been two recent reports of worsening dystrophic calcification in patients with autoimmune disorders following teriparatide treatment. We report a patient with severe osteoporosis and without a pre-existing autoimmune disorder, who developed symptomatic worsening of dystrophic calcification 4 months after teriparatide was initiated. Symptoms resolved within 1 week of teriparatide cessation.

Polarizable crystals in apocrine sweat gland tumors: A series of 3 cases

Polarizable calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals have been well documented in breast biopsies, generally associated with benign apocrine metaplasia. In contrast, polarizable crystals are only rarely reported in skin adnexal neoplasms. We report 3 different cases of sweat gland tumors with polarizable crystals morphologically suggestive of CaOx: 1 apocrine hidrocystoma and 2 tubular apocrine adenomas. The histologic features were examined in 3 cases. Clinical presentation summary included 2 males and 1 female, ages 53 to 74 years, with lesions located on the left cheek, inferior vertex scalp and the left eyebrow. All 3 cases showed polarizable, geometric, plate-like and fractured, colorless crystals within the lumens of the neoplasm. Of note, these crystals were seen only on the toluidine blue-stained section of Case #1, but were not present on the corresponding permanent section. We hypothesize that polarizable crystals may be present in sweat gland neoplasms more often than previously documented, but that they may often dissolve with routine processing, accounting for their rare visibility. We highlight this rare finding, and suggest that it may be underreported. We only noted this finding in benign apocrine tumors; further investigation would be necessary to determine whether these crystals are also seen in other cutaneous adnexal neoplasms.

The eye and the skin in nonendocrine metabolic disorders

As metabolism is controlled by the input of genes and the environment, metabolic disorders result from some disturbance in the interaction between genes and environmental factors. Many metabolic disorders consist in congenital enzyme deficiencies, also known as "inborn errors of metabolism," that may be disabling or cause severe illness and death and are predominantly inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. The deposit in cells and tissues of storage substances from errors in metabolic processes may produce a wide variety of disorders affecting different organs and functions, with different degrees of severity, and often present around the time of birth or early childhood. Distinctive ocular and skin manifestations accompany many metabolic diseases and may provide clues for their diagnosis and evolution.

Metastatic Calcinosis Cutis: A Case in a Child with Acute Pre-B Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Hypercalcemia in children with malignancy is an uncommon condition. It has been described in leukemia patients with impaired renal excretion of calcium or osteolytic lesions. Metastatic calcinosis cutis (MCC) may develop if hypercalcemia persists. We report the case of a 5-year-old girl with an atypical dermatosis and unspecific gastrointestinal symptoms. Considered clinical diagnoses were xanthomas, histiocytosis, molluscum contagiosum, and nongenital warts. Cutaneous histological analysis showed amorphous basophilic deposits in the dermis suggestive of calcium deposits. Laboratory tests confirmed serum hypercalcemia. Extensive investigations such as bone marrow biopsy established the diagnosis of an acute pre-B cell lymphoblastic leukemia. Hypercalcemia in hematopoietic malignancies is unusual, especially as initial manifestation of the disease. Careful review of the literature fails to reveal previous reports of these peculiar cutaneous lesions of MCC in children with leukemia.

A unique association of unilateral idiopathic calcinosis cutis with ipsilateral porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus

An 11-year-old boy presented with complaints of multiple skin-colored hard lumps on the right side of his body and progressive deformity of the right leg of 7-years duration. His parents had also noticed multiple asymptomatic pits over his right arm, palms, and soles since childhood. Examination revealed skin-colored nontender nodules on the right half of his body and shortening of his right leg. The multiple hyperpigmented pits over the right arm, palm, and sole raised diagnostic difficulties, but histopathologic, radiologic, and biochemical investigations confirmed the features of idiopathic calcinosis cutis and porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus. Unilateral idiopathic calcinosis cutis has not been previously reported in the literature, and the association with ipsilateral porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus makes this case unique. Diagnostic difficulties and limited options for treatment make this case interesting academically.

Hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis: odontostomatologic management and pathological features

BACKGROUND

Hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis (HFTC) is to a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cutaneous and sub-cutaneous calcified masses, usually adjacent to large joints. The aim of the current study was to report on the clinico-pathological features of a patient with HFCT, with emphasis on alterations in the jawbones and teeth and the subsequent therapeutic interventions.

CASE REPORT

A 13-year-old male patient with HFTC diagnosis came to our attention for dental anomalies and maxillary and mandibular hypoplasia. OPT highlighted multiple impacted teeth, short and bulbous teeth, and pulp chamber and canal obliterations. Lateral cephalometric radiograms pointed out retrusion of both jaws, skeletal class II malocclusion, and deep-bite. He underwent orthopedic, orthodontic, conservative, and surgical treatments, allowing the correction of maxillo-facial and dental abnormalities and dysmorphisms without adverse effects. The surgical samples were sent for conventional and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) histopathological examination, which highlighted several metaplastic micro- and macro-calcifications in the soft tissues, and typical islands of homogenous, non-tubular, dentino-osteoid calcified structures in dentinal tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

The management of maxillo-facial abnormalities in patients affected by HFTC is very difficult and, requires a combined therapeutic approach. To date, very few indications have been published in the literature.

Cutaneous deposits

: The cutaneous deposition disorders are a group of unrelated conditions characterized by the accumulation of either endogenous or exogenous substances within the skin. These cutaneous deposits are substances that are not normal constituents of the skin and are laid down usually in the dermis, but also in the subcutis, in a variety of different circumstances. There are 5 broad categories of cutaneous deposits. The first group includes calcium salts, bone, and cartilage. The second category includes the hyaline deposits that may be seen in the dermis in several metabolic disorders, such as amyloidosis, gout, porphyria, and lipoid proteinosis. The third category includes various pigments, heavy metals, and complex drug pigments. The fourth category, cutaneous implants, includes substances that are inserted into the skin for cosmetic purposes. The fifth category includes miscellaneous substances, such as oxalate crystals and fiberglass. In this article, the authors review the clinicopathologic characteristics of cutaneous deposition diseases, classify the different types of cutaneous deposits, and identify all the histopathologic features that may assist in diagnosing the origin of a cutaneous deposit.

A Case of Persistent Subepidermal Calcified Nodule in an Adult Treated with CO2Laser

A subepidermal calcified nodule (SCN) is an uncommon form of calcinosis cutis that is not associated with other dermatologic or systemic illnesses. Clinically, SCN presents as a solitary, firm tumor that can be white, white-yellow, or erythematous. Most SCNs occur in children; they are extremely rare in adults. The treatment of choice is believed to be surgical excision. We describe a case of SCN on the right ear lobe of a 33-year-old male, which was treated using a CO2 laser and electrodessication.

Hyperphosphatemic tumoral calcinosis

Tumoral calcinosis (TC) is a rare locally aggressive lesion characterised by extra-articular soft tissue deposition of the calcium phosphate around large joints. The exact aetiology is not known. A 19-year-old boy presented with a painful progressive swelling around the bilateral elbow and left hip joints over a 6-month duration. Routine laboratory results showed a normal haemogram, and normal calcium and high phosphate levels. Imaging showed a soft tissue calcified mass around these joints. The cut surface of the excised mass showed myxoid material with areas of calcification. On microscopy, there were typical features of TC. Our case is being presented due to the rarity of the entity and the peculiar dual energy CT (DECT) finding which are being described for the first time in this pathology.

Warfarin accelerates ectopic mineralization in Abcc6(-/-) mice: clinical relevance to pseudoxanthoma elasticum

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a multisystem ectopic mineralization disorder caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. Warfarin, a commonly used anticoagulant, is associated with increased mineralization of the arterial blood vessels and cardiac valves. We hypothesized that warfarin may accelerate ectopic tissue mineralization in PXE, with clinical consequences. To test this hypothesis, we developed a model in which Abcc6(-/-) mice, which recapitulate features of PXE, were fed a diet supplemented with warfarin and vitamin K1. Warfarin action was confirmed by significantly increased serum levels of oxidized vitamin K. For mice placed on a warfarin-containing diet, quantitative chemical and morphometric analyses revealed massive accumulation of mineral deposits in a number of tissues. Mice fed a warfarin-containing diet were also shown to have abundant uncarboxylated form of matrix Gla protein, which allowed progressive tissue mineralization to ensue. To explore the clinical relevance of these findings, 1747 patients with PXE from the approximately 4000 patients in the PXE International database were surveyed about the use of warfarin. Of the 539 respondents, 2.6% reported past or present use of warfarin. Based on the prevalence of PXE (approximately 1:50,000), thousands of patients with PXE worldwide may be at risk for worsening of PXE as a result of warfarin therapy.

Calcinosis cutis in autoimmune connective tissue diseases

Calcinosis cutis is a chronic condition involving insoluble calcified deposits of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It is commonly associated with autoimmune connective tissue diseases and can be a source of pain and functional disability. The likelihood of developing calcinosis varies among the autoimmune connective tissue diseases, with systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis being the most commonly associated. Identification of therapy for this challenging disorder has been hampered by a paucity of large controlled trials. Although there is no uniformly effective treatment for calcinosis cutis, several surgical and medical therapies have demonstrated varying degrees of benefit in the treatment of calcinosis, including surgical excision, laser therapy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, diltiazem, minocycline, colchicine, and topical sodium thiosulfate, along with others. Recommendations for the diagnosis and therapy of calcinosis cutis in patients with autoimmune connective tissue diseases are discussed.

The co-existence of vulvar lichen sclerosus, ulcerated calcinosis cutis, and dermatomyositis: coincidence or immunological mechanism?

Calcinosis cutis is a condition characterized by the deposition of calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, and patients suffering from it encounter various connective tissue disorders, such as dermatomyositis (DM), scleroderma, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Although calcinosis cutis is frequently accompanied by juvenile dermatomyositis, rare cases have been reported in adult patients with DM. On the other hand, lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin and mucosal surfaces. In the present report, we present a rare case of a 71-year-old patient with DM accompanied by ulcerated calcinosis cutis and vulvar LS.

Skin signs of systemic diseases

The skin should not be considered as an isolated organ but rather as a definite functioning system that communicates with the internal environment. Skin signs of systemic diseases occur frequently and sometimes feature the first symptoms of an internal disease; furthermore, these manifestations may be the sole expressions of otherwise asymptomatic systemic disorders. A number of dermatologic signs, symptoms, and disorders can be invaluable as markers of systemic disease. Although a plethora of specialized modern diagnostic tests are available, the skin still remains the only organ of the body that is immediately and completely accessible to direct clinical examination. This contribution reviews the skin signs of systemic diseases. The description of the clinical features of skin lesions observed in several internal diseases will be useful to general physicians, internists, and dermatologists in the diagnosis of a systemic disease.

Calcinosis cutis: part I. Diagnostic pathway

Calcinosis cutis is characterized by the deposition of insoluble calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The syndrome is separated into five subtypes: dystrophic calcification, metastatic calcification, idiopathic calcification, iatrogenic calcification, and calciphylaxis. Dystrophic calcification appears as a result of local tissue damage with normal calcium and phosphate levels in serum. Metastatic calcification is characterized by an abnormal calcium and/or phosphate metabolism, leading to the precipitation of calcium in cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue. Idiopathic calcification occurs without any underlying tissue damage or metabolic disorder. Skin calcification in iatrogenic calcinosis cutis is a side effect of therapy. Calciphylaxis presents with small vessel calcification mainly affecting blood vessels of the dermis or subcutaneous fat. Disturbances in calcium and phosphate metabolism and hyperparathyroidism can be observed.

Multiple miliary osteoma cutis is a distinct disease entity: four case reports and review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Multiple miliary osteoma cutis (MMOC) is a rare nodular skin disease characterized by tiny bone nodules which usually form on the facial skin, typically in middle age. The aetiology of this phenomenon is poorly understood.

OBJECTIVES

To search for possible bone formation progenitors and to look for a possible association with mutations in the GNAS gene (encoding the G-protein α-stimulatory subunit) and related hormonal parameters in patients with MMOC. We also reviewed the literature and discuss the aetiology and pathogenesis of adult-onset primary osteomas.

METHODS

We report four cases of MMOC. Histological samples were analysed for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4 and oestrogen receptor-α known to be involved in bone formation. Endocrinological laboratory investigations and hand X-rays were performed to exclude a systemic disease. The GNAS gene was sequenced from DNA extracted from peripheral blood in all four patients and from a skin sample in one patient to exclude somatic mutations.

RESULTS

Histological analyses revealed intramembranous cutaneous bone formation resembling the findings seen in GNAS gene-based osteoma cutis disorders. However, we did not find any germline or somatic GNAS gene mutations in our patients and all laboratory investigations gave normal results. BMP-2 and -4 were expressed normally in MMOC samples, but oestrogen receptor-α was not expressed. Altogether 47 MMOC cases, 41 female and six male, have been published between 1928 and 2009. Of these cases, 55% had a history of pre-existing acne and only 15% had extrafacial osteomas.

CONCLUSIONS

MMOC is a rare but distinct disease entity of unknown aetiology. Histologically, the tiny nodular osteomas show intramembranous superficial ossification but the aetiology appears to be different from GNAS-related disorders. The osteomas seem to increase slowly in number after appearing in middle age.