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Radulescu SM, Skulberg R, McDonald C, Chan DL, Humm K. Randomized double-blinded clinical trial on acute transfusion reactions in dogs receiving leukoreduced versus nonleukoreduced packed red blood cells. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1325-1332. [PMID: 33960540 PMCID: PMC8162603 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leukoreduction of blood products is commonly performed in human medicine, but its effect on outcome or incidence of transfusion reactions (TRs) in dogs is unknown. Objectives To prospectively evaluate the incidence of acute TRs in, and the outcome of, dogs receiving either leukoreduced (LR) or nonleukoreduced (N‐LR) packed red blood cells (PRBC). Animals Dogs (n = 194) administered PRBC between August 2017 and June 2020. Methods Prospective randomized double‐blinded clinical trial. Dogs were randomized to receive either LR or N‐LR PRBC and clinicians, nurses and investigators were blinded to the group allocations. The incidence of TRs, change in PCV, hospitalization duration, and survival to discharge were recorded. Results Out of the 194 dogs, 96 received LR and 98 received N‐LR PRBCs. The mean 12‐hour change in PCV value was +9.22% (SD 5.27%) for dogs that received N‐LR and +10.69% (SD 6.44%) for dogs that received LR PRBC (effect size 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.02 to 0.55), which was not significantly different (P = .08). TRs were documented in 16/194 (8.24%) dogs, with 1/194 (0.51%) being a mild allergic reaction, while 15/194 (7.73%) had suspected febrile nonhemolytic TRs (FNHTRs). FNHTR incidence was not significantly different between the LR (6/96, 6.25%, 95% CI 2.8‐13.56) and N‐LR (9/98, 9.18%, 95% CI 4.92‐17.11) groups (P = .81). Of the 156 dogs that survived to discharge, 80/156 received N‐LR PRBC and 76/156 received LR PRBC which was not significantly different (P = .66). Conclusions and Clinical Importance A clinical advantage of using LR over N‐LR PRBC in terms of TRs and increase in PCV after transfusion was not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinziana Maria Radulescu
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Ragnhild Skulberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingdom.,Small Animal Section, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Charlotte McDonald
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingdom.,Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L Chan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Humm
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Transfusion medicine can be a lifesaving intervention. Component therapy has expanded the availability and blood products available. Patient safety and minimizing risk is important and can be accomplished through proper donor screening, collection, storage, compatibility testing, administration, and monitoring. The pros and cons of available products must be considered and tailored to each individual patient. Recent discoveries include new antigens and blood types, microbial effects on blood type, and the association between blood type and disease prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendon W Kuo
- Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849-5540, USA
| | - Maureen McMichael
- Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849-5540, USA.
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Bell AL, Gladden JN, Graham JE. Successful xenotransfusion in a domestic ferret with spontaneous hemoperitoneum using feline packed red blood cells. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:336-341. [PMID: 32077204 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the diagnosis, management, and outcome of a ferret with spontaneous hemoperitoneum with surgical intervention and xenotransfusion of type A feline packed red blood cells (pRBCs). CASE SUMMARY A domestic ferret diagnosed with a spontaneous hemoperitoneum secondary to a hepatic mass received isotonic crystalloids, hypertonic saline, and an allogenic blood transfusion perioperatively. Postoperatively, the ferret developed progressive anemia and tachycardia refractory to fluid therapy and, given a lack of additional allogenic blood sources, received a xenotransfusion of feline pRBCs. The ferret was hospitalized for 4 days postoperatively and developed a presumed delayed transfusion reaction characterized by transient hyperbilirubinemia. At a 6-month recheck, the ferret was doing well clinically. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This is the first reported case of successful xenotransfusion of feline pRBCs in a ferret. Although xenotransfusion of ferrets with feline blood products is not recommended as a routine procedure, it remains a viable option in critical situations in which ferret blood is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Bell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Jay N Gladden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Jennifer E Graham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
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SINGH AMITA, JADON NS. Clinicophysiological, haematobiochemical and electrocardiographic effects of homogenous and heterogenous blood transfusion in traumatized dogs. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i2.87324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Twenty four clinical cases of dogs having the history of the accidents irrespective of their age and sex were included in this study. The definite diagnosis was made on the basis of haematobiochemical, radiographic, ultrasonographic and laparoscopic findings. The animals were divided randomly into 3 groups, viz. A, B and C comprising equal number of animals. After the definite diagnosis, patients were subjected to surgical intervention i.e. splenectomy. The animals of groups A, B, and C were subjected to the administration of anaesthetic combination of atropine sulphate, diazepam and thiopental sodium just to pass endotracheal tube followed by either isoflurane (2–2.5%) or sevoflurane (3–3.5%) and also subjected to whole blood transfusion of cattle, buffalo and dogs in groups A, B & C respectively either during the operation or just after the operation.The efficacy of blood transfusion was judged on the basis of effects on various clinicophysiological and haematobiochemical parameters recorded before and after the administration of blood. Electrocardiographic studies were also made. It was concluded that in case of the trauma of spleen, homogenous transfusion of the blood in traumatized patient is most beneficial however in case of the emergency condition, heterogenous blood transfusion from cattle and buffaloes may also be made to save the life of the patients.
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Ferreira RRF, Graça RMC, Cardoso IM, Gopegui RR, de Matos AJF. In vitro hemolysis of stored units of canine packed red blood cells. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2018; 28:512-517. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui R. F. Ferreira
- Departments of Veterinary Clinics; Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | | | | | - Rafael R. Gopegui
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Veterinary Faculty; Barcelona Autonomous University; Barcelona Spain
| | - Augusto J. F. de Matos
- Departments of Veterinary Clinics; Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research; Porto Portugal
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Blasi Brugué C, Ferreira RRF, Mesa Sanchez I, Graça RMC, Cardoso IM, de Matos AJF, Ruiz de Gopegui R. In vitro quality control analysis after processing and during storage of feline packed red blood cells units. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:141. [PMID: 29699565 PMCID: PMC5922008 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the storage of packed red blood cells (pRBC), packed cell volume (PCV), bacterial contamination and percentage of haemolysis [percentage of free haemoglobin (HGB) in relation to the total HGB] are important quality parameters. Both PCV and haemolysis are indicators of the cellular integrity of stored units. There are no published experimental studies that evaluated these parameters during storage of feline pRBC using SAGM (adenine, dextrose, mannitol and sodium chloride) as the additive solution. The present study aims to (1) evaluate the quality of feline pRBCs stored in SAGM; (2) test for the semi-closed system's suitability for use and risk of bacterial contamination; (3) establish the maximum storage time that may be appropriate to meet the criteria established by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) guidelines for human blood banking; and (4) evaluate the need to calculate the percentage of haemolysis prior to the administration of units stored for more than 4 weeks. Four hundred eighty nine feline pRBC units were analyzed. Bacterial culture, PCV and percentage of haemolysis were determined within 6 h after processing (t0). One hundred and eighty units were re-tested for haemolysis and PCV after 29-35 days of storage (t1) and 118 units after 36-42 days (t2). RESULTS Bacterial contamination was not detected in any pRBC unit. Mean PCV at t0 was 52.25% (SD: ±5.27) and decreased significantly (p < 0.001) during storage to 48.15% (SD: ±3.79) at t1 and to 49.34% (SD: ±4.45) at t2. Mean percentage of haemolysis at t0 was 0.07% (SD: ±0.06) and increased significantly (p < 0.001) to 0.69% (SD: ±0.40) at t1 and to 0.81% (SD: ±0.47) at t2. In addition, 13.88% and 19.49% of pRBC units exceeded 1% haemolysis at t1 and t2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS According to the US-FDA guidelines for human blood banking that recommend a maximum of 1% haemolysis, the results of this study show that all feline pRBC units with less than 24 h of shelf life have low levels of haemolysis. However, units preserved up to 28 days can only be administered if tested for haemolysis before use, since 13.88% units exceeded the 1% limit. The semi-closed system was considered safe for use as bacterial contamination was not detected in any pRBC unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Blasi Brugué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Animal Blood Bank, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rui R. F. Ferreira
- Animal Blood Bank, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
- Animal Blood Bank, 4200-602 Porto, Portugal
- Animal Science and Study Centre, Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Augusto J. F. de Matos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-343 Porto, Portugal
- Animal Science and Study Centre, Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael Ruiz de Gopegui
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Animal Blood Bank, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
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Wurlod VA, Smith SA, McMichael MA, O'Brien M, Herring J, Swanson KS. Iron metabolism following intravenous transfusion with stored versus fresh autologous erythrocyte concentrate in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2016; 76:996-1004. [PMID: 26512546 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.11.996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of IV transfusion with fresh (3-day-old) or stored (35-day-old) autologous erythrocyte concentrate on serum labile iron concentration, iron-binding capacity, and protein interaction with iron in dogs. ANIMALS 10 random-source healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly assigned to receive autologous erythrocyte concentrate stored for 3 days (n = 5) or 35 days (5). One unit of whole blood was collected from each dog, and erythrocyte concentrates were prepared and stored as assigned. After erythrocyte storage, IV transfusion was performed, with dogs receiving their own erythrocyte concentrate. Blood samples were collected from each dog before and 5, 9, 24, 48, and 72 hours after transfusion. Serum was harvested for measurement of total iron, labile iron, transferrin, ferritin, hemoglobin, and haptoglobin concentrations. RESULTS For dogs that received fresh erythrocytes, serum concentrations of the various analytes largely remained unchanged after transfusion. For dogs that received stored erythrocytes, serum concentrations of total iron, labile iron, hemoglobin, and ferritin increased markedly and serum concentrations of transferrin and haptoglobin decreased after transfusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Transfusion with autologous erythrocyte concentrate stored for 35 days resulted in evidence of intravascular hemolysis in healthy dogs. The associated marked increases in circulating concentrations of free iron and hemoglobin have the potential to adversely affect transfusion recipients.
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Bruce JA, Kriese-Anderson L, Bruce AM, Pittman JR. Effect of premedication and other factors on the occurrence of acute transfusion reactions in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:620-30. [PMID: 26109490 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of premedication on transfusion reactions (TRs) within 24 hours after blood product transfusions in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective study between 2008 and 2011. SETTING Private veterinary referral hospital. ANIMALS Nine hundred and thirty-five transfusion events in 558 dogs. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Medical records of dogs receiving blood product transfusions were reviewed. Information collected included signalment, weight, transfusion product type, reason for transfusion, first or subsequent transfusion, whether an acute reaction occurred, type of reaction, whether the reaction was treated, premedication prior to the transfusion and the premedication used, other medications the animal was given, whether the animal had an immune-mediated process, and whether the transfusion was administered in the perioperative period. A total of 144 (15%) acute TRs were documented in 136 dogs. The most common TRs were fever alone (77/144 [53%]) and vomiting alone (26/144 [18%]). Six dogs died due to the TR (4%). TR was not associated with age (P = 0.257), sex (P = 0.754), weight (P = 0.829), or premedication (P = 0.312). The type of blood product transfused (P < 0.001) was significantly associated with TRs, with packed RBCs most likely associated with a TR, and plasma least likely. Immune disease (P = 0.015) was significantly associated with occurrence of a TR. Significantly fewer reactions were documented following transfusions given in the perioperative period (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS While most TRs were mild, there were some serious reactions observed including hemolysis, dyspnea, and 6 deaths. Immune-mediated disease was associated with development of a TR, while transfusion during the perioperative period was associated with lower likelihood of reaction. Packed RBC transfusions were associated with development of acute TRs. Overall occurrence of TR was not significantly altered with premedication; however, when evaluated alone, antihistamines decreased the incidence of acute allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashley M Bruce
- Department of Animal Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849
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Kisielewicz C, Self IA. Canine and feline blood transfusions: controversies and recent advances in administration practices. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:233-42. [PMID: 24576208 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To discuss and review blood transfusion practices in dogs and cats including collection and storage of blood and administration of products. To report new developments, controversial practices, less conventional blood product administration techniques and where applicable, describe the relevance to anaesthetists and anaesthesia. DATABASES USED PubMed and Google Scholar using dog, cat, blood transfusion, packed red blood cells and whole blood as keywords. CONCLUSIONS Blood transfusions improve oxygen carrying capacity and the clinical signs of anaemia. However there are numerous potential risks and complications possible with transfusions, which may outweigh their benefits. Storage of blood products has improved considerably over time but whilst extended storage times may improve their availability, a phenomenon known as the storage lesion has been identified which affects erythrocyte viability and survival. Leukoreduction involves removing leukocytes and platelets thereby preventing their release of cytokines and bioactive compounds which also contribute to storage lesions and certain transfusion reactions. Newer transfusion techniques are being explored such as cell salvage in surgical patients and subsequent autologous transfusion. Xenotransfusions, using blood and blood products between different species, provide an alternative to conventional blood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kisielewicz
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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Hirst C, Adamantos S. Autologous blood transfusion following red blood cell salvage for the management of blood loss in 3 dogs with hemoperitoneum. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:355-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lucidi CDA, Takahira RK, Gerlach JA, Davis JM, Schwartz KA, Scott MA. Flow cytometric assessment of canine erythrocytes and platelets for dog erythrocyte antigen 1.1. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:435-443. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia de A. Lucidi
- Department of Veterinary Clinics; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; São Paulo State University-Unesp; Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Regina K. Takahira
- Department of Veterinary Clinics; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; São Paulo State University-Unesp; Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - John A. Gerlach
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics Program; College of Natural Science and Department of Medicine; College of Human Medicine and
| | | | | | - Michael A. Scott
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
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Patterson J, Rousseau A, Kessler RJ, Giger U. In vitro lysis and acute transfusion reactions with hemolysis caused by inappropriate storage of canine red blood cell products. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:927-33. [PMID: 21615499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion of red blood cell (RBC) products carries considerable risk for adverse reactions, including life-threatening hemolytic reactions. OBJECTIVE To report the occurrence and investigation of life-threatening acute transfusion reactions with hemolysis in dogs likely related to inappropriate blood product storage. ANIMALS Four dogs with acute transfusion reactions and other recipients of blood products. METHODS Medical records were reviewed from 4 dogs with suspected acute hemolytic transfusion reactions after receiving RBC products at a veterinary clinic over a 1-month period. Medical records of other animals receiving blood products in the same time period also were reviewed. Blood compatibility and product quality were assessed, subsequent transfusions were closely monitored, and products were diligently audited. RESULTS During or immediately after RBC product transfusion, 4 dogs developed hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, or both. Two dogs died and 1 was euthanized because of progressive clinical signs compatible with an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. Blood type and blood compatibility were confirmed. RBC units from 2 blood banks were found to be hemolyzed after storage in the clinic's refrigerator; no bacterial contamination was identified. After obtaining a new refrigerator dedicated to blood product storage, the problem of hemolyzed units and acute transfusion reactions with hemolysis completely resolved. CONCLUSIONS Acute life-threatening transfusion reactions can be caused by inappropriate storage of RBC products. In addition to infectious disease screening and ensuring blood-type compatibility, quality assessment of blood products, appropriate collection, processing, and storage techniques as well as recipient monitoring are critical to provide safe, effective transfusions.
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Kessler RJ, Rankin S, Young S, O'Shea K, Calabrese M, Guldin A, Lipson N, Oakley DA, Giger U. Pseudomonas fluorescens contamination of a feline packed red blood cell unit and studies of canine units. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 39:29-38. [PMID: 19843300 PMCID: PMC3111970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: While screening programs have reduced the risk of infectious disease transmission by donors in human and veterinary blood banking, bacterial contamination of blood products has emerged as a major complication in human medicine. Objectives: To describe a Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf)‐contaminated feline packed RBC (pRBC) unit and experimentally investigate Pf‐contaminated canine pRBCs. Methods: Canine pRBCs were inoculated with Pf‐rich pRBCs from the sentinel feline unit and stored at 4°C or 20°C for 72 hours. Aliquots from the pRBCs were serially evaluated by microscopy, culture, and a eubacterial 16S rRNA real‐time PCR assay. Results: One Pf‐contaminated feline unit turned black after 22 days of storage and was removed from the blood bank; a source was not found, and no other contaminated units were identified. Canine pRBCs spiked with 5 or 25 μL of the sentinel unit became culture‐ and/or 16S PCR‐positive at ≥8 hours at 20°C and 48 hours at 4°C and developed a color change at ≥24 hours. Sensitivity studies indicated that without incubation, inoculation of ≥100 μL Pf‐rich pRBCs was necessary for a positive 16S PCR test result. Conclusions: P. fluorescens grows in stored pRBCs slowly at 4°C and rapidly at 20°C. Screening of blood products for color change, estimating bacterial concentration with microscopy, and 16S PCR testing are simple and fast ways to detect bacteria in stored blood. Aseptic collection, temperature‐controlled storage, and regular visual monitoring of stored units is recommended. Discolored units should not be transfused, but examined for bacterial contamination or other blood product quality problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Kessler
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Wilson E, Holcombe S, Lamar A, Hauptman J, Brooks M. Incidence of Transfusion Reactions and Retention of Procoagulant and Anticoagulant Factor Activities in Equine Plasma. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:323-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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de Freitas E, Melo MN, da Costa-Val AP, Michalick MSM. Transmission of Leishmania infantum via blood transfusion in dogs: Potential for infection and importance of clinical factors. Vet Parasitol 2006; 137:159-67. [PMID: 16414196 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blood transfusion is an important routine practice in veterinary medicine that generally involves the use of whole blood. Permanent blood donors must be vaccinated against viral infections that affect dogs and submitted periodically to clinical and serological examinations to detect blood-transmitted diseases. There is a very high risk of transmission of infectious agents, particularly protozoans due to their long incubation periods, subclinical persistence in infected animals and likelihood of remaining viable in bloodstocks. The aim of the present study was to identify the potential of asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic dogs for Leishmania infantum transmission as a result of transfusional practice. Nineteen Leishmania-seropositive adult dogs of both sexes and indeterminate breeds were selected as donors. The animals were classified as symptomatic, oligosymptomatic or asymptomatic after clinical examination and evaluated by ELISA, IFAT and bone marrow puncture biopsies. Whole blood and monocyte cells were collected and used for dog's serological evaluation and inoculation in culture medium as well as in hamsters. All but three dogs were positive for IFAT, ELISA and parasite demonstration in bone marrow aspirates, irrespective of their clinical conditions. Parasites were detected in 77% of the whole blood and 90% of the monocyte cultures. Six months after inoculation with whole blood or monocytes, hamsters developed infection and clinical symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis, as well as positive titres measured by ELISA. These results suggest that blood donors should be monitored periodically and rigorously for Leishmania infection, to prevent dissemination of the disease through blood transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa de Freitas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avda Antonio Carlos, 6627, Bairro Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31 270 901 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Prittie JE. Triggers for use, optimal dosing, and problems associated with red cell transfusions. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003; 33:1261-75. [PMID: 14664198 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(03)00093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The administration of RBC components can dramatically improve tissue oxygenation in small animals with symptomatic anemia and can be life saving. This therapy is not without risk, however. Careful consideration of the transfusion trigger, appropriate screening of the donor and recipient, and selection of the optimal RBC component and dose on an individual patient basis can help to limit the occurrence of adverse transfusion-related events. Appropriate component administration techniques, careful monitoring of recipients for the development of transfusion reactions, and prompt recognition and treatment of transfusion reactions are also essential in assuring safe transfusion practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Prittie
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Animal Medical Center, 510 East 62nd Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Abstract
The following review is based on notes used in the teaching of clinical immunology to veterinary students. Immune diseases of the dog are placed into six different categories: (1) type I or allergic conditions; (2) type II or auto- and allo-antibody diseases; (3) type III or immune complex disorders; (4) type IV or cell-mediated immune diseases; (5) type V conditions or gammopathies; and (6) type VI or immunodeficiency disorders. Separate discussions of transplantation immunology and the use of drugs to regulate unwanted immune responses are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Pedersen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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