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Gómez Martin N, Domínguez Miño E, García de Carellán A, Vilalta Solé L. Abdominal ultrasound features and reference values in healthy guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3668. [PMID: 38012021 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the ultrasonographic features and reference values of the abdominal anatomy in guinea pigs. METHODS A complete abdominal ultrasonographic examination was performed in 20 adults and 20 young guinea pigs. The thickness of the wall of the gallbladder, stomach, duodenum, caecum, colon and urinary bladder (UB) was measured. Also, the adrenal glands (AGs) (width of the cranial and caudal poles, length), kidneys (length, width, height), ovaries (length, width), testes (length, width), uterus (width) and seminal glands (width) and the thickness of the spleen and pancreas were measured. All the measurements were compared between age groups and sexes. RESULTS The liver, gallbladder, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, UB, AGs and great vessels were clearly visualised in all the guinea pigs. No significant statistical differences were found between the sexes, but there were statistically significant differences in the size of the kidneys, AGs, pancreas, spleen and reproductive organs between age groups. No significant differences in the wall thickness of the digestive system, gallbladder and UB were observed between groups. LIMITATIONS The main limitation of this study is the lack of gross anatomical or histological correlation. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in guinea pigs and provide reference values for the abdominal organs of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alejandra García de Carellán
- Hospital Veterinario de Referencia UCV, Valencia, Spain
- Memvet-Centre de Referència Veterinària, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Laura Vilalta Solé
- Hospital Veterinario de Referencia UCV, Valencia, Spain
- Hospital Veterinario Canis Girona, Girona, Spain
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Gardhouse S. Point of Care Ultrasound in Exotic Animal Emergency and Critical Care. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023:S1094-9194(23)00020-8. [PMID: 37349183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Exotic pets are presented to veterinary clinics with increasing frequency for routine, urgent, and emergency needs. With these increased visits, owners' expectations for high-quality veterinary care are also increasing. Many presenting complaints of reptiles, birds, and small mammals can benefit from the use of point of care ultrasound (POCUS) to establish a minimum database, aid in triage, and help guide further diagnostics, treatment, and prognostic discussions with the owner. Hospitalized exotic patients can also have their progress tracked and better assessed with the aid of POCUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gardhouse
- Evolution Veterinary Specialists, 34 Van Gordon Street, Ste. 160, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA.
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Swepson R, Hosgood G, Stander N. Algorithmic estimation of adrenal volume based on body weight and CT landmarks in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:264-271. [PMID: 34997659 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomographic (CT) methods for quantifying adrenal size are helpful for identifying and directing management of adrenal disease in dogs. This retrospective, observational study aimed to use CT to determine anatomic landmarks associated with adrenal gland volume in dogs, and subsequently develop an algorithm to estimate adrenal volume for individual subjects. Abdominal CT images from 150 dogs without adrenal disease were assessed. The volume of the left and right adrenals, as well as dimensions from anatomic structures, were measured. Predictive models for adrenal volume were examined with cross validation. A further 29 dogs were used for external validation and model fit. Dogs in the test cohort weighed from 3.1 to 67.5 kg (mean 24.4 kg) with left (VLA ) and right (VRA ) adrenal volume ranging from 0.23 to 2.84 cm3 (mean 1.22 cm3 ) and 0.14 to 2.97 cm3 (mean 1.11 cm3 ), respectively. A predictive model for each adrenal based on weight (W) and L1 height (HL1 ) best explained the adrenal volume, with external validation confirming model fit. The final models, adjusted for bias, were: VLA = 0.154 + (0.02 × W) + (0.07 × HL1 ) (adjR2 = 0.62); and VRA = -0.116 + (0.02 × W) + (0.06 × HL1 ) (adjR2 = 0.64). In dogs undergoing CT, these algorithms can be used to estimate expected adrenal volume and allow comparison with the actual volume measured on CT, facilitating interpretation of CT findings, and clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Swepson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Giselle Hosgood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Nerissa Stander
- Vet Imaging Specialists, The Animal Hospital at Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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Gaisbauer S, Zeugswetter FK, Tichy A, Rowan C, Ludewig E. Assessment of Adrenal Computed Tomography Characteristics in Cats with Nonadrenal Disease. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022; 58:113-120. [PMID: 35576401 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal computed tomography characteristics (aCTc) in healthy cats are known, but reference intervals for diseased cats are lacking. aCTc of cats without evidence of adrenal disease (NAD group) were compared to parameters of cats with possible concurrent adrenal disease (PAD group). The PAD group was assessed for adrenal masses or other morphological deviations using the NAD group as reference. Associations of aCTc with patient variables were explored, and all results were compared with published aCTc of healthy cats. No incidental adrenal masses were identified in the PAD group (n = 92), and only few aCTc differed compared to the NAD group (n = 30). The NAD group showed similar associations of patient variables and aCTc as length (right: 11.5 ± 2.2 mm, left: 11.8 ± 1.7 mm), width (right: 6.4 ± 1.2 mm, left: 5.4 ± 0.8 mm), height (right: 4.5 ± 0.9 mm, left: 4.5 ± 0.8 mm), attenuation (right: 33.1 ± 5.0 Hounsfield units, left: 32.5 ± 5.3 Hounsfield units) and position, but markedly more mineralization (right: 10%, left: 13.3%) than reported in healthy cats. This study provides references of aCTc for diseased cats without evidence of adrenal disease. The result suggests that adrenal incidentalomas seem to be rare in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gaisbauer
- From the Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals (F.K.Z., C.R., E.L., S.G.), Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics (A.T.), the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Karl Zeugswetter
- From the Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals (F.K.Z., C.R., E.L., S.G.), Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics (A.T.), the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- From the Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals (F.K.Z., C.R., E.L., S.G.), Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics (A.T.), the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Conor Rowan
- From the Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals (F.K.Z., C.R., E.L., S.G.), Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics (A.T.), the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eberhard Ludewig
- From the Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals (F.K.Z., C.R., E.L., S.G.), Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics (A.T.), the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Lauteri E, Mariella J, Beccati F, Roelfsema E, Castagnetti C, Pepe M, Peric T, Barbato O, Montillo M, Rouge S, Freccero F. Adrenal Gland Ultrasonographic Measurements and Plasma Hormone Concentrations in Clinically Healthy Newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred Foals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061832. [PMID: 34205258 PMCID: PMC8233797 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis regulates many physiologic and metabolic functions and plays a central role in the inflammatory response to illness. Clinically, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function can be evaluated by combined assessment of adrenal hormones, adrenocorticotropin plasma concentrations and ultrasonographic examination of the adrenal glands in other species. Multiple individual variables have been demonstrated to affect ultrasonographic measurements of adrenal glands in several species. Ultrasonographic measurements of the adrenal glands and plasma concentration of adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, aldosterone and adrenocorticotropin/adrenal hormone ratios were assessed and compared between Thoroughbred and Standardbred healthy neonatal foals. The effect of age, weight and sex on ultrasonographic measurements of the adrenal glands was also investigated. The width of whole adrenal glands and the medulla differed significantly between Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. Cortisol and adrenocorticotropin were, respectively, higher and lower in Thoroughbreds than in Standardbreds. The cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone ratio was higher in Thoroughbreds than in Standardbreds. The results of this study provide reference ranges for healthy neonatal Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals and suggest the presence of breed-related differences in ultrasonographic measurements, plasmatic cortisol and adrenocorticotropin concentrations. The higher cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone ratio of Thoroughbred foals may suggest a different response to stress and environmental stimulation between the two breeds. Abstract Adrenal hormones, ACTH plasma concentrations and the ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands are considered complementary in clinical evaluations of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function in several species. In dogs, age, size and weight have a significant effect on the ultrasonographic size of the adrenal glands. In neonatal foals, ultrasonographic evaluation and measurements of the adrenal glands have been demonstrated to be reliable; however, the effect of individual variables on ultrasonographic features has not been investigated, and the clinical usefulness of adrenal gland ultrasonography is still not known. The aims of this study were: (i) to provide and compare adrenal glands ultrasound measurements in healthy newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals, and assess any effect of age, weight and sex on them; (ii) to assess and compare ACTH and steroid hormone concentrations in healthy neonatal foals of the two breeds. Venous blood samples and ultrasonographic images of the adrenal glands were collected from 10 healthy neonatal Thoroughbred and 10 healthy neonatal Standardbred foals. Ultrasonographic measurements of the adrenal glands were obtained and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), progesterone (P4) and aldosterone plasma concentrations were assessed. The ACTH/cortisol, ACTH/progesterone, ACTH/aldosterone, ACTH/DHEA and cortisol/DHEA ratios were calculated. A significant positive correlation was found between the height of the right adrenal gland and the foal’s weight; the width of the right and left adrenal gland and the medulla was significantly lower in Thoroughbreds than in Standardbreds. Cortisol and ACTH plasma concentrations were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in Thoroughbreds compared with Standardbreds. The cortisol/DHEA ratio was significantly higher in Thoroughbreds. This study provides reference ranges for neonatal Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals, and suggests the presence of breed-related differences in ultrasonographic adrenal gland measurements, plasmatic cortisol and ACTH concentrations. The higher cortisol/DHEA ratio detected in Thoroughbred foals could suggest a different response to environmental stimulation in the two breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Lauteri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.B.); (M.P.); (O.B.); (S.R.)
- Clinèquine, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy-l’Etoile, 69280 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-340-924-9803
| | - Jole Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (J.M.); (C.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Beccati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.B.); (M.P.); (O.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Ellen Roelfsema
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (J.M.); (C.C.); (F.F.)
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.B.); (M.P.); (O.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Tanja Peric
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/B, 33100 Udine, Italy; (T.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Olimpia Barbato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.B.); (M.P.); (O.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Marta Montillo
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/B, 33100 Udine, Italy; (T.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Stefanie Rouge
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.B.); (M.P.); (O.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (J.M.); (C.C.); (F.F.)
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Perfetti S, Diana A, Baron Toaldo M, Cipone M, Quinci M, Pey P. CT measures of adrenal gland length and caudal pole diameter are reproducible in large breed dogs: A pilot study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:402-412. [PMID: 33831244 PMCID: PMC8360083 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly available to evaluate dogs with suspected adrenal disease, however, published studies describing the reproducibility of CT methods for quantifying adrenal gland (AG) measurements are lacking. This prospective, pilot, observer agreement study aimed to evaluate reproducibility and repeatability of two different methods of measurement of AGs on CT to establish a usable technique and define standard reference ranges. Multiplanar reformatted (MPR) CT images of both AGs of six large breed dogs were obtained with the MPR axis parallel to the spine and parallel to the long axis of the AG. Ten measurements were performed: maximal length and diameter at cranial and caudal poles on dorsal, sagittal, and transverse images; and minimal diameter of cranial and caudal poles on transverse images. Three observers with different levels of experience repeated these measurements three times for each dog. Intra‐ and interobserver variability were calculated through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The differences in time to perform measurements between the two methods were tested with Student's t‐test. Regardless of the measurement method used, length of AGs on dorsal and sagittal MPR images had the lowest intra‐ and inter‐observer variability (ICC = 0.93‐0.99), diameter of caudal pole on transverse plane showed low intra‐ and interobserver variability (ICC = 0.77‐0.80) and diameter of cranial pole had the highest variability (ICC = 0.12‐0.61). Although length was the less variable measurement, its use may be unrealistic in daily practice. Interestingly measurement of caudal pole on transverse plane was characterized by low intra‐ and interobserver variability. No difference in time performing the measurements was noted between the two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Perfetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Baron Toaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Mario Cipone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Manuela Quinci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Pascaline Pey
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Ultrasound examination of the adrenal glands can provide important information pertaining to several conditions including hyperaldosteronism and hyperadrenocorticism. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even for the experienced ultrasonographer, differentiating between incidental findings, such as adrenal mineralisation, and clinically significant pathological changes can be challenging. AIM This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses the ultrasonographic examination of the normal and diseased adrenal glands. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge of and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material. EQUIPMENT Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. EVIDENCE BASE Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author's own clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Griffin
- BVSc, Ce666rtAVP, DipECVDI, Radiology Department, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull B90 4NH, UK
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van Bokhorst KL, Kooistra HS, Boroffka SAEB, Galac S. Concurrent pituitary and adrenocortical lesions on computed tomography imaging in dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:72-78. [PMID: 30536676 PMCID: PMC6335443 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spontaneous hypercortisolism or Cushing's syndrome in dogs is either pituitary or adrenal dependent, but concurrent pituitary and adrenal hypercortisolism also has been reported. Objective To determine how often concurrent pituitary and adrenal lesions are present in dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism. Animals Two hundred one client‐owned dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism. Methods Retrospective study. Pre‐ and post‐contrast computed tomography (CT) scans of the pituitary and adrenal glands were performed in dogs with confirmed hypercortisolism. Results In dogs with dexamethasone‐suppressible hypercortisolism (122/201), 78 dogs (64%) had an enlarged pituitary gland (median pituitary height/brain area [P/B], 0.43 × 10−2 mm−1; range, 0.32‐1.21 × 10−2 mm−1). Two of these 78 dogs had concurrent adrenal lesions. In the remaining dogs (44/122; 36%), the pituitary gland was not enlarged. In the dexamethasone‐resistant group (79/201), the pituitary gland was enlarged in 47 dogs (59%; median P/B, 0.57 × 10−2; range, 0.32‐1.50 × 10−2 mm−1). Eight of these 47 dogs (17%) had concurrent adrenal lesions. In the remaining 32 dexamethasone‐resistant dogs (41%), the pituitary gland was not enlarged. Among them, 27 dogs had adrenal lesions and suppressed ACTH concentrations consistent with adrenal‐dependent hypercortisolism and 5 dogs were diagnosed with pituitary‐dependent hypercortisolism. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Concurrent pituitary and adrenal lesions were present in 5% of all dogs with hypercortisolism and in 10% of the dexamethasone‐resistant dogs. Diagnostic imaging of both pituitary and adrenal glands should be included in the diagnostic evaluation of every dog with spontaneous hypercortisolism to obtain information needed for estimation of prognosis and choosing the optimal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L van Bokhorst
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Evidensia Vets & Pets Veterinary Clinics, Prinsenbeek, The Netherlands
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne A E B Boroffka
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Boroffka Diagnostic Imaging, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Pagani E, Tarducci A, Borrelli A, Iotti B, Tursi M, Zanatta R. Accuracy of Ultrasonographic Measurements of Adrenal Glands in Dogs: Comparison with Necroscopic Findings. Anat Histol Embryol 2016; 46:187-194. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Pagani
- Section of Clinical Sciences; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; L. Paolo Braccini 2 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - A. Tarducci
- Section of Clinical Sciences; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; L. Paolo Braccini 2 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - A. Borrelli
- Section of Clinical Sciences; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; L. Paolo Braccini 2 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - B. Iotti
- Section of Epidemiology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; L. Paolo Braccini 2 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - M. Tursi
- Section of Anatomic Pathology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; L. Paolo Braccini 2 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - R. Zanatta
- Section of Clinical Sciences; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; L. Paolo Braccini 2 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
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Soulsby SN, Holland M, Hudson JA, Behrend EN. ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF ADRENAL GLAND SIZE COMPARED TO BODY WEIGHT IN NORMAL DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:317-26. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy N. Soulsby
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn AL 36849-5540
| | - Merrilee Holland
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn AL 36849-5540
| | - Judith A. Hudson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn AL 36849-5540
| | - Ellen N. Behrend
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn AL 36849-5540
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Bargellini P, Orlandi R, Paloni C, Rubini G, Fonti P, Peterson ME, Boiti C. CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ADRENAL GLANDS IN DOGS WITH PITUITARY-DEPENDENT HYPERADRENOCORTICISM. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:283-92. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bargellini
- From Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via del Lanificio, 9A; 05100 Terni; Italy
| | - Riccardo Orlandi
- From Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via del Lanificio, 9A; 05100 Terni; Italy
| | - Chiara Paloni
- From Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via del Lanificio, 9A; 05100 Terni; Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rubini
- Ultravet Diagnostic; Via E. Fermi, 59; 40017 S. Giovanni in Persiceto; Bologna; Italy
| | - Paolo Fonti
- Centro Veterinario Specialistico; Via Sandro Giovannini, 51; 00137 Roma; Italy
| | - Mark E. Peterson
- Animal Endocrine Clinic; 21 West 100th Street; New York; NY 10025
| | - Cristiano Boiti
- Laboratorio di biotecnologie fisiologiche; Sezione di Fisiologia Veterinaria; Dipartimento di Scienze biopatologiche veterinarie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; Via S. Costanzo 4; 06126 Perugia; Italy
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12
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Combes A, Pey P, Paepe D, Rosenberg D, Daminet S, Putcuyps I, Bedu AS, Duchateau L, de Fornel-Thibaud P, Benchekroun G, Saunders JH. Ultrasonographic appearance of adrenal glands in healthy and sick cats. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 15:445-57. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12469523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The first part of the study aimed to describe prospectively the ultrasonographic features of the adrenal glands in 94 healthy cats and 51 chronically sick cats. It confirmed the feasibility of ultrasonography of adrenal glands in healthy and chronically sick cats, which were not statistically different. The typical hypoechoic appearance of the gland surrounded by hyperechoic fat made it recognisable. A sagittal plane of the gland, not in line with the aorta, may be necessary to obtain the largest adrenal measurements. The reference intervals of adrenal measurements were inferred from the values obtained in the healthy and chronically sick cats (mean ± 0.96 SD): adrenal length was 8.9–12.5 mm; cranial height was 3.0–4.8 mm; caudal height was 3.0–4.5 mm. The second part of the study consisted of a retrospective analysis of the ultrasonographic examination of the adrenal glands in cats with adrenal diseases (six had hyperaldosteronism and four had pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism) and a descriptive comparison with the reference features obtained in the control groups from the prospective study. Cats with hyperaldosteronism presented with unilateral severely enlarged adrenal glands. However, a normal contralateral gland did not preclude a contralateral infiltration in benign or malignant adrenal neoplasms. The ultrasonographic appearance of the adrenal glands could not differentiate benign and malignant lesions. The ultrasonographic appearance of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism was mainly a symmetrical adrenal enlargement; however, a substantial number of cases were within the reference intervals of adrenal size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Combes
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pascaline Pey
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dan Rosenberg
- Internal Medicine Unit, Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Putcuyps
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Bedu
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pauline de Fornel-Thibaud
- Internal Medicine Unit, Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ghita Benchekroun
- Internal Medicine Unit, Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jimmy H Saunders
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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13
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Ultrasonographic abdominal anatomy of healthy captive caracals (Caracal caracal). J Zoo Wildl Med 2012; 43:522-9. [PMID: 23082516 DOI: 10.1638/2011-0255r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in six adult captive caracals (Caracal caracal) to describe the normal abdominal ultrasonographic anatomy. Consistently, the splenic parenchyma was hyperechoic to the liver and kidneys. The relative echogenicity of the right kidney's cortex was inconsistent to the liver. The gall bladder was prominent in five animals and surrounded by a clearly visualized thin, smooth, regular echogenic wall. The wall thickness of the duodenum measured significantly greater compared with that of the jejunum and colon. The duodenum had a significantly thicker mucosal layer compared with that of the stomach. Such knowledge of the normal abdominal ultrasonographic anatomy of individual species is important for accurate diagnosis and interpretation of routine health examinations.
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de Chalus T, Combes A, Bedu AS, Pey P, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Saunders JH. Ultrasonographic Adrenal Gland Measurements in Healthy Yorkshire Terriers and Labrador Retrievers. Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 42:57-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2012.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. de Chalus
- Department of Medical Imaging; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - A. Combes
- Department of Medical Imaging; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - A.-S. Bedu
- Pôle Imagerie; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle; 94704; Maisons-Alfort; France
| | - P. Pey
- Department of Medical Imaging; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - S. Daminet
- Department of Small Animals Medicine and Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - L. Duchateau
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - J. H. Saunders
- Department of Medical Imaging; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
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15
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Combes A, Vandermeulen E, Duchateau L, Peremans K, Daminet S, Saunders J. ULTRASONOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS OF ADRENAL GLANDS IN CATS WITH HYPERTHYROIDISM. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 53:210-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Combes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medical Imaging; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medical Imaging; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometry; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medical Imaging; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - Jimmy Saunders
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medical Imaging; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
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16
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BARBERET VIRGINIE, PEY PASCALINE, DUCHATEAU LUC, COMBES ANAIS, DAMINET SYLVIE, SAUNDERS JIMMYH. INTRA- AND INTEROBSERVER VARIABILITY OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN HEALTHY BEAGLES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:656-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
This chapter familiarizes veterinarians with basic knowledge of ferret biology, medicine, surgery, and care. Ferrets have a long, slender body with short muscular legs, a long thin tail, small eyes, and short ears. The life span of the ferret is 5 to 8 years. Ferrets may be housed singly or in groups, inside or outside of a house. When kept outdoors, however, they must be protected from extreme weather. Ferrets have difficulty tolerating temperatures above 90°F or below 20°F, and appropriate precautions must be taken to prevent their exposure to these extremes. Ferrets are carnivorous and require a suitable diet. A diet that is high in good-quality animal protein and fat and low in complex carbohydrates and fiber is recommended. Ferrets are routinely immunized against canine distemper virus (CDV) and rabies virus. Ferrets are quite susceptible to CDV, and there is a 100% mortality rate in unvaccinated ferrets infected with CDV. When a new ferret is brought into the household, a quarantine period is recommended before introducing it to other animals, particularly other ferrets. The purpose of the quarantine period is to identify and prevent transmission of infectious disease potentially carried by the new ferret. The duration of this period allows for the development of any clinical signs in a seemingly healthy ferret following entrance into the new household.
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18
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Kuijten AM, Schoemaker NJ, Voorhout G. Ultrasonographic visualization of the adrenal glands of healthy ferrets and ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2008; 43:78-84. [PMID: 17339284 DOI: 10.5326/0430078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A protocol was developed to compare the ultrasonographic characteristics of the adrenal glands of 21 healthy ferrets and 37 ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism. By using specific landmarks, the adrenal glands were imaged in 97% of the cases. The adrenal glands of ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism had a significantly increased thickness, with changes in shape, structure, and echogenicity compared to the adrenal glands of healthy ferrets. Based on the findings of the study, adrenal glands may be classified as abnormal when they have a rounded appearance, increased size of the cranial/caudal pole (thickness >3.9 mm), a heterogeneous structure, increased echogenicity, and/or signs of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maria Kuijten
- Division of Avian and Exotic Animal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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BARBERET VIRGINIE, SCHREURS ELKE, RADEMACHER NATHALIE, NITZL DAGMAR, TAEYMANS OLIVIER, DUCHATEAU LUC, SAUNDERS JIMMYH. QUANTIFICATION OF THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS PATIENT AND IMAGE FACTORS ON ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF SELECT CANINE ABDOMINAL ORGANS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008; 49:273-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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20
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Schwartz P, Kovak JR, Koprowski A, Ludwig LL, Monette S, Bergman PJ. Evaluation of prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of adrenal gland tumors in dogs: 41 cases (1999–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:77-84. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Rose SA, Kyles AE, Labelle P, Pypendop BH, Mattu JS, Foreman O, Rodriguez CO, Nelson RW. Adrenalectomy and Caval Thrombectomy in a Cat With Primary Hyperaldosteronism. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2007; 43:209-14. [PMID: 17615401 DOI: 10.5326/0430209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 13-year-old, castrated male, domestic longhaired cat was diagnosed with primary hyperaldosteronism from an adrenal gland tumor and a thrombus in the caudal vena cava. Clinical signs included cervical ventriflexion, lethargy, weakness, inappetence, and diarrhea. Laboratory tests revealed hypokalemia, normonatremia, hyperglycemia, hypophosphatemia, and elevated creatine kinase activity. Hypokalemia worsened despite oral potassium supplementation. An adrenalectomy and caval thrombectomy were successfully performed utilizing deliberate hypothermia followed by progressive rewarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rose
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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22
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Louvet A, Lazard P, Denis B. Phaeochromocytoma treated by en bloc resection including the suprarenal caudal vena cava in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2005; 46:591-6. [PMID: 16355735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old, neutered male Cairn terrier was examined after experiencing intermittent vomiting of several months' duration and sudden onset of acute depression. Abdominal ultrasound examination revealed an adrenal mass invading the suprarenal part of the caudal vena cava. The vascular invasion could not be corrected so en bloc ligation/excision of the adrenal neoplasm and the suprarenal part of the vena cava was performed. Microscopic examination identified an adrenal phaeochromocytoma. The dog recovered well and had no significant vascular or renal dysfunction at follow-up 20 months after surgery. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a dog surviving long term after resection of the suprarenal caudal vena cava.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Louvet
- Small Animal Veterinary Clinic, Saint Germain en Laye, France
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23
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Mantis P, Lamb CR, Witt AL, Neiger R. CHANGES IN ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF ADRENAL GLANDS IN DOGS WITH PITUITARY-DEPENDENT HYPERADRENOCORTICISM TREATED WITH TRILOSTANE. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003; 44:682-5. [PMID: 14703251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trilostane, a 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor, has been used successfully over the last few years for the treatment of canine pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. In a prospective study of 19 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, the adrenal glands were measured before and at least 6 months after initiation of trilostane therapy. Right adrenal gland length and caudal pole thickness and left adrenal gland caudal pole thickness increased significantly (p < or = 0.05); there was no significant change in left adrenal gland length. Enlargement of adrenal glands during trilostane therapy may occur as a result of suppression of the negative feedback mechanism affecting cortisol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mantis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
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24
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Llabres-Diaz FJ, Dennis R. Magnetic resonance imaging of the presumed normal canine adrenal glands. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003; 44:5-19. [PMID: 12620044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-three dogs without evidence of endocrine disease that underwent spinal or abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for clinical reasons were studied. Because the procedures were not optimized for inclusion of the adrenal glands, they were not always visible in all planes. Eighty-five of the 86 adrenal glands were seen and only the left gland in a 6-month-old Irish wolfhound could not be found. The right adrenal gland lay cranial to the left in all of the animals in which both glands were seen. The best landmarks for localization of the glands were vascular; both adrenal glands were always cranial to the ipsilateral renal vessels and in the region of the celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries. Various measurements were made on all the available scan planes. In some dogs the whole adrenal gland was difficult to visualize clearly, and this hindered the measuring process, especially when the right adrenal gland was in close contact with the caudal vena cava. The adrenal glands were mainly linear in shape but also had a variable degree of modification of their poles, especially the cranial pole of the right adrenal gland, which tended to be consistently wider and to present different shapes (rounded, arrowhead, inverted P, hook-shaped, triangular, or dome-shaped). Two main patterns of signal intensity were seen on fast spin echo (FSE) sequences (T2-weighted, T1-weighted, and T1-weighted after administration of a paramagnetic contrast medium): homogeneous and hypointense to surroundings or a corticomedullary type pattern with a hyperintense central area surrounded by a hypointense rim of tissue. The outline of the left adrenal gland was always very clear. The clarity of outline of the right adrenal gland was more variable, especially if it was in contact with the liver or the caudal vena cava. It was felt that the amount of retroperitoneal fat was not as important as stated in the human literature for visualization of the adrenal glands and that with an appropriate selection of scan planes and pulse sequences good assessment of the adrenal glands can be performed with MRI in canine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Llabres-Diaz
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, England, UK
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26
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Moore LE, Biller DS, Olsen DE. Hyperadrenocorticism treated with metyrapone followed by bilateral adrenalectomy in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:691-4, 673. [PMID: 10976301 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 6-year-old spayed female cat was evaluated for uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and poor hair coat. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included high serum activity of liver enzymes, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, glucosuria, and an exaggerated response to ACTH stimulation. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed large adrenal glands. Hyperadrenocorticism was diagnosed. Treatment for a facial abscess was instituted along with administration of metyrapone for hyperadrenocorticism. After stabilization, bilateral adrenalectomy was performed. The cat recovered without complications and has remained clinically normal for 5 months with treatment of desoxycorticosterone pivalate and prednisone. Treatment with metyrapone appeared to stabilize the cat metabolically and clinically prior to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Moore
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Moore LE, Biller DS, Smith TA. Use of abdominal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:213-5, 197. [PMID: 10909461 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 13-year-old castrated male cat was examined because of a 2-week history of weakness, cervical ventroflexion, and dysphagia. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included hypokalemia and high serum creatine kinase activity. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a 15-mm spherical mass in the area of the left adrenal gland. Plasma aldosterone concentration was high, and plasma renin activity was low. Findings were diagnostic of primary hyperaldosteronism. The cat responded well to intravenous and oral potassium supplementation while in the hospital. The owner declined surgery; therefore, repeated follow-up abdominal ultrasonography was recommended. The cat did well clinically with medical management alone until day 334, when it was lost to follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Moore
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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