1
|
Rolph KE, Cavanaugh SM, Wilson HE. First report of suspected glycogen storage disease type 1a occurring in an adult dog. J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:713-716. [PMID: 35272391 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 4-year-old female border collie was presented with haemoabdomen following the rupture of a hepatocellular carcinoma. After referral for ongoing elevation of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, the dog was found to have marked vacuolar hepatopathy due to glycogen accumulation within the liver, fasting hypoglycaemia and hyperlactataemia, and a negative response to glucagon stimulation testing. These changes were strongly suggestive of glycogen storage disease type 1a. Based on our literature search, this report documents the first adult canine to be diagnosed with suspected glycogen storage disease type 1a.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Rolph
- Clinical Sciences Department and Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - S M Cavanaugh
- Clinical Sciences Department and Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - H E Wilson
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hepatic Manifestations in Glycogen Storage Disease Type III. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
Hepatic neoplasia is a rare but serious complication of metabolic diseases in children. The risk of developing neoplasia, the age at onset, and the measures to prevent it differ in the various diseases. We review the most common metabolic disorders that are associated with a heightened risk of developing hepatocellular neoplasms, with a special emphasis on reviewing recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of the disorders and pre-clinical therapeutic options. The cellular and genetic pathways driving carcinogenesis are poorly understood, but best understood in tyrosinemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Schady
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Angshumoy Roy
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Milton J Finegold
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ritterson Lew C, Guin S, Theodorescu D. Targeting glycogen metabolism in bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2015; 12:383-91. [PMID: 26032551 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2015.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism has been a heavily investigated topic in cancer research for the past decade. Although the role of aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) in cancer has been extensively studied, abnormalities in other metabolic pathways are only just being understood in cancer. One such pathway is glycogen metabolism; its involvement in cancer development, particularly in urothelial malignancies, and possible ways of exploiting aberrations in this process for treatment are currently being studied. New research shows that the glycogen debranching enzyme amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase, 4-α-glucanotransferase (AGL) is a novel tumour suppressor in bladder cancer. Loss of AGL leads to rapid proliferation of bladder cancer cells. Another enzyme involved in glycogen debranching, glycogen phosphorylase, has been shown to be a tumour promoter in cancer, including in prostate cancer. Studies demonstrate that bladder cancer cells in which AGL expression is lost are more metabolically active than cells with intact AGL expression, and these cells are more sensitive to inhibition of both glycolysis and glycine synthesis--two targetable pathways. As a tumour promoter and enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase can be directly targeted, and preclinical inhibitor studies are promising. However, few of these glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors have been tested for cancer treatment in the clinical setting. Several possible limitations to the targeting of AGL and glycogen phosphorylase might also exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Ritterson Lew
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, 12700 East 19th Avenue, RC2/P15-6430D/MS-8609, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sunny Guin
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, 12700 East 19th Avenue, RC2/P15-6430D/MS-8609, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, MS F-434, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kroczka S, Biedroń A, Kaciński M. Epilepsy and electrophysiological findings in polish twins with glycogenosis type IIIb. Clin EEG Neurosci 2014; 45:201-4. [PMID: 24357677 DOI: 10.1177/1550059413500276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases are rare genetic disorders, mostly autosomal recessively inherited. Abnormal accumulation is because of the lack of one of the enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism. Neurological manifestation of the diseases involves muscle weakness and hypoglycemia-induced seizures. In this article, we present a history of twin sisters with unusual coincidence of glycogenosis type IIIb and epilepsy. Hypoglycemic background of seizures and organic changes of the central nervous system were excluded. Since the introduction of antiepileptic treatment, the patients have been seizure-free; however, paroxysmal electroencephalographic (EEG) changes have persisted. A high-protein and low-carbohydrate diet has protected them against hypoglycemia.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu KM, Wu JY, Chen YT. Mouse model of glycogen storage disease type III. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 111:467-76. [PMID: 24613482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IIIa (GSD IIIa) is caused by a deficiency of the glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE), which is encoded by the Agl gene. GDE deficiency leads to the pathogenic accumulation of phosphorylase limit dextrin (PLD), an abnormal glycogen, in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. To further investigate the pathological mechanisms behind this disease and develop novel therapies to treat this disease, we generated a GDE-deficient mouse model by removing exons after exon 5 in the Agl gene. GDE reduction was confirmed by western blot and enzymatic activity assay. Histology revealed massive glycogen accumulation in the liver, muscle, and heart of the homozygous affected mice. Interestingly, we did not find any differences in the general appearance, growth rate, and life span between the wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous affected mice with ad libitum feeding, except reduced motor activity after 50 weeks of age, and muscle weakness in both the forelimb and hind legs of homozygous affected mice by using the grip strength test at 62 weeks of age. However, repeated fasting resulted in decreased survival of the knockout mice. Hepatomegaly and progressive liver fibrosis were also found in the homozygous affected mice. Blood chemistry revealed that alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were significantly higher in the homozygous affected mice than in both wild-type and heterozygous mice and the activity of these enzymes further increased with fasting. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was normal in young and adult homozygous affected mice. However, the activity was significantly elevated after fasting. Hypoglycemia appeared only at a young age (3 weeks) and hyperlipidemia was not observed in our model. In conclusion, with the exception of normal lipidemia, these mice recapitulate human GSD IIIa; moreover, we found that repeated fasting was detrimental to these mice. This mouse model will be useful for future investigation regarding the pathophysiology and treatment strategy of human GSD III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ming Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3528, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Correction of glycogen storage disease type III with rapamycin in a canine model. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:641-50. [PMID: 24509886 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recently, we reported that progression of liver fibrosis and skeletal myopathy caused by extensive accumulation of cytoplasmic glycogen at advanced age is the major feature of a canine model of glycogen storage disease (GSD) IIIa. Here, we aim to investigate whether rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR, is an effective therapy for GSD III. Our data show that rapamycin significantly reduced glycogen content in primary muscle cells from human patients with GSD IIIa by suppressing the expression of glycogen synthase and glucose transporter 1. To test the treatment efficacy in vivo, rapamycin was daily administered to GSD IIIa dogs starting from age 2 (early-treatment group) or 8 months (late-treatment group), and liver and skeletal muscle biopsies were performed at age 12 and 16 months. In both treatment groups, muscle glycogen accumulation was not affected at age 12 months but significantly inhibited at 16 months. Liver glycogen content was reduced in the early-treatment group but not in the late-treatment group at age 12 months. Both treatments effectively reduced liver fibrosis at age 16 months, consistent with markedly inhibited transition of hepatic stellate cells into myofibroblasts, the central event in the process of liver fibrosis. Our results suggest a potential useful therapy for GSD III. KEY MESSAGES Rapamycin inhibited glycogen accumulation in GSD IIIa patient muscle cells. Rapamycin reduced muscle glycogen content in GSD IIIa dogs at advanced age. Rapamycin effectively prevented progression of liver fibrosis in GSD IIIa dogs. Our results suggest rapamycin as potential useful therapy for patients with GSD III.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yi H, Thurberg BL, Curtis S, Austin S, Fyfe J, Koeberl DD, Kishnani PS, Sun B. Characterization of a canine model of glycogen storage disease type IIIa. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:804-11. [PMID: 22736456 PMCID: PMC3484863 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IIIa (GSD IIIa) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by deficiency of glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE) in liver and muscle. The disorder is clinically heterogeneous and progressive, and there is no effective treatment. Previously, a naturally occurring dog model for this condition was identified in curly-coated retrievers (CCR). The affected dogs carry a frame-shift mutation in the GDE gene and have no detectable GDE activity in liver and muscle. We characterized in detail the disease expression and progression in eight dogs from age 2 to 16 months. Monthly blood biochemistry revealed elevated and gradually increasing serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities; serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity exceeded normal range after 12 months. Analysis of tissue biopsy specimens at 4, 12 and 16 months revealed abnormally high glycogen contents in liver and muscle of all dogs. Fasting liver glycogen content increased from 4 months to 12 months, but dropped at 16 months possibly caused by extended fibrosis; muscle glycogen content continually increased with age. Light microscopy revealed significant glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes at all ages. Liver histology showed progressive, age-related fibrosis. In muscle, scattered cytoplasmic glycogen deposits were present in most cells at 4 months, but large, lake-like accumulation developed by 12 and 16 months. Disruption of the contractile apparatus and fraying of myofibrils was observed in muscle at 12 and 16 months by electron microscopy. In conclusion, the CCR dogs are an accurate model of GSD IIIa that will improve our understanding of the disease progression and allow opportunities to investigate treatment interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Hepatic neoplasia is a rare but serious complication of metabolic diseases in children. The risk of developing neoplasia, the age at onset, and the measures to prevent it differ in various diseases. This article reviews the most common metabolic disorders in humans that are associated with neoplasms, with a special emphasis on the molecular etiopathogenesis of this process. The cellular pathways driving carcinogenesis are poorly understood, but best known in tyrosinemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angshumoy Roy
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Molecular analysis of the AGL gene: Identification of 25 novel mutations and evidence of genetic heterogeneity in patients with Glycogen Storage Disease Type III. Genet Med 2010; 12:424-30. [DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181d94eaa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
12
|
Hobson-Webb LD, Austin SL, Bali DS, Kishnani PS. The electrodiagnostic characteristics of Glycogen Storage Disease Type III. Genet Med 2010; 12:440-5. [DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181cd735b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
13
|
Demo E, Frush D, Gottfried M, Koepke J, Boney A, Bali D, Chen Y, Kishnani PS. Glycogen storage disease type III-hepatocellular carcinoma a long-term complication? J Hepatol 2007; 46:492-8. [PMID: 17196294 PMCID: PMC2683272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Glycogen storage disease III (GSD III) is caused by a deficiency of glycogen-debranching enzyme which causes an incomplete glycogenolysis resulting in glycogen accumulation with abnormal structure (short outer chains resembling limit dextrin) in liver and muscle. Hepatic involvement is considered mild, self-limiting and improves with age. With increased survival, a few cases of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported. METHODS A systematic review of 45 cases of GSD III at our center (20 months to 67 years of age) was reviewed for HCC, 2 patients were identified. A literature review of HCC in GSD III was performed and findings compared to our patients. CONCLUSIONS GSD III patients are at risk for developing HCC. Cirrhosis was present in all cases and appears to be responsible for HCC transformation There are no reliable biomarkers to monitor for HCC in GSD III. Systematic evaluation of liver disease needs be continued in all patients, despite lack of symptoms. Development of guidelines to allow for systematic review and microarray studies are needed to better delineate the etiology of the hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with GSD III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Demo
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3528, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donald Frush
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3528, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Marcia Gottfried
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John Koepke
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anne Boney
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3528, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Deeksha Bali
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3528, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Y.T. Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3528, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priya S. Kishnani
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3528, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 919 684 2036; fax: +1 919 684 8944. E-mail address: (P.S. Kishnani)
| |
Collapse
|