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Fettrelet T, Gigon L, Karaulov A, Yousefi S, Simon HU. The Enigma of Eosinophil Degranulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137091. [PMID: 34209362 PMCID: PMC8268949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are specialized white blood cells, which are involved in the pathology of diverse allergic and nonallergic inflammatory diseases. Eosinophils are traditionally known as cytotoxic effector cells but have been suggested to additionally play a role in immunomodulation and maintenance of homeostasis. The exact role of these granule-containing leukocytes in health and diseases is still a matter of debate. Degranulation is one of the key effector functions of eosinophils in response to diverse stimuli. The different degranulation patterns occurring in eosinophils (piecemeal degranulation, exocytosis and cytolysis) have been extensively studied in the last few years. However, the exact mechanism of the diverse degranulation types remains unknown and is still under investigation. In this review, we focus on recent findings and highlight the diversity of stimulation and methods used to evaluate eosinophil degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Fettrelet
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.F.); (L.G.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lea Gigon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.F.); (L.G.); (S.Y.)
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.F.); (L.G.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.F.); (L.G.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School Brandenburg, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-632-3281
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Wetzler L, Panch S, Berry A, Klion AD, Khoury P. Remission of cold-agglutinin autoimmune hemolytic anemia and hypereosinophilic syndrome with rituximab therapy. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:2107-2108.e4. [PMID: 33476787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Wetzler
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Sandhya Panch
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Alexis Berry
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Amy D Klion
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Paneez Khoury
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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Curras-Martin D, Patel S, Qaisar H, Mehandru SK, Masud A, Hossain MA, Lamba GS, Dounis H, Levitt M, Asif A. Acute kidney injury secondary to thrombotic microangiopathy associated with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2019; 13:281. [PMID: 31484586 PMCID: PMC6727329 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-019-2187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal involvement in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome is uncommon. The mechanism of kidney damage can be explained as occurring via two distinct pathways: (1) thromboembolic ischemic changes secondary to endocardial disruption mediated by eosinophilic cytotoxicity to the myocardium and (2) direct eosinophilic cytotoxic effect to the kidney. Case presentation We present a case of a 63-year-old Caucasian man who presented to our hospital with 2 weeks of progressively generalized weakness. He was diagnosed with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome with multiorgan involvement and acute kidney injury with biopsy-proven thrombotic microangiopathy. Full remission was achieved after 8 weeks of corticosteroid therapy. Conclusion Further studies are needed to investigate if age and absence of frank thrombocytopenia can serve as a prognostic feature of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, as seen in this case.
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A Brief History of Charcot-Leyden Crystal Protein/Galectin-10 Research. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112931. [PMID: 30424011 PMCID: PMC6278384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are present in tissues, such as the respiratory tract, spleen, lymph nodes and blood vessels. The significant presence of eosinophils in these tissues are associated with various diseases, including asthma, allergies, acute myeloid leukemia, etc. Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 is overexpressed in eosinophils and has also been identified in basophils and macrophages. In human body, this protein could spontaneously form Charcot-Leyden crystal in lymphocytes or in the lysates of lymphocytes. At present, the role of Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 in lymphocytes is not fully understood. This review summarizes research progress on Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10, with emphasis on its history, cellular distributions, relations to diseases, structures and ligand binding specificity.
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Sweidan AJ, Brys AK, Sohn DD, Sheth MR. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in idiopathic hypereosinophilia with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. J Blood Med 2015; 6:257-60. [PMID: 26379449 PMCID: PMC4567229 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s90078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) encompasses numerous diverse conditions resulting in peripheral hypereosinophilia that cannot be explained by hypersensitivity, infection, or atopy and that is not associated with known systemic diseases with specific organ involvement. HES is often attributed to neoplastic or reactive causes, such as chronic eosinophilic leukemia, although a majority of cases remains unexplained and are considered idiopathic. Here, we review the current diagnosis and management of HES and present a unique case of profound hypereosinophilia associated with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia requiring intensive management. This case clearly illustrates the limitations of current knowledge with respect to hypereosinophilia syndrome as well as the challenges associated with its classification and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Sweidan
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, St Mary Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Adam K Brys
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David D Sohn
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, St Mary Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
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Shehwaro N, Langlois AL, Gueutin V, Izzedine H. Renal involvement in idiopathic hypereosinophic syndrome. Clin Kidney J 2013; 6:272-6. [PMID: 26064485 PMCID: PMC4400489 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sft046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypereosinophilic syndromes (HESs) are a group of disorders marked by the sustained overproduction of eosinophils, in which eosinophilic infiltration and mediator release cause damage to multiple organs. In idiopathic HES, the underlying cause of hypereosinophilia (HE) remains unknown despite thorough aetiological work-up. Kidney disease is thought to be rare in HES. Renal manifestations described include eosinophilic interstitial nephritis, various types of glomerulopathies, thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) and electrolyte disturbances. The diagnosis must be made in time, because a recovery of renal function can be obtained if treatment is initiated promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Shehwaro
- Department of Nephrology , Pitie Salpetriere Hospital , Paris , France
| | | | - Victor Gueutin
- Department of Nephrology , Pitie Salpetriere Hospital , Paris , France
| | - Hassane Izzedine
- Department of Nephrology , Pitie Salpetriere Hospital , Paris , France
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Selvi N, Kaymaz BT, Şahin HH, Pehlivan M, Aktan Ç, Dalmızrak A, İnalpolat E, Kosova B, Yılmaz M, Okan V, Saydam G. Two cases with hypereosinophilic syndrome shown with real-time PCR and responding well to imatinib treatment. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:1591-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon G Adler
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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Gotlib J, Cools J, Malone JM, Schrier SL, Gilliland DG, Coutré SE. The FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha fusion tyrosine kinase in hypereosinophilic syndrome and chronic eosinophilic leukemia: implications for diagnosis, classification, and management. Blood 2003; 103:2879-91. [PMID: 15070659 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-06-1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) and chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) comprise a spectrum of indolent to aggressive diseases characterized by unexplained, persistent hypereosinophilia. These disorders have eluded a unique molecular explanation, and therapy has primarily been oriented toward palliation of symptoms related to organ involvement. Recent reports indicate that HES and CEL are imatinib-responsive malignancies, with rapid and complete hematologic remissions observed at lower doses than used in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). These BCR-ABL-negative cases lack activating mutations or abnormal fusions involving other known target genes of imatinib, implicating a novel tyrosine kinase in their pathogenesis. A bedside-to-benchtop translational research effort led to the identification of a constitutively activated fusion tyrosine kinase on chromosome 4q12, derived from an interstitial deletion, that fuses the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha gene (PDGFRA) to an uncharacterized human gene FIP1-like-1 (FIP1L1). However, not all HES and CEL patients respond to imatinib, suggesting disease heterogeneity. Furthermore, approximately 40% of responding patients lack the FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion, suggesting genetic heterogeneity. This review examines the current state of knowledge of HES and CEL and the implications of the FIP1L1-PDGFRA discovery on their diagnosis, classification, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gotlib
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5821, USA.
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Kobayashi TK, Ueda M, Nishino T, Muramatsu M, Moritani S, Shigematsu T, Kohno Y, Kaneko C, Kushima R. Eosinophilic ascites. Cytopathology 2003; 14:84-6. [PMID: 12713481 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2303.2003.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T K Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Saiseikai Shiga Hospital, Imperial Gift Foundation Inc, Ritto, Shiga, Japan.
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Torrington KG, McEvoy PL. A middle-aged woman with chronic productive cough diagnosed using sputum wet mount examination. Chest 1998; 113:1411-4. [PMID: 9596328 DOI: 10.1378/chest.113.5.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K G Torrington
- Department of Medicine, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Arquati M, Amodei V, Foa P, Tedeschi A. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with idiopathic hypereosinophilia. Am J Hematol 1995; 49:356. [PMID: 7639285 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830490418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Richardson P, Dickinson G, Nash S, Hoffman L, Steingart R, Germain M. Crescentic glomerulonephritis and eosinophilic interstitial infiltrates in a patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome. Postgrad Med J 1995; 71:175-8. [PMID: 7746781 PMCID: PMC2398187 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.71.833.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Crescentic glomerulonephritis with immune complex deposition and acute eosinophilic interstitial nephritis developed in a patient with the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Acute renal failure ensued but was rapidly reversed by high-dose oral prednisone. Confounding factors and unusual findings are described with a review of recent literature. This mode of presentation has not previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Richardson
- Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, Pulmonology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
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Küpper T, Spies S, Wehle K, Pfitzer P. Detection of Charcot-Leyden crystals by fluorescence microscopy of Papanicolaou-stained smears of sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and bronchial secretions. Cytopathology 1994; 5:262-9. [PMID: 7529587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.1994.tb00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine Papanicolaou-stained smears of sputum and other secretions from the respiratory tract. Under these conditions Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLC) appear as bright yellow-green fluorescing needles. The study was performed to determine the value of this approach for the diagnosis of allergic lung diseases. The time taken to detect the crystals was recorded and the sensitivity of fluorescence microscopy for the detection of CLC was compared with light microscopy of the same samples. The data show that fluorescence microscopy is superior to light microscopy for the detection of CLC. The characteristic needle-shaped crystal can be recognized easily and fragments of crystals could be easily identified. In doubtful cases of allergic lung diseases, fluorescence microscopy may be used to supplement light microscopy for the detection of Charcot-Leyden crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Küpper
- Institute of Cytopathology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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