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Kogo M, Nagata K, Morimoto T, Ito J, Fujimoto D, Nakagawa A, Otsuka K, Tomii K. What Is the Impact of Mildly Altered Consciousness on Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure with Non-invasive Ventilation? Intern Med 2018; 57:1689-1695. [PMID: 29434147 PMCID: PMC6047975 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9355-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A severely altered level of consciousness (ALC) is considered to be a possible contraindication to non-invasive ventilation (NIV). We investigated the association between mild ALC and NIV failure in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Methods A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the medical charts of patients with de novo hypoxemic respiratory failure who received NIV treatment. The clinical background and the outcomes of patients with and without ALC were compared. Patients Patients who were admitted to our hospital for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure between July 2011 and May 2015 were included in the present study. Results Sixty-six of the 148 patients had ALC. In comparison to the patients without ALC, the patients with ALC were older (median: 72 vs. 78 years, p=0.02), had a higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (18 vs. 19, p=0.02), and received a higher level of inspiratory pressure (8 cmH2O vs. 8, p<0.01). The median Glasgow Coma Scale score of the patients with ALC was 14 (interquartile range, 11-14). There were no significant differences between the groups in the rates of NIV failure (24% vs. 30%, p=0.4) and in-hospital mortality (13% vs. 16%, p=0.3). Conclusion NIV may be successfully applied to treat acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with mild ALC. NIV may be performed, with careful attention to the appropriate timing for intubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kogo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
| | - Kazuma Nagata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morimoto
- Clinical Research Center, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Japan
| | - Jiro Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
| | - Daichi Fujimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakagawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
| | - Kojiro Otsuka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tomii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
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Akhter N, Rizvi NA. Application of BiPAP through Endotracheal Tube in Comatose Patients with COPD Exacerbation. Pak J Med Sci 2018; 33:1444-1448. [PMID: 29492075 PMCID: PMC5768841 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.336.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of using BiPAP through endotracheal tube in comatose Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure. Methods This is a prospective study done at Department of Chest Medicine, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, during March to June 2017. It included all comatose COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure who had a poor functional status prior to the illness and who did not meet the criteria to be kept on mechanical ventilator. Patients with apnea and other causes of coma were excluded. These patients were applied BiPAP through endotracheal tube and its response on blood gases and neurological status was evaluated. Results The success rate of BiPAP through endotracheal tube was 70.5% (31/44). Improvement in Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (p<0.01), pH (p<0.01), and PaCO2 (<0.01) was observed among the responders following two hours and 24 hours of therapy. No significant difference was found in response with regards to gender, smoking status, prior use of noninvasive ventilation or duration of disease. No complications were observed during the therapy. Conclusion In resource poor settings, the use of BiPAP through endotracheal tube can be an effective and safe intervention for comatose COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nousheen Akhter
- Dr. Nousheen Akhter, FCPS trainee.Department of Chest Medicine, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Ahmed Rizvi
- Prof. Nadeem Ahmed Rizvi, FRCP.Department of Chest Medicine, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi, Pakistan
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Wang J, Cui Z, Liu S, Gao X, Gao P, Shi Y, Guo S, Li P. Early use of noninvasive techniques for clearing respiratory secretions during noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypercapnic encephalopathy: A prospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6371. [PMID: 28328824 PMCID: PMC5371461 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) might be superior to conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPDs). Inefficient clearance of respiratory secretions provokes NPPV failure in patients with hypercapnic encephalopathy (HE). This study compared CMV and NPPV combined with a noninvasive strategy for clearing secretions in HE and AECOPD patients.The present study is a prospective cohort study of AECOPD and HE patients enrolled between October 2013 and August 2015 in a critical care unit of a major university teaching hospital in China.A total of 74 patients received NPPV and 90 patients received CMV. Inclusion criteria included the following: physician-diagnosed AECOPD, spontaneous airway clearance of excessive secretions, arterial blood gas analysis requiring intensive care, moderate-to-severe dyspnea, and a Kelly-Matthay scale score of 3 to 5. Exclusion criteria included the following: preexisting psychiatric/neurological disorders unrelated to HE, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, upper airway obstruction, acute coronary syndromes, preadmission tracheostomy or endotracheal intubation, and urgent endotracheal intubation for cardiovascular, psychomotor agitation, or severe hemodynamic conditions.Intensive care unit participants were managed by NPPV. Participants received standard treatment consisting of controlled oxygen therapy during NPPV-free periods; antibiotics, intravenous doxofylline, corticosteroids (e.g., salbutamol and ambroxol), and subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin; and therapy for comorbidities if necessary. Nasogastric tubes were inserted only in participants who developed gastric distension. No pharmacological sedation was administered.The primary and secondary outcome measures included comparative complication rates, durations of ventilation and hospitalization, number of invasive devices/patient, and in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates.Arterial blood gases and sensorium levels improved significantly within 2 hours in the NPPV group with lower hospital mortality, fewer complications and invasive devices/patient, and superior weaning off mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation duration, hospital stay, or 1-year mortality was similar between groups.NPPV combined with a noninvasive strategy to clear secretions during the first 2 hours may offer advantages over CMV in treating AECOPD patients complicated by HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Wang
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine
| | | | | | - Xiuling Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine
| | - Yi Shi
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Peipei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei
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Ozyilmaz E, Ugurlu AO, Nava S. Timing of noninvasive ventilation failure: causes, risk factors, and potential remedies. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:19. [PMID: 24520952 PMCID: PMC3925956 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying the predictors of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) failure has attracted significant interest because of the strong link between failure and poor outcomes. However, very little attention has been paid to the timing of the failure. This narrative review focuses on the causes of NIV failure and risk factors and potential remedies for NIV failure, based on the timing factor. Results The possible causes of immediate failure (within minutes to <1 h) are a weak cough reflex, excessive secretions, hypercapnic encephalopathy, intolerance, agitation, and patient-ventilator asynchrony. The major potential interventions include chest physiotherapeutic techniques, early fiberoptic bronchoscopy, changing ventilator settings, and judicious sedation. The risk factors for early failure (within 1 to 48 h) may differ for hypercapnic and hypoxemic respiratory failure. However, most cases of early failure are due to poor arterial blood gas (ABGs) and an inability to promptly correct them, increased severity of illness, and the persistence of a high respiratory rate. Despite a satisfactory initial response, late failure (48 h after NIV) can occur and may be related to sleep disturbance. Conclusions Every clinician dealing with NIV should be aware of these risk factors and the predicted parameters of NIV failure that may change during the application of NIV. Close monitoring is required to detect early and late signs of deterioration, thereby preventing unavoidable delays in intubation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefano Nava
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Respiratory and Critical Care, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital building #15, Alma Mater Studiorum, via Massarenti n,15, Bologna 40185, Italy.
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Briones Claudett KH, Briones Claudett M, Chung Sang Wong M, Nuques Martinez A, Soto Espinoza R, Montalvo M, Esquinas Rodriguez A, Gonzalez Diaz G, Grunauer Andrade M. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation with average volume assured pressure support (AVAPS) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypercapnic encephalopathy. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13:12. [PMID: 23497021 PMCID: PMC3637438 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-13-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) in patients with acute respiratory failure has been traditionally determined based on clinical assessment and changes in blood gases, with NIV support pressures manually adjusted by an operator. Bilevel positive airway pressure-spontaneous/timed (BiPAP S/T) with average volume assured pressure support (AVAPS) uses a fixed tidal volume that automatically adjusts to a patient's needs. Our study assessed the use of BiPAP S/T with AVAPS in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hypercapnic encephalopathy as compared to BiPAP S/T alone, upon immediate arrival in the Emergency-ICU. METHODS We carried out a prospective interventional match-controlled study in Guayaquil, Ecuador. A total of 22 patients were analyzed. Eleven with COPD exacerbations and hypercapnic encephalopathy with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <10 and a pH of 7.25-7.35 were assigned to receive NIV via BiPAP S/T with AVAPS. Eleven patients were selected as paired controls for the initial group by physicians who were unfamiliar with our study, and these patients were administered BiPAP S/T. Arterial blood gases, GCS, vital signs, and ventilatory parameters were then measured and compared between the two groups. RESULTS We observed statistically significant differences in favor of the BiPAP S/T + AVAPS group in GCS (P = .00001), pCO(2) (P = .03) and maximum inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) (P = .005), among others. However, no significant differences in terms of length of stay or days on NIV were observed. CONCLUSIONS BiPAP S/T with AVAPS facilitates rapid recovery of consciousness when compared to traditional BiPAP S/T in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypercapnic encephalopathy. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials application ref is ISRCTN05135218.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killen Harold Briones Claudett
- Pulmonology Department, Military Hospital, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Panamericana Clinic, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Department of Respiratory Medicine – Intensive Care, Santa Maria Clinic, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Monica Briones Claudett
- Department of Pneumology – Intensive Care, Regional Hospital of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | - Alberto Nuques Martinez
- Intensive Care Medicine Panamericana Clinic and Ecuadorian Institute Social Security (IESS), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ricardo Soto Espinoza
- Intensive Care Medicine Panamericana Clinic and Ecuadorian Institute Social Security (IESS), Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Scala R. Hypercapnic encephalopathy syndrome: a new frontier for non-invasive ventilation? Respir Med 2011; 105:1109-17. [PMID: 21354774 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the classical international guidelines, non-invasive ventilation is contraindicated in hypercapnic encephalopathy syndrome (HES) due to the poor compliance to ventilatory treatment of confused/agitated patients and the risk of aspirative pneumonia related to lack of airways protection. As a matter of fact, conventional mechanical ventilation has been recommended as "golden standard" in these patients. However, up to now there are not controlled data that have demonstrated in HES the advantage of conventional mechanical ventilation vs non-invasive ventilation. In fact, patients with altered mental status have been systematically excluded from the randomised and controlled trials performed with non-invasive ventilation in hypercapnic acute respiratory failure. Recent studies have clearly demonstrated that an initial cautious NPPV trial in selected HES patients may be attempt as long as there are no other contraindications and the technique is provided by experienced caregivers in a closely monitored setting where ETI is always readily available. The purpose of this review is to report the physiologic rationale, the clinical feasibility and the still open questions about the careful use of non-invasive ventilation in HES as first-line ventilatory strategy in place of conventional mechanical ventilation via endotracheal intubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Scala
- U.O. Pneumologia e Unità di Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Campo di Marte Hospital, Lucca, Italy.
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Heili-Frades S, Peces-Barba G, Rodríguez-Nieto MJ. [Design of a lung simulator for teaching lung mechanics in mechanical ventilation]. Arch Bronconeumol 2007; 43:674-9. [PMID: 18053545 DOI: 10.1016/s1579-2129(07)60154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, noninvasive ventilation has become a treatment option for respiratory insufficiency in pulmonology services. The technique is currently included in pulmonology teaching programs. Physicians and nurses should understand the devices they use and the interaction between the patient and the ventilator in terms of respiratory mechanics, adaptation, and synchronization. We present a readily assembled lung simulator for teaching purposes that is reproducible and interactive. Based on a bag-in-box system, this model allows the concepts of respiratory mechanics in mechanical ventilation to be taught simply and graphically in that it reproduces the patterns of restriction, obstruction, and the presence of leaks. It is possible to demonstrate how each ventilation parameter acts and the mechanical response elicited. It can also readily simulate asynchrony and demonstrate how this problem can be corrected.
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Heili-Frades S, Peces-Barba G, Rodríguez-Nieto MJ. Diseño de un simulador de pulmón para el aprendizaje de la mecánica pulmonar en ventilación mecánica. Arch Bronconeumol 2007. [DOI: 10.1157/13112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Scala R, Nava S, Conti G, Antonelli M, Naldi M, Archinucci I, Coniglio G, Hill NS. Noninvasive versus conventional ventilation to treat hypercapnic encephalopathy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:2101-8. [PMID: 17874232 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We recently reported a high success rate using noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) to treat COPD exacerbations with hypercapnic encephalopathy. This study compared the hospital outcomes of NPPV vs. conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) in COPD exacerbations with moderate to severe hypercapnic encephalopathy, defined by a Kelly score of 3 or higher. DESIGN AND SETTING A 3-year prospective matched case-control study in a respiratory semi-intensive care unit (RSICU) and intensive care unit (ICU). PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS From 103 consecutive patients the study included 20 undergoing NPPV and 20 CMV, matched for age, simplified acute physiology score II, and baseline arterial blood gases. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS ABG significantly improved in both groups after 2 h. The rate of complications was lower in the NPPV group than in the CMV group due to fewer cases of nosocomial pneumonia and sepsis. In-hospital mortality, 1-year mortality, and tracheostomy rates were similar in the two groups. Fewer patients remained on ventilation after 30 days in NPPV group. The NPPV group showed a shorter duration of ventilation. CONCLUSIONS In COPD exacerbations with moderate to severe hypercapnic encephalopathy, the use of NPPV performed by an experienced team compared to CMV leads to similar short and long-term survivals with a reduced nosocomial infection rate and duration of ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Scala
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Unità di Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Arezzo, Italy.
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Ortega González A, Peces-Barba Romero G, Fernández Ormaechea I, Chumbi Flores R, Cubero de Frutos N, González Mangado N. Evolution of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, or Congestive Heart Failure Undergoing Noninvasive Ventilation in a Respiratory Monitoring Unit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 42:423-9. [PMID: 17040656 DOI: 10.1016/s1579-2129(06)60563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) for hypercapnic acidosis with hypoxemia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), or congestive heart failure (CHF) in a respiratory medicine monitoring unit. The objective was to evaluate each diagnostic groups response to therapy in terms of clinical course and evolution of blood gases. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective, 12-month study of 53 patients with hypercapnic acidosis with hypoxemia. Twenty-seven patients had COPD, 17 OHS, and 9 CHF. Severity was assessed based on initial arterial blood gas analysis. Clinical course was studied by blood gas analysis after conventional treatment and after NIV (1-3 hours and 12-24 hours). Mortality was recorded. All patients received bilevel positive airway pressure support in assist-control mode. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between mean (SD) initial pH findings in the 3 diagnostic groups: COPD, 7.28 (0.1); OHS, 7.29 (0.09); and CHF, 7.24 (0.07). (nonsignificant differences). After initial conventional treatment, PaCO2 worsened for COPD patients (P = .026) and PaO2 improved for CHF patients (P = .028). After 1 to 3 hours of NIV, pH (P = .002) and PaO2 (P = .041) improved for COPD patients, and pH (P = .03) and PaCO2 (P = .045) improved in OHS patients; no significant changes were observed in CHF patients. After 12 to 24 hours of NIV, the mean pH was 7.36 (0.04) for COPD patients, 7.36 (0.05) for OHS patients, and 7.25 (0.1) for CHF patients (not significant). The mortality rate was 11.1% for COPD, 0% for OHS, and 33.3% for CHS (not significant, P = .076). CONCLUSIONS In this group of patients with similar initial arterial blood gas values, response to NIV was seen to be better in OHS and COPD than in CHF. That the start of NIV is usually preceded by a poor response to conventional COPD treatment suggests that delaying NIV should be reconsidered.
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Ortega González Á, Peces-Barba Romero G, Fernández Ormaechea I, Chumbi Flores R, Cubero de Frutos N, González Mangado N. Evolución comparativa con ventilación no invasiva de pacientes con EPOC, síndrome de hipoventilación-obesidad e insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva ingresados en una unidad de monitorización respiratoria. Arch Bronconeumol 2006. [DOI: 10.1157/13092411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Scala R, Naldi M, Archinucci I, Coniglio G, Nava S. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD and varying levels of consciousness. Chest 2005; 128:1657-66. [PMID: 16162772 DOI: 10.1378/chest.128.3.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES A severely altered level of consciousness (ALC) has been considered a contraindication to noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). We compared the clinical outcome of patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) due to COPD exacerbations and different degrees of ALC. DESIGN A 5-year case-control study with a prospective data collection. SETTING Respiratory Monitoring Unit. PATIENTS Eighty of 153 consecutive COPD patients requiring NPPV for ARF were divided into four groups, which were carefully matched for the main physiologic variables, according to the level of consciousness assessed with the Kelly-Matthay Score, in which 1 is normal (control subjects) and 6 is severely impaired. MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS Changes from baseline in arterial blood gas (ABG) levels and Kelly score, the rate and causes of NPPV failure, the rate of nosocomial pneumonia, and the 90-day mortality rate were compared. NPPV significantly improved ABG levels and Kelly score in all groups after 1 to 2 h. NPPV failure (Kelly score 1 = 15%; Kelly score 2 = 25%; Kelly score 3 = 30%; Kelly score > 3 = 45%) and 90-day mortality rate (Kelly score 1 = 20%; Kelly score 2 = 35%; Kelly score 3 = 35%; Kelly score > 3 = 50%) significantly increased with the worsening of the level of consciousness. Using a multivariate analysis, the acute nonrespiratory component of the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) III score, and baseline pH independently predicted baseline Kelly score. After 1 to 2 h of NPPV, changes in the Kelly score were associated with those in pH. No correlation was found with Pa(CO2). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that NPPV may be successfully applied to patients experiencing COPD exacerbations with milder ALCs, whereas the rate of failure in patients with severely ALCs (ie, Kelly score > 3) is higher, even though better than expected, so that an initial and cautious attempt with NPPV may be performed even in this latter group. Changes in the level of consciousness induced by NPPV are not correlated with those in Pa(CO2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Scala
- Unità Operativo Pneumologia, Ospedale S. Donato, ASL 8 Arezzo, Via Nenni 20, 52100 Arezzo, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Díaz Lobato
- Servicio de Neumología. Hospital Universitario La Paz. Madrid. Spain.
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Díaz Lobato S, Mayoralas Alises S. Análisis de las publicaciones sobre la EPOC en ARCHIVOS DE BRONCONEUMOLOGÍA 2 años después de la designación del Año EPOC. Arch Bronconeumol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2896(04)75595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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