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Crescenzi A, Taccogna S, Turrini L, Cicciarella Modica D, Papini E, Gallo A, Guidobaldi L, Zelano G, Giannakakis C, Nardi F. Phenotypic changes of the thyrocyte membrane in papillary thyroid carcinoma. A three-dimensional study. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:e64-9. [PMID: 20855934 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim of the study was to assess the presence of structural changes in the complex carbohydrate chains of thyroid epithelia undergoing neoplastic transformation. We investigated thyroid cells from neoplastic lesions using a panel of lectins with specific affinity for distinct carbohydrate residues. Sixty samples of thyroid tissue, including normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions were obtained from surgical specimens and blindly evaluated with lectin stains. Confocal microscopy was used to obtain three-dimensional (3-D) images of the samples with a positive reaction. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was consistently positive on the apical membrane of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), was weakly expressed in follicular carcinomas (FC) and resulted negative in normal thyrocytes and in benign conditions. The 3-D microscopy model showed that the WGA staining pattern in light microscopy corresponds to a continuous layer on the luminal surface of both papillary and tubular structures of PTC cells. The other lectins under evaluation did not provide any significant result. In conclusion, in PTC the apical border of thyrocytes showed a strong, specific and consistent staining with WGA. These findings may be related to a modified interaction of thyroglobulin molecule with thyroid cell membrane and with the expression of molecules that are involved in the process of tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Crescenzi
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Via S Francesco 50, 00041 Albano Laziale, RM, Italy.
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Lebreton S, Paladino S, Zurzolo C. Selective roles for cholesterol and actin in compartmentalization of different proteins in the Golgi and plasma membrane of polarized cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29545-53. [PMID: 18701450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803819200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the roles of cholesterol and the actin cytoskeleton in apical and basolateral protein organization and sorting, we have performed comprehensive confocal fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analyses of apical and basolateral and raft- and non-raft-associated proteins, both at the plasma membrane and in the Golgi apparatus of polarized MDCK cells. We show that at both the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains, raft-associated proteins diffuse faster than non-raft-associated proteins and that, different from the latter, they become restricted upon depletion of cholesterol. Furthermore, only transmembrane apical proteins are restricted by the actin network. This indicates that cholesterol-dependent domains exist both at the apical and basolateral membranes of polarized cells and that the actin cytoskeleton has a predominant role in the organization of transmembrane proteins independent of their association with rafts at the apical membrane. In the Golgi apparatus apical proteins appear to be segregated from the basolateral ones in a compartment that is sensitive both to cholesterol depletion and actin rearrangements. Furthermore, consistent with the role of actin rearrangements in apical protein sorting, we found that apical proteins exhibit a differential sensitivity to actin depolymerization in the Golgi of polarized and nonpolarized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Lebreton
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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Potter BA, Hughey RP, Weisz OA. Role of N- and O-glycans in polarized biosynthetic sorting. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 290:C1-C10. [PMID: 16338974 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00333.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of proper epithelial function requires efficient sorting of newly synthesized and recycling proteins to the apical and basolateral surfaces of differentiated cells. Whereas basolateral protein sorting signals are generally confined to their cytoplasmic regions, apical targeting signals have been identified that localize to luminal, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic aspects of proteins. In the past few years, both N- and O-linked glycans have been identified as apical sorting determinants. Glycan structures are extraordinarily diverse and have tremendous information potential. Moreover, because the oligosaccharides added to a given protein can change depending on cell type and developmental stage, the potential exists for altering sorting pathways by modulation of the expression pattern of enzymes involved in glycan synthesis. In this review, we discuss the evidence for glycan-mediated apical sorting along the biosynthetic pathway and present possible mechanisms by which these common and heterogeneous posttranslational modifications might function as specific sorting signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Potter
- Laboratory of Epithelial Cell Biology, Renal-Electrolyte Division, Univ. of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 978 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Hoekstra D, Tyteca D, van IJzendoorn SCD. The subapical compartment: a traffic center in membrane polarity development. J Cell Sci 2005; 117:2183-92. [PMID: 15126620 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatially separated apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains that have distinct functions and molecular compositions are a characteristic feature of epithelial cell polarity. The subapical compartment (SAC), also known as the common endosome (CE), where endocytic pathways from both surfaces merge, plays a crucial role in the maintenance and probably the biogenesis of these distinct membrane domains. Although differences in morphology are apparent, the same principal features of a SAC can be distinguished in different types of epithelial cells. As polarity develops, the compartment acquires several distinct machineries that, in conjunction with the cytoskeleton, are necessary for polarized trafficking. Disrupting trafficking via the SAC and hence bypassing its sorting machinery, as occurs upon actin depolymerization, leads to mis-sorting of apical and basolateral molecules, thereby compromising the development of polarity. The structural and functional integrity of the compartment in part depends on microtubules. Moreover, the acquisition of a particular set of Rab proteins, including Rab11 and Rab3, appears to be crucial in regulating molecular sorting and vesicular transport relevant both to recycling to either plasma membrane domain and to de novo assembly of the apical domain. Furthermore, subcompartmentalization of the SAC appears to be key to its various functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick Hoekstra
- Department of Membrane Cell Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Perrone L, Paladino S, Mazzone M, Nitsch L, Gulisano M, Zurzolo C. Functional interaction between p75NTR and TrkA: the endocytic trafficking of p75NTR is driven by TrkA and regulates TrkA-mediated signalling. Biochem J 2005; 385:233-41. [PMID: 15330756 PMCID: PMC1134692 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The topology and trafficking of receptors play a key role in their signalling capability. Indeed, receptor function is related to the microenvironment inside the cell, where specific signalling molecules are compartmentalized. The response to NGF (nerve growth factor) is strongly dependent on the trafficking of its receptor, TrkA. However, information is still scarce about the role of the cellular localization of the TrkA co-receptor, p75NTR (where NTR is neurotrophin receptor), following stimulation by NGF. It has been shown that these two receptors play a key role in epithelial tissue and in epithelial-derived tumours, where the microenvironment at the plasma membrane is defined by the presence of tight junctions. Indeed, in thyroid carcinomas, rearrangements of TrkA are frequently found, which produce TrkA mutants that are localized exclusively in the cytoplasm. We used a thyroid cellular model in which it was possible to dissect the trafficking of the two NGF receptors upon neurotrophin stimulation. In FRT (Fischer rat thyroid) cells, endogenous TrkA is localized exclusively on the basolateral surface, while transfected p75NTR is selectively distributed on the apical membrane. This cellular system enabled us to selectively stimulate either p75NTR or TrkA and to analyse the role of receptor trafficking in their signalling capability. We found that, after binding to NGF, p75NTR was co-immunoprecipitated with TrkA and was transcytosed at the basolateral membrane. We showed that the TrkA-p75NTR interaction is necessary for this relocation of p75NTR to the basolateral side. Interestingly, TrkA-specific stimulation by basolateral NGF loading also induced the TrkA-p75NTR interaction and subsequent p75NTR transcytosis at the basolateral surface. Moreover, specific stimulation of p75NTR by NGF activated TrkA and the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. Our data indicate that TrkA regulates the subcellular localization of p75NTR upon stimulation with neurotrophins, thus affecting the topology of the signal transduction molecules, driving the activation of a specific signal transduction pathway.
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Key Words
- compartmentalization
- polarity
- p75ntr
- trafficking
- trka
- ag 35–40, antigen of 35–40 kda
- dppiv, dipeptidyl peptidase iv
- erk, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- frt cells, fischer rat thyroid cells
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- nfκb, nuclear factor κb
- ngf, nerve growth factor
- nhs, n-hydroxysuccinimido
- nhs-ss-biotin, sulphosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamide) hexanoate
- ntr, neurotrophin receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Perrone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Christiansen JJ, Rajasekaran SA, Moy P, Butch A, Goodglick L, Gu Z, Reiter RE, Bander NH, Rajasekaran AK. Polarity of prostate specific membrane antigen, prostate stem cell antigen, and prostate specific antigen in prostate tissue and in a cultured epithelial cell line. Prostate 2003; 55:9-19. [PMID: 12640656 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are immortalized epithelial cells that have been used extensively as a model system to study intracellular molecular trafficking, polarized expression, and secretion of proteins in various epithelia. In order to determine if MDCK cells might serve as a model to study molecular events within prostate epithelial cells, we have evaluated the polarized distribution of three prostate restricted proteins, PSMA, PSCA, and PSA, in situ, and in MDCK cells. METHODS Using immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, cell surface biotinylation, antibody internalization, and biochemical assays we evaluated surface expression and secretion of three prostate restricted proteins expressed in MDCK cells. We compared these patterns of expression to results observed within prostatic epithelium. RESULTS We demonstrate that PSMA is localized primarily to the apical plasma membrane in both the prostatic epithelium and transfected MDCK cells, whereas PSCA is expressed in a non-polarized fashion. We also show that PSA is secreted predominantly from the apical surface of transfected MDCK cells, consistent with in vivo observations. CONCLUSIONS Similar patterns of localization among MDCK and prostatic epithelial cells suggest that the mechanisms of polarized sorting within these cell types are conserved. Thus, MDCK cells offer a useful model system to study mechanisms of targeting of these proteins within the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Christiansen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Room 13-344 CHS, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Lipardi C, Ruggiano G, Perrone L, Paladino S, Monlauzeur L, Nitsch L, Le Bivic A, Zurzolo C. Differential recognition of a tyrosine-dependent signal in the basolateral and endocytic pathways of thyroid epithelial cells. Endocrinology 2002; 143:1291-301. [PMID: 11897685 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.4.8734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking of receptors is of crucial importance for the physiology of most exocrine and endocrine organs. It is not known yet if the same mechanisms are used for sorting in the exocytic and endocytic pathways in the different epithelial tissues. In this work, we have used a deletion mutant of the human neurotrophin receptor p75(hNTR) that is normally localized on the apical membrane when expressed in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. This internal 57-amino acid deletion of the cytoplasmic tail leads to a relocation of the protein from the apical to the basolateral membrane and to rapid and efficient endocytosis. These events are mediated by a signal localized within 9 amino acids of the mutated cytoplasmic tail that is strictly dependent on a tyrosine residue (Tyr-308). We have analyzed the basolateral sorting efficiency and endocytic capacity of this signal in Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) cells, in which basolateral and endocytic determinants have not yet been identified. We found that this targeting signal can mediate efficient transport to the basolateral membrane also in FRT cells with similar tyrosine dependence as in MDCK cells. In contrast to MDCK cells, this Tyr-based signal was not able to mediate coated pits localization and endocytosis in FRT cells. These data represent the first characterization of basolateral/endocytic signals in thyroid epithelial cells. Furthermore, our results indicate that requirements for tyrosine-dependent basolateral sorting signals are conserved among cell lines from different tissues but that the recognition of the colinear endocytic signal is tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Lipardi
- Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche-Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Toda S, Koike N, Sugihara H. Thyrocyte integration, and thyroid folliculogenesis and tissue regeneration: perspective for thyroid tissue engineering. Pathol Int 2001; 51:403-17. [PMID: 11422801 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2001.01218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid gland is composed of many ball-like structures called thyroid follicles, which are supported by the interfollicular extracellular matrix (ECM) and a capillary network. The component thyrocytes are highly integrated in their specific structural and functional polarization. In conventional monolayer and floating culture systems, thyrocytes cannot organize themselves into follicles with normal polarity. In contrast, in 3-D collagen gel culture, thyrocytes easily form stable follicles with physiological polarity. Integration of thyrocyte growth and differentiation results ultimately in thyroid folliculogenesis. This culture method and subacute thyroiditis are two promising models for addressing mechanisms of folliculogenesis, because thyroid-follicle formation actively occurs both in the culture system and at the regenerative phase of the disorder. The understanding of the mechanistic basis of folliculogenesis is prerequisite for generation of artificial thyroid tissue, which would enable a more physiological strategy to the treatment of hypothyroidism caused by various diseases and surgical processes than conventional hormone replacement therapy. We review here thyrocyte integration, and thyroid folliculogenesis and tissue regeneration. We also briefly discuss a perspective for thyroid tissue regeneration and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Toda
- Department of Pathology, Saga Medical School and; Koike Thyroid Hospital, Saga, Japan.
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Martin-Belmonte F, Alonso MA, Zhang X, Arvan P. Thyroglobulin is selected as luminal protein cargo for apical transport via detergent-resistant membranes in epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:41074-81. [PMID: 11013241 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005429200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone synthesis by thyrocytes depends upon apical secretion of thyroglobulin (Tg), the glycoprotein prohormone. In stably transfected MDCK cells, recombinant Tg is also secreted apically. All secreted Tg has undergone Golgi carbohydrate modification, whereas most intracellular Tg (which is slow to exit the endoplasmic reticulum) is sensitive to digestion with endoglycosidase H. However, in MDCK cells and PC Cl3 thyrocytes, a subpopulation of newly synthesized recombinant and endogenous Tg, respectively, is recovered in a Triton X-100 insoluble, glycosphingolipid/cholesterol-enriched (GEM/raft) fraction, and this small subpopulation is overwhelmingly endoglycosidase H resistant. Upon apical secretion, Tg solubility is restored. Apical secretion of Tg is inhibited by cellular cholesterol depletion. In FRT cells, recombinant Tg becomes Triton X-100 insoluble within 60 min after synthesis and a portion is actually endoglycosidase H-sensitive, suggesting early Tg entry into GEMs/rafts. Interestingly in FRT cells, Tg remains associated with the apical plasma membrane upon exocytosis, and all surface Tg is GEM/raft-associated. Thus, Tg is the first secretory protein demonstrated to enter Triton X-100 insoluble membranes en route to the apical surface of epithelial cells. The data imply that Tg utilizes a cargo-selective mechanism for apical sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martin-Belmonte
- Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid 280-49, Spain
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Lipardi C, Nitsch L, Zurzolo C. Detergent-insoluble GPI-anchored proteins are apically sorted in fischer rat thyroid cells, but interference with cholesterol or sphingolipids differentially affects detergent insolubility and apical sorting. Mol Biol Cell 2000; 11:531-42. [PMID: 10679012 PMCID: PMC14791 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.11.2.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, Fischer rat thyroid cells deliver the majority of endogenous glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored proteins to the basolateral surface. However, we report here that the GPI proteins Placental Alkaline Phosphatase (PLAP) and Neurotrophin Receptor-Placental Alkaline Phosphatase (NTR-PLAP) are apically localized in transfected Fischer rat thyroid cells. In agreement with the "raft hypothesis," which postulates the incorporation of GPI proteins into glycosphingolipids and cholesterol-enriched rafts, we found that both of these proteins were insoluble in Triton X-100 and floated into the lighter fractions of sucrose density gradients. However, disruption of lipid rafts by removal of cholesterol did not cause surface missorting of PLAP and NTR-PLAP, and the altered surface sorting of these proteins after Fumonisin B1 treatment did not correlate with reduced levels in Triton X-100 -insoluble fractions. Furthermore, in contrast to the GPI-anchored forms of both of these proteins, the secretory and transmembrane forms (in the absence of a basolateral cytoplasmic signal) were sorted to the apical surface without association with lipid microdomains. Together, these data demonstrate that the GPI anchor is required to mediate raft association but is not sufficient to determine apical sorting. They also suggest that signals present in the ectodomain of the proteins play a major role and that lipid rafts may facilitate the recognition of these signals in the trans-Golgi network, even though they are not required for apical sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lipardi
- Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," 80131 Napoli, Italy
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