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Abstract
Extracellular calcium is normally tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, as well as by calcium ion (Ca++) itself. Dysregulated PTH production leading to hypercalcemia occurs most commonly in sporadic primary hyperparathryoidism (PHPT) but may also result from select genetic mutations in familial disorders. Parathyroid hormone-related protein shares molecular mechanisms of action with PTH and is the most common cause of hypercalcemia of malignancy. Other cytokines and mediators may also cause resorptive hypercalcemia once bone metastases have occurred. Less commonly, extrarenal production of calcitriol can occur in malignancies and in infectious and noninfectious inflammatory conditions and can cause hypercalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Room EM1.3220, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Minuti A, Jahan N, Lopreiato V, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Bomba L, Capomaccio S, Loor JJ, Ajmone-Marsan P, Trevisi E. Evaluation of circulating leukocyte transcriptome and its relationship with immune function and blood markers in dairy cows during the transition period. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 20:293-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ohguchi H, Mitsui R, Imaeda K, Joh T, Hashitani H. Mechanisms of PTHrP-induced inhibition of smooth muscle contractility in the guinea pig gastric antrum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 28656682 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) that causes hypercalcemia of malignancy appears to function as an endogenous smooth muscle relaxant. For example, PTHrP released upon bladder wall distension relaxes detrusor smooth muscle to accommodate urine. Here, we explored mechanisms underlying PTHrP-induced suppression of the smooth muscle contractility in the gastric antrum that also undergoes a passive distension. METHODS Effects of PTHrP on phasic contractions and electrical slow waves in the antral smooth muscle of the guinea pig stomach were studied using isometric tension and intracellular microelectrode recordings, respectively. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry was also carried out to identify the distribution of PTH/PTHrP receptors. KEY RESULTS Parathyroid hormone-related protein (1-100 nM) reduced the amplitude of phasic contractions and the basal tension. Nω -nitro-l-arginine (L-NA, 100 μM), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, or 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4, 3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 µM), a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, diminished the PTHrP (10 nM)-induced reduction in the amplitude of phasic contractions. SQ22536 (300 μM), an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, attenuated the PTHrP-induced reduction in basal tension. The combination of ODQ (10 μM) and SQ22536 (300 μM) inhibited the PTHrP-induced reductions in both phasic contractions and basal tension. PTHrP (100 nM) had no inhibitory effect on the electrical slow waves in the antral smooth muscle. PTH/PTHrP receptors were expressed in cell bodies of PGP9.5-positive neurons in the myenteric plexus. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Parathyroid hormone-related protein exerts its inhibitory actions on the antral smooth muscle via both nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) pathways. Thus, PTHrP may act as an endogenous relaxant of the gastric antrum employing the two complementary signaling pathways to ensure the adaptive relaxation of stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - R Mitsui
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - K Imaeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - T Joh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - H Hashitani
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Mamillapalli R, VanHouten J, Zawalich W, Wysolmerski J. Switching of G-protein usage by the calcium-sensing receptor reverses its effect on parathyroid hormone-related protein secretion in normal versus malignant breast cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:24435-47. [PMID: 18621740 PMCID: PMC2528989 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801738200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that signals in response to extracellular calcium and regulates parathyroid hormone secretion. The CaR is also expressed on normal mammary epithelial cells (MMECs), where it has been shown to inhibit secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and participate in the regulation of calcium and bone metabolism during lactation. In contrast to normal breast cells, the CaR has been reported to stimulate PTHrP production by breast cancer cells. In this study, we confirmed that the CaR inhibits PTHrP production by MMECs but stimulates PTHrP production by Comma-D cells (immortalized murine mammary cells) and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. We found that changes in intracellular cAMP, but not phospholipase C or MAPK signaling, correlated with the opposing effects of the CaR on PTHrP production. Pharmacologic stimulation of cAMP accumulation increased PTHrP production by normal and transformed breast cells. Inhibition of protein kinase A activity mimicked the effects of CaR activation on inhibiting PTHrP secretion by MMECs and blocked the effects of the CaR on stimulating PTHrP production in Comma-D and MCF-7 cells. We found that the CaR coupled to Galphai in MMECs but coupled to Galphas in Comma-D and MCF-7 cells. Thus, the opposing effects of the CaR on PTHrP production are because of alternate G-protein coupling of the receptor in normal versus transformed breast cells. Because PTHrP contributes to hypercalcemia and bone metastases, switching of G-protein usage by the CaR may contribute to the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanaiah Mamillapalli
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism,
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and
School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut 06520
| | - Joshua VanHouten
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism,
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and
School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut 06520
| | - Walter Zawalich
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism,
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and
School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut 06520
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism,
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and
School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut 06520
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Benit A, Allard J, Rimailho J, Fauvel J, Escourrou G, Vezzosi D, Donadille F, Bennet A, Caron P. Persistent and moderate hypercalcemia related to an ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma: Pre- and postoperative parathyroid hormone related-peptide and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels. J Endocrinol Invest 2006; 29:443-9. [PMID: 16794368 DOI: 10.1007/bf03344128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of PTH-related peptide (PTH-rP) and 1,25-dihyhydroxyvitamin D3 in a case of hypercalcemia related to an ovarian adenocarcinoma. DESIGN We report a case of humoral hypercalcemia in a patient aged 74 yr with a clear cell adenocarcinoma of the right ovary at an early stage of its development (stage T1aN0M0) revealed by moderate and persistent hypercalcemia (variable level between 2.7 and 3.2 mmol/l without any treatment) over six months. METHODS PTH-rP and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were measured in blood samples taken before and after hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy and in blood samples taken intraoperatively from the right ovarian vein and a peripheral vein. RESULTS High levels of plasma PTH-rP and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concomitant with high serum calcium and low PTH levels were found before surgery, which was followed by normalisation of all parameters studied. A concentration gradient was found regarding plasma PTHrP (right ovarian vein 60.4 pmol/l, peripheral vein 4.5 pmol/l), not 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. CONCLUSION 1) moderate and persistent hypercalcemia can be observed at an early stage of an ovarian carcinoma; 2) the gradient of PTH-rP concentration between the samples taken from the right ovarian vein and a peripheral vein provides evidence for a direct secretion of PTH-rP by the ovarian tumor; 3) the increased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 level is not related to a direct ovarian production, but is a consequence of PTH-rP secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benit
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, France
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Mitchell JA, Ting TC, Wong S, Mitchell BF, Lye SJ. Parathyroid hormone-related protein treatment of pregnant rats delays the increase in connexin 43 and oxytocin receptor expression in the myometrium. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:556-62. [PMID: 12700188 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.016014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Myometrial quiescence during pregnancy is maintained by progesterone, which suppresses the expression of labor-associated genes such as connexin 43 (Cx43) and the oxytocin receptor (OTR). Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a smooth muscle relaxant that inhibits myometrial contractions and therefore may act in synergy with progesterone to maintain myometrial quiescence during late pregnancy. We investigated the possibility that PTHrP, like progesterone, could act to suppress the expression of labor-associated genes. Pregnant rats were treated starting on Day 19 with daily i.p. injections of 100 microg/kg PTHrP (human synthetic fragment 1-34). On Day 22 of gestation, there was a significant reduction in the expression of Cx43 (mRNA and protein) and OTR (mRNA) in the myometrium of PTHrP-treated animals, whereas on Day 23 (labor) the expression of both Cx43 and OTR was unchanged by PTHrP treatment. Treatment of pregnant rats with PTHrP did not affect the time of delivery, concentrations of progesterone in maternal plasma, or levels of c-fos, fra-2, or parathyroid hormone/PTHrP receptor mRNA on any gestational day. Because PTHrP treatment delayed the dramatic increase in the expression of Cx43 and OTR, it may be an important factor in the maintenance of the quiescent state of the myometrium at a time when the concentrations of progesterone in maternal circulation decrease. PTHrP treatment did not prevent the increase in Cx43 and OTR gene expression on Day 23 or the timing of labor, suggesting that the effects of PTHrP signaling are overridden with the onset of labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Mitchell
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
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Francini G, Scardino A, Kosmatopoulos K, Lemonnier FA, Campoccia G, Sabatino M, Pozzessere D, Petrioli R, Lozzi L, Neri P, Fanetti G, Cusi MG, Correale P. High-affinity HLA-A(*)02.01 peptides from parathyroid hormone-related protein generate in vitro and in vivo antitumor CTL response without autoimmune side effects. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4840-9. [PMID: 12391194 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP), a protein produced by prostate carcinoma and other epithelial cancers, is a key agent in the development of bone metastases. We investigated whether the protein follows the self-tolerance paradigm or can be used as a target Ag for anticancer immunotherapy by investigating the immunogenicity of two HLA-A(*)02.01-binding PTH-rP-derived peptides (PTR-2 and -4) with different affinity qualities. PTH-rP peptide-specific CTL lines were generated from the PBMC of two HLA-A(*)02.01(+) healthy individuals, stimulated in vitro with PTH-rP peptide-loaded autologous dendritic cells and IL-2. The peptide-specific CTLs were able to kill PTH-rP(+)HLA-A(*)02.01(+) breast and prostate carcinoma cell lines. The two peptides were also able to elicit a strong antitumor PTH-rP-specific CTL response in HLA-A(*)02.01 (HHD) transgenic mice. The vaccinated mice did not show any sign of side effects due to cell-mediated autoimmunity or toxicity. In this study we describe two immunogenic and toxic-free PTH-rP peptides as valid candidates for the design of peptide-based vaccination strategies against prostate cancer and bone metastases from the most common epithelial malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/adverse effects
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- HLA-A Antigens/genetics
- HLA-A Antigens/immunology
- HLA-A Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-A2 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Oligopeptides/administration & dosage
- Oligopeptides/genetics
- Oligopeptides/immunology
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
- Peptide Hormones/administration & dosage
- Peptide Hormones/genetics
- Peptide Hormones/immunology
- Peptide Hormones/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Francini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité d'Immunité Cellulaire Antivirale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Kline LW, Benishin CG, Pang PK. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) relax cholecystokinin-induced tension in guinea pig gallbladder strips. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2000; 91:83-8. [PMID: 10967204 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(00)00120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) have been shown to relax various types of smooth muscle, e.g. vascular, uterine and gastric. This study demonstrates that PTH and PTHrP both relaxed cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK)-induced tension in guinea pig gallbladder strips. This relaxation was concentration-dependent. The use of PTHrP (7-34) blocked the relaxant effect of both agents. This suggested PTH and PTHrP were acting through the same receptor. The use of Rp-cAMPs, an inhibitor of cAMP activation of protein kinase A, and H-89, a selective inhibitor of protein kinase A, suggested that cAMP mediated the relaxant action of PTH and PTHrP. The use of iberiotoxin indicated that the high conductance Ca(2+)-activated potassium channels also mediated the actions of PTH/PTHrP. The use of KT5823, a selective blocker of protein kinase G, also decreased the amount of relaxation induced by PTH/PTHrP. This suggested that crosstalk between the two second messenger (cAMP and cGMP) systems occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Kline
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7.
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Garmey JC, Schnorr JA, Bruns ME, Bruns DE, Seaner RM, Ferguson II JE, Luking Jayes FC, Aguirre C, Veldhuis JD. Expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-rp) and its receptorin the porcine ovary: regulation by transforming growth factor-beta and possible paracrine effects of granulosa cell PTH-rp secretion on theca cells. Biol Reprod 2000; 62:334-9. [PMID: 10642570 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod62.2.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-rp) and the PTH-rp receptor are expressed in certain cancers as well as in many normal tissues. To evaluate the expression of this Ca(2+)-regulating hormone and its receptor in porcine ovary, we isolated partial cDNAs encoding homologous PTH-rp and PTH-rp receptor using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cDNA encoding PTH-rp (419 base pairs [bp]) was 92% and 87% homologous to human and rat sequences, respectively, while the PTH-rp receptor clone (167 bp) was 94% and 91% identical to the human and rat genes. Qualitative estimates of PTH-rp mRNA by RT-PCR indicated that the PTH-rp gene is expressed at high levels in the corpus luteum but is undetectable in granulosa and theca cells isolated from small (1-5 mm) and medium-sized (5-8 mm) antral follicles. In contrast, PTH-rp receptor transcripts were most abundant in corpora lutea and theca cells, and least abundant (albeit detectable) in granulosa cells. Regulation of PTH-rp protein production was assessed in serum-free monolayer cultures of porcine granulosa cells. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 (100 ng/ml) increased PTH-rp concentrations (assayed by two-site immunoradiometric assay of culture media) as well as corresponding PTH-rp mRNA accumulation (assessed by RT-PCR) in a time-dependent manner, with maximal responses of 3- to 5-fold at 96 h. TGF-beta1 dose-response studies revealed an ED(50) of 0. 24-0.38 ng/ml with a maximal effect at 30 ng/ml. Other growth factors and hormones, including insulin, insulin-like growth factor (type I), epidermal growth factor, FSH, estradiol, and interleukin-1, failed to alter PTH-rp secretion. Biological effects of PTH-rp were evident in purified porcine theca cells. Using the Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent indicator dye, fura-2, and digital imaging videomicroscopy, we found that PTH-rp (1 microM) stimulated intracellular free calcium ion concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) in single porcine theca cells. The [Ca(2+)](i) elevation was characterized by a slow and prolonged rise. After PTH-rp stimulation, theca cells maintained responsiveness to hormone stimulation by LH, which elicited a typical theca cell [Ca(2+)](i) response. Our results allow a hypothesis of a paracrine intrafollicular signaling system involving interaction between theca cell-derived TGF-beta and granulosa cell-derived PTH-rp, with feedback by PTH-rp on theca cells. Alternatively, expression of mRNAs encoding PTH-rp and its receptor in corpora lutea suggests that this peptide may play a role in luteal cell function. The precise role of this intraovarian PTH-rp system will require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Garmey
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Morimoto T, Head JR, MacDonald PC, Casey ML. Thrombospondin-1 expression in human myometrium before and during pregnancy, before and during labor, and in human myometrial cells in culture. Biol Reprod 1998; 59:862-70. [PMID: 9746736 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod59.4.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of latent transforming growth factor beta (L-TGFbeta) is essential for the action of TGFbeta, which, in turn, is involved in the regulation of expression of some progesterone-responsive genes. One mechanism by which TGFbeta is activated involves thrombospondin (TSP), a protein that binds extracellular proteins. Immunoreactive TSP (irTSP) protein and TSP-1 mRNA in myometrial tissues of ovulatory and pregnant women were localized by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. IrTSP and TSP-1 mRNA were randomly distributed in myometrial smooth muscle cells of some, but not all, tissues of pregnant women at term before labor; but in some areas of most of these tissues, irTSP was intense and commonly localized extracellularly. Intense irTSP and TSP-1 mRNA in myocytes were more common in myometrium during labor. In myometrium from ovulatory women (n = 26), irTSP was localized primarily in vascular smooth muscle cells and was detected occasionally in scattered myocytes. Little TSP-1 mRNA was demonstrable by in situ hybridization in vessels or myocytes of myometrial tissue from ovulatory women (n = 7). By Northern analysis of total RNA, TSP-1 mRNA was detected in myometrial tissue of pregnant women and in human myometrial smooth muscle cells in culture. The levels of TSP-1 mRNA in myometrial tissues of pregnant women during labor (n = 18) were greater than those in myometrium at > 37 wk gestation before labor began (n = 25, p < 0.001). The ratios of TSP-1 to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNAs in 3 myometrial tissues during oxytocin-induced labor were not statistically different from those in myometrium during spontaneous labor but were greater than those in myometrium before labor (p < 0.05). The level of TSP-1 mRNA in confluent human myometrial cells in culture was relatively high, was increased by treatment with fetal bovine serum, and was decreased by treatment with platelet-derived growth factor or activators of adenylyl cyclase or protein kinase C. Myometrial cells in culture constitute a useful model for studying the regulation of TSP-1 gene expression in human myometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Morimoto
- The Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences and the Departments of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Biochemistry, and Cell Biology-Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75235-9051, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Casey
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern School, Dallas 75235-9051, USA
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