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Bai CY, Zhang JY, Shi TW, Bai YQ, Wu BL, Du ZP, Wu ZY, Xu XE, Wang SH, Wu JY, Te RY, Zhang JY, Xu LY, Li EM. Association between 5-lipoxygenase expression, and malignant behaviors and poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9353-9360. [PMID: 29805660 PMCID: PMC5958678 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the first step of arachidonic acid metabolism to inflammatory mediator leukotrienes. The present study assessed 5-LO expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissue specimens for associations with clinicopathological and survival data from patients, then explored 5-LO activity in ESCC cells in vitro. 5-LO expression was detected in tissue microarrays containing 297 ESCC samples using immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to analyze the survival significance of 5-LO expression and relative risk was evaluated using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Cultured tumor cells were subjected to gene transfection, western blotting, and cell migration and proliferation assays. 5-LO protein was primarily expressed in normal cell cytoplasm and/or membrane, and never in the whole cytoplasm, whereas 5-LO was expressed diffusely in ESCC tissues with nearly homogeneous whole-cytoplasm staining. 5-LO expression was significantly associated with tumor regional lymph node metastasis (P=0.013) and pTNM stage (P=0.004). 5-LO expression was associated with poor overall survival (P=0.029). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that 5-LO overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for ESCC patients (P=0.041). Furthermore, the inhibition of 5-LO expression reduced ESCC cell viability and migration in vitro. These data provide further evidence that the upregulation of 5-LO expression is associated with advanced stages of disease and poor ESCC prognosis, and that 5-LO expression may independently predict overall survival in patients with ESCC. The inhibition of 5-LO expression reduced ESCC malignant behavior in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Yi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Tie-Wei Shi
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qin Bai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Li Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Peng Du
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-E Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Institute of Cancer Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Yi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Yun Te
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Institute of Cancer Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Dr Li-Yan Xu, Institute of Cancer Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr En-Min Li, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Pidgeon GP, Lysaght J, Krishnamoorthy S, Reynolds JV, O'Byrne K, Nie D, Honn KV. Lipoxygenase metabolism: roles in tumor progression and survival. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008; 26:503-24. [PMID: 17943411 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-007-9098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of arachidonic acid through lipoxygenase pathways leads to the generation of various biologically active eicosanoids. The expression of these enzymes vary throughout the progression of various cancers, and thereby they have been shown to regulate aspects of tumor development. Substantial evidence supports a functional role for lipoxygenase-catalyzed arachidonic and linoleic acid metabolism in cancer development. Pharmacologic and natural inhibitors of lipoxygenases have been shown to suppress carcinogenesis and tumor growth in a number of experimental models. Signaling of hydro[peroxy]fatty acids following arachidonic or linoleic acid metabolism potentially effect diverse biological phenomenon regulating processes such as cell growth, cell survival, angiogenesis, cell invasion, metastatic potential and immunomodulation. However, the effects of distinct LOX isoforms differ considerably with respect to their effects on both the individual mechanisms described and the tumor being examined. 5-LOX and platelet type 12-LOX are generally considered pro-carcinogenic, with the role of 15-LOX-1 remaining controversial, while 15-LOX-2 suppresses carcinogenesis. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms regulated by LOX metabolism in some of the major cancers. We discuss the effects of LOXs on tumor cell proliferation, their roles in cell cycle control and cell death induction, effects on angiogenesis, migration and the immune response, as well as the signal transduction pathways involved in these processes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor effect of specific, or general, LOX inhibitors may lead to the design of biologically and pharmacologically targeted therapeutic strategies inhibiting LOX isoforms and/or their biologically active metabolites, that may ultimately prove useful in the treatment of cancer, either alone or in combination with conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham P Pidgeon
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Stika J, Vondrácek J, Hofmanová J, Simek V, Kozubík A. MK-886 enhances tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced differentiation and apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2005; 237:263-71. [PMID: 16039040 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced differentiation of human leukemic HL-60 cells using MK-886, an inhibitor of 5-LOX activating protein. MK-886 augmented cell cycle arrest and differentiation induced by TNF-alpha; however, both effects were probably 5-LOX-independent, because a general LOX inhibitor, NDGA, had no effect. Apoptosis was significantly elevated after combined TNF-alpha and MK-886 treatment, which could be partially associated with changes of Mcl-1 protein expression. NF-kappaB signalling or activation of JNKs were not modulated by MK-886. Thus, in addition to apoptosis, MK-886 can enhance TNF-alpha-induced differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirí Stika
- Department of Comparative Animal Physiology and General Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Avis I, Martínez A, Tauler J, Zudaire E, Mayburd A, Abu-Ghazaleh R, Ondrey F, Mulshine JL. Inhibitors of the Arachidonic Acid Pathway and Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor Ligands Have Superadditive Effects on Lung Cancer Growth Inhibition. Cancer Res 2005; 65:4181-90. [PMID: 15899809 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolizing enzymes and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been shown to regulate the growth of epithelial cells. We have previously reported that exposure to the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein-directed inhibitor MK886 but not the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, reduced growth, increased apoptosis, and up-regulated PPARalpha and gamma expression in breast cancer cell lines. In the present study, we explore approaches to maximizing the proapoptotic effects of PPARgamma on lung cancer cell lines. Non-small-cell cancer cell line A549 revealed dose-dependent PPARgamma reporter activity after treatment with MK886. The addition of indomethacin in combination with MK886 further increases reporter activity. We also show increased growth inhibition and up-regulation of apoptosis after exposure to MK886 alone, or in combination with indomethacin and the PPAR ligand, 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 compared with single drug exposures on the adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and small-cell cancer cell lines H345, N417, and H510. Real-time PCR analyses showed increased PPAR mRNA and retinoid X receptor (RXR)alpha mRNA expression after exposure to MK886 and indomethacin in a time-dependent fashion. The results suggest that the principal proapoptotic effect of these drugs may be mediated through the known antiproliferative effects of the PPARgamma-RXR interaction. We therefore explored a three-drug approach to attempt to maximize this effect. The combination of low-dose MK886, ciglitazone, and 13-cis-retinoic acid interacted at least in a superadditive fashion to inhibit the growth of lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1299, suggesting that targeting PPARgamma and AA action is a promising approach to lung cancer growth with a favorable therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingalill Avis
- Intervention Section, Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Titos E, Clària J, Planagumà A, López-Parra M, Villamor N, Párrizas M, Carrió A, Miquel R, Jiménez W, Arroyo V, Rivera F, Rodés J. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase induces cell growth arrest and apoptosis in rat Kupffer cells: implications for liver fibrosis. FASEB J 2003; 17:1745-7. [PMID: 12958196 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-1157fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The existence of an increased number of Kupffer cells is recognized as critical in the initiation of the inflammatory cascade leading to liver fibrosis. Because 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is a key regulator of cell growth and survival, in the current investigation we assessed whether inhibition of the 5-LO pathway would reduce the excessive number of Kupffer cells and attenuate inflammation and fibrosis in experimental liver disease. Kupffer cells were the only liver cell type endowed with a metabolically active 5-LO pathway (i.e., expressed mRNAs for 5-LO, 5-LO-activating protein [FLAP], and leukotriene [LT] C4 synthase and generated LTB4 and cysteinyl-LTs). Both the selective 5-LO inhibitor AA861 and the FLAP inhibitor BAY-X-1005 markedly reduced the number of Kupffer cells in culture. The antiproliferative properties of AA861 and BAY-X-1005 were associated with the occurrence of condensed nuclei, fragmented DNA, and changes in DNA content and cell cycle frequency distribution consistent with an apoptotic process. In vivo, in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats, BAY-X-1005 had a significant antifibrotic effect and reduced liver damage and the hepatic content of hydroxyproline. Together, these findings indicate a novel mechanism by which inactivation of the 5-LO pathway could disrupt the sequence of events leading to liver inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Titos
- DNA Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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