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Xia Z, Xiao J, Chen Q. Solving the Puzzle: What Is the Role of Progestogens in Neovascularization? Biomolecules 2021; 11:1686. [PMID: 34827682 PMCID: PMC8615949 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian sex steroids can modulate new vessel formation and development, and the clarification of the underlying mechanism will provide insight into neovascularization-related physiological changes and pathological conditions. Unlike estrogen, which mainly promotes neovascularization through activating classic post-receptor signaling pathways, progesterone (P4) regulates a variety of downstream factors with angiogenic or antiangiogenic effects, exerting various influences on neovascularization. Furthermore, diverse progestins, the synthetic progesterone receptor (PR) agonists structurally related to P4, have been used in numerous studies, which could contribute to unequal actions. As a result, there have been many conflicting observations in the past, making it difficult for researchers to define the exact role of progestogens (PR agonists including naturally occurring P4 and synthetic progestins). This review summarizes available evidence for progestogen-mediated neovascularization under physiological and pathological circumstances, and attempts to elaborate their functional characteristics and regulatory patterns from a comprehensive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Fujimoto J, Sato E. Sex steroids in uterine endometrial cancers. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 5:143-51. [PMID: 25961249 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Some uterine endometrial cancers conserve estrogen dependency in advancement. However, the concept of advancement in tumor is complicated, because it involves simple growth in primary tumor and secondary spreading. The expression manner of estrogen receptor alpha exon 5 splicing variant, ER beta, progesterone receptor-A (N-terminus deletion mutant) is associated with metastatic potential in uterine endometrial cancers. Increased estrogen-related receptor alpha expression is related to tumor advancement with the loss of estrogen dependency. Steroid receptor coactivator-3 contributes to tumor progression and can be used as a treatment target for advanced uterine endometrial cancers. Estrogen responsive oncogenes, c-jun and c-Ha-ras, are not modi-fied by progestin in uterine endometrial cancer cells and are considered to be an instinct phenotype as such cancers. By contrast, metastatic potential of estrogen-dependent uterine endometrial cancers can be partially controlled by progestin via metastasis-related genes, E-cadherin/catenins, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor. Thus, sex steroids related phenomena are impress-ive in the advancement of uterine endometrial cancers.
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3
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Guerrouahen BS, Pasquier J, Kaoud NA, Maleki M, Beauchamp MC, Yasmeen A, Ghiabi P, Lis R, Vidal F, Saleh A, Gotlieb WH, Rafii S, Rafii A. Akt-activated endothelium constitutes the niche for residual disease and resistance to bevacizumab in ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:3123-36. [PMID: 25319392 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Despite optimal cytoreduction and adequate adjuvant therapies, initial tumor response is often followed by relapse suggesting the existence of a tumor niche. Targeted therapies have been evaluated in ovarian cancer to overcome resistant disease. Among them, antiangiogenic therapies inhibit new blood vessel growth, induce endothelial cell apoptosis, and block the incorporation of hematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells into new blood vessels. Despite in vitro and in vivo successes, antivascular therapy with bevacizumab targeting VEGF-A has limited efficacy in ovarian cancer. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying clinical resistance to anti-VEGF therapies are not yet well understood. Among them, tumor and stromal heterogeneity might determine the treatment outcomes. The present study investigates whether abnormalities in the tumor endothelium may contribute to treatment resistance to bevacizumab and promote a residual microscopic disease. Here, we showed that ovarian cancer cells activate Akt phosphorylation in endothelial cells inducing resistance to bevacizumab leading to an autocrine loop based on FGF2 secretion. Altogether, our results point out the role of an activated endothelium in the resistance to bevacizumab and in the constitution of a niche for a residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella S Guerrouahen
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar. Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer Pasquier
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar. Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Nadine Abu Kaoud
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahtab Maleki
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marie-Claude Beauchamp
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pegah Ghiabi
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Raphael Lis
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Fabien Vidal
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Saleh
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Doha, Qatar
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Arash Rafii
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar. Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York. Department of Gynecologic oncology, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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4
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Zhang H, Guo Q, Wang C, Yan L, Fu Y, Fan M, Zhao X, Li M. Dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (Dusp6), a negative regulator of FGF2/ERK1/2 signaling, enhances 17β-estradiol-induced cell growth in endometrial adenocarcinoma cell. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 376:60-9. [PMID: 23419500 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (Dusp6) is a negative feedback mechanism of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK1/2 signaling. The aim of this study was to explore the expression of Dusp6 in human endometrial adenocarcinomas and the role of Dusp6 expression in the growth regulation of endometrial adenocarcinoma cell. We found that Dusp6 was over-expressed in human endometrial adenocarcinomas. In Ishikawa cells, plasmid-driven Dusp6 expression efficiently blocked the activity of FGF2-induced MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling. Unexpectedly, Dusp6 expression significantly enhanced the growth of Ishikawa cells. In Dusp6 forced-expression cells, 17β-estradiol stimulation increased the cell growth by all most threefolds. In addition, progesterone treatment reduced the cell growth to about half both in Ishikawa cells with and without forced-Dusp6-expression. Dusp6 over-expression is involved in the pathogenesis and development of human endometrial adenocarcinomas. Dusp6 functions as a negative regulator of FGF2/ERK1/2 signaling but enhances the growth and 17β-estradiol-induced cell growth in endometrial adenocarcinoma cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
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5
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Novel therapeutic strategy for uterine endometrial cancers. Int J Clin Oncol 2008; 13:411-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10147-008-0825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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O'Byrne KJ, Steward WP. Tumour angiogenesis: a novel therapeutic target in patients with malignant disease. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 6:155-74. [PMID: 15989502 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.6.1.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis refers to the formation of new blood vessels from an existing vasculature and is recognised as a necessary requirement for most tumours to grow beyond 1-2 mm in diameter. Factors established as playing a role in angiogenesis may be divided into two principal groups: (a) those that stimulate endothelial cell proliferation and/or elongation, migration and vascular morphogenesis including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) and the tie and tek receptors, and (b) proteases and their receptors involved in the breakdown of basement membranes and the extracellular matrix (ECM) including the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cathepsins and those involved in the plasmin cascade. Angiogenesis has been identified as a potential target for development of anticancer agents. The discovery of a range of naturally-occurring factors which negatively regulate angiogenesis, including the thrombospondins, angiostatin and endostatin, and the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), has given added impetus to this approach. Synthetic anti-angiogenic compounds have been developed, including TNP-470, carboxyamidotriazole, VEGF-tyrosine kinase inhibitors and MMP inhibitors (MMPI) which, like the naturally-occurring anti-angiogenic factors, inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and tumour development, growth and metastasis in vivo. Anti-angiogenic agents also enhance the antitumour activity of many conventional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. Such combinations may have a particular role as adjuvant therapies following surgical resection of primary tumours. Unlike tumour cells, tumour associated endothelial cells do not develop resistance to anti-angiogenic agents. Furthermore, anti-angiogenic agents are generally cytostatic rather than cytotoxic. As such, these agents are, in general, likely to be administered over long periods of time. Therefore, as well as having proven antitumour efficacy, an anti-angiogenic compound will need to be well-tolerated if it is to become established in the clinical management of patients with malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J O'Byrne
- University Department of Oncology, Osborne Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Infirmary Square, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK.
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7
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Fujimoto J, Toyoki H, Jahan I, Alam SM, Sakaguchi H, Sato E, Tamaya T. Sex steroid-dependent angiogenesis in uterine endometrial cancers. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 93:161-5. [PMID: 15860258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In general, tumors induce angiogenic factors specific to them, which leads to angiogenesis with advancement. However, angiogenesis in uterine endometrial cancers is complicated because hormone dependency in growth also modifies the angiogenic potential. Therefore, anti-angiogenic therapy for tumor dormancy in uterine endometrial cancers must be thoroughly considered. The upstream of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene conserves estrogen-responsive elements. Progesterone primed with estrogen induces thymidine phosphorylase (TP) in uterine endometrium. Sex steroid-dependent VEGF and TP are highly expressed in cases of early stage and well-differentiated uterine endometrial cancers, and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in cases of advanced and poorly differentiated uterine endometrial cancers. A transcriptional factor for angiogenesis, ETS-1, is linked to VEGF in well-differentiated uterine endometrial cancers, and to bFGF in poorly differentiated uterine endometrial cancers. Therefore, even if dedifferentiation and angiogenic switching occur due to advancement and long-term hormone therapy, the inhibition of ETS-1 along with main angiogenic factors might be an effective strategy to suppress uterine endometrial cancers as a novel anti-angiogenic therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Endometrial Neoplasms/blood supply
- Endometrial Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics
- Endometrial Neoplasms/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones/metabolism
- Humans
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets
- Thymidine Phosphorylase/biosynthesis
- Thymidine Phosphorylase/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Fujimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1194, Japan.
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8
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Herbst RS, Madden TL, Tran HT, Blumenschein GR, Meyers CA, Seabrooke LF, Khuri FR, Puduvalli VK, Allgood V, Fritsche HA, Hinton L, Newman RA, Crane EA, Fossella FV, Dordal M, Goodin T, Hong WK. Safety and pharmacokinetic effects of TNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor, combined with paclitaxel in patients with solid tumors: evidence for activity in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:4440-7. [PMID: 12431966 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2002.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Preclinical studies suggested that the antiangiogenic agent TNP-470 was synergistic with cytotoxic therapy. TNP-470 was administered with paclitaxel to adults with solid tumors to define the safety and optimal dose of the combination regimen and to assess pharmacokinetic interactions. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-two patients were enrolled chronologically onto one of two treatment arms. Arm A involved a fixed TNP-470 dose with escalating doses of paclitaxel, and Arm B involved a fixed paclitaxel dose with escalating doses of TNP-470. Paclitaxel and TNP-470 pharmacokinetics were evaluated along with toxicity. RESULTS The combination of TNP-470 administered at 60 mg/m(2) three times per week and paclitaxel 225 mg/m(2) administered over 3 hours every 3 weeks was defined as both the maximum-tolerated dose and the optimal dose. Myelosuppression was similar to that expected with paclitaxel alone. Mild to moderate neurocognitive impairment was observed; however, the majority of changes were subclinical and reversible as determined by prestudy and poststudy neuropsychiatric test results. A clinically insignificant decrease of paclitaxel clearance was observed for the combination. Median survival for all patients was 14.1 months. Partial responses were reported in eight (25%) of 32 patients and in six (38%) of 16 patients with NSCLC, 60% of whom had received prior chemotherapy. CONCLUSION The combination of TNP-470 and paclitaxel, each at full single-agent dose, seems well tolerated, with minimal pharmacokinetic interaction between the two agents. Further studies of TNP-470 with chemotherapy regimens are warranted in NSCLC and other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy S Herbst
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Cancer treatment has so far been restricted to cytotoxic and hormonal agents. These have been of limited value in their efficacy and their toxicity profile. A new era of targeted therapies is rapidly evolving. A key target being actively pursued is the receptor tyrosine kinase. Several compounds that inhibit this target are in preclinical and clinical development. These compounds broadly fall into two categories: monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors. The common targets are epidermal growth factor receptor, Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor receptor, and platelet-derived growth factor. Two of these compounds, trastuzumab and imatinib mesylate, have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in specific indications. Other uses are being tested, such as imatinib for gastrointestinal stromal tumor. These compounds will alter cancer care as adjuncts to currently available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Goel
- Division of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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11
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12
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Fujimoto J, Sakaguchi H, Aoki I, Khatun S, Toyoki H, Tamaya T. Steroid receptors and metastatic potential in endometrial cancers. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 75:209-12. [PMID: 11282273 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The relative overexpression of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha exon 5 splicing variant, the disrupted synchronization of ER-beta and ER-alpha expressions, and the suppression of progesterone receptor (PR) form A expression as a transcriptional repressor might be related to metastatic potential of uterine endometrial cancers, leading to poor patient prognosis related to estrogen refractoriness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fujimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-machi, 500-8705, Gifu City, Japan
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Kruger EA, Figg WD. TNP-470: an angiogenesis inhibitor in clinical development for cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9:1383-96. [PMID: 11060750 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.9.6.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
TNP-470, an analogue of fumagillin, has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In 1992, TNP-470 entered clinical development for cancer as an anti-angiogenic agent. It is currently in Phase I/II trials in Kaposi's sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, brain cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer and prostate cancer. In early clinical reports, TNP-470 is tolerated up to 177 mg/m(2) with neurotoxic effects (fatigue, vertigo, ataxia, and loss of concentration) being the principal dose limiting toxicity (DLT). Terminal half-life values are short and have shown intermittent and intrapatient variation (range: 0.05 - 1.07 h). Recently, mechanistic studies have identified cell cycle mediators and the protein methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) as molecular targets of TNP-470 and fumagillin. Animal studies confirm some toxic effects on normal angiogenic processes such as the female reproductive system and wound healing, which will require caution and close monitoring in the clinic. TNP-470 is one of the first anti-angiogenic compounds to enter clinical trials, making it a valuable prototype for future trials of angiogenesis inhibitors in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kruger
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Medicine Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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14
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Abstract
Derivatives of the epoxy-beta-aminoketone containing natural product eponemycin have been prepared in order to study the molecular mode of action of this anti-angiogenic compound. Synthesis and use of a biotinylated dihydroeponemycin analogue demonstrated that dihydroeponemycin forms a covalent adduct with at least two intracellular proteins in human endothelial cells. Pretreatment of cells with a five equivalent excess of dihydroeponemycin precluded biotin-dihydroeponemycin binding indicating a specific interaction between natural product and the target proteins. This biotin-dihydroeponemycin derivative will prove useful in the purification and identification of eponemycin receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Amides/metabolism
- Amides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/metabolism
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Biotin/chemical synthesis
- Biotin/chemistry
- Biotin/metabolism
- Biotin/pharmacology
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Humans
- Ligands
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Receptors, Drug/chemistry
- Receptors, Drug/metabolism
- Serine/analogs & derivatives
- Serine/chemical synthesis
- Serine/chemistry
- Serine/metabolism
- Serine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
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15
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El Yazidi I, Renaud F, Laurent M, Courtois Y, Boilly-Marer Y. Production and oestrogen regulation of FGF1 in normal and cancer breast cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1403:127-40. [PMID: 9630568 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between the FGF1 oestrogen regulation and the normal/cancer status of breast cells, we have studied FGF1 17beta-oestradiol regulation in normal, transformed and cancerous cells. Normal (NMEC), transformed (HBL-100) and cancerous (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) human mammary epithelial cells express different levels of FGF1 mRNAs. Western blot analysis allowed us to characterize FGF1 as an 18 kDa form of this polypeptide. Using a neutralizing anti-FGF1 antibody we demonstrated that FGF1 is secreted by all mammary cells studied and stimulates their proliferation in an autocrine manner. We have examined the regulation of FGF1 mRNAs in response to 17beta-oestradiol. FGF1 mRNAs were upregulated in hormone-dependent NMEC but was not upregulated either in hormone-sensitive HBL-100 cells or in the hormone-dependent cancerous cell line MCF-7. However, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay indicated an increase of FGF1 protein in NMEC, HBL-100 and MCF-7 cells. We have also examined the 17beta-oestradiol regulation of the four alternatively spliced FGF1 mRNAs: 1.A, 1.B, 1. C and 1.D. Only 1.B transcripts were downregulated by 17beta-oestradiol in normal cells. These results show that 17beta-oestradiol regulates FGF1 mRNAs in a cell-specific manner, and that this regulation may be transcriptional or translational depending on cell phenotype. The specificity of oestradiol effects was checked using its receptor antagonist tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- I El Yazidi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique UMR 111 du CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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