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Pachaiappan R, Cornejo-Ponce L, Rajendran R, Manavalan K, Femilaa Rajan V, Awad F. A review on biofiltration techniques: Recent advancements in the removal of volatile organic compounds and heavy metals in the treatment of polluted water. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8432-8477. [PMID: 35260028 PMCID: PMC9161908 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Good quality of water determines the healthy life of living beings on this earth. The cleanliness of water was interrupted by the pollutants emerging out of several human activities. Industrialization, urbanization, heavy population, and improper disposal of wastes are found to be the major reasons for the contamination of water. Globally, the inclusion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals released by manufacturing industries, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemical processes have created environmental issues. The toxic nature of these pollutants has led researchers, scientists, and industries to exhibit concern towards the complete eradication of them. In this scenario, the development of wastewater treatment methodologies at low cost and in an eco-friendly way had gained importance at the international level. Recently, bio-based technologies were considered for environmental remedies. Biofiltration based works have shown a significant result for the removal of volatile organic compounds and heavy metals in the treatment of wastewater. This was done with several biological sources such as bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, yeasts, etc. The biofiltration technique is cost-effective, simple, biocompatible, sustainable, and eco-friendly compared to conventional techniques. This review article provides deep insight into biofiltration technologies engaged in the removal of volatile organic compounds and heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Pachaiappan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda.General Velasquez, 1775, Arica, Chile
| | - Lorena Cornejo-Ponce
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda.General Velasquez, 1775, Arica, Chile
| | - Rathika Rajendran
- Department of Physics, A.D.M. College for Women (Autonomous), Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu - 611001, India
| | - Kovendhan Manavalan
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu - 603203, India
| | - Vincent Femilaa Rajan
- Department of Sustainable Energy Management, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Chennai - 600086, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Fathi Awad
- Department of Allied Health Professionals, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Liwa College of Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Morral E, Gabriel D, Dorado AD, Gamisans X. A review of biotechnologies for the abatement of ammonia emissions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128606. [PMID: 33139050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia emissions are found in a wide range of facilities such as wastewater treatment plants, composting plants, pig houses, as well as the fertilizer, food and metallurgy industries. Effective management of these emissions is important for minimizing the detrimental effects they can have on health and the environment. Physical-chemical (thermal oxidation, absorption, catalytic oxidation, etc.) treatments are the most common techniques for the abatement of ammonia emissions. However, the requirement for more eco-friendly techniques has increased interest in biological alternatives. Accordingly, several bio-based process configurations (biofilters, biotrickling filters and bioscrubbers) have been reported for ammonia abatement in a wide spectrum of conditions. Due to ammonia is a highly soluble compound, bioscrubber seems to be the best option for ammonia abatement. However, this technology is still not widely studied. The proper managements of the ammonia bio-oxidation sub-products is a key parameter for the correct operation of the process. The aim of this review is to critically examine the biotechnologies currently used for the treatment of ammonia gas emissions highlighting the pros and cons of each technology. The key parameters for each configuration used in both full-scale and lab-scale bioreactors are analyzed and summarized according to previous publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Morral
- Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Bases de Manresa, 61-73, 08240, Manresa, Spain.
| | - David Gabriel
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Q, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antonio D Dorado
- Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Bases de Manresa, 61-73, 08240, Manresa, Spain
| | - Xavier Gamisans
- Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Bases de Manresa, 61-73, 08240, Manresa, Spain
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Lan T, Zhao Y, Deng J, Zhang J, Shi L, Zhang D. Selective catalytic oxidation of NH3 over noble metal-based catalysts: state of the art and future prospects. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The state of the art and future prospects for selective catalytic oxidation of NH3 over noble metal-based catalysts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Lan
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology
- College of Sciences
- Shanghai University
| | - Yufei Zhao
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology
- College of Sciences
- Shanghai University
| | - Jiang Deng
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology
- College of Sciences
- Shanghai University
| | - Jianping Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology
- College of Sciences
- Shanghai University
| | - Liyi Shi
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology
- College of Sciences
- Shanghai University
| | - Dengsong Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology
- College of Sciences
- Shanghai University
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Nisola GM, Valdehuesa KNG, Anonas AV, Ramos KRM, Lee WK, Chung WJ. Performance evaluation of poly-urethane foam packed-bed chemical scrubber for the oxidative absorption of NH 3 and H 2S gases. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:25-32. [PMID: 29035626 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1366243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of open-pore polyurethane (PU) foam as packing material for wet chemical scrubber was tested for NH3 and H2S removals. The foam is inexpensive, light-weight, highly porous (low pressure drop) and provides large surface area per unit volume, which are desirable properties for enhanced gas/liquid mass transfer. Conventional HCl/HOCl (for NH3) and NaOH/NaOCl (for H2S) scrubbing solutions were used to absorb and oxidize the gases. Assessment of the wet chemical scrubbers reveals that pH and ORP levels are important to maintain the gas removal efficiencies >95%. A higher re-circulation rate of scrubbing solutions also proved to enhance the performance of the NH3 and H2S columns. Accumulation of salts was confirmed by the gradual increase in total dissolved solids and conductivity values of scrubbing solutions. The critical elimination capacities at >95% gas removals were found to be 5.24 g NH3-N/m3-h and 17.2 g H2S-S/m3-h at an empty bed gas residence time of 23.6 s. Negligible pressure drops (< 4 mm H2O) after continuous operation demonstrate the suitability of PU as a practical packing material in wet chemical scrubbers for NH3 and H2S removals from high-volume dilute emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Nisola
- a Energy and Environment Fusion Technology Center (E2FTC), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST) , Myongji University , Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Kris Niño G Valdehuesa
- a Energy and Environment Fusion Technology Center (E2FTC), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST) , Myongji University , Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Alex V Anonas
- a Energy and Environment Fusion Technology Center (E2FTC), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST) , Myongji University , Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Kristine Rose M Ramos
- a Energy and Environment Fusion Technology Center (E2FTC), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST) , Myongji University , Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Keun Lee
- b Myongji University, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics , Yongin City , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- a Energy and Environment Fusion Technology Center (E2FTC), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST) , Myongji University , Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
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Liu T, Dong H, Zhu Z, Shang B, Yin F, Zhang W, Zhou T. Effects of biofilter media depth and moisture content on removal of gases from a swine barn. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:1288-1297. [PMID: 28453404 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1321591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Media depth (MD) and moisture content (MC) are two important factors that greatly influence biofilter performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effect of MC and MD on removing ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from swine barns. Biofiltration performance of different MDs and MCs in combination based on a mixed medium of wood chips and compost was monitored. A 3 × 3 factorial design was adopted, which included three levels of the two factors (MC: 45%, 55%, and 67% [wet basis]; MD: 0.17, 0.33, and 0.50 m). Results indicated that high MC and MD could improve NH3 removal efficiency, but increase outlet N2O concentration. When MC was 67%, the average NH3 removal efficiency of three MDs (0.17, 0.33, and, 0.50 m) ranged from 77.4% to 78.7%; the range of average H2S removal efficiency dropped from 68.1-90.0% (1-34 days of the test period) to 36.8-63.7% (35-58 days of the test period); and the average outlet N2O concentration increased by 25.5-60.1%. When MC was 55%, the average removal efficiency of NH3, H2S, and N2O for treatment with 0.33 m MD was 72.8 ± 5.9%, 70.9 ± 13.3%, and -18.9 ± 8.1%, respectively; and the average removal efficiency of NH3, H2S, and N2O for treatment with 0.50 m MD was 77.7 ± 4.2%, 65.8 ± 13.7%, and -24.5 ±12.1%, respectively. When MC was 45%, the highest average NH3 reduction efficiency among three MDs was 60.7% for 0.5 m MD, and the average N2O removal efficiency for three MDs ranged from -18.8% to -12.7%. In addition, the pressure drop of 0.33 m MD was significantly lower than that of 0.50 m MD (p < 0.05). To obtain high mitigation of NH3 and H2S and avoid elevated emission of N2O and large pressure drop, 0.33 m MD at 55% MC is recommended. IMPLICATIONS The performances of biofilters with three different media depths (0.17, 0.33, and 0.50 m) and three different media moisture contents (45%, 55%, and 67% [wet basis]) were compared to remove gases from a swine barn. Using wood chips and compost mixture as the biofilters media, the combination of 0.33 m media depth and 55% media moisture content is recommended to obtain good reduction of NH3 and H2S, and to simultaneously prevent elevated emission of N2O and large pressure drop across the media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongshuai Liu
- a Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmin Dong
- a Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Zhu
- a Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Shang
- a Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Fubin Yin
- a Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqin Zhang
- a Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Tanlong Zhou
- a Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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Kang J, Wang T, Xin H, Wen Z. A laboratory study of microalgae-based ammonia gas mitigation with potential application for improving air quality in animal production operations. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2014; 64:330-339. [PMID: 24701691 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.859185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ammonia gas emission is a major concern in concentrated animal production operations. It not only reduces the manure value as fertilizer due to nitrogen loss, but also has considerable environmental consequences for both animals and ecosystem. In this work, a microalgae culture system was developed as an ammonia gas bioscrubber to reduce ammonia gas emission. The green algae Scenedesmus dimorphus was grown in a flat-panel photobioreactor aerated with ammonia-laden air. A continuous culture was performed at different operational conditions including dilution rate (D = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 day(-1)), ammonia gas loading rate (9.4, 19.3, 28.9, 39.9, 55.6 mg/L-day), and medium pH (5, 6, 7, and 8). The alga culture at 0.1 day(-1) dilution rate, 39.9 mg/L-day ammonia gas loading rate, and pH 7 resulted in the highest cell density and biomass productivity. In order to provide a wide spectrum evaluation of the algae-based ammonia mitigation system, four parameters were determined, including ammonia removal rate, overall ammonia gas removal efficiency, cellular ammonia consumption rate, and cell yield based on ammonia input. Depending on the operational conditions used, the maximum values of those four evaluative parameters were 50.92 +/- 2.91 mg/L-day of ammonia removal rate, 94.90 +/- 1.87% of ammonia removal efficiency, 0.0597 +/- 0.0024 g NH3/g cell-day of cellular ammonia consumption rate, and 19.40 +/- 2.52 g cell/g NH3 of cell yield based on ammonia. It was also found that the majority of nitrogen in the ammonia gas was assimilated by the algal cells. At D = 0.1 day(-1), 39.9 mg/L-day of ammonia gas loading rate and pH 7, algal biomass assimilated 98.6% of nitrogen contained in the ammonia gas input, with less than 5% of inlet ammonia gas was exhausted after the algal treatment. IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrated the effectiveness of using microalgae for mitigating ammonia gas emission from animal production operations. The results enabled us to better understand the mechanisms of ammonia assimilation by microalgae, the engineering design parameters for the process scale up, and the economic viability of the system. Eventually, it will lead to a novel, alternative method for mitigating ammonia gas emission from concentrated animal operations while producing biomass as high-quality feed ingredient.
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Preis S, Klauson D, Gregor A. Potential of electric discharge plasma methods in abatement of volatile organic compounds originating from the food industry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 114:125-38. [PMID: 23238056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Increased volatile organic compounds emissions and commensurate tightening of applicable legislation mean that the development and application of effective, cost-efficient abatement methods are areas of growing concern. This paper reviews the last two decades' publications on organic vapour emissions from food processing, their sources, impacts and treatment methods. An overview of the latest developments in conventional air treatment methods is presented, followed by the main focus of the paper, non-thermal plasma technology. The results of the review suggest that non-thermal plasma technology, in its pulsed corona discharge configuration, is an emerging treatment method with potential for low-cost, effective abatement of a wide spectrum of organic air pollutants. It is found that the combination of plasma treatment with catalysis is a development trend that demonstrates considerable potential. The as yet relatively small number of plasma treatment applications is considered to be due to the novelty of pulsed electric discharge techniques and a lack of reliable pulse generators and reactors. Other issues acting as barriers to widespread adoption of the technique include the possible formation of stable oxidation by-products, residual ozone and nitrogen oxides, and sensitivity towards air humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Preis
- LUT Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
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Romero Hernandez A, Rodríguez Susa M, Andrès Y, Dumont E. Steady- and transient-state H2S biofiltration using expanded schist as packing material. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:210-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kim MS, Lee DW, Chung SH, Hong YK, Lee SH, Oh SH, Cho IH, Lee KY. Oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen over Pt/Fe/ZSM5 catalyst: influence of catalyst support on the low temperature activity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 237-238:153-160. [PMID: 22954598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Pt/Fe/ZSM5 catalysts were applied to oxidation of ammonia, where the catalysts showed good low-temperature activity (≤ 200°C) for converting ammonia into nitrogen. With 1.5% Pt/0.5% Fe/ZSM5 catalyst, we could obtain 81% NH(3) conversion and 93% N(2) selectivity at 175°C at the short contact-time of w/f=0.00012 g min/mL. Through the characterization studies using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray spectroscopies (XRD, XPS), we could find that the active species was collaborating Pt/Fe species, which structure and activity were largely influenced by support material - in a positive way by ZSM5, rather than by Al(2)O(3) and SiO(2). When using ZSM5 as the support material, Pt was highly dispersed exclusively on the Fe oxide, and the valence state and dispersion of Pt changed according to Fe loading amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 5-1, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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Corre C, Couriol C, Amrane A, Dumont E, Andrès Y, Le Cloirec P. Efficiency of biological activator formulated material (BAFM) for volatile organic compounds removal--preliminary batch culture tests with activated sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012; 33:1671-1676. [PMID: 22988627 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2011.641592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During biological degradation, such as biofiltration of air loaded with volatile organic compounds, the pollutant is passed through a bed packed with a solid medium acting as a biofilm support. To improve microorganism nutritional equilibrium and hence to enhance the purification capacities, a Biological Activator Formulated Material (BAFM) was developed, which is a mixture of solid nutrients dissolving slowly in a liquid phase. This solid was previously validated on mineral pollutants: ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. To evaluate the efficiency of such a material for biodegradation of some organic compounds, a simple experiment using an activated sludge batch reactor was carried out. The pollutants (sodium benzoate, phenol, p-nitrophenol and 2-4-dichlorophenol) were in the concentration range 100 to 1200 mg L(-1). The positive impact of the formulated material was shown. The improvement of the degradation rates was in the range 10-30%. This was the consequence of the low dissolution of the nutrients incorporated during material formulation, followed by their consumption by the biomass, as shown for urea used as a nitrogen source. Owing to its twofold interest (mechanical resistance and nutritional supplementation), the Biological Activator Formulated Material seems to be a promising material. Its addition to organic or inorganic supports should be investigated to confirm its relevance for implementation in biofilters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Corre
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
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Moussavi G, Khavanin A, Sharifi A. Ammonia removal from a waste air stream using a biotrickling filter packed with polyurethane foam through the SND process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:2517-2522. [PMID: 21130644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a bench-scale biotrickling filter (BTF) on the removal of ammonia gas from a waste stream using a simultaneous nitrification/denitrification (SND) process. It was found that the developed BTF could completely remove 100 ppm ammonia from a waste stream, with an empty bed retention time of 60 s and 98.4% nitrogen removal through the SND process under the tested conditions. It was elucidated that both autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria were involved in the nitrogen removal trough the SND process in the BTF. Additionally, the elimination capacity of total nitrogen by the BTF increased from 3.5 to 18.4 g N/m(3) h with an inlet load of 20.6 g N/m(3) h (73.6%). The findings of this study suggest that the BTF can be operated to attain complete ammonia removal through the SND process, thereby making the treatment of ammonia-laden gas streams both short and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Moussavi
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Hernández J, Prado OJ, Almarcha M, Lafuente J, Gabriel D. Development and application of a hybrid inert/organic packing material for the biofiltration of composting off-gases mimics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 178:665-672. [PMID: 20188468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The performance of three biofilters (BF1-BF3) packed with a new hybrid (inert/organic) packing material that consists of spherical argyle pellets covered with compost was examined in different operational scenarios and compared with a biofilter packed with pine bark (BF4). BF1, BF2 and BF4 were inoculated with an enriched microbial population, while BF3 was inoculated with sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. A gas mixture containing ammonia and six VOCs was fed to the reactors with N-NH(3) loads ranging from 0 to 10 g N/m(3)h and a VOCs load of around 10 g C/m(3)h. A profound analysis of the fate of nitrogen was performed in all four reactors. Results show that the biofilters packed with the hybrid packing material and inoculated with the microbial pre-adapted population (BF1 and BF2) achieved the highest nitrification rates and VOCs removal efficiencies. In BF3, nitratation was inhibited during most of the study, while only slight evidence of nitrification could be observed in BF4. All four reactors were able to treat the VOCs mixture with efficiencies greater than 80% during the entire experimental period, regardless of the inlet ammonia load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerónimo Hernández
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Q, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Shen W, Zhang S, Jiang P, Liu Y. Surface chemistry of pyrolyzed starch carbons on adsorption of ammonia and carbon disulfide. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guo XJ, Tak JK, Johnson RL. Ammonia removal from air stream and biogas by a H2SO4 impregnated adsorbent originating from waste wood-shavings and biosolids. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 166:372-376. [PMID: 19111397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new and cost-effective adsorbent N-TRAP, made from waste wood-shavings and anaerobically digestion biosolids and impregnated with H(2)SO(4), was applied for the ammonia removal from air stream and biogas with high efficiency and effectiveness. Bearing a 75-80 and 65 wt.% sulfuric acid, the N-TRAPs mediated with wood shavings and biosolids showed the maximum ammonia adsorption capacity of 260-280 and 230 mg g(-1), respectively. Gas temperatures (20 and 60 degrees C) and moisture content (100% relative humidity) had no significantly negative effect on ammonia capture performance when temperature in the fixed-bed column was kept equalled to or slightly above the feed gas temperature. The pressure drop increased significantly when NH(3) began to break through the N-TRAP stripper due to the formation of ammonium sulfate blocking the vacuum space of packed adsorbent. At last, an alternative N-TRAP filter bed design was proposed to resolve the problem of pressure drop evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Jack Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Lin CW, Yen CH, Tsai SL. Biotreatment of phenol-contaminated wastewater in a spiral packed-bed bioreactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2008; 32:575-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-008-0279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sakuma T, Jinsiriwanit S, Hattori T, Deshusses MA. Removal of ammonia from contaminated air in a biotrickling filter - denitrifying bioreactor combination system. WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:4507-4513. [PMID: 18823641 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The removal of gaseous ammonia in a system consisting of a biotrickling filter, a denitrification reactor and a polishing bioreactor for the trickling liquid was investigated. The system allowed sustained treatment of ammonia while preventing biological inhibition by accumulating nitrate and nitrite and avoiding generation of contaminated water. All bioreactors were packed with cattle bone composite ceramics, a porous support with a large interfacial area. Excellent removal of ammonia gas was obtained. The critical loading ranged from 60 to 120 gm(-3)h(-1) depending on the conditions, and loadings below 56 gm(-3)h(-1) resulted in essentially complete removal of ammonia. In addition, concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and COD in the recycle liquid of the inlet and outlet of each reactor were measured to determine the fate of nitrogen in the reactor, close nitrogen balances and calculate nitrogen to COD ratios. Ammonia absorption and nitrification occurred in the biotrickling filter; nitrate and nitrite were biologically removed in the denitrification reactor and excess dissolved COD and ammonia were treated in the polishing bioreactor. Overall, ammonia gas was very successfully removed in the bioreactor system and steady state operation with respect to nitrogen species was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeyuki Sakuma
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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17
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Galera MM, Cho E, Kim Y, Farnazo D, Park SJ, Oh YS, Park JK, Chung WJ. Two-step pilot-scale biofilter system for the abatement of food waste composting emission. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2008; 43:412-418. [PMID: 18273747 DOI: 10.1080/10934520701795632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A pilot-scale two-step biofilter system was evaluated in treating food waste composting emission for 220 days. Wood chips were packed at the bottom section while mixture of rock wool and earthworm compost (6% w/v) was packed at the top section. Inlet ammonia concentration was found to be dominant and intermittent. The overall ammonia removal of over 98% was achieved, 70% of which was removed in the wood chip section. The highest ammonia elimination capacity was determined to be 39.43 g-NH(3)/m(3)/h at 99.5% removal efficiency. From biodegradation kinetic analysis, the maximum removal rate, V(m), of the wood chip section was determined to be 200 g-NH(3)/m(3)/h and the saturation constant, K(s), 180 mg/m(3). For the rock wool-earthworm cast mixture section, the V(m) was 87 g-NH(3)/m(3)/h and K(s) was 87 mg/m(3). Complete removal of hydrogen sulfide and most trace compounds were achieved by the biofilter. Highest hydrogen sulfide elimination rate was 0.22 g-H(2)S/m(3)/h. The biofilter was optimized from 24 to 16 s EBRT with resulting low average pressure drops of 16 and 29 mm H(2)O/m, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Maaliw Galera
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, MyongJi University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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18
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Hung CM. Decomposition kinetics of ammonia in gaseous stream by a nanoscale copper-cerium bimetallic catalyst. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 150:53-61. [PMID: 17517471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study performance is to examine the kinetics over nanoscale copper-cerium bimetallic catalyst under selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of ammonia to N(2) in a tubular fixed-bed reactor (TFBR) at temperatures from 150 to 400 degrees C in the presence of oxygen. The nanoscale copper-cerium bimetallic catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation with Cu(NO(3))(2) and Ce(NO(3))(3) at molar ratio of 6:4. Experimental results showed that the catalyst with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that copper and cerium are well dispersed and catalyst in the form of nanometer-sized particles. Moreover, the kinetic behavior of NH(3) oxidation with catalysis can be accounted by using the rate expression of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood type kinetic model. Kinetic parameters are also developed on the basis of the differential reactor data. Also, experimental results are compared with those of the model predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mao Hung
- Department of Industry Engineering and Management, Yung-Ta Institute of Technology and Commerce, 316 Chung-shan Road, Linlo, Pingtung 909, Taiwan.
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19
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Gaudin F, Andres Y, Le Cloirec P. Packing material formulation for odorous emission biofiltration. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 70:958-66. [PMID: 17889256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In biological gas treatment, like biofiltration of volatile organic compounds or odorous substances, the microbial nutritional needs could be a key factor of the process. The aim of this work is to propose a new packing material able to provide the lacking nutrients. In the first part of this study, two kinds of material composed of calcium carbonate, an organic binder and two different nitrogen sources, ammonium phosphate and urea phosphate (UP), were compared. The new supports present bulk densities between 0.88 and 1.15g cm(-3), moisture retention capacities close to 50% and 70%, and water cohesion capacities greater than six months for the material with 20% binder. In the second part, oxygen consumption measurements in liquid experiments show that these packing materials could enhance bacterial growth compared to pine bark or pozzolan and have no inhibitory effect. The biodegradation of different substrates (sodium sulfide and ammonia) and the support colonization by the biomass were evaluated. Finally, UP 20 was chosen and tested in a hydrogen sulfide or ammoniac biofiltration process. This showed that, for H2S concentrations greater than 100mg m(-3), UP 20 has a real advantage over pine bark or pozzolan.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Gaudin
- Ecole des Mines de Nantes, GEPEA UMR CNRS 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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20
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Wang QH, Zhang L, Tian S, Sun PTC, Xie W. A pilot-study on treatment of a waste gas containing butyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol and phenylacetic acid from pharmaceutical factory by bio-trickling filter. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Pagans E, Font X, Sánchez A. Adsorption, absorption, and biological degradation of ammonia in different biofilter organic media. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 97:515-25. [PMID: 17089384 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A tailor-made apparatus called ammoniometer, which is a batch mode respirometer applied to the study of ammonia biodegradation in biofilter media, has been used to evaluate adsorption, absorption, and biodegradation in five different organic materials (compost, coconut fibre, bark, pruning wastes, and peat) obtained from full-scale biofilters in operation in several waste treatment plants. The results showed that absorption could be represented by a Henry's law linear equation, with values of the Henry coefficient significantly higher (from 1,866 to 15,320) than that of pure water (1,498). Adsorption data were successfully fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and maximum adsorption capacity varies from 1.06 to 1.81 mg NH(3)/g dry media. Ammonia biodegradation rates for each organic material were also calculated. Biodegradation rates varied from 0.67 to 7.82 mg NH(3)/kg media/d depending on the material tested. The data obtained showed important differences in the behaviour of the biofilter organic media, which has important implications in the design and modelling of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Pagans
- Fundació Estudis Medi Ambient, Rbla Pompeu Fabra 1, Mollet del Vallès, 08100-Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Long-term operation of a compost-based biofilter for biological removal of n-butyl acetate, p-xylene and ammonia gas from an air stream. Biochem Eng J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Jang JH, Hirai M, Shoda M. Performance of a styrene-degrading biofilter inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. SR-5. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 100:297-302. [PMID: 16243280 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.100.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Styrene removal was studied for 3 months in a laboratory-scale biofilter packed with a mixed packing material of peat and ceramic at a ratio of 1 to 1 on a dry-weight basis and inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. SR-5. More than 90% removal efficiency (RE) was attained at 1-140 g/m3/h styrene loads under nitrogen-source limitation. When RE decreased to 70% after 30 d with an increase in styrene load, readdition of SR-5 and washing of the filter packing material restored the RE to more than 90% by maintaining the population of SR-5 at 1-10% of the total cell number. The maximum elimination capacity (EC) by kinetic analysis was estimated to be 290 g/m3/h. High conversion of the removed styrene carbon to CO2, and significantly small production of cell mass from the removed carbon were confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hee Jang
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-29-4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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24
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Zilli M, Guarino C, Daffonchio D, Borin S, Converti A. Laboratory-scale experiments with a powdered compost biofilter treating benzene-polluted air. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Lou JC, Hung CM, Yang SF. Selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia over copper-cerium composite catalyst. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2004; 54:68-76. [PMID: 14871014 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2004.10470881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This work considers the oxidation of ammonia (NH3) by selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) over a copper (Cu)-cerium (Ce) composite catalyst at temperatures between 150 and 400 degrees C. A Cu-Ce composite catalyst was prepared by coprecipitation of copper nitrate and cerium nitrate at various molar concentrations. This study also considers how the concentration of influent NH3 (500-1000 ppm), the space velocity (72,000-110,000 hr(-1)), the relative humidity (12-18%) and the concentration of oxygen (4-20%) affect the operational stability and the capacity for removing NH3. The effects of the O2 and NH3 content of the carrier gas on the catalyst's reaction rate also are considered. The experimental results show that the extent of conversion of NH3 by SCO in the presence of the Cu-Ce composite catalyst was a function of the molar ratio. The NH3 was removed by oxidation in the absence of Cu-Ce composite catalyst, and approximately 99.2% NH3 reduction was achieved during catalytic oxidation over the Cu-Ce (6:4, molar/molar) catalyst at 400 degrees C with an O2 content of 4%. Moreover, the effect of the initial concentration and reaction temperature on the removal of NH3 in the gaseous phase was also monitored at a gas hourly space velocity of less than 92,000 hr(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Chung Lou
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kao-hsiung, Taiwan.
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26
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Clemens J, Cuhls C. Greenhouse gas emissions from mechanical and biological waste treatment of municipal waste. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2003; 24:745-754. [PMID: 12868530 DOI: 10.1080/09593330309385611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical and biological waste treatment (MBT) is an increasingly important technology for the treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) before landfilling. This process includes composting of the material with intensive aeration in order to minimize the organic fraction that may induce methane and leachate emissions after landfilling. The exhaust air is treated by biofilters to remove odorous and volatile organic compounds. The emission of direct and indirect greenhouse gases, namely methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), nitric (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) was studied in four existing treatment plants. All gases except NO were emitted from the composting material. The emission factors were 12 to 185 kg ton(-1) substrate for CO2, 6-12 x 10(3) g ton(-1) substrate for CH4, 1.44 to 378 g ton(-1) substrate for N2O and 18-1150 g ton(-1) for NH3. In general, emission factors increased with increasing treatment time. The biofilters had no net effect on CH4, but removed 13-89% of the NH3. For CO2 the biofilters were a small, for N2O a major and for NO the exclusive source. Approximately 26% of the NH3-N that was removed in the biofilter was transformed into N2O when NH3 was the exclusive nitrogen source. Assuming that all municipal waste was treated by MBT, the emissions would account for 0.3 to 5% of the N2O and for 0.1 to 3% of the CH4 emissions in Germany, respectively. Optimising aeration and removing NH3 before the exhaust gas enters the biofilter could lead to reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Clemens
- University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, Institute of Plant Nutrition, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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27
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28
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Removal of a high load of ammonia by a marine bacterium,Vibrio alginolyticus in biofilter. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Sheridan BA, Curran TP, Dodd VA. Assessment of the influence of media particle size on the biofiltration of odorous exhaust ventilation air from a piggery facility. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2002; 84:129-143. [PMID: 12139329 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two pilot scale biofiltration systems were constructed and installed at the University College Dublin Research Farm, Lyons Estate. Experimental units consisting of two pens in a 12 pen pig house were sealed off from other pens. Air from each pen was extracted and treated separately in two biofiltration systems. Wood chips larger than 20 mm were selected as the medium for biofiltration system 1, whereas chips of between 10 and 16 mm were used in biofiltration system 2. The moisture content of the media was maintained at 69+/-4% (w.w.b.) using a load cell method. The volumetric loading rates ranged from 769 to 1847 m3 [gas] m(-1) [medium] h(-1) over a 63-day experimental period. Both biofilters reduced odour between 88% and 95%. Ammonia removal efficiencies ranged from 64% to 92% and 69% to 93%, for biofiltration systems 1 and 2, respectively. Sulphur-containing compounds were reduced between 9-66%, and -147-51% across biofiltration systems 1 and 2. The pH of the biofilters' leachate remained between 6 and 8. Pressure drop for biofilter 2 was 16 Pa greater than that of biofilter I at the maximum volumetric loading rate of 1847 m3 [gas] m(-3) [medium] h(-1). It is recommended that a wood chip media particle size greater than 20 mm be used for large scale operation of a biofiltration system on intensive pig production facilities to reduce the development of anaerobic zones and to minimize pressure drop on the system fans.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Sheridan
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland
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30
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Comparison of the biological NH3 removal characteristics among four inorganic packing materials. J Biosci Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Kim NJ, Sugano Y, Hirai M, Shoda M. Removal of a high load of ammonia gas by a marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus. J Biosci Bioeng 2000; 90:410-5. [PMID: 16232881 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2000] [Accepted: 07/08/2000] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A newly isolated marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus was used to remove a high load of ammonia gas. By a stepwise increase in ammonia supply over the concentration range of 120-2000 ppm (v/v), complete removal of ammonia was observed from the start of the experiment in a suspended culture of the bacterium in basal medium containing 3% NaCl. When cells were inoculated onto an inorganic packing material in a biofilter, and a high load of ammonia was introduced continuously under nonsterile conditions, the average percentage of gas removed exceeded 85% for a 61-d operation. The maximum removal capacity and the complete removal capacity were 22.8 g-N/kg-dry packing material/d and 18.6 g-N/kg-dry packing material/d, respectively, which were about four times larger than those obtained in nitrifying sludge inoculated onto the same packing material. During this operation, the nonsterile air supply had no adverse effect on the removability of ammonia by V. alginolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Kim
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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