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Hotka M, Cagalinec M, Hilber K, Hool L, Boehm S, Kubista H. L-type Ca 2+ channel-mediated Ca 2+ influx adjusts neuronal mitochondrial function to physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Sci Signal 2020; 13:eaaw6923. [PMID: 32047116 PMCID: PMC7116774 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw6923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) are implicated in neurodegenerative processes and cell death. Accordingly, LTCC antagonists have been proposed to be neuroprotective, although this view is disputed, because intentional LTCC activation can also have beneficial effects. LTCC-mediated Ca2+ influx influences mitochondrial function, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell viability. Hence, we investigated the effect of modulating LTCC-mediated Ca2+ influx on mitochondrial function in cultured hippocampal neurons. To activate LTCCs, neuronal activity was stimulated by increasing extracellular K+ or by application of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. The activity of LTCCs was altered by application of an agonistic (Bay K8644) or an antagonistic (isradipine) dihydropyridine. Our results demonstrated that activation of LTCC-mediated Ca2+ influx affected mitochondrial function in a bimodal manner. At moderate stimulation strength, ATP synthase activity was enhanced, an effect that involved Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. In contrast, high LTCC-mediated Ca2+ loads led to a switch in ATP synthase activity to reverse-mode operation. This effect, which required nitric oxide, helped to prevent mitochondrial depolarization and sustained increases in mitochondrial Ca2+ Our findings indicate a complex role of LTCC-mediated Ca2+ influx in the tuning and maintenance of mitochondrial function. Therefore, the use of LTCC inhibitors to protect neurons from neurodegeneration should be reconsidered carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Hotka
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michal Cagalinec
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cellular Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50 411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karlheinz Hilber
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Livia Hool
- School of Human Sciences (Physiology), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stefan Boehm
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Kubista
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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N-Methyl-d-aspartate Preconditioning Prevents Quinolinic Acid-Induced Deregulation of Glutamate and Calcium Homeostasis in Mice Hippocampus. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:118-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Narayanan KL, Subramaniam S, Bengston CP, Irmady K, Unsicker K, von Bohlen und Halbach O. Role of transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) in glutamate-induced cell death in the hippocampal cell line HT22. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 52:425-33. [PMID: 24242951 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1; a cation channel activated by store depletion and/or through an intracellular messenger) is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the brain. To study the physiological function of TRPC1, we investigated the role of endogenously expressed TRPC1 in glutamate-induced cell death, using the murine hippocampal cell line HT22. Knocking down TRPC1 mRNA using TRPC1-shRNA or blocking of TRPC channels using 2-APB (≥200 μM) robustly attenuated glutamate-induced cell death after 24 h of incubation with 5 mM glutamate. Glutamate toxicity in HT22 cells seems to involve metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 since MPEP (2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine), an mGluR5 antagonist (≥100 μM), abrogated glutamate toxicity. Furthermore, a direct activation of mGluR5 by CHPG [(RS)-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine; 100 μM or 300 μM] promoted HT22 cell death. TRPC1 knock-down markedly reduced CHPG-induced cell death. These observations suggest that glutamate-induced cell death in HT22 cells activates mGluR5 receptors, which significantly increases Ca(2+) influx through TRPC1 channels. TRPC1 knock-down prevented glutamate- and CHPG-induced cell death, suggesting that glutamate-induced toxicity in HT22 cells is mediated through TRPC1 channels and an mGluR5-dependent pathway. Together, this work provides evidence for a novel receptor activation pathway of TRPC1 in glutamate-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129-4404, USA
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Macaskill AF, Rinholm JE, Twelvetrees AE, Arancibia-Carcamo IL, Muir J, Fransson A, Aspenstrom P, Attwell D, Kittler JT. Miro1 is a calcium sensor for glutamate receptor-dependent localization of mitochondria at synapses. Neuron 2009; 61:541-55. [PMID: 19249275 PMCID: PMC2670979 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Energy use, mainly to reverse ion movements in neurons, is a fundamental constraint on brain information processing. Trafficking of mitochondria to locations in neurons where there are large ion fluxes is essential for powering neural function. Mitochondrial trafficking is regulated by Ca2+ entry through ionotropic glutamate receptors, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. We show that the protein Miro1 links mitochondria to KIF5 motor proteins, allowing mitochondria to move along microtubules. This linkage is inhibited by micromolar levels of Ca2+ binding to Miro1. With the EF hand domains of Miro1 mutated to prevent Ca2+ binding, Miro1 could still facilitate mitochondrial motility, but mitochondrial stopping induced by glutamate or neuronal activity was blocked. Activating neuronal NMDA receptors with exogenous or synaptically released glutamate led to Miro1 positioning mitochondria at the postsynaptic side of synapses. Thus, Miro1 is a key determinant of how energy supply is matched to energy usage in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Macaskill
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Xilouri M, Papazafiri P. Induction of Akt by endogenous neurosteroids and calcium sequestration in P19 derived neurons. Neurotox Res 2008; 13:209-19. [PMID: 18522900 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cell death caused by pathophysiological over-activation of glutamate receptors and the subsequent CaII overloading, has been implicated in neurodegeneration after stroke, cerebral trauma and epileptic seizures. Recent findings suggest that certain progesterone metabolites (neurosteroids) such as allopregnanolone and dehydroepiandrosterone can protect neuronal cells from such insults. In the present study, murine P19 cells were induced to differentiate into postmitotic neurons expressing specific neuronal markers, including GABA(A) and NMDA receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors in P19-N neurons resulted in excitotoxic cell death, which involved suppression of the phosphorylation of the survival kinase PKB/Akt. Allopregnanolone and DHEA induced a rapid and prolonged phosphorylation of the Akt kinase and they were able to reverse the NMDA-induced suppression of the PI3-K/Akt pathway. The specificity of the neuroprotective effects of these neurosteroids was confirmed by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor wortmannin, as well as by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline. The neurotoxic effect of NMDA on P19-N neurons was directly correlated with increased CaII entry, since the addition of EGTA or BAPTA-AM, significantly suppressed the NMDA-induced decrease of phospho-Akt and subsequent neuronal death. These results suggest that neurosteroids are able to act as survival factors on P19-N neurons, promoting the activation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway through a calcium-entry dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Xilouri
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece
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Ha JS, Park SS. Glutamate-induced oxidative stress, but not cell death, is largely dependent upon extracellular calcium in mouse neuronal HT22 cells. Neurosci Lett 2006; 393:165-9. [PMID: 16229947 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the relationship of glutamate-induced Ca2+ flux and oxidative death of neuronal cells may be of great relevance for neurodegenerative diseases in human beings. Mouse hippocampal HT22 cells provide a model system to study this relationship at the molecular level. Here we show that stimulation of HT22 cells with 5 mM glutamate is cytotoxic. Glutamate-induced cytotoxicity was associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of the death executioner caspases 1 and 3. Treatment of HT22 cells with the calcium chelator, EGTA, and the calcium channel blocker, CoCl2, revealed that glutamate-induced cell death was dependent, in part, on glutamate-induced Ca2+ influx from extracellular stores. However, activation of caspases 1 and 3 and death of HT22 cells were also observed when Ca2+ was lacking in the extracellular milieu and ROS production abrogated. These findings led us to conclude that glutamate-induced death of mouse HT22 cells utilizes a complex mechanism that relies only in part on Ca2+ influx and ROS production. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate glutamate-induced death mechanisms that operate independently of Ca2+ influx and generation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seong Ha
- Systemic Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 52 Oun, Yusong, Taejon 305-333, South Korea
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Ayala GX, Tapia R. LateN-methyl-d-aspartate receptor blockade rescues hippocampal neurons from excitotoxic stress and death after 4-aminopyridine-induced epilepsy. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 22:3067-76. [PMID: 16367773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intrahippocampal perfusion of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in the rat produces immediate seizures and delayed neuronal death, due to the overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by endogenous glutamate released from nerve endings. With the same time course, 4-AP also induces the expression of the cell stress marker heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the contralateral non-damaged hippocampus. We have used this experimental model to study the mechanisms of the delayed neuronal stress and death. The NMDA receptor antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801), administered intraperitoneally 30 or 60 but not 120 min after 4-AP perfusion, when animals show intense electroencephalography epileptiform activity, prevented the delayed neurodegeneration whereas the seizures continued for about 3 h as in the control animals. With an identical time window, MK-801 treatment also modified the pattern of HSP70 expression; the protein was expressed in the protected perfused hippocampus but no longer in the undamaged contralateral hippocampus. The possible role of Ca2+ in the delayed cell death and HSP70 expression was also studied by coperfusing the intracellular Ca2+ chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) with 4-AP. This treatment resulted in protective and HSP70 effects very similar to those of MK-801. These results suggest that the seizures are not linked to neurodegeneration and that NMDA receptors need to be continuously overactivated by endogenous glutamate for at least 60 min in order to induce delayed neuronal stress and death, which are dependent on Ca2+ entry through the NMDA receptor channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela X Ayala
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-253, 04510-México, DF, México
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Ward MW, Kushnareva Y, Greenwood S, Connolly CN. Cellular and subcellular calcium accumulation during glutamate-induced injury in cerebellar granule neurons. J Neurochem 2005; 92:1081-90. [PMID: 15715659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract We have investigated the role of Ca2+ accumulation and neuronal injury in cerebellar granule neurons after glutamate receptor overactivation. After the removal of the free cytosolic Ca2+ we identified an extensive second Ca2+ fraction (SCF) that is retained within the neurons after glutamate receptor overactivation. The SCF reaches a plateau within 10 min with the magnitude of this SCF accumulation reflecting the extent of the neuronal injury that occurs within the neurons. The existence of this SCF is sensitive to both NMDA receptor antagonists and mitochondrial inhibitors but is unaffected by agents that deplete endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+, indicating that this Ca2+ fraction may be located within the mitochondria. Through the isolation of mitochondria from cerebellar granule neurons treated with glutamate we have shown that the majority of the SCF is mitochondrial in location. On the removal of the glutamate stimulus the SCF recovers at a slower rate than the free Ca2+ concentration within the neuron. This is intriguing, as it implies a capacity to remember previous excitatory events. Most significantly we have shown that a short pre-application of subthreshold glutamate or kainate blocks both SCF Ca2+ accumulation and extensive neuronal injury in response to high concentrations of glutamate. These findings may be relevant to the observations of pre-conditioning in the brain and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manus W Ward
- Department of Physiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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Kato K, Murota SI. NMDA receptor stimulation in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ potentiates Ca2+ influx-dependent cell death system. Brain Res 2005; 1035:177-87. [PMID: 15722057 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The meaning of Ca2+ influx in the time course of glutamate stimulation of neuronal cells was addressed. We demonstrated that Ca2+ influx did not work straightforward in the determination of the fate of neuronal cells. There appears to be a critical period for Ca2+ influx to work efficiently in glutamate-induced neuronal cell death. When Ca2+ influx for 5 min from the beginning of glutamate stimulation was allowed in the whole stimulation period for 15 min, potent neuronal cell death could not be attained. On the other hand, when neuronal cells had been pre-treated with glutamate or NMDA for 5-10 min in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ following Ca2+ influx for 5 min fully induced neuronal cell death. APV inhibited this pre-treatment effect. It appears that the pre-treatment of neuronal cells with glutamate or NMDA in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ promotes the Ca2+ influx-dependent process executing cell death. The pre-treatment itself did not change the pattern of intracellular Ca2+ elevation by the activation of NMDA receptors. These results imply that glutamate activation of NMDA receptors consists of two different categories of pathways relating to neuronal cell death, i.e., Ca2+ influx independent and dependent, and that the former facilitates the latter to drive neuronal cells to death. This study clarified a mechanism by which glutamate quickly determines cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Kato
- Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo-113-8549, Japan.
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Pringle AK. In, out, shake it all about: elevation of [Ca2+]i during acute cerebral ischaemia. Cell Calcium 2004; 36:235-45. [PMID: 15261479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2004.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of the extensive second messenger role played by calcium, free intracellular calcium levels are strictly regulated. Under normal physiological conditions, this is achieved through a combination of restricted calcium entry, efficient efflux and restricted intracellular mobility. Overall, the process of regulating free calcium is dependent on ATP derived from oxidative metabolism. Under conditions of cerebral ischaemia, ATP levels fall rapidly and calcium homeostasis becomes significantly disturbed resulting in the initiation of calcium-dependent neurodegenerative processes. In this review, the mechanisms underlying physiological calcium homeostasis and the links between calcium disregulation and neurodegeneration will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Pringle
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton, Room 6207, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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Osborne NN, Casson RJ, Wood JPM, Chidlow G, Graham M, Melena J. Retinal ischemia: mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2004; 23:91-147. [PMID: 14766318 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 717] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia is a common cause of visual impairment and blindness. At the cellular level, ischemic retinal injury consists of a self-reinforcing destructive cascade involving neuronal depolarisation, calcium influx and oxidative stress initiated by energy failure and increased glutamatergic stimulation. There is a cell-specific sensitivity to ischemic injury which may reflect variability in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors on a given cell. A number of animal models and analytical techniques have been used to study retinal ischemia, and an increasing number of treatments have been shown to interrupt the "ischemic cascade" and attenuate the detrimental effects of retinal ischemia. Thus far, however, success in the laboratory has not been translated to the clinic. Difficulties with the route of administration, dosage, and adverse effects may render certain experimental treatments clinically unusable. Furthermore, neuroprotection-based treatment strategies for stroke have so far been disappointing. However, compared to the brain, the retina exhibits a remarkable natural resistance to ischemic injury, which may reflect its peculiar metabolism and unique environment. Given the increasing understanding of the events involved in ischemic neuronal injury it is hoped that clinically effective treatments for retinal ischemia will soon be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville N Osborne
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6AW, UK.
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Tseng WP, Lin-Shiau SY. Neuronal death signaling by beta-bungarotoxin through the activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and L-type calcium channel. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:131-42. [PMID: 12473387 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of the neurotoxic effect of beta-bungarotoxin (beta-BuTX, a snake presynaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus) on cultured cerebellar granule neurons. beta-BuTX exerted a potent, time-dependent, neurotoxic effect on mature granule neurons. Mature neurons, with an abundance of neurite outgrowths, were obtained after 7-8 days in culture. By means of microspectrofluorimetry and fura-2, we measured the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and found it to be increased markedly. BAPTA-AM [1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tertrakis(acetoxymethyl ester)], EGTA, MK801 (dizocilpine maleate), and diltiazem prevented not only the elevation of [Ca(2+)](i), but also the beta-BuTX-induced neurotoxic effect. The signaling pathway involved in the elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) in beta-BuTX-induced neurotoxicity was studied. The results obtained indicated that beta-BuTX initially increased the production of reactive oxygen species and subsequently reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and depleted ATP. All of these events in the signaling pathway were blocked by MK801, diltiazem, EGTA, and BAPTA-AM. These findings suggest that the neurotoxic effect of beta-BuTX is mediated, at least in part, by a cascade of events that include the direct or indirect activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and L-type calcium channels that, in turn, lead to Ca(2+) influx, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ATP depletion. Therefore, we suggest that this polypeptide neurotoxin, as a result of its high potency and irreversible properties, is a useful tool to elucidate the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pei Tseng
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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