1
|
Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Setu JR, Ashraf GM, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM. Exploring the Role of PSEN Mutations in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:833-849. [PMID: 32556937 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Mutations of presenilin (PSEN) genes that encode presenilin proteins have been found as the vital causal factors for early-onset familial AD (FAD). AD pathological features such as memory loss, synaptic dysfunction, and formation of plaques have been successfully mimicked in the transgenic mouse models that coexpress FAD-related presenilin and amyloid precursor protein (APP) variants. γ-Secretase (GS) is an enzyme that plays roles in catalyzing intramembranous APP proteolysis to release pathogenic amyloid beta (Aβ). It has been found that presenilins can play a role as the GS's catalytic subunit. FAD-related mutations in presenilins can modify the site of GS cleavage in a way that can elevate the production of longer and highly fibrillogenic Aβ. Presenilins can interact with β-catenin to generate presenilin complexes. Aforesaid interactions have also been studied to observe the mutational and physiological activities in the catenin signal transduction pathway. Along with APP, GS can catalyze intramembrane proteolysis of various substrates that play a vital role in synaptic function. PSEN mutations can cause FAD with autosomal dominant inheritance and early onset of the disease. In this article, we have reviewed the current progress in the analysis of PSENs and the correlation of PSEN mutations and AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. .,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang G, Zhang DF, Jiang HY, Fan Y, Ma L, Shen Z, Bi R, Xu M, Tan L, Shan B, Yao YG, Feng T. Mutation and association analyses of dementia-causal genes in Han Chinese patients with early-onset and familial Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 113:141-147. [PMID: 30954774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. It shares clinical and pathological features with other types of dementia, such as vascular dementia (VaD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We have hypothesized that there might be an overlapping molecular mechanism and genetic basis to the different types of dementia. In this study, we analyzed the mutation pattern of dementia-causal genes in 169 Han Chinese patients with familial and early-onset AD by using whole exome sequencing or targeted resequencing. We identified 9 potentially pathogenic mutations in the AD-causal genes APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and 6 mutations in a group of non-AD dementia-causal genes including the FTD-causal gene GRN and the VaD-causal gene NOTCH3. A common splice-site variant rs514492 in the FTD-causal gene VCP showed a positive association with AD risk (P = 0.0003, OR = 1.618), whereas the rare missense variant rs33949390 (p. R 1628P) in the LBD-causal gene LRRK2 showed a protective effect on AD risk (P = 0.0004, OR = 0.170). The presence of putative pathogenic mutations and risk variants in these causal genes for different types of dementia in clinically diagnosed familial and early-onset AD patients suggests a need to screen for mutations of the dementia-causal genes in cases of AD to avoid misdiagnosis. These mutations also support the idea that there are overlapping pathomechanisms between AD and other forms of dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Wang
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Hong-Yan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Lingyan Ma
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zonglin Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Liwen Tan
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Baoci Shan
- Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; KIZ - CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China; Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nikolac Perkovic M, Pivac N. Genetic Markers of Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1192:27-52. [PMID: 31705489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex and heterogeneous, severe neurodegenerative disorder and the predominant form of dementia, characterized by cognitive disturbances, behavioral and psychotic symptoms, progressive cognitive decline, disorientation, behavioral changes, and death. Genetic background of Alzheimer's disease differs between early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, other cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease, and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Rare cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's diseases are caused by high-penetrant mutations in genes coding for amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is multifactorial and associated with many different genetic risk loci (>20), with the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele being a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Genetic and genomic studies offer insight into many additional genetic risk loci involved in the genetically complex nature of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. This review highlights the contributions of individual loci to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and suggests that their exact contribution is still not clear. Therefore, the use of genetic markers of Alzheimer's disease, for monitoring development, time course, treatment response, and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease, is still far away from the clinical application, because the contribution of genetic variations to the relative risk of developing Alzheimer's disease is limited. In the light of prediction and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, a novel approach could be found in the form of additive genetic risk scores, which combine additive effects of numerous susceptibility loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ren Y, Reddy JS, Pottier C, Sarangi V, Tian S, Sinnwell JP, McDonnell SK, Biernacka JM, Carrasquillo MM, Ross OA, Ertekin-Taner N, Rademakers R, Hudson M, Mainzer LS, Asmann YW. Identification of missing variants by combining multiple analytic pipelines. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:139. [PMID: 29661148 PMCID: PMC5902939 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background After decades of identifying risk factors using array-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genetic research of complex diseases has shifted to sequencing-based rare variants discovery. This requires large sample sizes for statistical power and has brought up questions about whether the current variant calling practices are adequate for large cohorts. It is well-known that there are discrepancies between variants called by different pipelines, and that using a single pipeline always misses true variants exclusively identifiable by other pipelines. Nonetheless, it is common practice today to call variants by one pipeline due to computational cost and assume that false negative calls are a small percent of total. Results We analyzed 10,000 exomes from the Alzheimer’s Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) using multiple analytic pipelines consisting of different read aligners and variant calling strategies. We compared variants identified by using two aligners in 50,100, 200, 500, 1000, and 1952 samples; and compared variants identified by adding single-sample genotyping to the default multi-sample joint genotyping in 50,100, 500, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 samples. We found that using a single pipeline missed increasing numbers of high-quality variants correlated with sample sizes. By combining two read aligners and two variant calling strategies, we rescued 30% of pass-QC variants at sample size of 2000, and 56% at 10,000 samples. The rescued variants had higher proportions of low frequency (minor allele frequency [MAF] 1–5%) and rare (MAF < 1%) variants, which are the very type of variants of interest. In 660 Alzheimer’s disease cases with earlier onset ages of ≤65, 4 out of 13 (31%) previously-published rare pathogenic and protective mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes were undetected by the default one-pipeline approach but recovered by the multi-pipeline approach. Conclusions Identification of the complete variant set from sequencing data is the prerequisite of genetic association analyses. The current analytic practice of calling genetic variants from sequencing data using a single bioinformatics pipeline is no longer adequate with the increasingly large projects. The number and percentage of quality variants that passed quality filters but are missed by the one-pipeline approach rapidly increased with sample size. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2151-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Ren
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Joseph S Reddy
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Cyril Pottier
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Vivekananda Sarangi
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shulan Tian
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jason P Sinnwell
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shannon K McDonnell
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Matthew Hudson
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Carver Biotechnology Center and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Liudmila Sergeevna Mainzer
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, classified as either early onset (under 65 years of age), or late onset (over 65 years of age). Three main genes are involved in early onset AD: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele has been found to be a main risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several genes that might be potential risk factors for AD, including clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), and sortilin-related receptor (SORL1). Recent studies have discovered additional novel genes that might be involved in late-onset AD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33). Identification of new AD-related genes is important for better understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to neurodegeneration. Since the differential diagnoses of neurodegenerative disorders are difficult, especially in the early stages, genetic testing is essential for diagnostic processes. Next-generation sequencing studies have been successfully used for detecting mutations, monitoring the epigenetic changes, and analyzing transcriptomes. These studies may be a promising approach toward understanding the complete genetic mechanisms of diverse genetic disorders such as AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Budang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lohmann E, Guerreiro RJ, Erginel-Unaltuna N, Gurunlian N, Bilgic B, Gurvit H, Hanagasi HA, Luu N, Emre M, Singleton A. Identification of PSEN1 and PSEN2 gene mutations and variants in Turkish dementia patients. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1850.e17-27. [PMID: 22503161 PMCID: PMC4669567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the frequency of mutations in the known Alzheimer's disease causative genes in Turkish dementia patients we screened amyloid precursor protein (APP), PSEN1 and PSEN2 for mutations in a cohort of 98 Turkish dementia families. Six families were found to carry PSEN1 mutations (p.H163R, p.P264L, and p.H214Y) or variants suggested to cause the disease (p.L134R, p.L262V, and p.A396T). In 4 other families, previously reported PSEN2 variants were identified (p.R62H, p.R71W, p.M174V (n = 2), and p.S130L). The phenotype of the carriers varied from rapid progressing Alzheimer's disease to frontotemporal dementia, with spasticity and seizures also observed. Here we report a frequency of 11.2% of mutations and variants in the known Alzheimer disease genes in the dementia cohort studied and 24% in the early onset subgroup of patients, suggesting that mutations in these genes are not uncommon in Turkey and are associated with various phenotypes. We thus believe that genetic analysis should become a standardized diagnostic implement, not only for the identification of the genetic disease, but also for appropriate genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Lohmann
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thonberg H, Fallström M, Björkström J, Schoumans J, Nennesmo I, Graff C. Mutation screening of patients with Alzheimer disease identifies APP locus duplication in a Swedish patient. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:476. [PMID: 22044463 PMCID: PMC3216298 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Missense mutations in three different genes encoding amyloid-β precursor protein, presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 are recognized to cause familial early-onset Alzheimer disease. Also duplications of the amyloid precursor protein gene have been shown to cause the disease. At the Dept. of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden, patients are referred for mutation screening for the identification of nucleotide variations and for determining copy-number of the APP locus. Methods We combined the method of microsatellite marker genotyping with a quantitative real-time PCR analysis to detect duplications in patients with Alzheimer disease. Results In 22 DNA samples from individuals diagnosed with clinical Alzheimer disease, we identified one patient carrying a duplication on chromosome 21 which included the APP locus. Further mapping of the chromosomal region by array-comparative genome hybridization showed that the duplication spanned a maximal region of 1.09 Mb. Conclusions This is the first report of an APP duplication in a Swedish Alzheimer patient and describes the use of quantitative real-time PCR as a tool for determining copy-number of the APP locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Thonberg
- Genetics Unit, Dept of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Albani D, Roiter I, Artuso V, Batelli S, Prato F, Pesaresi M, Galimberti D, Scarpini E, Bruni A, Franceschi M, Piras MR, Confaloni A, Forloni G. Presenilin-1 mutation E318G and familial Alzheimer's disease in the Italian population. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:1682-8. [PMID: 16952411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PSEN-1) is a component of the gamma-secretase complex involved in beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) processing. To date about 140 pathogenic mutations in the PSEN-1 gene have been identified and their main biochemical effect is to increase the production of the fibrillogenic peptide Abeta(1-42). An exception is the PSEN-1 [E318G] mutation that does not alter Abeta(1-42) generation and is generally considered a non-pathogenic polymorphism. Nevertheless, this mutation was reported to be a genetic risk factor for familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) in the Australian population. To independently confirm this indication, we performed a case-control association study in the Italian population. We found a significant association (p<0.05, Fisher's exact test) between the presence of PSEN-1 [E318G] and FAD. In addition, on measuring the Abeta(1-42) and Abeta(1-40) concentrations in fibroblast-conditioned media cultured from PSEN-1 [E318G] carriers and PSEN-1 [wild type] controls we noted a significant decrease (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney test) in the Abeta(1-42)/Abeta(1-40) ratio in PSEN-1 [E318G] carriers, suggesting a peculiar biochemical effect of this mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Papassotiropoulos A, Fountoulakis M, Dunckley T, Stephan DA, Reiman EM. Genetics, transcriptomics, and proteomics of Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:652-70. [PMID: 16669732 PMCID: PMC2259384 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v67n0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an updated overview of the methods used in genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies in Alzheimer's disease and to demonstrate the importance of those methods for the improvement of the current diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE-based search of 233 peer-reviewed articles published between 1975 and 2006. DATA SYNTHESIS Alzheimer's disease is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Rare mutations in the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2 genes have shown the importance of the amyloid metabolism for its development. In addition, converging evidence from population-based genetic studies, gene expression studies, and protein profile studies in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid suggest the existence of several pathogenetic pathways such as amyloid precursor protein processing, beta-amyloid degradation, tau phosphorylation, proteolysis, protein misfolding, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The development of high-throughput genotyping methods and of elaborated statistical analyses will contribute to the identification of genetic risk profiles related to the development and course of this devastating disease. The integration of knowledge derived from genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies will greatly advance our understanding of the causes of Alzheimer's disease, improve our capability of establishing an early diagnosis, help define disease subgroups, and ultimately help to pave the road toward improved and tailored treatments.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sillén A, Forsell C, Lilius L, Axelman K, Björk BF, Onkamo P, Kere J, Winblad B, Graff C. Genome scan on Swedish Alzheimer's disease families. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:182-6. [PMID: 16288313 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related disease, which affects approximately 40% of the population at an age above 90 years. The heritability is estimated to be greater than 60% and there are rare autosomal dominant forms indicating a significant genetic influence on the disease process. Despite the successes in the early 1990s when four genes were identified, which directly cause the disease (APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2) or greatly increase the risk of disease development (APOE), it has proved exceedingly difficult to identify additional genes involved in the pathogenesis. However, several linkage and association studies have repeatedly supported the presence of susceptibility genes on chromosomes (chrms) 9, 10 and 12. The study populations have, however, mostly been of great genetic heterogeneity, and this may have contributed to the meagre successes in identifying the disease associated genetic variants. In this study, we have performed a genome wide linkage study on 71 AD families from the relatively genetically homogeneous Swedish population where it is also possible to study the genetic ancestry in public databases. We have performed nonparametric linkage analyses in the total family material as well as stratified the families with respect to the presence or absence of APOE varepsilon4. Our results suggest that the families included in this study are tightly linked to the APOE region, but do not show evidence of linkage to the previously reported linkages on chrms 9, 10 and 12. Instead, we observed the next highest LOD score on chromosome 5q35 in the total material. Further, the data suggest that the major fraction of families linked to this region is APOE varepsilon4 positive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sillén
- Department Neurotec, Karolinska Institutet Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Alzheimer Center, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Larner AJ, Doran M. Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease associated with mutations of the presenilin-1 gene. J Neurol 2005; 253:139-58. [PMID: 16267640 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is now 10 years since the first report of mutations in the presenilin genes that were deterministic for familial autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. The most common of these mutations occurs in the presenilin-1 gene (PSEN1) located on chromosome 14. In the ensuing decade, more than 100 PSEN1 mutations have been described. The emphasis of these reports has largely been on the novelty of the mutations and their potential pathogenic consequences rather than detailed clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging and neuropathological accounts of patients with the mutation. This article reviews the clinical phenotypes of reported PSEN1 mutations, emphasizing their heterogeneity, and suggesting that other factors, both genetic and epigenetic,must contribute to disease phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Larner
- Cognitive Function Clinic, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery Fazakerley, Liverpool, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zekanowski C, Pepłońska B, Styczyńska M, Religa D, Pfeffer A, Czyzewski K, Gabryelewicz T, Szybińska A, Kijanowska-Haładyna B, Kotapka-Minc S, Łuczywek E, Barczak A, Wasiak B, Chodakowska-Zebrowska M, Przekop I, Kuźnicki J, Barcikowska M. The E318G substitution in PSEN1 gene is not connected with Alzheimer's disease in a large Polish cohort. Neurosci Lett 2004; 357:167-70. [PMID: 15003276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin 1 (PSEN1) gene are known to cause nearly 50% of early-onset, familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. To determine whether E318G mutation is related causally to AD in the Polish population E318G mutation frequency was assessed using PCR-RFLP method in a total of 659 subjects: 256 AD patients, 210 healthy, age-matched control subjects, 100 Parkinson's disease patients and 93 centenarians. When the mutation frequencies were compared to healthy controls, no significant differences between the groups were found. It could be concluded that E318G mutation is not related causally to AD in the Polish population, either as a risk factor or a disease causing mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Zekanowski
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ul. Ksiecia Trojdena 4, PL-02-109 Warszawa, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Taddei K, Fisher C, Laws SM, Martins G, Paton A, Clarnette RM, Chung C, Brooks WS, Hallmayer J, Miklossy J, Relkin N, St George-Hyslop PH, Gandy SE, Martins RN. Association between presenilin-1 Glu318Gly mutation and familial Alzheimer's disease in the Australian population. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 7:776-81. [PMID: 12192622 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2001] [Revised: 12/27/2001] [Accepted: 01/03/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin-1 (PS-1) gene on chromosome 14 account for the majority of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) cases. To date, more than 90 mutations have been identified and, while most of these mutations are completely penetrant, the Glu318Gly mutation has been suggested to be partially penetrant. These findings indicate that it may play a similar role to apolipoprotein E (APOE)-epsilon4 by acting as a genetic risk factor for AD. In the current study, a total of 682 subjects were tested to assess the frequency of the Glu318Gly mutation in AD in the Australian population. The Glu318Gly mutation was identified in six sporadic late-onset AD patients, four FAD patients (unrelated) and in nine control subjects. The frequency of this mutation was highest in the familial AD group (8.7%) and lowest in control subjects (2.2%). When the mutation frequencies were compared, we found a statistically significant difference between the latter two groups (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.05). The genotype frequency of the Glu318Gly mutation in all AD cases and controls in the Australian population was 2.8%. This frequency is comparable to that observed for the Dutch population (3.2%), but not for the Finnish population (6.8% and 6.0%) or the Spanish population (5.3%). These findings show that the frequency of the Glu318Gly mutation is increased in FAD patients, suggesting a potential role as a genetic risk factor contributing to the pathogenesis of familial AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Taddei
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit and University of Western Australia, Department of Surgery, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fraser PE, Yang DS, Yu G, Lévesque L, Nishimura M, Arawaka S, Serpell LC, Rogaeva E, St George-Hyslop P. Presenilin structure, function and role in Alzheimer disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1502:1-15. [PMID: 10899427 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(00)00028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous missense mutations in the presenilins are associated with the autosomal dominant form of familial Alzheimer disease. Presenilin genes encode polytopic transmembrane proteins, which are processed by proteolytic cleavage and form high-molecular-weight complexes under physiological conditions. The presenilins have been suggested to be functionally involved in developmental morphogenesis, unfolded protein responses and processing of selected proteins including the beta-amyloid precursor protein. Although the underlying mechanism by which presenilin mutations lead to development of Alzheimer disease remains elusive, one consistent mutational effect is an overproduction of long-tailed amyloid beta-peptides. Furthermore, presenilins interact with beta-catenin to form presenilin complexes, and the physiological and mutational effects are also observed in the catenin signal transduction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P E Fraser
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ont, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Czech C, Tremp G, Pradier L. Presenilins and Alzheimer's disease: biological functions and pathogenic mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2000; 60:363-84. [PMID: 10670705 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(99)00033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population. Dementia is associated with massive accumulation of fibrillary aggregates in various cortical and subcortical regions of the brain. These aggregates appear intracellularly as neurofibrillary tangles, extracellularly as amyloid plaques and perivascular amyloid in cerebral blood vessels. The causative factors in AD etiology implicate both, genetic and environmental factors. The large majority of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) cases are linked to mutations in the genes coding for presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2). The corresponding proteins are 467 (PS1) and 448 (PS2) amino-acids long, respectively. Both are membrane proteins with multiple transmembrane regions. Presenilins show a high degree of conservation between species and a presenilin homologue with definite conservation of the hydrophobic structure has been identified even in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. More than 50 missense mutations in PS1 and two missense mutations in PS2 were identified which are causative for FAD. PS mutations lead to the same functional consequence as mutations on amyloid precursor protein (APP), altering the processing of APP towards the release of the more amyloidogenic form 1-42 of Abeta (Abeta42). In this regard, the physical interaction between APP and presenilins in the endoplasmic reticulum has been demonstrated and might play a key role in Abeta42 production. It was hypothesized that PS1 might directly cleave APP. However, extracellular amyloidogenesis and Abeta production might not be the sole factor involved in AD pathology and several lines of evidence support a role of apoptosis in the massive neuronal loss observed. Presenilins were shown to modify the apoptotic response in several cellular systems including primary neuronal cultures. Some evidence is accumulating which points towards the beta-catenin signaling pathways to be causally involved in presenilin mediated cell death. Increased degradation of beta-catenin has been shown in brain of AD patients with PS1 mutations and reduced beta-catenin signaling increased neuronal vulnerability to apoptosis in cell culture models. The study of presenilin physiological functions and the pathological mechanisms underlying their role in pathogenesis clearly advanced our understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying the neuronal cell death and will contribute to the identification of novel drug targets for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Czech
- Rhône-Poulenc Rorer, Research and Development, Vitry sur Seine, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Campion D, Dumanchin C, Hannequin D, Dubois B, Belliard S, Puel M, Thomas-Anterion C, Michon A, Martin C, Charbonnier F, Raux G, Camuzat A, Penet C, Mesnage V, Martinez M, Clerget-Darpoux F, Brice A, Frebourg T. Early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: prevalence, genetic heterogeneity, and mutation spectrum. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65:664-70. [PMID: 10441572 PMCID: PMC1377972 DOI: 10.1086/302553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) and of autosomal dominant forms of EOAD (ADEOAD), we performed a population-based study in the city of Rouen (426,710 residents). EOAD was defined as onset of disease at age <61 years, and ADEOAD was defined as the occurrence of at least three EOAD cases in three generations. Using these stringent criteria, we calculated that the EOAD and ADEOAD prevalences per 100,000 persons at risk were 41.2 and 5.3, respectively. We then performed a mutational analysis of the genes for amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) in 34 families with ADEOAD ascertained in France. In 19 (56%) of these families, we identified 16 distinct PSEN1 missense mutations, including 4 (Thr147Ile, Trp165Cys, Leu173Trp, and Ser390Ile) not reported elsewhere. APP mutations, including a novel mutation located at codon 715, were identified in 5 (15%) of the families. In the 10 remaining ADEOAD families and in 9 additional autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease families that did not fulfill the strict criteria for ADEOAD, no PSEN1, PSEN2, or APP mutation was identified. These results show that (1) PSEN1 and APP mutations account for 71% of ADEOAD families and (2) nonpenetrance at age <61 years is probably infrequent for PSEN1 or APP mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Campion
- INSERM EPI 9906, Faculté de Médecine, 76183 Rouen, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dermaut B, Cruts M, Slooter AJ, Van Gestel S, De Jonghe C, Vanderstichele H, Vanmechelen E, Breteler MM, Hofman A, van Duijn CM, Van Broeckhoven C. The Glu318Gly substitution in presenilin 1 is not causally related to Alzheimer disease. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:290-2. [PMID: 9915968 PMCID: PMC1377727 DOI: 10.1086/302200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
18
|
Mattila KM, Forsell C, Pirttilä T, Rinne JO, Lehtimäki T, Röyttä M, Lilius L, Eerola A, St George-Hyslop PH, Frey H, Lannfelt L. The Glu318Gly mutation of the presenilin-1 gene does not necessarily cause Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1998; 44:965-7. [PMID: 9851443 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410440617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenic mutations have been found in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene and in the presenilin (PS)-1 and PS-2 genes. We screened for mutations in these genes in 20 patients with familial AD from the Finnish population. In addition, we sampled 41 sporadic AD patients and 59 controls to test for mutations identified in our familial AD cases. We detected an A-to-G transition in the PS-1 gene, resulting in a glutamic acid (Glu)-to-glycine (Gly) substitution at codon 318 in 2 familial and 2 sporadic AD patients. The Glu318Gly mutation has previously been reported to cause AD. We also found the Glu318Gly mutation in 4 healthy aged controls (range, 74-87 years). We thus conclude that the mutation is most likely a rare polymorphism not related to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Mattila
- Karolinska Institute, Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, KFC, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kamimura K, Tanahashi H, Yamanaka H, Takahashi K, Asada T, Tabira T. Familial Alzheimer's disease genes in Japanese. J Neurol Sci 1998; 160:76-81. [PMID: 9804121 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(98)00219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 missense mutations and a splice-site mutation in the presenilin 1 (PS-1) gene, two missense mutations of presenilin 2 (PS-2), and more than three missense mutations of amyloid precursor protein (APP) cosegregate with early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). In order to determine the incidence of mutations of these genes in Japanese patients, we screened 25 early onset FAD families, one late-onset FAD case, 33 early onset AD cases and five late-onset AD cases for mutations in the coding regions of the genes using SSCP analysis. Four different missense mutations of the PS-1 gene, including a novel mutation, Glu273Ala, were identified in five early onset FAD families and one missense mutation of PS-1 in one isolated AD patient. While no missense mutations of PS-2 were detected, four silent nucleotide substitutions were observed. Our data indicate that PS-1 mutations account for 20.0% of early onset FAD cases in Japan. Since mutations in PS-2 and APP genes were not found in the remaining cases, which could be explained only partially by apolipoprotein E epsilon4, important FAD genes or risk-factor genes remain to be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kamimura
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, NCNP, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PS-1) is localized to chromosome 14 and presenilin-2 (PS-2) to chromosome 1. Mutations in these genes, primarily in PS-1, account for an estimated 60% of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease cases (FAD), while FAD cases account for about 10% of all Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. The mutations are minor but are 100% penetrant, suggesting that the proteins have acquired a toxic gain in function. The proteins have multiple transmembrane domains and have been reported to be localized to the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear membranes and cell surface membranes. They are thought to have functions associated with vesicular trafficking, Notch signaling and apoptosis. PS mutants show relative increases in the amount of A beta42/43 compared with A beta40 in plasma, fibroblasts and brain, observations which have been taken as a possible mechanism of their role in AD. In brain, the mRNAs for these two genes are localized primarily in neurons, with the strongest in situ hybridization signals being observed in the hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral cortex. In AD, signals detected in the hippocampus are weaker than those in normals, while signals in the cerebellum are comparable. Immunohistochemical localization of the proteins is also primarily in neurons, and, at least for PS-1, is reduced in AD affected areas. PS-1 is localized to granular structures which are most abundant in cell bodies and dendrites. The functions of the presenilins are not yet known, but available evidence points to pyramidal neurons as the most logical site for pathological change in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L McGeer
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
St George-Hyslop PH. Role of genetics in tests of genotype, status, and disease progression in early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1998; 19:133-7. [PMID: 9558149 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(98)00020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P H St George-Hyslop
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and The Toronto Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|