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García-Juan M, Ordóñez-Gutiérrez L, Wandosell F. Clearance of β-amyloid mediated by autophagy is enhanced by MTORC1 inhibition but not AMPK activation in APP/PSEN1 astrocytes. Glia 2024; 72:588-606. [PMID: 38009275 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Proteostasis mechanisms mediated by macroautophagy/autophagy are altered in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and their recovery/enhancement has been proposed as a therapeutic approach. From the two central nodes in the anabolism-catabolism balance, it is generally accepted that mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1 (MTORC1)_ activation leads to the inhibition of autophagy, whereas adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has the opposite role. In AD, amyloid beta (Aβ) production disturbs the optimal neuronal/glial proteostasis. As astrocytes are essential for brain homeostasis, the purpose of this work was to analyze if the upregulation of autophagy in this cell type, either by MTORC1 inhibition or AMPK activation, could modulate the generation/degradation of β-amyloid. By using primary astrocytes from amyloid beta precursor protein (APP)/Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) mouse model of AD, we confirmed that MTORC1 inhibition reduced Aβ secretion through moderate autophagy induction. Surprisingly, pharmacologically increased activity of AMPK did not enhance autophagy but had different effects on Aβ secretion. Conversely, AMPK inhibition did not affect autophagy but reduced Aβ secretion. These puzzling data were confirmed through the overexpression of different mutant AMPK isoforms: while only the constitutively active AMPK increased autophagy, all versions augmented Aβ secretion. We conclude that AMPK has a significantly different role in primary astrocytes than in other reported cells, similar to our previous findings in neurons. Our data support that perhaps only a basal AMPK activity is needed to maintain autophagy whereas the increased activity, either physiologically or pharmacologically, has no direct effect on autophagy-dependent amyloidosis. These results shed light on the controversy about the therapeutic effect of AMPK activation on autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Juan
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolas Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Ordóñez-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolas Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica ry Biología Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolas Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Romero-Molina C, Neuner SM, Ryszawiec M, Pébay A, Marcora E, Goate A. Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer's Disease Mutations in Human Microglia Are Not Sufficient to Trigger Amyloid Pathology in WT Mice but Might Affect Pathology in 5XFAD Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2565. [PMID: 38473822 PMCID: PMC10932392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Several genetic variants that affect microglia function have been identified as risk factors for Alzheimer's Disease (AD), supporting the importance of this cell type in disease progression. However, the effect of autosomal dominant mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) or the presenilin (PSEN1/2) genes has not been addressed in microglia in vivo. We xenotransplanted human microglia derived from non-carriers and carriers of autosomal dominant AD (ADAD)-causing mutations in the brain of hCSF1 WT or 5XFAD mice. We observed that ADAD mutations in microglia are not sufficient to trigger amyloid pathology in WT mice. In 5XFAD mice, we observed a non-statistically significant increase in amyloid plaque volume and number of dystrophic neurites, coupled with a reduction in plaque-associated microglia in the brain of mice xenotransplanted with ADAD human microglia compared to mice xenotransplanted with non-ADAD microglia. In addition, we observed a non-statistically significant impairment in working and contextual memory in 5XFAD mice xenotransplanted with ADAD microglia compared to those xenotransplanted with non-ADAD-carrier microglia. We conclude that, although not sufficient to initiate amyloid pathology in the healthy brain, mutations in APP and PSEN1 in human microglia might cause mild changes in pathological and cognitive outcomes in 5XFAD mice in a manner consistent with increased AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Romero-Molina
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.R.-M.); (S.M.N.); (M.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Sarah M. Neuner
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.R.-M.); (S.M.N.); (M.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Marcelina Ryszawiec
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.R.-M.); (S.M.N.); (M.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | | | - Edoardo Marcora
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.R.-M.); (S.M.N.); (M.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Alison Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.R.-M.); (S.M.N.); (M.R.); (E.M.)
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3
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Chen J, Chen J, Lei Z, Zhang F, Zeng LH, Wu X, Li S, Tan J. Amyloid precursor protein facilitates SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into cells and enhances amyloid-β-associated pathology in APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:396. [PMID: 38104129 PMCID: PMC10725492 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there are indications of a trend towards less severe acute respiratory symptoms and a decline in overall lethality from the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more and more attention has been paid to the long COVID, including the increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we aim to investigate the involvement of N-terminal amyloid precursor protein (APP) in SARS-CoV-2-induced amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology. Utilizing both in vitro and in vivo methodologies, we first investigated the interaction between the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and N-terminal APP via LSPR and CoIP assays. The in vitro impacts of APP overexpression on virus infection were further evaluated in HEK293T/ACE2 cells, SH-SY5Y cells, and Vero cells. We also analyzed the pseudovirus infection in vivo in a mouse model overexpressing human wild-type APP. Finally, we evaluated the impact of APP on pseudovirus infection within human brain organoids and assessed the chronic effects of pseudovirus infection on Aβ levels. We reported here for the first time that APP, the precursor of the Aβ of AD, interacts with the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro data further indicated that APP promotes the cellular entry of the virus, and exacerbates Aβ-associated pathology in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD, which can be ameliorated by N-terminal APP blockage. Our findings provide experimental evidence to interpret APP-related mechanisms underlying AD-like neuropathology in COVID-19 patients and may pave the way to help inform risk management and therapeutic strategies against diseases accordingly.
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Grants
- This study was supported by the High-level Talent Foundation of Guizhou Medical University (YJ19017, HY2020, J.T.), Anyu Biopharmaceutics, Inc., Hangzhou (06202010204, J.T.), and Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science foundation (LY19HH090013, ZW),
- Scientific Research Project of higher education Institutions in Guizhou Province [192(2022), J.C.], Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province [ZK(2023), General 301, J.C.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, 310015, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, 550025, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Junsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, 550025, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, 550025, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Fengning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, 550025, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, 310015, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116021, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, 310015, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, 550025, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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4
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Gholami A. Alzheimer's disease: The role of proteins in formation, mechanisms, and new therapeutic approaches. Neurosci Lett 2023; 817:137532. [PMID: 37866702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS), leading to memory and cognitive decline. In AD, the brain experiences three main structural changes: a significant decrease in the quantity of neurons, the development of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) or senile plaques, which are protein deposits found outside cells and surrounded by dystrophic neurites. Genetic studies have identified four genes associated with autosomal dominant or familial early-onset AD (FAD): amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), presenilin 2 (PS2), and apolipoprotein E (ApoE). The formation of plaques primarily involves the accumulation of Aβ, which can be influenced by mutations in APP, PS1, PS2, or ApoE genes. Mutations in the APP and presenilin (PS) proteins can cause an increased amyloid β peptides production, especially the further form of amyloidogenic known as Aβ42. Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors such as cytokines and neurotoxins may also have a significant impact on the development and progression of AD by influencing the formation of amyloid plaques and intracellular tangles. Exploring the causes and implications of protein aggregation in the brain could lead to innovative therapeutic approaches. Some promising therapy strategies that have reached the clinical stage include using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, estrogen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antioxidants, and antiapoptotic agents. The most hopeful therapeutic strategies involve inhibiting activity of secretase and preventing the β-amyloid oligomers and fibrils formation, which are associated with the β-amyloid fibrils accumulation in AD. Additionally, immunotherapy development holds promise as a progressive therapeutic approach for treatment of AD. Recently, the two primary categories of brain stimulation techniques that have been studied for the treatment of AD are invasive brain stimulation (IBS) and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). In this article, the amyloid proteins that play a significant role in the AD formation, the mechanism of disease formation as well as new drugs utilized to treat of AD will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Gholami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
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Narlawar R, Serneels L, Gaffric C, Gijsen HJM, De Strooper B, Bischoff F. Discovery of brain permeable 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane sulfonamides as a novel class of presenilin-1 selective γ-secretase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115725. [PMID: 37657269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the rational design, synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and biological profile of presenilin-1 (PSEN-1) complex selective γ-secretase inhibitors, assessed for selectivity using a unique set of four γ-secretase subtype complexes. A set of known PSEN-1 selective γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) was analyzed to understand the pharmacophoric features required for selective inhibition. Conformational modeling suggests that a characteristic 'U' shape orientation between aromatic sulfone/sulfonamide and aryl ring is crucial for PSEN-1 selectivity and potency. Using these insights, a series of brain-penetrant 2-azabicyclo[2,2,2]octane sulfonamides was devised and synthesized as a new class of PSEN-1 selective inhibitors. Compounds 13c and 13k displayed high potency towards PSEN1-APH1B complex but moderate selectivity towards PSEN2 complexes. However, compound (+)-13b displayed low nanomolar potency towards the PSEN1-APH1B complex, little (∼4-fold) selectivity towards PSEN1-APH1A, and high selectivity (>350-fold) versus PSEN2 complexes. Excellent brain penetration, no significant CYP inhibition, or cardiotoxicity, good solubility, and permeability make (+)-13b an excellent candidate for further lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Narlawar
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, (LIND), Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Celia Gaffric
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, (LIND), Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - François Bischoff
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium.
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6
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Chang YS, Gills JJ, Kawabata S, Onozawa M, Della Gatta G, Ferrando AA, Aplan PD, Dennis PA. Inhibition of the NOTCH and mTOR pathways by nelfinavir as a novel treatment for T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Oncol 2023; 63:128. [PMID: 37800623 PMCID: PMC10609462 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‑ALL), a neoplasm derived from T cell lineage‑committed lymphoblasts, is characterized by genetic alterations that result in activation of oncogenic transcription factors and the NOTCH1 pathway activation. The NOTCH is a transmembrane receptor protein activated by γ‑secretase. γ‑secretase inhibitors (GSIs) are a NOTCH‑targeted therapy for T‑ALL. However, their clinical application has not been successful due to adverse events (primarily gastrointestinal toxicity), limited efficacy, and drug resistance caused by several mechanisms, including activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Nelfinavir is an human immunodeficiency virus 1 aspartic protease inhibitor and has been repurposed as an anticancer drug. It acts by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway. Thus, it was hypothesized that nelfinavir might inhibit the NOTCH pathway via γ‑secretase inhibition and blockade of aspartic protease presenilin, which would make nelfinavir effective against NOTCH‑associated T‑ALL. The present study assessed the efficacy of nelfinavir against T‑ALL cells and investigated mechanisms of action in vitro and in preclinical treatment studies using a SCL‑LMO1 transgenic mouse model. Nelfinavir blocks presenilin 1 processing and inhibits γ‑secretase activity as well as the NOTCH1 pathway, thus suppressing T‑ALL cell viability. Additionally, microarray analysis of nelfinavir‑treated T‑ALL cells showed that nelfinavir upregulated mRNA levels of CHAC1 (glutathione‑specific γ‑glutamylcyclotransferase 1, a negative regulator of NOTCH) and sestrin 2 (SESN2; a negative regulator of mTOR). As both factors are upregulated by ER stress, this confirmed that nelfinavir induced ER stress in T‑ALL cells. Moreover, nelfinavir suppressed NOTCH1 mRNA expression in microarray analyses. These findings suggest that nelfinavir inhibited the NOTCH1 pathway by downregulating NOTCH1 mRNA expression, upregulating CHAC1 and suppressing γ‑secretase via presenilin 1 inhibition and the mTOR pathway by upregulating SESN2 via ER stress induction. Further, nelfinavir exhibited therapeutic efficacy against T‑ALL in an SCL‑LMO1 transgenic mouse model. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of nelfinavir as a novel therapeutic candidate for treatment of patients with T‑ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Soo Chang
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joell J. Gills
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shigeru Kawabata
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onozawa
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giusy Della Gatta
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Joint Centers for Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo A. Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Joint Centers for Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter D. Aplan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Phillip A. Dennis
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Yang J, Yuan S, Jian Y, Lei Y, Hu Z, Yang Q, Yan X, Zheng L, Li J, Liu W. Aerobic exercise regulates GPR81 signal pathway and mediates complement- microglia axis homeostasis on synaptic protection in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2023; 331:122042. [PMID: 37634815 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Memory impairment is a major clinical manifestation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, while regular exercise may prevent and delay degenerative changes in memory functions, and our aim is to explore the influence and molecular mechanisms of aerobic exercise on the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. MAIN METHODS 3-month-old male APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice and C57BL/6J wild-type mice were randomly divided into four groups: wild-type and APP/PS1 mice with sedentary (WT-SED, AD-SED), and running (WT-RUN, AD-RUN) for 12-weeks. The spatial learning and memory function, RNA-sequencing, spine density, synaptic associated protein, mRNA and protein expression involved in G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) signaling pathway, and complement factors in brain were measured. KEY FINDINGS Aerobic exercise improved spatial learning and memory in APP/PS1 mice, potentially attributed to increased dendritic spine density. Subsequently, potential underlying mechanisms were identified through RNA sequencing: regular aerobic exercise could activate the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and upregulate synaptic function-related proteins to promote synaptic growth, possibly by modulating GPR81. Notably, regular aerobic exercise inhibited microglial activation, reversed the microglial phenotype, reduced the production of initiation factor C1q and central factor C3 in the complement cascade in the brain, prevented the colocalization of microglia and PSD-95, and thus prevented synaptic loss. SIGNIFICANCE Physical exercise could play a critical role in improving cognitive function in AD by promoting synaptic growth and preventing synaptic loss, which may be related to the regulation of the GPR81/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and inhibition of complement-mediated microglial phagocytosis of synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialun Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Shunling Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Ye Jian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Zelin Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Qiming Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Xinjun Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- College of Physical Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
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8
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Sehar U, Kopel J, Reddy PH. Alzheimer's disease and its related dementias in US Native Americans: A major public health concern. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102027. [PMID: 37544432 PMCID: PMC10515314 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Alzheimer's related dementias (ADRD) are growing public health concerns in aged populations of all ethnic and racial groups. AD and ADRD are caused by multiple factors, such as genetic mutations, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, and lifestyle. Studies of postmortem brains have revealed multiple cellular changes implicated in AD and ADRD, including the accumulation of amyloid beta and phosphorylated tau, synaptic damage, inflammatory responses, hormonal imbalance, mitochondrial abnormalities, and neuronal loss. These changes occur in both early-onset familial and late-onset sporadic forms. Two-thirds of women and one-third of men are at life time risk for AD. A small proportion of total AD cases are caused by genetic mutations in amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 1 genes, and the APOE4 allele is a risk factor. Tremendous research on AD/ADRD, and other comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and cancer has been done on almost all ethnic groups, however, very little biomedical research done on US Native Americans. AD/ADRD prevalence is high among all ethnic groups. In addition, US Native Americans have poorer access to healthcare and medical services and are less likely to receive a diagnosis once they begin to exhibit symptoms, which presents difficulties in treating Alzheimer's and other dementias. One in five US Native American people who are 45 years of age or older report having memory issues. Further, the impact of caregivers and other healthcare aspects on US Native Americans is not yet. In the current article, we discuss the history of Native Americans of United States (US) and health disparities, occurrence, and prevalence of AD/ADRD, and shedding light on the culturally sensitive caregiving practices in US Native Americans. This article is the first to discuss biomedical research and healthcare disparities in US Native Americans with a focus on AD and ADRD, we also discuss why US Native Americans are reluctant to participate in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujala Sehar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Jonathan Kopel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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9
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Vandersmissen C, Prieto C, Gielen O, Jacobs K, Nittner D, Maertens J, Segers H, Cools J. Combination therapy of a PSEN1-selective γ-secretase inhibitor with dexamethasone and an XPO1 inhibitor to target T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2023; 108:2507-2512. [PMID: 36700404 PMCID: PMC10483366 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.282144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlien Vandersmissen
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Cancer biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven
| | - Cristina Prieto
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Cancer biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven
| | - Olga Gielen
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Cancer biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven
| | - Kris Jacobs
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Cancer biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven
| | | | - Johan Maertens
- Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Hematology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven
| | - Heidi Segers
- Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pediatric Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven
| | - Jan Cools
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Cancer biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven.
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10
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Othman O, Marshall H, Masterson M, Winlow P, Gibson G, Ding Y, Pardon MC. Thymosin beta 4 prevents systemic lipopolysaccharide-induced plaque load in middle-age APP/PS1 mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109951. [PMID: 36878045 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by the gut during systemic infections and inflammation is thought to contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Since thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) effectively reduces LPS-induced inflammation in sepsis, we tested its potential to alleviate the impact of LPS in the brain of the APPswePS1dE9 mouse model of AD (APP/PS1) and wildtype (WT) mice. 12.5-month-old male APP/PS1 mice (n = 30) and their WT littermates (n = 29) were tested for baseline food burrowing performance, spatial working memory and exploratory drive in the spontaneous alternation and open-field tests, prior to being challenged with LPS (100ug/kg, i.v.) or its vehicle phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Tβ4 (5 mg/kg, i.v.) or PBS, was administered immediately following and at 2 and 4 h after the PBS or LPS challenge, and then once daily for 6 days (n = 7-8). LPS-induced sickness was assessed though monitoring of changes in body weight and behaviour over a 7-day period. Brains were collected for the determination of amyloid plaque load and reactive gliosis in the hippocampus and cortex. Treatment with Tβ4 alleviated sickness symptoms to a greater extent in APP/PS1 than in WT mice by limiting LPS-induced weight loss and inhibition of food burrowing behaviour. It prevented LPS-induced amyloid burden in APP/PS1 mice but increased astrocytic and microglial proliferation in the hippocampus of LPS-treated WT mice. These data show that Tβ4 can alleviate the adverse effects of systemic LPS in the brain by preventing exacerbation of amyloid deposition in AD mice and by inducing reactive microgliosis in aging WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Othman
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Marshall
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mitchell Masterson
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Poppy Winlow
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Gibson
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Histopathology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Yuchun Ding
- School of Computer Sciences, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Wollaton Road, Nottingham NG8 1BB, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Christine Pardon
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
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11
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Zou HY, Guo L, Zhang B, Chen S, Wu XR, Liu XD, Xu XY, Li BY, Chen S, Xu NJ, Sun S. Aberrant miR-339-5p/neuronatin signaling causes prodromal neuronal calcium dyshomeostasis in mutant presenilin mice. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:169139. [PMID: 36787258 PMCID: PMC9927925 DOI: 10.1172/jci169139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
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12
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Zou HY, Guo L, Zhang B, Chen S, Wu XR, Liu XD, Xu XY, Li BY, Chen S, Xu NJ, Sun S. Aberrant miR-339-5p/neuronatin signaling causes prodromal neuronal calcium dyshomeostasis in mutant presenilin mice. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:168441. [PMID: 36719380 PMCID: PMC9888371 DOI: 10.1172/jci168441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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13
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Tohumeken S, Deme P, Yoo SW, Gupta S, Rais R, Slusher BS, Haughey NJ. Neuronal deletion of nSMase2 reduces the production of Aβ and directly protects neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:105987. [PMID: 36603748 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed to regulate the deposition of Aβ. Multiple publications have shown that APP, amyloid processing enzymes and Aβ peptides are associated with EVs. However, very little Aβ is associated with EVs compared with the total amount Aβ present in human plasma, CSF, or supernatants from cultured neurons. The involvement of EVs has largely been inferred by pharmacological inhibition or whole body deletion of the sphingomyelin hydrolase neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2) that is a key regulator for the biogenesis of at-least one population of EVs. Here we used a Cre-Lox system to selectively delete nSMase2 from pyramidal neurons in APP/PS1 mice (APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1) and found a ∼ 70% reduction in Aβ deposition at 6 months of age and ∼ 35% reduction at 12 months of age in both cortex and hippocampus. Brain ceramides were increased in APP/PS1 compared with Wt mice, but were similar to Wt in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice suggesting that elevated brain ceramides in this model involves neuronally expressed nSMase2. Reduced levels of PSD95 and deficits of long-term potentiation in APP/PS1 mice were normalized in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice. In contrast, elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNFα in APP/PS1 mice were not normalized in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice compared with APP/PS1 mice. Mechanistic studies showed that the size of liquid ordered membrane microdomains was increased in APP/PS1 mice, as were the amounts of APP and BACE1 localized to these microdomains. Pharmacological inhibition of nSMase2 activity with PDDC reduced the size of the liquid ordered membrane microdomains, reduced the localization of APP with BACE1 and reduced the production of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. Although inhibition of nSMase2 reduced the release and increased the size of EVs, very little Aβ was associated with EVs in all conditions tested. We also found that nSMase2 directly protected neurons from the toxic effects of oligomerized Aβ and preserved neural network connectivity despite considerable Aβ deposition. These data demonstrate that nSMase2 plays a role in the production of Aβ by stabilizing the interaction of APP with BACE1 in liquid ordered membrane microdomains, and directly protects neurons from the toxic effects of Aβ. The effects of inhibiting nSMase2 on EV biogenesis may be independent from effects on Aβ production and neuronal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehmus Tohumeken
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Pragney Deme
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Seung Wan Yoo
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Sujasha Gupta
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Rana Rais
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Oncology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Neuroscience, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Norman J Haughey
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, United States of America.
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14
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Koulousakis P, Willems E, Schepers M, Rombaut B, Prickaerts J, Vanmierlo T, van den Hove D. Exogenous Oxytocin Administration Restores Memory in Female APP/PS1 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1207-1219. [PMID: 37927260 PMCID: PMC10741313 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatment options for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are limited, inefficient, and often have serious side effects. Oxytocin is a neuropeptide implicated in a variety of central processes, such as social and reproductive behaviors. Among others, it has garnered attention in various domains of psychiatric research, while its role in the development and course of neurodegenerative disorders like AD is rather unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of exogenous oxytocin administration on memory, specifically in view of AD, as a potential novel treatment option. METHODS We describe a novel treatment approach by using a relatively low dose of long-term intranasal oxytocin treatment, to restore memory deficits in female APPswePS1dE9 mice. RESULTS Female APPswePS1dE9 mice treated with oxytocin showed increased spatial memory performance in the object location task and improved working memory in the Y-Maze, while indicating decreased sociability. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that oxytocin is able to reverse acquired cognitive deficits in female APPswePS1dE9 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippos Koulousakis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Emily Willems
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Daniel van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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Yan QY, Lv JL, Shen XY, Ou-Yang XN, Yang JZ, Nie RF, Lu J, Huang YJ, Wang JY, Shen X. Patchouli alcohol as a selective estrogen receptor β agonist ameliorates AD-like pathology of APP/PS1 model mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2226-2241. [PMID: 35091686 PMCID: PMC9433381 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence shows that postmenpausal women are almost twice as likely to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) as men of the same age, and estrogen is closely related to the occurrence of AD. Estrogen receptor (ER) α is mainly expressed in the mammary gland and other reproductive organs like uterus while ERβ is largely distributed in the hippocampus and cardiovascular system, suggesting that ERβ selective agonist is a valuable drug against neurodegenerative diseases with low tendency in inducing cancers of breast and other reproductive organs. In this study we identified a natural product patchouli alcohol (PTA) as a selective ERβ agonist which improved the cognitive defects in female APP/PS1 mice, and explore the underlying mechanisms. Six-month-old female APP/PS1 mice were administered PTA (20, 40 mg · kg-1 · d-1, i.g.) for 90 days. We first demonstrated that PTA bound to ERβ with a dissociation constant (KD) of 288.9 ± 35.14 nM in microscale thermophoresis. Then we showed that PTA administration dose-dependently ameliorated cognitive defects evaluated in Morris water maze and Y-maze testes. Furthermore, PTA administration reduced amyloid plaque deposition in the hippocampus by promoting microglial phagocytosis; PTA administration improved synaptic integrity through enhancing BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling, ameliorated oxidative stress by Catalase level, and regulated Bcl-2 family proteins in the hippocampus. The therapeutic effects of PTA were also observed in vitro: PTA (5, 10, 20 μM) dose-dependently increased phagocytosis of o-FAM-Aβ42 in primary microglia and BV2 cells through enhancing ERβ/TLR4 signaling; PTA treatment ameliorated o-Aβ25-35-induced reduction of synapse-related proteins VAMP2 and PSD95 in primary neurons through enhancing ERβ/BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathways; PTA treatment alleviated o-Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress in primary neurons through targeting ERβ and increasing Catalase expression. Together, this study has addressed the efficacy of selective ERβ agonist in the amelioration of AD and highlighted the potential of PTA as a drug lead compound against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ying Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica and State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian-Lu Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica and State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xing-Yi Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica and State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xing-Nan Ou-Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica and State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Juan-Zhen Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica and State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rui-Fang Nie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica and State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica and State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu-Jie Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica and State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia-Ying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica and State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xu Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica and State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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16
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Jia YM, Zhu CF, Yang K, He CG, Wu YY, Wang L, Song RF, Zhang JY, Wang C. [Effect of moxibustion on autophagy lysosome function mediated by mTOR/TFEB pathway and lncRNA H19 expression in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice]. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2022; 47:665-72. [PMID: 36036098 DOI: 10.13702/j.1000-0607.20211177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of moxibustion (Moxi) at acupoints of Governor Vessel on autophagy lysosomal function and lncRNA H19 in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) double transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice, so as to explore its underlying mechanisms in relieving AD. METHODS Fifty two male APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice were randomly divided into model, Moxi, Moxi+inhibitor and medication (rapamycin) groups, with 13 mice in each group. Other 13 male C57BL/6J mice of the same age were selected as the control group. The mice of the Moxi group received aconite cake-separated Moxi stimulation at "Baihui" (GV20), "Dazhui"(GV14) and "Fengfu" (GV16), for 15 min, those of the Moxi+inhibitor group received intraperitoneal injection of 3-methyladenine (an inhibitor of PI3K for suppressing autophagy) 1.5 mg· kg-1 · d-1 on the basis of Moxi, and those of the medication group received intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin 2 mg· kg-1 · d-1. The treatment was conducted once daily for 2 weeks. The mouse's learning-memory ability was detected by Morris water maze tests. The hippocampus tissue was sampled for observing the formation of autophagy by using transmission electron microscope, detecting the expression of Aβ_(1-42) protein with immunohistochemical staining, and for detecting the expression levels of long noncoding RNA H19 (lncRNA H19), mammalian target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR), nuclear transcription factor EB (TFEB), Cathepsin D and lysosome associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP1) genes and proteins as well as microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B)-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰand autophagy protein p62 protein by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS In contrast to the control group, the model group had an evident increase in the escape latency of Morris water maze test, and in the expression levels of Aβ_(1-42) protein, lncRNA H19 mRNA, mTOR mRNA and protein, and p62 protein (P<0.05), and a significant decrease in the expression levels of TFEB, Cathepsin D, LAMP1 mRNAs and proteins and LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ (P<0.05). After the treatment and relevant to the model and Moxi+inhibitor groups, both the Moxi and medication groups had an obvious down-regulation in the levels of latency of Morris water maze, expression levels of Aβ_(1-42) protein, lncRNA H19 mRNA, mTOR mRNA and protein, and p62 protein (P<0.05), and a significant up-regulation in the levels of TFEB, Cathepsin D, LAMP1 mRNAs and proteins and LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Moxi at acupoints of Governor Vessel can improve cognitive function of AD mice, which may be associated with its functions in inhibiting mTOR/TFEB pathway by down-regulating the expression of lncRNA H19, improving autophagy lysosomal function, promoting autophagy and clearing away Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Jia
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Cai-Feng Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230061
| | - Kun Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230061
| | - Cheng-Gong He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230061
| | - Yang-Yang Wu
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Ren-Fei Song
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhang
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Chi Wang
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
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Zhang Z, Tan X, Sun X, Wei J, Li QX, Wu Z. Isoorientin Affects Markers of Alzheimer's Disease via Effects on the Oral and Gut Microbiota in APP/PS1 Mice. J Nutr 2022; 152:140-152. [PMID: 34636875 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence of strong associations between the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dysbiotic oral and gut microbiota. Recent studies demonstrated that isoorientin (ISO) is anti-inflammatory and alleviates markers of AD, which were hypothesized to be mediated by the oral and gut microbiota. OBJECTIVES We studied the effects of oral administration of ISO on AD-related markers and the oral and gut microbiota in mice. METHODS Eight-month-old amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 (AP) transgenic male mice were randomly allocated to 3 groups of 15 mice each: vehicle (AP) alone or with a low dose of ISO (AP + ISO-L; 25 mg/kg) or a high dose of ISO (AP + ISO-H; 50 mg/kg). Age-matched wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 male littermates were used as controls. The 4 groups were treated intragastrically with ISO or sterilized ultrapure water for 2 months. AD-related markers in the brain, serum, colon, and liver were analyzed with immunohistochemical and histochemical staining, Western blotting, and ELISA. Oral and gut microbiotas were analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. RESULTS The high-dose ISO treatment significantly decreased amyloid beta 42-positive deposition by 38.1% and 45.2% in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively, of AP mice (P < 0.05). Compared with the AP group, both ISO treatments reduced brain phospho-Tau, phosphor-p65, phosphor-inhibitor of NF-κB, and brain and serum LPS and TNF-α by 17.9%-72.5% and increased brain and serum IL-4 and IL-10 by 130%-210% in the AP + ISO-L and AP + ISO-H groups (P < 0.05). Abundances of 26, 25, and 23 microbial taxa in oral, fecal and cecal samples, respectively, were increased in both the AP + ISO-L and AP + ISO-H groups relative to the AP group [linear discriminant analysis (LDA) >3.0; P < 0.05]. Gram-negative bacteria, Alteromonas, Campylobacterales, and uncultured Bacteroidales bacterium were positively correlated (rho = 0.28-0.59; P < 0.05) with the LPS levels and responses of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a potential mechanism by which ISO reduces AD-related markers in AP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Zhang
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Sun
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Wei
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Zhongyi Wu
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Long CM, Zheng QX, Zhou Y, Liu YT, Gong LP, Zeng YC, Liu S. N-linoleyltyrosine exerts neuroprotective effects in APP/PS1 transgenic mice via cannabinoid receptor-mediated autophagy. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 147:315-324. [PMID: 34663513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anandamide (AEA) analogs show fair effects in counteracting the deterioration of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous studies demonstrated that AEA analog-N-linoleyltyrosine (NITyr) exerted significant activities. In our current research, the role and mechanisms of NITyr were assessed in APP/PS1 mice mimicking the AD model. NITyr improved motor coordination in the rotarod test (RRT) and ameliorated spatial memory in the Morris water maze (MWM) but did not increase spontaneous locomotor activity in the open field test (OFT). In addition, NITyr protected neurons against β-amyloid (Aβ) injury via hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Nissl staining. Moreover, the related biochemical indexes showed that NITyr reduced the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the hippocampus but did not affect the expression of p-APP and β-secretase 1 (BACE1). Furthermore, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3 MA) attenuated the effect of NITyr on animal behaviors and neurons. Meanwhile, NITyr upregulated the expression levels of LC3-II and Beclin-1, which were weakened by AM630 (an antagonist of CB2 receptor and a weak partial agonist of CB1 receptors). AM630 also weakened the role of NITyr in animal behaviors. Thus, NITyr improved behavioral impairment and neural loss by inducing autophagy mainly mediated by the CB2 receptor, and weakly mediated by the CB1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Study on the Structure-specific Small Molecule Drug in Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Xue Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Study on the Structure-specific Small Molecule Drug in Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Research and Development Center, Sichuan Yuanda Shuyang Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610214, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Study on the Structure-specific Small Molecule Drug in Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu-Ping Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Study on the Structure-specific Small Molecule Drug in Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chun Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Study on the Structure-specific Small Molecule Drug in Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Study on the Structure-specific Small Molecule Drug in Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China.
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Bronchain O, Philippe-Caraty L, Anquetil V, Ciapa B. Precise regulation of presenilin expression is required for sea urchin early development. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258382. [PMID: 34313316 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilins (PSENs) are widely expressed across eukaryotes. Two PSENs are expressed in humans, where they play a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Each PSEN can be part of the γ-secretase complex, which has multiple substrates, including Notch and amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) - the source of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides that compose the senile plaques during AD. PSENs also interact with various proteins independently of their γ-secretase activity. They can then be involved in numerous cellular functions, which makes their role in a given cell and/or organism complex to decipher. We have established the Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryo as a new model to study the role of PSEN. In the sea urchin embryo, the PSEN gene is present in unduplicated form and encodes a protein highly similar to human PSENs. Our results suggest that PSEN expression must be precisely tuned to control the course of the first mitotic cycles and the associated intracellular Ca2+ transients, the execution of gastrulation and, probably in association with ciliated cells, the establishment of the pluteus. We suggest that it would be relevant to study the role of PSEN within the gene regulatory network deciphered in the sea urchin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Bronchain
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Laetitia Philippe-Caraty
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Vincent Anquetil
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Ciapa
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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20
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Wang C, Cao X, Yin J, Gao WR, Li WR, Qi JS, Wu MN. [Chronic sleep deprivation exacerbates cognitive and pathological impairments in APP/PS1/tau triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease model mice]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2021; 73:471-481. [PMID: 34230948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sleep exerts important functions in the regulation of cognition and emotion. Recent studies have found that sleep disorder is one of the important risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the effects of chronic sleep deprivation on the cognitive functions of AD model mice and its possible mechanism are still unclear. In the present study, 8-month-old male APP/PS1/tau triple transgenic AD model (3xTg-AD) mice and wild type (WT) mice (n = 8 for each group) were subjected to chronic sleep deprivation by using the modified multiple platform method, with 20 h of sleep deprivation each day for 21 days. Then, open field test, elevated plus maze test, sugar water preference test, object recognition test, Y maze test and conditioned fear memory test were performed to evaluate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, and multiple cognitive functions. In addition, the immunohistochemistry technique was used to observe pathological characteristics in the hippocampus of mice. The results showed that: (1) Chronic sleep deprivation did not affect anxiety- (P = 0.539) and depression-like behaviors (P = 0.874) in 3xTg-AD mice; (2) Chronic sleep deprivation exacerbated the impairments of object recognition memory (P < 0.001), working memory (P = 0.002) and the conditioned fear memory (P = 0.039) in 3xTg-AD mice; (3) Chronic sleep deprivation increased amyloid β (Aβ) deposition (P < 0.001) and microglial activation (P < 0.001) in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice, without inducing abnormal tau phosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangles. These results indicate that chronic sleep deprivation exacerbates the impairments of recognition memory, working memory and conditioned fear memory in 3xTg-AD mice by aggravating Aβ deposition and the excessive activation of microglia in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xu Cao
- The School of Imaging Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Wen-Rui Gao
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Wei-Ran Li
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jin-Shun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Mei-Na Wu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
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21
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Fan YG, Pang ZQ, Wu TY, Zhang YH, Xuan WQ, Wang Z, Yu X, Li YC, Guo C, Wang ZY. Vitamin D deficiency exacerbates Alzheimer-like pathologies by reducing antioxidant capacity. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:139-149. [PMID: 33068737 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is prevalent among aging people and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. However, the roles of VD deficiency in the pathology of AD remain largely unexplored. In this study, APP/PS1 mice were fed a VD-deficient diet for 13 weeks to evaluate the effects of VD deficiency on the learning and memory functions and the neuropathological characteristics of the mice. Our study revealed that VD deficiency accelerated cognitive impairment in the APP/PS1 mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that VD deficiency promoted glial activation and increased inflammatory factor secretion. Furthermore, VD deficiency increased the production and deposition of Aβ by elevating the expression levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1). In addition, VD deficiency increased the phosphorylation of Tau at Thr181, Thr205 and Ser396 by increasing the activities of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and glycogen synthase kinase 3α/β (GSK3α/β) and promoted synaptic dystrophy and neuronal loss. All these effects of VD deficiency may be ascribed to enhanced oxidative stress via the downregulation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) and cystine/glutamate exchanger (xCT). Taken together, our data suggest that VD deficiency exacerbates Alzheimer-like pathologies via promoting inflammatory stress, increasing Aβ production and elevating Tau phosphorylation by decreasing antioxidant capacity in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. Hence, rescuing the VD status of AD patients should be taken into consideration during the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Fan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Pang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Ting-Yao Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Yan-Hui Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Xuan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yan-Chun Li
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chuang Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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22
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Owlett L, Belcher EK, Dionisio-Santos DA, Williams JP, Olschowka JA, O'Banion MK. Space radiation does not alter amyloid or tau pathology in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2020; 27:89-98. [PMID: 34756235 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Space radiation is comprised of highly charged ions (HZE particles) and protons that are able to pass through matter and cause radiation-induced injury, including neuronal damage and degeneration, glial activation, and oxidative stress. Previous work demonstrated a worsening of Alzheimer's disease pathology in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model, however effects of space radiation on tau pathology have not been studied. To determine whether tau pathology is altered by HZE particle or proton irradiation, we exposed 3xTg mice, which acquire both amyloid plaque and tau pathology with age, to iron, silicon, or solar particle event (SPE) irradiation at 9 months of age and evaluated behavior and brain pathology at 16 months of age. We found no differences in performance in fear conditioning and novel object recognition tasks between groups of mice exposed to sham, iron (10 and 100 cGy), silicon (10 and 100 cGy), or solar particle event radiation (200 cGy), though female mice had higher freezing responses than males. 200 cGy SPE irradiated female mice had fewer plaques than sham-irradiated females but had no differences in tau pathology. Overall, females had worse amyloid and tau pathology at 16 months of age and demonstrated a reduced neuroinflammatory gene expression response to radiation. These findings uncover differences between mouse models following radiation injury and corroborate prior reports of sex differences within the 3xTg mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Owlett
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Belcher
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Dawling A Dionisio-Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John A Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 673, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia caused by severe neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and neocortical regions of the brain. In addition to neurodegeneration, AD brains contain high levels of amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) which are used as neuropathological hallmarks of the disorder. Despite intense research efforts, the mechanism(s) of the AD neurodegeneration are imperfectly understood, hampering efforts for the development of efficient therapeutics. Furthermore, failure of clinical trials to benefit AD patients suggests that AD hallmarks are poor therapeutic targets and supports the suggestion that these hallmarks are sequelae of neurodegeneration. Although genetic evidence seem to support the amyloid theory of AD, additional empirical observations and experimental data are inconsistent with the amyloid/Aβ theories of AD [Robakis and Neve (1998), TINS vol. 21 pp.15-19; Robakis (2011) NBA vol. 32, pp 372-379]. This possibility is further supported by data that amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are found in a number of distinct neurodegenerative disorders and that animal models expressing high levels of AD pathological structures show little neuronal loss. Furthermore, genetic evidence linking genetic loci to disease reveal little about the molecular mechanisms involved. Mutants of APP, PS1, and PS2 cause familial AD (FAD) suggesting these mutants can be used as models to study mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Recent reports show that the ability of efnB1 and BDNF (factors) to rescue neurons from excitotoxicity depends on PS1 but is independent of γ-secretase. Interestingly, PS1 FAD mutations block the ability of factors to protect neurons from toxicity suggesting that FAD mutants may increase neuronal death by blocking neuroprotective activities of brain neurotrophins. Other reports also suggest that proteins involved in FAD have Aβ-/γ-secretase-independent functions that can play important roles in AD. Furthermore, non-neuronal brain cells like microglia are implicated in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos K Robakis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Maskery M, Goulding EM, Gengler S, Melchiorsen JU, Rosenkilde MM, Hölscher C. The Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist DA4-JC Shows Superior Protective Properties Compared to the GLP-1 Analogue Liraglutide in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2020; 35:1533317520953041. [PMID: 32959677 PMCID: PMC10623903 DOI: 10.1177/1533317520953041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no cure. Here, we test a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist (DA4-JC) that has a cell penetrating sequence added to enhance blood-brain barrier penetration. We show in a receptor activity study that DA4-JC has balanced activity on both GLP-1 and GIP receptors but not on GLP-2 or Glucagon receptors. A dose-response study in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD showed both a dose-dependent drug effect on the inflammation response and the reduction of amyloid plaques in the brain. When comparing DA4-JC with the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide at equal doses of 10nmol/kg bw ip. once-daily for 8 weeks, DA4-JC was more effective in reversing memory loss, enhancing synaptic plasticity (LTP) in the hippocampus, reducing amyloid plaques and lowering pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brain. The results suggest that DA4-JC may be a novel treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Maskery
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Royal Preston Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Mary Goulding
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gengler
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Christian Hölscher
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
- Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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25
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Ellerbrock BR, Coscarelli EM, Gurney ME, Geary TG. Screening for Presenilin Inhibitors Using the Free-Living Nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:147-52. [PMID: 15006138 DOI: 10.1177/1087057103261038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans contains 3 homologs of presenilin genes that are associated with Alzheimer s disease. Loss-of-function mutations in C. elegans genes cause a defect in egg laying. In humans, loss of presenilin-1 (PS1) function reduces amyloid-beta peptide processing from the amyloid protein precursor. Worms were screened for compounds that block egg laying, phenocopying presenilin loss of function. To accommodate even relatively high throughput screening, a semi-automated method to quantify egg laying was devised by measuring the chitinase released into the culture medium. Chitinase is released by hatching eggs, but little is shed into the medium from the body cavity of a hermaphrodite with an egg laying deficient ( egl) phenotype. Assay validation involved measuring chitinase release from wild-type C. elegans (N2 strain), sel-12 presenilin loss-of-function mutants, and 2 strains of C. elegans with mutations in the egl-36K+channel gene. Failure to find specific presenilin inhibitors in this collection likely reflects the small number of compounds tested, rather than a flaw in screening strategy. Absent defined biochemical pathways for presenilin, this screening method, which takes advantage of the genetic system available in C. elegans and its historical use for anthelminthic screening, permits an entry into mechanism-based discovery of drugs for Alzheimer s disease. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2004:147-152)
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26
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Hooper M, Grill JD, Rodriguez-Agudelo Y, Medina LD, Fox M, Alvarez-Retuerto AI, Wharton D, Brook J, Ringman JM. The impact of the availability of prevention studies on the desire to undergo predictive testing in persons at risk for autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Contemp Clin Trials 2013; 36:256-62. [PMID: 23876673 PMCID: PMC3858206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Persons at risk for autosomal dominant neurodegenerative diseases provide the opportunity to efficiently test preventive interventions. Only a minority of such persons, however, choose to undergo revealing genetic testing, presenting a challenge to enrollment. Thirty-four preclinical Latinos (n = 26) and non-Latinos at risk for familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) unaware of their genetic status were administered a questionnaire exploring their interest in undergoing revealing genetic testing at baseline and in the context of eligibility for four prevention trials of increasing invasiveness. Forty-four percent of subjects expressed a baseline interest in undergoing revealing testing which increased to 85% in order to be eligible for a study of an oral drug "felt to be very safe." If there were a 50% chance of receiving placebo, this number dropped to 62% (p = 0.02). Among those not interested in a study involving a 50% chance of receiving placebo, a range of 5% to 40% chance of receiving placebo was given as acceptable. For more invasive studies, living in the United States (as opposed to Mexico) positively influenced the likelihood of participating. Our data suggest that clinical trial designs in which persons must confront their genetic status prior to enrollment are feasible. Study designs to minimize the likelihood of being placed on placebo or provide the eventual administration of the drug through open-label extensions should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Hooper
- Genetic Counseling Program, Cal State University Northridge, CA
| | - Joshua D. Grill
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, UCLA Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Luis D. Medina
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, UCLA Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | - David Wharton
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, UCLA Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jenny Brook
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, UCLA Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John M. Ringman
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, UCLA Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA
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27
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Harnasch M, Grau S, Behrends C, Dove SL, Hochschild A, Iskandar MK, Xia W, Ehrmann M. Characterization of presenilin-amyloid precursor interaction using bacterial expression and two-hybrid systems for human membrane proteins. Mol Membr Biol 2009; 21:373-83. [PMID: 15764367 DOI: 10.1080/09687860400008429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An Escherichia coli system was used to produce the human membrane proteins presenilin 1 and amyloid precursor protein and to analyse their interaction. Our data indicate that the main binding site for amyloid precursor protein is located in the N-terminal three-transmembrane segments of presenilin and not in the proposed active site containing the two conserved aspartate residues. The data also suggest the presence of an additional segment of sufficient hydrophobicity at the C-terminus of PS1 to act potentially as a transmembrane segment. The implications of these findings for the function of gamma-secretase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Harnasch
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK
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28
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Ford D, Monteiro M. Dimerization of ubiquilin is dependent upon the central region of the protein: evidence that the monomer, but not the dimer, is involved in binding presenilins. Biochem J 2006; 399:397-404. [PMID: 16813565 PMCID: PMC1615901 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquilin proteins have been shown to interact with a wide variety of other cellular proteins, often regulating the stability and degradation of the interacting protein. Ubiquilin contains a UBL (ubiquitin-like) domain at the N-terminus and a UBA (ubiquitin-associated) domain at the C-terminus, separated by a central region containing Sti1-like repeats. Little is known about regulation of the interaction of ubiquilin with other proteins. In the present study, we show that ubiquilin is capable of forming dimers, and that dimerization requires the central region of ubiquilin, but not its UBL or the UBA domains. Furthermore, we provide evidence suggesting that monomeric ubiquilin is likely to be the active form that is involved in binding presenilin proteins. Our results provide new insight into the regulatory mechanism underlying the interaction of ubiquilin with presenilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Ford
- Medical Biotechnology Center, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A., and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A
| | - Mervyn J. Monteiro
- Medical Biotechnology Center, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A., and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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29
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Gong B, Cao Z, Zheng P, Vitolo OV, Liu S, Staniszewski A, Moolman D, Zhang H, Shelanski M, Arancio O. Ubiquitin hydrolase Uch-L1 rescues beta-amyloid-induced decreases in synaptic function and contextual memory. Cell 2006; 126:775-88. [PMID: 16923396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal ubiquitin/proteasomal pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We now show that a component of the pathway, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (Uch-L1), is required for normal synaptic and cognitive function. Transduction of Uch-L1 protein fused to the transduction domain of HIV-transactivator protein (TAT) restores normal enzymatic activity and synaptic function both in hippocampal slices treated with oligomeric Abeta and in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. Moreover, intraperitoneal injections with the fusion protein improve the retention of contextual learning in APP/PS1 mice over time. The beneficial effect of the Uch-L1 fusion protein is associated with restoration of normal levels of the PKA-regulatory subunit IIalpha, PKA activity, and CREB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gong
- Department of Pathology and Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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30
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Behbahani H, Shabalina IG, Wiehager B, Concha H, Hultenby K, Petrovic N, Nedergaard J, Winblad B, Cowburn RF, Ankarcrona M. Differential role of Presenilin-1 and -2 on mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:891-902. [PMID: 16883555 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that mitochondrial alterations contribute to the neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presenilin 1 (PS1) and Presenilin 2 (PS2) mutations have been shown to sensitize cells to apoptosis by mechanisms suggested to involve impaired mitochondrial function. We have previously detected active gamma-secretase complexes in mitochondria. We investigated the impact of PS/gamma-secretase on mitochondrial function using mouse embryonal fibroblasts derived from wild-type, PS1-/-, PS2-/- and PS double knock-out (PSKO) embryos. Measurements of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) showed a higher percentage of fully functional mitochondria in PS1-/- and PSwt as compared to PS2-/- and PSKO cells. This result was evident both in whole cell preparations and in isolated mitochondria. Interestingly, pre-treatment of isolated mitochondria with the gamma-secretase inhibitor L-685,458 resulted in a decreased population of mitochondria with high DeltaPsim in PSwt and PS1-/- cells, indicating that PS2/gamma-secretase activity can modify DeltaPsim. PS2-/- cells showed a significantly lower basal respiratory rate as compared to other cell lines. However, all cell lines demonstrated competent bioenergetic function. These data point toward a specific role of PS2/gamma-secretase activity for proper mitochondrial function and indicate interplay between PS1 and PS2 in mitochondrial functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homira Behbahani
- Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet Dainippon Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Alzheimer Center, Caring Sciences and Society, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden.
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31
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Ghetti B. Neurodegeneration and hereditary dementias: 40 years of learning. J Alzheimers Dis 2006; 9:45-52. [PMID: 17004363 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2006-9s306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The invitation to participate in the commemorative issue celebrating the 100 th anniversary of Dr. Alois Alzheimer's report on the disease that would later bear his name has evoked memories of my early experiences in the study of dementia, my teachers, my role-models, my aspirations and my accomplishments. Early in my career, I was fascinated with the study of hereditary neurological disorders. The observation of families in which dementia was inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern excited my scientific curiosity. Three very different phenotypes in patients from three separate families have been the basis for novel scientific discovery, which has taken place over the past 30 years. This could not have taken place without the help of many generous patients and their families as well as wonderful colleagues for whom I am deeply grateful. Some of the original observations in these families have led to the discovery of genetic mutations in three genes that are among the most commonly affected in hereditary dementia. The work on these families has enriched the scientific community and our knowledge of dementing illnesses.
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Van Broeckhoven C, Kumar-Singh S. Genetics and pathology of alpha-secretase site AbetaPP mutations in the understanding of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2006; 9:389-98. [PMID: 16914877 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2006-9s344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of therapeutics begins with delineating the precise disease pathology along with a reasonable understanding of the sequence of events responsible for the development of disease, or disease pathogenesis. For Alzheimer's disease (AD), the classical pathology is now known for quite some time; however, the disease pathogenesis has eluded our understanding for a complete century. This review, in addition to providing a brief overview of all primary events, will highlight those aspects of AD genetics and novel pathological descriptions linked to unique mutations within AbetaPP that have led to our better understanding of the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, we will discuss how pathologies linked to the Dutch (E693Q) and Flemish AbetaPP (A692G) mutations have helped in understanding the role of CAA in dementia and in the development of dense-core plaques. In addition, this review will also point directions that warrant additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Research Group, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Institute Born-Bunge and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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Abstract
About 1% of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) cases have an early-onset autosomal dominant familial form of the disease, genetic analyses of which have found three causal genes: amyloid beta-protein precursor (AbetaPP), presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2). The APOE gene is the only robustly replicated risk factor for the common form of AD with onset after 65 years of age. In at least half of the AD cases, there is no known cause of the disease. Here we provide an overview on known AD-linked genes and discuss the strategies of searching for novel AD genetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 6 Queen's Park Crescent West, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2
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Dodson SE, Gearing M, Lippa CF, Montine TJ, Levey AI, Lah JJ. LR11/SorLA expression is reduced in sporadic Alzheimer disease but not in familial Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65:866-72. [PMID: 16957580 PMCID: PMC2663339 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000228205.19915.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
LR11 is an ApoE receptor that is enriched in the brain. We have shown that LR11 is markedly downregulated in patients with sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). This finding led us to explore whether reduced LR11 expression reflects a primary mechanism of disease or merely a secondary consequence of other AD-associated changes. Therefore, LR11 expression was assessed in a transgenic mouse model of AD and familial AD (FAD) brains. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting of LR11 in PS1/APP transgenic and wild-type mice indicated that LR11 levels are not affected by genotype or accumulation of amyloid pathology. LR11 expression was also evaluated based on immunoblotting and LR11 immunostaining intensity in human frontal cortex in controls, sporadic AD, and FAD, including cases with presenilin-1 (PS1) and presenilin-2 (PS2) mutations. Although LR11 was reduced in sporadic AD, there was no difference in protein level or staining intensity between control and FAD cases. The finding that LR11 expression is unaffected in both a mouse model of AD and autosomal-dominant forms of AD suggests that LR11 is not regulated by amyloid accumulation or other AD neuropathologic changes. We hypothesize that LR11 loss may be specific to sporadic AD and influence amyloid pathology through mechanisms independent of substrate-enzyme interactions regulated by FAD mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Dodson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Sun X, Beglopoulos V, Mattson MP, Shen J. Hippocampal spatial memory impairments caused by the familial Alzheimer's disease-linked presenilin 1 M146V mutation. NEURODEGENER DIS 2006; 2:6-15. [PMID: 16908998 DOI: 10.1159/000086426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in presenilins (PS) 1 and 2 are the major cause of familial Alzheimer's disease. Conditional inactivation of PS1 in the mouse postnatal forebrain leads to mild deficits in spatial learning and memory, whereas inactivation of both PS1 and PS2 results in severe memory and synaptic plasticity impairments, followed by progressive and substantial neurodegeneration. Here we investigate the effect of a familial Alzheimer's disease-linked PS1 missense mutation using knock-in (KI) mice, in which the wild-type PS1 allele is replaced with the M146V mutant allele. In the Morris water maze task, PS1 KI mice at 3 months of age exhibit reduced quadrant occupancy and platform crossing in the probe trial after 6 days of training, though their performance was normal in the probe trial after 12 days of training. By the age of 9 months, even after 12 days of training, PS1 homozygous KI mice still exhibit reduced platform crossing in the post-training probe trial. ELISA analysis revealed a selective increase in cortical levels of beta-amyloid 42 in PS1 KI mice, whereas production of beta-amyloid 40 was normal. Histological and quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses showed normal gross hippocampal morphology and unaltered expression of three genes involved in inflammatory responses in PS1 KI mice. These results show hippocampal spatial memory impairments caused by the PS1 M146V mutation and age-related deterioration of the memory impairment, suggesting that PS1 KI mice are a valuable model system for the study of memory loss in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Sun
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ramalho RM, Borralho PM, Castro RE, Solá S, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CMP. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid modulates p53-mediated apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease mutant neuroblastoma cells. J Neurochem 2006; 98:1610-8. [PMID: 16923170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is linked to autosomal dominant mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2) genes. These are critical mediators of total amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) production, inducing cell death through uncertain mechanisms. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) modulates exogenous Abeta-induced apoptosis by interfering with E2F-1/p53/Bax. Here, we used mouse neuroblastoma cells that express either wild-type APP, APP with the Swedish mutation (APPswe), or double-mutated human APP and PS1 (APPswe/DeltaE9), all exhibiting increased Abeta production and aggregation. Cell viability was decreased in APPswe and APPswe/DeltaE9 but was partially reversed by z-VAD.fmk. Nuclear fragmentation and caspase 2, 6 and 8 activation were also readily detected. TUDCA reduced nuclear fragmentation as well as caspase 2 and 6, but not caspase 8 activities. p53 activity, and Bcl-2 and Bax changes, were also modulated by TUDCA. Overexpression of p53, but not mutant p53, in wild-type and mutant neuroblastoma cells was sufficient to induce apoptosis, which, in turn, was reduced by TUDCA. In addition, inhibition of the phosphatidylinositide 3'-OH kinase pathway reduced TUDCA protection against p53-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, FAD mutations are associated with the activation of classical apoptotic pathways. TUDCA reduces p53-induced apoptosis and modulates expression of Bcl-2 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Ramalho
- Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Portugal
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Dumanchin C, Tournier I, Martin C, Didic M, Belliard S, Carlander B, Rouhart F, Duyckaerts C, Pellissier JF, Latouche JB, Hannequin D, Frebourg T, Tosi M, Campion D. Biological effects of four PSEN1 gene mutations causing Alzheimer disease with spastic paraparesis and cotton wool plaques. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:1063. [PMID: 16941492 DOI: 10.1002/humu.9458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We describe the biological consequences on PSEN1 exons 8 or 9 splicing and Abeta peptides production of four PSEN1 mutations associated with a phenotypic variant of Alzheimer disease, which includes cotton wool plaques and spastic paraparesis (CWP/SP). Two of these mutations (c.869-22_869-23ins18 and c.871A > C, p.T291P) are novel mutations located in intron 8 and exon 9, respectively. The c.869-22_869-23ins18 mutation caused exon 9 skipping whereas the c.871A > C (p.T291P) mutation showed only a modest effect on exon 9 skipping. The previously reported E280G and P264L mutations, located in exon 8, had no effect on mRNA splicing. Infection of cells with mutant T291P, E280G, or P264L cDNAs caused a variable increase in secreted Abeta42. We conclude that none of the previously proposed mechanisms, i.e. exceptionally large increases in secreted Abeta42 levels or loss of PSEN1 exons 8 or 9, provides complete explanation of the CWP/SP phenotype.
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Abstract
The pathology of Alzheimer's disease is closely connected with lipid metabolism. Processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) is sensitive to membrane alterations in levels of cholesterol and gangliosides. As cholesterol and gangliosides are major components of rafts and BACE I and gamma-secretase are supposed to be localized to rafts there might be a yet unknown biological function underlying this connection. Increasing evidence shows a close connection between cholesterol homeostasis and APP processing and Abeta production respectively. We measured membrane fluidity by anisotropy determination, isolated detergent resistant membrane (DRM) fractions from membrane preparations and determined cholesterol content of these fractions by a coupled enzymatic assay. We found membrane fluidity to be changed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) PS1/2 -/- along with altered cholesterol content in DRM fraction of these cells. In addition, total ganglioside levels were enhanced in absence of presenilin (PS).
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Affiliation(s)
- M O W Grimm
- Centre for Molecular Biology Heidelberg, Germany
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Mutoh T, Hirabayashi Y, Mihara T, Ueda M, Koga H, Ueda A, Kokura T, Yamamoto H. Role of glycosphingolipids and therapeutic perspectives on Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2006; 5:375-80. [PMID: 16918389 DOI: 10.2174/187152706777950710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder dividing into two forms, early onset familial and late onset sporadic forms. Early onset genetic cases (familial AD (FAD)) constitute about 10% of all AD cases. Heretofore, highly fibrillinogenic and pathological Abeta peptide formation is regarded as the fundamental molecular basis for this disorder. Recent enormous efforts to find out a pathogenesis, however, have revealed that this disorder has a multiplicity of causes such as glycosphingolipids abnormalities, impairment of neurotrophin signaling, protein trafficking, and protein turnover. Most of these aspects were disclosed by the studies on FAD-related presenilin. In this review, we will focus on the current knowledge of many abnormal aspects of cellular lipids, especially glycosphingolipids other than a pathogenic Abeta production caused by the mutant presenilins as a model system. Moreover, we will discuss how these glycosphingolipids abnormalities cause the pathological conditions found in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Mutoh
- Department of Neurology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
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Xie Z, Moir RD, Romano DM, Tesco G, Kovacs DM, Tanzi RE. Hypocapnia induces caspase-3 activation and increases Abeta production. NEURODEGENER DIS 2006; 1:29-37. [PMID: 16908971 DOI: 10.1159/000076667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At least half of all cases of early onset (<60) familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) are caused by any of over 150 mutations in three genes: the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), and presenilin 2 (PS2). Mutant forms of PS1 have been shown to sensitize cells to apoptotic cell death. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of hypocapnia, a risk factor for both cognitive and neurodevelopment deficits, on caspase-3 activation, apoptosis, and amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) production, and assessed the influence of the PS1Delta9 FAD mutation on these effects. METHOD For this purpose, we exposed stably transfected H4 human neuroglioma cells to conditions consistent with hypocapnia (PCO2<40 mm Hg) and hypocapnia plus hypoxia (PO2<21%). RESULTS Hypocapnia (20 mm Hg CO2 for 6 h) induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis; the PS1Delta9 FAD mutation significantly potentiated these effects. Moreover, the combination of hypocapnia (20 mm Hg CO2) and hypoxia (5%O2) induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in a synergistic manner. Hypocapnia (5 and 20 mm Hg CO2 for 6 h) also led to an increased Abeta production. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that hypocapnia (e.g. during general anesthesia) could exacerbate AD neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcong Xie
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129-4404, USA
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Parisiadou L, Fassa A, Fotinopoulou A, Bethani I, Efthimiopoulos S. Presenilin 1 and cadherins: stabilization of cell-cell adhesion and proteolysis-dependent regulation of transcription. NEURODEGENER DIS 2006; 1:184-91. [PMID: 16908988 DOI: 10.1159/000080984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PS1) has gained intensive attention in relation to Alzheimer's disease, since it has been shown that PS1 mutations are linked to familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), and that PS1 is a member of the high molecular weight complex of gamma-secretase, which generates the carboxyl end of beta-amyloid peptide (gamma-cleavage). A parallel line of evidence suggests that upon formation of cell-cell contacts, presenilin colocalizes with cadherins at the cell surface and stabilizes the cadherin-based adhesion complex. Under conditions stimulating cell-cell dissociation, cadherins are processed by a PS1/gamma-secretase activity, promoting disassembly of adherens junctions, and resulting in the increase of cytosolic beta-catenin, which is an important regulator of the Wnt/Wingless signaling pathway. PS1 also controls the cleavage of a number of transmembrane proteins at the interface of their transmembrane and cytosolic domains (epsilon-cleavage), producing intracellular fragments with a putative transcriptional role. Remarkably, cleavage of N-cadherin by PS1 produces an intracellular fragment that downregulates CREB-mediated transcription, indicating a role of PS1 in gene expression. PS1 mutations associated with FAD abolish production of the N-cadherin intracellular fragment and thus fail to suppress CREB-dependent transcription. These findings suggest an alternative explanation for FAD that is separate from the widely accepted 'amyloid hypothesis': dysfunction in transcription regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia Parisiadou
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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42
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Seidner GA, Ye Y, Faraday MM, Alvord WG, Fortini ME. Modeling clinically heterogeneous presenilin mutations with transgenic Drosophila. Curr Biol 2006; 16:1026-33. [PMID: 16713961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To assess the potential of Drosophila to analyze clinically graded aspects of human disease, we developed a transgenic fly model to characterize Presenilin (PS) gene mutations that cause early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). FAD exhibits a wide range in severity defined by ages of onset from 24 to 65 years . PS FAD mutants have been analyzed in mammalian cell culture, but conflicting data emerged concerning correlations between age of onset and PS biochemical activity . Choosing from over 130 FAD mutations in Presenilin-1, we introduced 14 corresponding mutations at conserved residues in Drosophila Presenilin (Psn) and assessed their biological activity in transgenic flies by using genetic, molecular, and statistical methods. Psn FAD mutant activities were tightly linked to their age-of-onset values, providing evidence that disease severity in humans primarily reflects differences in PS mutant lesions rather than contributions from unlinked genetic or environmental modifiers. Our study establishes a precedent for using transgenic Drosophila to study clinical heterogeneity in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen A Seidner
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Abstract
Development and implementation of microarray techniques to quantify expression levels of dozens to hundreds to thousands of transcripts simultaneously within select tissue samples from normal control subjects and neurodegenerative diseased brains has enabled scientists to create molecular fingerprints of vulnerable neuronal populations in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders. A goal is to sample gene expression from homogeneous cell types within a defined region without potential contamination by expression profiles of adjacent neuronal subpopulations and nonneuronal cells. The precise resolution afforded by single cell and population cell RNA analysis in combination with microarrays and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based analyses allows for relative gene expression level comparisons across cell types under different experimental conditions and disease progression. The ability to analyze single cells is an important distinction from global and regional assessments of mRNA expression and can be applied to optimally prepared tissues from animal models of neurodegeneration as well as postmortem human brain tissues. Gene expression analysis in postmortem AD brain regions including the hippocampal formation and neocortex reveals selectively vulnerable cell types share putative pathogenetic alterations in common classes of transcripts, for example, markers of glutamatergic neurotransmission, synaptic-related markers, protein phosphatases and kinases, and neurotrophins/neurotrophin receptors. Expression profiles of vulnerable regions and neurons may reveal important clues toward the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of various neurological diseases and aid in identifying rational targets toward pharmacotherapeutic interventions for progressive, late-onset neurodegenerative disorders such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator CREB-binding protein plays a key role in regulating gene expression in a number of different cell types. Recently, a report has suggested a link between CREB-binding protein and presenilins, which are mutated in many cases of early onset Alzheimer's disease. Thus, presenilin 1 and 2 double knockout mice showed reductions in CREB-binding protein levels and in cAMP response element-dependent gene expression in the cerebral cortex, which is likely to contribute to the subsequent neuronal degeneration. This suggests that the inactivation of CREB-binding protein caused by mutation in presenilin 1 may be involved in the disease process. We have shown that wild-type presenilin 1 stimulates the transcriptional activity ability of CREB-binding protein whereas presenilin 1 M146L mutant did not produce such an effect. The activation of CREB-binding protein by wild-type presenilin 1 involves the PI 3-kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p42/p44 MAPK pathways and targets primarily the C terminus of CREB-binding protein. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows regulation of CREB-binding protein activity by wild-type presenilin 1 and not by its M146L mutant, and suggests a mechanism in which mutation of presenilin 1 may lead to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitshak I Francis
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK.
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van Groen T, Kiliaan AJ, Kadish I. Deposition of mouse amyloid β in human APP/PS1 double and single AD model transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:653-62. [PMID: 16829076 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles are the two characteristic pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate the relation between amyloid precursor protein (APP) production, amyloid beta deposition and the type of Abeta in deposits, i.e., human and/or mouse, we performed a histopathological analysis, using mouse and human specific antibodies, of the neocortex and hippocampus in 6, 12 and 19 months old APP/PS1 double and APP and PS1 single transgenic mice. There was a significant correlation between the human amyloid beta deposits and the intrinsic rodent amyloid beta deposits, that is, all plaques contained both human and mouse Abeta, and the diffuse amyloid beta deposits also colocalized human and mouse Abeta. Furthermore, some blood vessels (mainly leptomeningeal vessels) show labeling with human Abeta, and most of these vessels also label with mouse Abeta. Our findings demonstrate that the human amyloid deposits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice are closely associated with mouse Abeta, however, they do not precisely overlap. For instance, the core of plaques consists of primarily human Abeta, whereas the rim of the plaque contains both human and mouse amyloid beta, similarly, human and mouse Abeta are differentially localized in the blood vessel wall. Finally, as early as amyloid beta deposits can be detected, they show the presence of both human and mouse Abeta. Together, these data indicate that mouse Abeta is formed and deposited in significant amounts in the AD mouse brain and that it is deposited together with the human Abeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas van Groen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
We performed an analysis of mutation patterns in all 10 hydrophobic regions (HRs) of presenilin-1 (PS-1) and PS-2 using a recent database of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mutations. The linear patterns were confirmed and extended to areas spanning as many as three faces of a given HR. The complementary areas of residues free of AD mutations were identified based on the location of non-pathogenic polymorphisms and PS-1 versus PS-2 amino acid discordances. Taking into account the location of areas of AD mutations and mutation-free areas/regions, we proposed a preliminary model of PS-1 structure using a general stick-out-mutation rule. To build a molecular structure of PS-1 and preserve features of the preliminary model, we used bacteriorhodopsin template in homology/comparative modelling. Two molecular models were built differing in the location of C-terminal fragment helices. The models properly distinguish residues belonging to AD-affected sites and non-pathogenic areas, and may be used for classification purposes. They also comply with experimental results, such as differences in accessibility of the catalytic residues in uncleaved PS-1, and binding of PEN-2 by the PS-1 NF motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Jozwiak
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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47
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Oksman M, Iivonen H, Hogyes E, Amtul Z, Penke B, Leenders I, Broersen L, Lütjohann D, Hartmann T, Tanila H. Impact of different saturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol containing diets on beta-amyloid accumulation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:563-72. [PMID: 16765602 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 03/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed the influence of dietary lipids on accumulation of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) in the brain. Seven experimental diets with varying n-6/n-3-ratio, saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol contents were fed to transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9 mice for 3-4 months beginning at a young adult age (6 months). Hippocampal Abeta levels were determined with ELISA and plaque load by using immunocytochemistry. A typical Western diet with 40% saturated fatty acids and 1% of cholesterol increased, while diets supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) decreased Abeta levels compared to regular (soy oil based) diet. DHA diet also decreased the number of activated microglia in hippocampus and increased exploratory activity of transgenic mice, but did not improve their spatial learning in the water maze. The favorable effect of DHA on Abeta production was verified in two different cell lines. Regulation of dietary lipid intake may offer a new tool to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oksman
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, Finland
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Fang B, Jia L, Jia J. Chinese Presenilin-1 V97L mutation enhanced Abeta42 levels in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci Lett 2006; 406:33-7. [PMID: 16916581 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 06/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin-1 gene mutations have been proven to be associated with the majority of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). There have been, however, no systematic studies of Presenilin-1 gene mutation in FAD in China so far. We found a novel Val-->Leu missense mutation at codon 97 (Val97Leu) of the Presenilin-1 gene in a Chinese FAD pedigree. To verify whether this mutation is pathologically functional, we established mutation type and wild type Presenilin-1 gene stably transfected cell lines (human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells) to detect beta-amyloid (Abeta) concentrations using ELISA and radioimmunity methods. We also examined levels of beta-amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) to explore their impact upon beta-amyloid production. Our results showed that Abeta42 concentration was significantly enhanced at 48h when compared to that at 24h in the mutant type cells. At 48h Abeta42 levels in the V97L mutants was also found to be elevated significantly, both intracellularly and extracellularly when compared to wild and mock transfected cells. The total Abeta in either group did not alter, consistent with unchanged BACE and APP expression levels. Our data reveal that the Presenilin-1 V97L variant can elevate Abeta42 levels both intracellularly and extracellularly, and was a potentially pathogenic mutation for this Chinese FAD pedigree. It also suggests that there are common mechanisms in the pathogenesis of FAD between Chinese and other ethnic populations, although their gene mutation sites are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Fang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Neurodegenerative Lab of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100053, PR China
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Radde R, Bolmont T, Kaeser SA, Coomaraswamy J, Lindau D, Stoltze L, Calhoun ME, Jäggi F, Wolburg H, Gengler S, Haass C, Ghetti B, Czech C, Hölscher C, Mathews PM, Jucker M. Abeta42-driven cerebral amyloidosis in transgenic mice reveals early and robust pathology. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:940-6. [PMID: 16906128 PMCID: PMC1559665 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have generated a novel transgenic mouse model on a C57BL/6J genetic background that coexpresses KM670/671NL mutated amyloid precursor protein and L166P mutated presenilin 1 under the control of a neuron-specific Thy1 promoter element (APPPS1 mice). Cerebral amyloidosis starts at 6-8 weeks and the ratio of human amyloid (A)beta42 to Abeta40 is 1.5 and 5 in pre-depositing and amyloid-depositing mice, respectively. Consistent with this ratio, extensive congophilic parenchymal amyloid but minimal amyloid angiopathy is observed. Amyloid-associated pathologies include dystrophic synaptic boutons, hyperphosphorylated tau-positive neuritic structures and robust gliosis, with neocortical microglia number increasing threefold from 1 to 8 months of age. Global neocortical neuron loss is not apparent up to 8 months of age, but local neuron loss in the dentate gyrus is observed. Because of the early onset of amyloid lesions, the defined genetic background of the model and the facile breeding characteristics, APPPS1 mice are well suited for studying therapeutic strategies and the pathomechanism of amyloidosis by cross-breeding to other genetically engineered mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Radde
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller Strasse 27, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tristan Bolmont
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller Strasse 27, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan A Kaeser
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller Strasse 27, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janaky Coomaraswamy
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller Strasse 27, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Lindau
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller Strasse 27, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars Stoltze
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller Strasse 27, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael E Calhoun
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller Strasse 27, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabienne Jäggi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Department of Pathology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Gengler
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Christian Haass
- Department of Biochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Christian Czech
- Department of Pharma Research Biology Discovery, F. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hölscher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Paul M Mathews
- Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of Medicine, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller Strasse 27, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
- Tel: +49 7071 29 86863; Fax: +49 7071 29 4521; E-mail:
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Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-beta peptides in the brain is a major factor of Alzheimer Disease. Central to the production of the amyloid-beta peptides are the proteolytic secretases, which, recently, have been important targets of drug discovery. Newly published results indicate that the sorting protein-related receptor sorLA/LR11 regulates processing and trafficking of the precursor of the amyloid-beta peptides, revealing an alternative target for developing molecular clinical therapeutic compounds for Alzheimer Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Shah
- Center for Basic Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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