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Meade R, Chao Y, Harroun N, Li C, Hafezi S, Hsu FF, Semenkovich CF, Zayed MA. Ceramides in peripheral arterial plaque lead to endothelial cell dysfunction. JVS Vasc Sci 2023; 4:100181. [PMID: 38077163 PMCID: PMC10704331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2023.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral arterial atheroprogression is increasingly prevalent, and is a risk factor for major limb amputations in individuals with risk factors such as diabetes. We previously demonstrated that bioactive lipids are significantly altered in arterial tissue of individuals with diabetes and advanced peripheral arterial disease. Methods Here we evaluated whether sphingolipid ceramide 18:1/16:0 (C16) is a cellular regulator in endothelial cells and peripheral tibial arterial tissue in individuals with diabetes. Results We observed that C16 is the single most elevated ceramide in peripheral arterial tissue from below the knee in individuals with diabetes (11% increase, P < .05). C16 content in tibial arterial tissue positively correlates with sphingomyelin (SPM) content in patients with and without diabetes (r2 = 0.5, P < .005; r2 = 0.17, P < .05; respectively). Tibial arteries of individuals with diabetes demonstrated no difference in CERS6 expression (encoding ceramide synthase 6; the predominate ceramide synthesis enzyme), but higher SMPD expression (encoding sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase that catalyzes ceramide synthesis from sphingomyelins; P < .05). SMPD4, but not SMPD2, was particularly elevated in maximally diseased (Max) tibial arterial segments (P < .05). In vitro, exogenous C16 caused endothelial cells (HUVECs) to have decreased proliferation (P < .03), increased apoptosis (P < .003), and decreased autophagy (P < .008). Selective knockdown of SMPD2 and SMPD4 decreased native production of C16 (P < .01 and P < .001, respectively), but only knockdown of SMPD4 rescued cellular proliferation (P < .005) following exogenous supplementation with C16. Conclusions Our findings suggest that C16 is a tissue biomarker for peripheral arterial disease severity in the setting of diabetes, and can impact endothelial cell viability and function. Clinical relevance Peripheral arterial disease and its end-stage manifestation known as chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represent ongoing prevalent and intricate medical challenges. Individuals with diabetes have a heightened risk of developing CLTI and experiencing its complications, including wounds, ulcers, and major amputations. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive examination of the molecular lipid composition within arterial segments from individuals with CLTI, and with and without diabetes. Our investigations unveiled a striking revelation: the sphingolipid ceramide 18:1/16:0 emerged as the predominant ceramide species that was significantly elevated in the peripheral arterial intima below the knee in patients with diabetes. Moreover, this heightened ceramide presence is associated with a marked impairment of endothelial cell function and viability. Additionally, our study revealed a concurrent elevation in the expression of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterases, enzymes responsible for catalyzing ceramide synthesis from sphingomyelins, within maximally diseased arterial segments. These findings underscore the pivotal role of ceramides and their biosynthesis enzymes in the context of CLTI, offering new insights into potential therapeutic avenues for managing this challenging disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Meade
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Yang Chao
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nikolai Harroun
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chenglong Li
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Shahab Hafezi
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Lipid, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Clay F. Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Lipid, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mohamed A. Zayed
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO
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Ashaiba A, Arun A, Prasad KS, Tellis RC. A clinical pilot study for the detection of sphingomyelinase in leptospirosis patient's urine at tertiary care hospital. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21138. [PMID: 37916114 PMCID: PMC10616390 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Leptospirosis is a perplexing mystification for many clinicians. Clinically often underdiagnosed due to lack of a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic test. Currently available diagnostic tests have their own limitations; therefore, monitoring biomarkers that contribute an essential role in pathogenesis is crucial. Herein, a pilot study was conducted to detect the presence of sphingomyelinase in urine of leptospirosis patients. Methods Blood and urine samples were collected from 140 patients having febrile illness. Samples were analyzed through culturing, dark-field microscopy, detecting anti-leptospiral antibodies by MAT, IgM ELISA, Leptocheck-WB and screening for sphingomyelinase using a sphingomyelinase assay kit. Results Out of 140 febrile illness patients, 22.14 % were tested leptospirosis, 33.57 % were dengue, 25 % scrub typhus, 18.57 % malaria and 0.71 % co-infection (dengue-leptospirosis). MAT seropositivity of 19.28 % (27/140) was confirmed with the highest agglutinant determined against serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae RGA followed by Autumnalis, Australis, and Pyrogens. IgM ELISA and Leptocheck-WB positivity was 16.42 % and 13.57 % respectively. Whereas culture and dark-field microscopy showed a sensitivity of 4.28 % and 2.1 %, respectively. Out of 31 confirmed cases of leptospirosis, sphingomyelinase was detected in the urine of 25 (80.64 %) patients, MAT positivity was seen in 87.09 % and culture positivity was seen in 12.90 % of cases. Conclusion Detection of sphingomyelinase in the urine of a leptospirosis patient and its absence in other febrile illnesses like dengue, malaria and scrub typhus establish evidence of secretion of sphingomyelinase in urine during leptospiral infection. Hence, sphingomyelinase could be used as a potential diagnostic biomarker to detect leptospirosis in a non-invasive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ashaiba
- Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575 018, India
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575 018, India
| | - A.B. Arun
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575 018, India
- Yenepoya Institute of Arts, Science, Commerce and Management (YIASCM), Yenepoya (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, 575 002, India
| | - K. Sudhakara Prasad
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575 018, India
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575 018, India
| | - Rouchelle C. Tellis
- Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575 018, India
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Kong X, Patel NA, Chalfant CE, Cooper DR. Ceramide synthesis regulates biogenesis and packaging of exosomal MALAT1 from adipose derived stem cells, increases dermal fibroblast migration and mitochondrial function. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:221. [PMID: 37620957 PMCID: PMC10463839 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of exosomes, small extracellular vesicles (sEV) secreted from human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC), is becoming increasingly recognized as a means of transferring the regenerative power of stem cells to injured cells in wound healing. Exosomes are rich in ceramides and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) like metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1). We identified putative ceramide responsive cis-elements (CRCE) in MALAT1. We hypothesized that CRCE respond to cellular ceramide levels to regulate sEV MALAT1 packaging. MALAT1 levels by many cells exceed those of protein coding genes and it's expression is equally high in exosomes. Ceramide also regulates exosome synthesis, however, the contents of exosome cargo via sphingomyelinase and ceramide synthase pathways has not been demonstrated. METHODS ADSC were treated with an inhibitor of sphingomyelinase, GW4869, and stimulators of ceramide synthesis, C2- and C6-short chain ceramides, prior to collection of conditioned media (CM). sEV were isolated from CM, and then used to treat human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cultures in cell migration scratch assays, and mitochondrial stress tests to evaluate oxygen consumption rates (OCR). RESULTS Inhibition of sphingomyelinase by treatment of ADSC with GW4869 lowered levels of MALAT1 in small EVs. Stimulation of ceramide synthesis using C2- and C6- ceramides increased cellular, EVs levels of MALAT1. The functional role of sEV MALAT1 was evaluated in HDF by applying EVs to HDF. Control sEV increased migration of HDF, and significantly increased ATP production, basal and maximal respiration OCR. sEV from GW4869-treated ADSC inhibited cell migration and maximal respiration. However, sEV from C2- and C6-treated cells, respectively, increased both functions but not significantly above control EV except for maximal respiration. sEV were exosomes except when ADSC were treated with GW4869 and C6-ceramide, then they were larger and considered microvesicles. CONCLUSIONS Ceramide synthesis regulates MALAT1 EV content. Sphingomyelinase inhibition blocked MALAT1 from being secreted from ADSC EVs. Our report is consistent with those of MALAT1 increasing cell migration and mitochondrial MALAT1 altering maximal respiration in cells. Since MALAT1 is important for exosome function, it stands that increased exosomal MALAT1 should be beneficial for wound healing as shown with these assays. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaioyuan Kong
- Department of Veterans Affairs, J.A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research Service 151, Tampa, Fl 33711 USA
| | - Niketa A. Patel
- Department of Veterans Affairs, J.A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research Service 151, Tampa, Fl 33711 USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, USA
| | - Charles E. Chalfant
- Department of Veterans Affairs, J.A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research Service 151, Tampa, Fl 33711 USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Denise R. Cooper
- Department of Veterans Affairs, J.A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research Service 151, Tampa, Fl 33711 USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, USA
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Lallement J, Raho I, Merlen G, Rainteau D, Croyal M, Schiffano M, Kassis N, Doignon I, Soty M, Lachkar F, Krempf M, Van Hul M, Cani PD, Foufelle F, Amouyal C, Le Stunff H, Magnan C, Tordjmann T, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C. Hepatic deletion of serine palmitoyl transferase 2 impairs ceramide/sphingomyelin balance, bile acids homeostasis and leads to liver damage in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159333. [PMID: 37224999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides (Cer) have been shown as lipotoxic inducers, which disturb numerous cell-signaling pathways, leading to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of de novo hepatic ceramide synthesis in energy and liver homeostasis in mice. We generated mice lacking serine palmitoyltransferase 2 (Sptlc2), the rate limiting enzyme of ceramide de novo synthesis, in liver under albumin promoter. Liver function, glucose homeostasis, bile acid (BA) metabolism and hepatic sphingolipids content were assessed using metabolic tests and LC-MS. Despite lower expression of hepatic Sptlc2, we observed an increased concentration of hepatic Cer, associated with a 10-fold increase in neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) expression, and a decreased sphingomyelin content in the liver. Sptlc2ΔLiv mice were protected against obesity induced by high fat diet and displayed a defect in lipid absorption. In addition, an important increase in tauro-muricholic acid was associated with a downregulation of the nuclear BA receptor FXR target genes. Sptlc2 deficiency also enhanced glucose tolerance and attenuated hepatic glucose production, while the latter effect was dampened in presence of nSMase2 inhibitor. Finally, Sptlc2 disruption promoted apoptosis, inflammation and progressive development of hepatic fibrosis, worsening with age. Our data suggest a compensatory mechanism to regulate hepatic ceramides content from sphingomyelin hydrolysis, with deleterious impact on liver homeostasis. In addition, our results show the involvement of hepatic sphingolipid modulation in BA metabolism and hepatic glucose production in an insulin-independent manner, which highlight the still under-researched role of ceramides in many metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lallement
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ilyès Raho
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Dominique Rainteau
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Biochemistry Department, Paris, France
| | - Mikael Croyal
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, F-44000 Nantes, France; Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse du CRNH-O, UMR1280, Nantes, France
| | - Melody Schiffano
- Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse du CRNH-O, UMR1280, Nantes, France
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Maud Soty
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Floriane Lachkar
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Matthias Van Hul
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain (Université catholique de Louvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO) department, WEL Research Institute (WELRI), avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain (Université catholique de Louvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO) department, WEL Research Institute (WELRI), avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Foufelle
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Chloé Amouyal
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris Saclay, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
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Tsentsevitsky AN, Gafurova CR, Mukhutdinova KA, Giniatullin AR, Fedorov NS, Malomouzh AI, Petrov AM. Sphingomyelinase modulates synaptic vesicle mobilization at the mice neuromuscular junctions. Life Sci 2023; 318:121507. [PMID: 36801470 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sphingomyelin is an abundant component of the presynaptic membrane and an organizer of lipid rafts. In several pathological conditions, sphingomyelin is hydrolyzed due to an upregulation and release of secretory sphingomyelinases (SMases). Herein, the effects of SMase on exocytotic neurotransmitter release were studied in the diaphragm neuromuscular junctions of mice. MAIN METHODS Microelectrode recordings of postsynaptic potentials and styryl (FM) dyes were used to estimate neuromuscular transmission. Membrane properties were assessed with fluorescent techniques. KEY FINDINGS Application of SMase at a low concentration (0.01 U ml-1) led to a disruption of lipid-packing in the synaptic membranes. Neither spontaneous exocytosis nor evoked neurotransmitter release (in response to single stimuli) were affected by SMase treatment. However, SMase significantly increased neurotransmitter release and the rate of fluorescent FM-dye loss from the synaptic vesicles at 10, 20 and 70 Hz stimulation of the motor nerve. In addition, SMase treatment prevented a shift of the exocytotic mode from "full-collapse" fusion to "kiss-and-run" during high-frequency (70 Hz) activity. The potentiating effects of SMase on neurotransmitter release and FM-dye unloading were suppressed when synaptic vesicle membranes were also exposed to this enzyme (i.e., stimulation occurred during SMase treatment). SIGNIFICANCE Thus, hydrolysis of the plasma membrane sphingomyelin can enhance mobilization of synaptic vesicles and facilitate full fusion mode of exocytosis, but SMase acting on vesicular membrane had a depressant effect on the neurotransmission. Partially, the effects of SMase can be related with the changes in synaptic membrane properties and intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei N Tsentsevitsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Box 30, Kazan, RT 420111, Russia
| | - Chulpan R Gafurova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Box 30, Kazan, RT 420111, Russia
| | - Kamilla A Mukhutdinova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Box 30, Kazan, RT 420111, Russia
| | - Arthur R Giniatullin
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Box 30, Kazan, RT 420111, Russia; Kazan State Medial University, 49 Butlerova St., Kazan, RT 420012, Russia
| | - Nikita S Fedorov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Box 30, Kazan, RT 420111, Russia
| | - Artem I Malomouzh
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Box 30, Kazan, RT 420111, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Box 30, Kazan, RT 420111, Russia; Kazan State Medial University, 49 Butlerova St., Kazan, RT 420012, Russia.
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Tohumeken S, Deme P, Yoo SW, Gupta S, Rais R, Slusher BS, Haughey NJ. Neuronal deletion of nSMase2 reduces the production of Aβ and directly protects neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:105987. [PMID: 36603748 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed to regulate the deposition of Aβ. Multiple publications have shown that APP, amyloid processing enzymes and Aβ peptides are associated with EVs. However, very little Aβ is associated with EVs compared with the total amount Aβ present in human plasma, CSF, or supernatants from cultured neurons. The involvement of EVs has largely been inferred by pharmacological inhibition or whole body deletion of the sphingomyelin hydrolase neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2) that is a key regulator for the biogenesis of at-least one population of EVs. Here we used a Cre-Lox system to selectively delete nSMase2 from pyramidal neurons in APP/PS1 mice (APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1) and found a ∼ 70% reduction in Aβ deposition at 6 months of age and ∼ 35% reduction at 12 months of age in both cortex and hippocampus. Brain ceramides were increased in APP/PS1 compared with Wt mice, but were similar to Wt in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice suggesting that elevated brain ceramides in this model involves neuronally expressed nSMase2. Reduced levels of PSD95 and deficits of long-term potentiation in APP/PS1 mice were normalized in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice. In contrast, elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNFα in APP/PS1 mice were not normalized in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice compared with APP/PS1 mice. Mechanistic studies showed that the size of liquid ordered membrane microdomains was increased in APP/PS1 mice, as were the amounts of APP and BACE1 localized to these microdomains. Pharmacological inhibition of nSMase2 activity with PDDC reduced the size of the liquid ordered membrane microdomains, reduced the localization of APP with BACE1 and reduced the production of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. Although inhibition of nSMase2 reduced the release and increased the size of EVs, very little Aβ was associated with EVs in all conditions tested. We also found that nSMase2 directly protected neurons from the toxic effects of oligomerized Aβ and preserved neural network connectivity despite considerable Aβ deposition. These data demonstrate that nSMase2 plays a role in the production of Aβ by stabilizing the interaction of APP with BACE1 in liquid ordered membrane microdomains, and directly protects neurons from the toxic effects of Aβ. The effects of inhibiting nSMase2 on EV biogenesis may be independent from effects on Aβ production and neuronal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehmus Tohumeken
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Pragney Deme
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Seung Wan Yoo
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Sujasha Gupta
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Rana Rais
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Oncology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Neuroscience, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Norman J Haughey
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, United States of America.
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Yokotani A, Takahashi F, Aoyama R, Kamoshida G, Kosaka T, Nakanishi M, Fujita N. Differences in the sequence of PlcR transcriptional regulator binding site affect sphingomyelinase production in Bacillus cereus. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 66:157-165. [PMID: 34914844 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen that often causes severe infections such as bacteremia, with sphingomyelinase (SMase) being a crucial virulence factor. Although many strains of B. cereus carry the SMase gene, they are classified as SMase-producing and non-producing strains. The reason for different SMase production among B. cereus strains remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the relationship between SMase and the PlcR transcriptional regulation system to clarify the mechanism leading to varied SMase production among B. cereus strains. We analyzed the sequence of the PlcR box, which is a transcriptional regulator binding site, located at the promoter region of SMase and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C. Based on differences in the PlcR box sequences, we classified the B. cereus strains into three groups (I, II, and III). SMase expression and activity were hardly detected in Group III strains. In Group I strains, SMase activity and its expression were maximal at the onset of the stationary phase and decreased during the stationary phase, whereas those were maintained during the stationary phase in Group II stains. On injection of B. cereus strains into mice or incubation with macrophages for phagocytosis assay, the SMase-producing Group I and II strains showed higher pathogenicity than Group III strains. These findings suggest that PlcR box sequence in B. cereus affects the production of SMase, which may provide important clinical information for the detection of highly pathogenic B. cereus strains. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yokotani
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumi Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoko Aoyama
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Go Kamoshida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kosaka
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakanishi
- Division of Infection Control & Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naohisa Fujita
- Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Kyoto, Japan
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Taniguchi M, Okazaki T. Role of ceramide/sphingomyelin (SM) balance regulated through "SM cycle" in cancer. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110119. [PMID: 34418535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS), which comprises of two isozymes, SMS1 and SMS2, is the only enzyme that generates sphingomyelin (SM) by transferring phosphocholine of phosphatidylcholine to ceramide in mammals. Conversely, ceramide is generated from SM hydrolysis via sphingomyelinases (SMases), ceramide de novo synthesis, and the salvage pathway. The biosynthetic pathway for SM and ceramide content by SMS and SMase, respectively, is called "SM cycle." SM forms a SM-rich microdomain on the cell membrane to regulate signal transduction, such as proliferation/survival, migration, and inflammation. On the other hand, ceramide acts as a lipid mediator by forming a ceramide-rich platform on the membrane, and ceramide exhibits physiological actions such as cell death, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy induction. Therefore, the regulation of ceramide/SM balance by SMS and SMase is responsible for diverse cell functions not only in physiological cells but also in cancer cells. This review outlines the implications of ceramide/SM balance through "SM cycle" in cancer progression and prevention. In addition, the possible involvement of "SM cycle" is introduced in anti-cancer tumor immunity, which has become a hot topic to innovate a more effective and safer way to conquer cancer in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Taniguchi
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan; Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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9
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Tallon C, Hollinger KR, Pal A, Bell BJ, Rais R, Tsukamoto T, Witwer KW, Haughey NJ, Slusher BS. Nipping disease in the bud: nSMase2 inhibitors as therapeutics in extracellular vesicle-mediated diseases. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1656-1668. [PMID: 33798648 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are indispensable mediators of intercellular communication, but they can also assume a nefarious role by ferrying pathological cargo that contributes to neurological, oncological, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. The canonical pathway for generating EVs involves the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery, but an alternative pathway is induced by the enrichment of lipid membrane ceramides generated by neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2). Inhibition of nSMase2 has become an attractive therapeutic strategy for inhibiting EV biogenesis, and a growing number of small-molecule nSMase2 inhibitors have shown promising therapeutic activity in preclinical disease models. This review outlines the function of EVs, their potential role in disease, the discovery and efficacy of nSMase2 inhibitors, and the path to translate these findings into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kristen R Hollinger
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bell
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Fingermann M, de Roodt AR, Cascone O, Miranda MV. Biotechnological potential of Phospholipase D for Loxosceles antivenom development. Toxicon X 2020; 6:100036. [PMID: 32550591 PMCID: PMC7286061 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Loxoscelism is one of the most important forms of araneism in South America. The Health Authorities from countries with the highest incidence and longer history in registering loxoscelism cases indicate that specific antivenom should be administered during the first hours after the accident, especially in the presence or at risk of the most severe clinical outcome. Current antivenoms are based on immunoglobulins or their fragments, obtained from plasma of hyperimmunized horses. Antivenom has been produced using the same traditional techniques for more than 120 years. Although the whole composition of the spider venom remains unknown, the discovery and biotechnological production of the phospholipase D enzymes represented a milestone for the knowledge of the physiopathology of envenomation and for the introduction of new innovative tools in antivenom production. The fact that this protein is a principal toxin of the venom opens the possibility of replacing the use of whole venom as an immunogen, an attractive alternative considering the laborious techniques and low yields associated with venom extraction. This challenge warrants technological innovation to facilitate production and obtain more effective antidotes. In this review, we compile the reported studies, examining the advances in the expression and application of phospholipase D as a new immunogen and how the new biotechnological tools have introduced some degree of innovation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Fingermann
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, (1282) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, (1425) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adolfo Rafael de Roodt
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, (1282) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Área de Zootoxicología, Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay, 2155, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Cascone
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, (1282) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, (1425) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Miranda
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, (1425) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Abstract
Sphingosine, ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and other related sphingolipids have emerged as important bioactive molecules involved in a variety of key cellular processes such as cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, exosome release, and inter- and intracellular cell communication, making the pathways of sphingolipid metabolism a key domain in maintaining cell homeostasis (Hannun and Obeid, Trends Biochem Sci 20:73-77, 1995; Hannun and Obeid, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:139-150, 2008; Kosaka et al., J Biol Chem 288:10849-10859, 2013). Various studies have determined that these pathways play a central role in regulating intracellular production of ceramide and the other bioactive sphingolipids and hence are an important component of signaling in various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases (Chaube et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1821:313-323, 2012; Clarke et al., Adv Enzyme Regul 51:51-58, 2011b; Horres and Hannun, Neurochem Res 37:1137-1149, 2012). In this chapter, we discuss one of the major enzyme classes in producing ceramide, sphingomyelinases (SMases), from a biochemical and structural perspective with an emphasis on their applicability as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Shanbhogue
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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13
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Arshad H, Alfonso JCL, Franke R, Michaelis K, Araujo L, Habib A, Zboromyrska Y, Lücke E, Strungaru E, Akmatov MK, Hatzikirou H, Meyer-Hermann M, Petersmann A, Nauck M, Brönstrup M, Bilitewski U, Abel L, Sievers J, Vila J, Illig T, Schreiber J, Pessler F. Decreased plasma phospholipid concentrations and increased acid sphingomyelinase activity are accurate biomarkers for community-acquired pneumonia. J Transl Med 2019; 17:365. [PMID: 31711507 PMCID: PMC6849224 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There continues to be a great need for better biomarkers and host-directed treatment targets for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Alterations in phospholipid metabolism may constitute a source of small molecule biomarkers for acute infections including CAP. Evidence from animal models of pulmonary infections and sepsis suggests that inhibiting acid sphingomyelinase (which releases ceramides from sphingomyelins) may reduce end-organ damage. Methods We measured concentrations of 105 phospholipids, 40 acylcarnitines, and 4 ceramides, as well as acid sphingomyelinase activity, in plasma from patients with CAP (n = 29, sampled on admission and 4 subsequent time points), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation with infection (COPD, n = 13) as a clinically important disease control, and 33 age- and sex-matched controls. Results Phospholipid concentrations were greatly decreased in CAP and normalized along clinical improvement. Greatest changes were seen in phosphatidylcholines, followed by lysophosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins and ceramides (three of which were upregulated), and were least in acylcarnitines. Changes in COPD were less pronounced, but also differed qualitatively, e.g. by increases in selected sphingomyelins. We identified highly accurate biomarkers for CAP (AUC ≤ 0.97) and COPD (AUC ≤ 0.93) vs. Controls, and moderately accurate biomarkers for CAP vs. COPD (AUC ≤ 0.83), all of which were phospholipids. Phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, and sphingomyelins were also markedly decreased in S. aureus-infected human A549 and differentiated THP1 cells. Correlations with C-reactive protein and procalcitonin were predominantly negative but only of mild-to-moderate extent, suggesting that these markers reflect more than merely inflammation. Consistent with the increased ceramide concentrations, increased acid sphingomyelinase activity accurately distinguished CAP (fold change = 2.8, AUC = 0.94) and COPD (1.75, 0.88) from Controls and normalized with clinical resolution. Conclusions The results underscore the high potential of plasma phospholipids as biomarkers for CAP, begin to reveal differences in lipid dysregulation between CAP and infection-associated COPD exacerbation, and suggest that the decreases in plasma concentrations are at least partially determined by changes in host target cells. Furthermore, they provide validation in clinical blood samples of acid sphingomyelinase as a potential treatment target to improve clinical outcome of CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Arshad
- Research Group "Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases", TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Juan Carlos López Alfonso
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Raimo Franke
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Brunswick, Germany
| | - Katina Michaelis
- Clinic for Pneumology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Leonardo Araujo
- Research Group "Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases", TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Aamna Habib
- Research Group "Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases", TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Brunswick, Germany
| | - Yuliya Zboromyrska
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Biomedical Diagnostic Centre (CDB), Hospital Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Lücke
- Clinic for Pneumology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emilia Strungaru
- Clinic for Pneumology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manas K Akmatov
- Research Group "Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases", TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Haralampos Hatzikirou
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Astrid Petersmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,UMG-Laboratory, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Brunswick, Germany
| | - Ursula Bilitewski
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Brunswick, Germany
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Jorg Sievers
- Clinical Microbiology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA.,Clinical Development, ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, UK
| | - Jordi Vila
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Biomedical Diagnostic Centre (CDB), Hospital Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Illig
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Schreiber
- Clinic for Pneumology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Pessler
- Research Group "Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases", TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany. .,Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Li C, Wang A, Wu Y, Gulbins E, Grassmé H, Zhao Z. Acid Sphingomyelinase-Ceramide System in Bacterial Infections. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 52:280-301. [PMID: 30816675 DOI: 10.33594/000000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase hydrolyzes sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine. Ceramide molecules spontaneously interact with each other and generate ceramide-enriched membrane domains. These ceramide-enriched domains further fuse, forming large ceramideenriched platforms that participate in the organization of receptors and in the amplification of signaling molecules. Recent studies have suggested several bacteria and bacterial toxins that stimulate the activation and the translocation of acid sphingomyelinase, which leads to the release of ceramide. The acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide system also regulates the internalization of bacteria into the host cell, the subsequent cytokine release, inflammatory response, and initiation of host cell apoptosis. In addition, ceramide has been implicated in the fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes upon bacterial infection. Thus, this system modulates the reorganization of cell membrane receptors and intracellular signaling molecules during bacteria-host interactions. The acid sphingomyelinase and ceramide system may thus serve as a novel therapeutic target for treating infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Anni Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Heike Grassmé
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
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15
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Askari VR, Shafiee-Nick R. Promising neuroprotective effects of β-caryophyllene against LPS-induced oligodendrocyte toxicity: A mechanistic study. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 159:154-71. [PMID: 30529211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myelin loss subsequent to oligodendrocyte death has been reported in a variety of myelin-associated disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to elicit cellular responses in the central nervous system (CNS) and trigger immune infiltrates and glial cells to release a variety of inflammatory cytokines and mediators. LPS-induced oligodendrocytes toxicity may be chosen as an efficient model to evaluate the role of oligodendrocytes in neuroprotective activities of compounds. β-Caryophyllene (BCP) is a selective type 2 cannabinoid (CB2) receptor agonist. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of BCP are not completely understood. On this basis, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of a wide range of BCP concentrations against LPS-induced toxicity in a proliferative oligodendrocyte cell line (OLN-93) and evaluate the possible correlation between BCP concentration and selective modulation of CB2, Nrf2, sphingomyelinase (SMase) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-γ signaling pathways. We found that LPS significantly increases the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) metabolite and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production while decreases the level of GSH. BCP could prevent LPS-induced cytotoxicity and excessive production of NO, ROS, and TNF-α. Also, we demonstrated that BCP's protective effects against LPS-induced oligodendrocytes toxicity were mediated via the CB2 receptor through different pathways including Nrf2/HO-1/anti-oxidant axis, and PPAR-γ, at low (0.2 and 1 µM), and high (10-50 µM) concentrations, respectively. Additionally, we observed that the addition of SMase inhibitors imipramine (IMP) and fluoxetine (FLX) synergistically increased the protective effects of BCP. Finally, BCP at low concentrations exerted promising protective effects that could be considered for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as MS. However, more studies using other models of neurodegenerative diseases should be undertaken to assess different parameters such as the activity or expression of SMase.
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16
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Boojar MMA, Boojar MMA, Golmohammad S, Bahrehbar I. Data on cell survival, apoptosis, ceramide metabolism and oxidative stress in A-494 renal cell carcinoma cell line treated with hesperetin and hesperetin-7-O-acetate. Data Brief 2018; 20:596-601. [PMID: 30197917 PMCID: PMC6127980 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide pathway is a key regulator in cell proliferation and apoptosis and oxidative stress up-regulate ceramides. Acid ceramidase (ACDase), neutral sphingomyelinase (NSMase) and glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) are critical enzymatic systems in ceramide metabolism. Our data represent the comparative assessment of Hesperetin (Hst) and hesperetin-7-O-acetate (HTA) effects on A-494 renal carcinoma cells include cell survival, caspase-3 and 9 activities, total cellular ceramide and the activities of ACDase, NSMase, GCS and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Data reveals potentiating effects of both HTA and Hst on ceramide pathway and may offer a novel tool in human renal cell carcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Mashhadi Akbar Boojar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sepide Golmohammad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Bahrehbar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Otsuki N, Sakata M, Mori Y, Okamoto K, Takeda M. Analysis of the effect of Sphingomyelinase on rubellavirus infectivity in two cell lines. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2992. [PMID: 34395791 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella is a mildly contagious disease characterized by low-grade fever and a morbilliform rash caused by the rubella virus (RuV). Viruses often use cellular phospholipids for infection. We studied the roles of cellular sphingomyelin in RuV infection. Treatment of cells with sphingomyelinase (SMase) inhibited RuV infection in rabbit kidney-derived RK13 cells and African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) kidney-derived Vero cells. Our data further demonstrated that RuV used cellular sphingomyelin and cholesterol for its binding to cells and membrane fusion at the step of virus entry. Detailed protocols of our assays, which assess the effects of SMase treatment on RuV infectivity in RK13 and Vero cells, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Otsuki
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakata
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Mori
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Okamoto
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Dargelos E, Renaud V, Decossas M, Bure C, Lambert O, Poussard S. Caveolae-mediated effects of TNF-α on human skeletal muscle cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:623-31. [PMID: 30031131 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are characterized by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such than TNF-α and are frequently correlated with muscle wasting conditions. Among the pleiotropic effects of TNF-α within the cell, its binding to TNFR1 receptor has been shown to activate sphingomyelinases leading to the production of ceramides. Sphingomyelinases and TNF receptor have been localized within caveolae which are specialized RAFT enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Because of their inverted omega shape, maintained by the oligomerization of specialized proteins, caveolins and cavins, caveolae serve as membrane reservoir therefore providing mechanical protection to plasma membranes. Although sphingolipids metabolites, caveolins and TNF-α/TNFR1 have been shown to independently interfere with muscle physiology, no data have clearly demonstrated their concerted action on muscle cell regeneration. In this context, our study aimed at studying the molecular mechanisms induced by TNF-α at the level of caveolae in LHCN-M2 human muscle satellite cells. Here we showed that TNF-α-induced production of ROS and nSMase activation requires caveolin. More strikingly, we have demonstrated that TNF-α induces the formation of additional caveolae at the plasma membrane of myoblasts. Furthermore, TNF-α prevents myoblast fusion suggesting that inflammation could modulate caveolae organization/function and satellite cell function.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a group of liver disorders encompassing simple hepatic steatosis and its more aggressive forms of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. It is a rapidly growing health concern and the major cause for the increasing incidence of primary liver tumors. Unequivocal evidence shows that sphingolipid metabolism is altered in the course of the disease and these changes might contribute to NAFLD progression. Recent data provide solid support to the notion that deregulated ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate metabolism are present at all stages of NAFLD, i.e., steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Insulin sensitivity, de novo lipogenesis, and the resulting lipotoxicity, fibrosis, and angiogenesis are all seemingly regulated in a manner that involves either ceramide and/or sphingosine-1-phosphate. Sphingolipids might also participate in the onset of hepatocellular senescence. The latter has been shown to contribute to the advancement of cirrhosis to HCC in the classical cases of end-stage liver disease, i.e., viral- or alcohol-induced; however, emerging evidence suggests that senescence is also involved in the pathogenicity of NAFLD possibly via changes in ceramide metabolism.
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Chong JR, Xiang P, Wang W, Hind T, Chew WS, Ong WY, Lai MKP, Herr DR. Sphingolipidomics analysis of large clinical cohorts. Part 2: Potential impact and applications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:602-607. [PMID: 29654757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for decades that the regulation of sphingolipids (SLs) is essential for the proper function of many cellular processes. However, a complete understanding of these processes has been complicated by the structural diversity of these lipids. A well-characterized metabolic pathway is responsible for homeostatic maintenance of hundreds of distinct SL species. This pathway is perturbed in a number of pathological processes, resulting in derangement of the "sphingolipidome." Recently, advances in mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have made it possible to characterize the sphingolipidome in large-scale clinical studies, allowing for the identification of specific SL molecules that mediate pathological processes and/or may serve as biomarkers. This manuscript provides an overview of the functions of SLs, and reviews previous studies that have used MS techniques to identify changes to the sphingolipidome in non-metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce R Chong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Tatsuma Hind
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wee Siong Chew
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Research Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Research Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
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21
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Ma J, Gulbins E, Edwards MJ, Caldwell CC, Fraunholz M, Becker KA. Staphylococcus aureus α-Toxin Induces Inflammatory Cytokines via Lysosomal Acid Sphingomyelinase and Ceramides. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 43:2170-2184. [PMID: 29069651 DOI: 10.1159/000484296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections are a major clinical problem and range from mild skin and soft-tissue infections to severe and even lethal infections such as pneumonia, endocarditis, sepsis, osteomyelitis, and toxic shock syndrome. Toxins that are released from S. aureus mediate many of these effects. Here, we aimed to identify molecular mechanisms how α-toxin, a major S. aureus toxin, induces inflammation. METHODS Macrophages were isolated from the bone marrow of wildtype and acid sphingomyelinase-deficient mice, stimulated with S. aureus α-toxin and activation of the acid sphingomyelinase was quantified. The subcellular formation of ceramides was determined by confocal microscopy. Release of cathepsins from lysosomes, activation of inflammasome proteins and formation of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) were analyzed by western blotting, confocal microscopy and ELISA. RESULTS We demonstrate that S. aureus α-toxin activates the acid sphingomyelinase in ex vivo macrophages and triggers a release of ceramides. Ceramides induced by S. aureus α-toxin localize to lysosomes and mediate a release of cathepsin B and D from lysosomes into the cytoplasm. Cytosolic cathepsin B forms a complex with Nlrc4. Treatment of macrophages with α-toxin induces the formation of IL-1β and TNF-α. These events are reduced or abrogated, respectively, in cells lacking the acid sphingomyelinase and upon treatment of macrophages with amitriptyline, a functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase. Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin B prevented activation of the inflammasome measured as release of IL-1β, while the formation of TNF-α was independent of cathepsin B. CONCLUSION We demonstrate a novel mechanism how bacterial toxins activate the inflammasome and mediate the formation and release of cytokines: S. aureus α-toxin triggers an activation of the acid sphingomyelinase and a release of ceramides resulting in the release of lysosomal cathepsin B and formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Dept. of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael J Edwards
- Dept. of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Charles C Caldwell
- Dept. of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Anne Becker
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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22
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Menck K, Sönmezer C, Worst TS, Schulz M, Dihazi GH, Streit F, Erdmann G, Kling S, Boutros M, Binder C, Gross JC. Neutral sphingomyelinases control extracellular vesicles budding from the plasma membrane. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1378056. [PMID: 29184623 PMCID: PMC5699186 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1378056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane particles secreted from cells into all body fluids. Several EV populations exist differing in size and cellular origin. Using differential centrifugation EVs pelleting at 14,000 g ("microvesicles" (MV)) and 100,000 g ("exosomes") are distinguishable by protein markers. Neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) inhibition has been shown to inhibit exosome release from cells and has since been used to study their functional implications. How nSMases (also known as SMPD2 and SMPD3) affect the basal secretion of MVs is unclear. Here we investigated how SMPD2/3 impact both EV populations. SMPD2/3 inhibition by GW4869 or RNAi decreases secretion of exosomes, but also increases secretion of MVs from the plasma membrane. Both populations differ significantly in metabolite composition and Wnt proteins are specifically loaded onto MVs under these conditions. Taken together, our data reveal a novel regulatory function of SMPD2/3 in vesicle budding from the plasma membrane and clearly suggest that - despite the different vesicle biogenesis - the routes of vesicular export are adaptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Menck
- INSERM, U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, UMR7258, and Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Can Sönmezer
- Hematology and Oncology/Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Stefan Worst
- Department of Urology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schulz
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gry Helene Dihazi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Frank Streit
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Simon Kling
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Binder
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julia Christina Gross
- Hematology and Oncology/Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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23
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Catapano ER, Natale P, Monroy F, López-Montero I. The enzymatic sphingomyelin to ceramide conversion increases the shear membrane viscosity at the air-water interface. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 247:555-560. [PMID: 28743366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Whereas most of lipids have viscous properties and they do not have significant elastic features, ceramides behave as very rigid solid assemblies, displaying viscoelastic behaviour at physiological temperatures. The present review addresses the surface rheology of lipid binary mixtures made of sphingomyelin and ceramide. However, ceramide is formed by the enzymatic cleavage of sphingomyelin in cell plasma membranes. The consequences of the enzymatically-driven ceramide formation involve mechanical alterations of the embedding membrane. Here, an increase on surface shear viscosity was evidenced upon enzymatic incubation of sphingomyelin monolayers. The overall rheological data are discussed in terms of the current knowledge of the thermotropic behaviour of ceramide-containing model membranes.
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24
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Deevska GM, Nikolova-Karakashian MN. The expanding role of sphingolipids in lipid droplet biogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1155-65. [PMID: 28743537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a diverse class of lipids that have regulatory, structural, and metabolic functions. Although chemically distinct from the neutral lipids and the glycerophospholipids, which are the main lipid components of the lipid droplets, sphingolipids have nonetheless been shown to influence lipid droplet formation. The goal of this article is to review the available information and provide a cohesive picture of the role sphingolipids play in lipid droplet biogenesis. The following topics are discussed: (i) the abundance of sphingolipids in lipid droplets and their functional significance; (ii) cross-talk between the synthetic pathways of sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, and neutral lipids; (iii) the impact of bioactive sphingolipids on TAG synthesis and degradation; (iv) interactions between sphingolipids and other lipid droplet components, like cholesterol esters and proteins; (v) inhibition/genetic deletion of specific sphingolipid metabolic enzymes and the resulting effects on lipid droplet formation in mouse models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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25
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Aoyama Y, Sobue S, Mizutani N, Inoue C, Kawamoto Y, Nishizawa Y, Ichihara M, Kyogashima M, Suzuki M, Nozawa Y, Murate T. Modulation of the sphingolipid rheostat is involved in paclitaxel resistance of the human prostate cancer cell line PC3-PR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:551-557. [PMID: 28322796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Taxoids are anti-cancer drugs frequently used to treat solid tumors, but they are sometimes ineffective and tumors may become resistant to their action. Here, we examined the involvement of sphingolipid metabolic enzymes in paclitaxel (PTX) resistance using a human prostate cancer cell line, PC3, and its PTX-resistant subline, PC3-PR. PTX (20 nM) suppressed cell proliferation and increased various ceramide species in PC3, but not PC3-PR, cells. PC3-PR contained higher S1P levels than did PC3, regardless of PTX treatment. Western blotting revealed that PC3-PR cells expressed higher levels of sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) and glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) but lower levels of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and neutral sphingomyelinase 2 than did PC3 cells. Inhibition of SPHK1 using siRNA or a pharmacological inhibitor decreased S1P levels in PC3-PR cells and inhibited proliferation in the presence or absence of PTX, suggesting that SPHK1 is at least partially responsible for PTX resistance. Similarly, GCS inhibitors (PDMP and PPMP) increased cellular ceramides and suppressed the proliferation of PC3-PR. However, inhibition of proteasome function or histone deacetylase activity increased SMase and ceramide levels and suppressed PC3-PR proliferation. These results suggest that modulation of metabolic enzyme expression and alteration of the sphingolipid rheostat protects cancer cells against PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Aoyama
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sobue
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Mizutani
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Chisato Inoue
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kawamoto
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishizawa
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ichihara
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kyogashima
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-0064, Japan
| | - Motoshi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Murate
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan.
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26
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Yaguchi M, Shibata S, Satomi Y, Hirayama M, Adachi R, Asano Y, Kojima T, Hirata Y, Mizutani A, Kiba A, Sagiya Y. Antitumor activity of a novel and orally available inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:493-500. [PMID: 28108287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is an essential hallmark of neoplasia. Therefore, targeting cancer metabolism, including lipid synthesis, has attracted much interest in recent years. Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) plays a key role in the initial and rate-limiting step of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, and inhibiting SPT activity prevents the proliferation of certain cancer cells. Here, we identified a novel and orally available SPT inhibitor, compound-2. Compound-2 showed an anti-proliferative effect in several cancer cell models, reducing the levels of the sphingolipids ceramide and sphingomyelin. In the presence of compound-2, exogenously added S1P partially compensated the intracellular sphingolipid levels through the salvage pathway by partially rescuing compound-2-induced cytotoxicity. This suggested that the mechanism underlying the anti-proliferative effect of compound-2 involved the reduction of sphingolipid levels. Indeed, compound-2 promoted multinuclear formation with reduced endogenous sphingomyelin levels specifically in a compound-2-sensitive cell line, indicating that the effect was induced by sphingolipid reduction. Furthermore, compound-2 showed potent antitumor activity without causing significant body weight loss in the PL-21 acute myeloid leukemia mouse xenograft model. Therefore, SPT may be an attractive therapeutic anti-cancer drug target for which compound-2 may be a promising new drug.
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27
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Mühle C, Kornhuber J. Assay to measure sphingomyelinase and ceramidase activities efficiently and safely. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1481:137-144. [PMID: 28012590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As part of the sphingomyelin pathway, sphingomyelinases and ceramidases have attracted much attention in basic as well as clinical research. However, current assays still often rely on a radioactive substrate, extensive manual purification steps, and hazardous solvents for chromatographic analysis. We here show the equivalence of a fluorescent sphingomyelin substrate and present a new versatile solvent replacing the chloroform/methanol mixture. By further modifications including the omission of the manual extraction steps, chloroform and methanol are eliminated from the entire procedure and render the assay flexible to repeated analyses at multiple time intervals. These improvements allow for the rapid detection of both enzymes in a high throughput microtiter format. Moreover, we demonstrate the relevance of the plastic assay material and the interchangeability between serum and different plasma sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054, Germany.
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054, Germany.
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28
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Ceccarini MR, Codini M, Cataldi S, Vannini S, Lazzarini A, Floridi A, Moretti M, Villarini M, Fioretti B, Beccari T, Albi E. Acid sphingomyelinase as target of Lycium Chinense: promising new action for cell health. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:183. [PMID: 27756324 PMCID: PMC5070216 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sphingomyelin plays very important roles in cell function under physiological and pathological conditions. Physical and chemical stimuli produce reactive oxygen species that stimulate acid sphingomyelinase to induce apoptosis. Antioxidant plants of the traditional Chinese Pharmacopoeia, such as Lycium Barbarum and Lycium Chinense, have become increasingly popular in Western countries. We investigated the effects of Lycium Chinense on acid sphingomyelinase and sphingomyelin species in relation to gene expression. Methods We prepared Lycium Chinense berry extracts and evaluated their antioxidant properties. Increasing amount of extracts was used to test cytotoxic and genotoxic effect on HepG2 cells. Gene expression, protein amount and enzyme activity of acid sphingomyelinase were tested by RT-PCR, immunoblotting and enzymatic activity assay, respectively. Sphingomyelin species were analyzed by UFLC MS/MS. A panel of 96 genes involved in oxidative stress, proliferation, apoptosis and cancer was used to test the effect of LC on gene expression. GLRX2, RNF7, and PTGS1 proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting. Results We showed that Lycium Chinense berries have high antioxidant properties, have an IC50value of 9.55 mg/mL, do not induce genotoxic effect and maintain high level of cell viability. The berry extracts inhibit acid sphingomyelinase activity and increase both very long fatty acid sphingomyelin species and unsaturated fatty acid sphingomyelin species. Among 96 genes, Lycium Chinense berries up-regulate Glutaredoxin 2 and Ring Finger Protein 7 genes and proteins, able to protect cells from apoptosis. Intrigantly, Lycium Chinense berries down-regulates Prostaglandin H synthase 1 gene but the protein is not expressed in HepG2 cells. Conclusion The results identify acid sphingomyelinase as a novel target of Lycium Chinense berries to decrease saturated/unsaturated fatty acid sphingomyelin ratio, known to be useful for cell health. Consistent with these data, the berries regulate specifically gene expression to protect cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rachele Ceccarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michela Codini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Samuela Cataldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Samuele Vannini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzarini
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Milena Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Bernard Fioretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, Perugia, Italy.
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Ramírez-Camacho I, Bautista-Pérez R, Correa F, Buelna-Chontal M, Román-Anguiano NG, Medel-Franco M, Medina-Campos ON, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Cano-Martínez A, Zazueta C. Role of sphingomyelinase in mitochondrial ceramide accumulation during reperfusion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1955-63. [PMID: 27479697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ceramide accumulation in mitochondria has been associated with reperfusion damage, but the underlying mechanisms are not clearly elucidated. In this work we investigate the role of sphingomyelinases in mitochondrial ceramide accumulation, its effect on reactive oxygen species production, as well as on mitochondrial function by using the sphingomyelinase inhibitor, tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609). Correlation between neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) activity and changes in ceramide content were performed in whole tissue and in isolated mitochondria from reperfused hearts. Overall results demonstrated that D609 treatment attenuates cardiac dysfuncion, mitochondrial injury and oxidative stress. Ceramide was accumulated in mitochondria, but not in the microsomal fraction of the ischemic-reperfused (I/R) group. In close association, the activity of nSMase increased, whereas glutathione (GSH) levels diminished in mitochondria after reperfusion. On the other hand, reduction of ceramide levels in mitochondria from I/R+D609 hearts correlated with diminished nSMase activity, coupling of oxidative phosphorylation and with mitochondrial integrity maintenance. These results suggest that mitochondrial nSMase activity contributes to compartmentation and further accumulation of ceramide in mitochondria, deregulating their function during reperfusion.
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Larsen KL, Andersen RJ, Brask J. Synthesis of substrates for periodate-coupled assay of phospholipases C and sphingomyelinases. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 91:66-71. [PMID: 27444331 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-nitrophenyl (pNP) and 4-methylumbelliferyl (4MU) substrate analogues of phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidic acid (PA) were synthesized from 4-bromo-1-butene by ether formation, olefin epoxidation and ring opening with the phosphate head group. The pNP PC analogue, 4-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-butyl-1-phosphoryl choline (1) was evaluated in assays of fungal sphingomyelinases, also displaying phospholipase C activity. Reactions were terminated with a periodate-containing stop solution, leading to liberation of pNP, quantified spectrophotometrically in an end-point measurement. A kinetic evaluation of sphingomyelinases from Kionochaeta sp. and Penicillium emersonii showed relatively high KM and low kcat values for this substrate, limiting its practical applicability in assays with low sphingomyelinase concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesper Brask
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark.
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31
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Castro-Garza J, González-Salazar F, Quinn FD, Karls RK, De La Garza-Salinas LH, Guzmán-de la Garza FJ, Vargas-Villarreal J. An acidic sphingomyelinase Type C activity from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rev Argent Microbiol 2016; 48:21-6. [PMID: 26948102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelinases (SMases) catalyze the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine. Sphingolipids are recognized as diverse and dynamic regulators of a multitude of cellular processes mediating cell cycle control, differentiation, stress response, cell migration, adhesion, and apoptosis. Bacterial SMases are virulence factors for several species of pathogens. Whole cell extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains H37Rv and CDC1551 were assayed using [N-methyl-(14)C]-sphingomyelin as substrate. Acidic Zn(2+)-dependent SMase activity was identified in both strains. Peak SMase activity was observed at pH 5.5. Interestingly, overall SMase activity levels from CDC1551 extracts are approximately 1/3 of those of H37Rv. The presence of exogenous SMase produced by M. tuberculosis during infection may interfere with the normal host inflammatory response thus allowing the establishment of infection and disease development. This Type C activity is different from previously identified M. tuberculosis SMases. Defining the biochemical characteristics of M. tuberculosis SMases helps to elucidate the roles that these enzymes play during infection and disease.
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Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M, Hassanipour M, Ejtemaei Mehr S, Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M, Dehpour AR. New Aspects of Silibinin Stereoisomers and their 3-O-galloyl Derivatives on Cytotoxicity and Ceramide Metabolism in Hep G 2 hepatocarcinoma Cell Line. Iran J Pharm Res 2016; 15:421-433. [PMID: 27980577 PMCID: PMC5149029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide as a second messenger is a key regulator in apoptosis and cytotoxicity. Ceramide-metabolizing enzymes are ideal target in cancer chemo-preventive studies. Neutral sphingomyelinase (NSMase), acid ceramidase (ACDase) and glucosyl ceramide synthase (GCS) are the main enzymes in ceramide metabolism. Silymarin flavonolignans are potent apoptosis inducers and silibinin is the most active component of silymarin. This study evaluated the effects of silybin A, silybin B and their 3-O-gallyl derivatives (SGA and SGB) at different concentrations (0-200 micro molar) on ceramide metabolism enzymes in Hep G2 hepatocarcinoma cell line. Cell viability, caspase-3 and 9 activities, total cell ceramide and the activities of ACDase, NSMase and GCS were evaluated. Under silibinin derivatives treatments, cell viability decreased and the activities of caspase-3 and 9 increased in a dose dependent manner among which SGB was the most effective one (P<0.05). Total cell ceramide and the activity of NSMase, the enzyme which elevates ceramide level, increased by silibinin derivatives. Furthermore, the activities of removing ceramide enzymes (ACDase and GCS) decreased efficiently. The galloyl esterification increased the activity of silibinin isomers. Consequently, this study reveals new sibilinin effects on ceramide metabolism and potential strategies to enhance the antineoplastic properties of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Mashhadi Akbar Boojar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Hassanipour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Andrews NW, Corrotte M, Castro-Gomes T. Above the fray: Surface remodeling by secreted lysosomal enzymes leads to endocytosis-mediated plasma membrane repair. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 45:10-7. [PMID: 26433178 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of plasma membrane repair is coming of age. Mirroring human adolescence, the field shows at the same time signs of maturity and significant uncertainty, confusion and skepticism. Here we discuss concepts that emerged from experimental data over the years, some of which are solidly established while others are still subject to different interpretations. The firmly established concepts include the critical requirement for Ca(2+) in wound repair, and the role of rapid exocytosis of intracellular vesicles. Lysosomes are being increasingly recognized as the major vesicles involved in injury-induced exocytosis in many cell types, as a growing number of laboratories detect markers for these organelles on the cell surface and lysosomal hydrolases in the supernatant of wounded cells. The more recent observation of massive endocytosis following Ca(2+)-triggered exocytosis initially came as a surprise, but this finding is also being increasingly reported by different groups, shifting the discussion to the mechanisms by which endocytosis promotes repair, and whether it operates or not in parallel with the shedding of membrane blebs. We discuss how the abundant intracellular vesicles that undergo homotypic fusion close to wound sites, previously interpreted as exocytic membrane patches, actually acquire extracellular tracers demonstrating their endocytic origin. We also suggest that an initial, temporary patch that prevents cytosol loss until the bilayer is restored might result not from vesicular fusion, but from rapid Ca(2+)-dependent crosslinking and aggregation of cytosolic proteins. Finally, we propose that cell surface remodeling, orchestrated by the extracellular release of lysosomal hydrolases and perhaps also cytosolic molecules, may represent a key aspect of the plasma membrane repair mechanism that has received little attention so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - M Corrotte
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - T Castro-Gomes
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Wang SW, Hojabrpour P, Zhang P, Kolesnick RN, Steinbrecher UP, Gómez-Muñoz A, Duronio V. Regulation of ceramide generation during macrophage apoptosis by ASMase and de novo synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1482-9. [PMID: 26253821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The survival of macrophages depends on the presence of specific cytokines that activate survival signaling events, as well as suppressing formation of apoptosis-inducing pathways. We have previously shown that macrophages deprived of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) produce ceramide that contributes to apoptosis of these cells, a pathway that is suppressed by exposure to oxidized LDL. In this study we have examined macrophages derived from mice lacking acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) to ask whether these events are altered due to the impaired ability of these cells to break down sphingomyelin and produce ceramide. We found that these cells do survive better than cells from wild type mice, but they still undergo cell death and some ceramide is formed. We show that the ceramide is being produced by a de novo synthetic pathway. Therefore, ceramide production in M-CSF-deprived macrophages arises from a combination of ASMase activity and de novo synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Payman Hojabrpour
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Urs P Steinbrecher
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Antonio Gómez-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Vincent Duronio
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Lajoie DM, Roberts SA, Zobel-Thropp PA, Delahaye JL, Bandarian V, Binford GJ, Cordes MHJ. Variable Substrate Preference among Phospholipase D Toxins from Sicariid Spiders. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10994-1007. [PMID: 25752604 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.636951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Venoms of the sicariid spiders contain phospholipase D enzyme toxins that can cause severe dermonecrosis and even death in humans. These enzymes convert sphingolipid and lysolipid substrates to cyclic phosphates by activating a hydroxyl nucleophile present in both classes of lipid. The most medically relevant substrates are thought to be sphingomyelin and/or lysophosphatidylcholine. To better understand the substrate preference of these toxins, we used (31)P NMR to compare the activity of three related but phylogenetically diverse sicariid toxins against a diverse panel of sphingolipid and lysolipid substrates. Two of the three showed significantly faster turnover of sphingolipids over lysolipids, and all three showed a strong preference for positively charged (choline and/or ethanolamine) over neutral (glycerol and serine) headgroups. Strikingly, however, the enzymes vary widely in their preference for choline, the headgroup of both sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine, versus ethanolamine. An enzyme from Sicarius terrosus showed a strong preference for ethanolamine over choline, whereas two paralogous enzymes from Loxosceles arizonica either preferred choline or showed no significant preference. Intrigued by the novel substrate preference of the Sicarius enzyme, we solved its crystal structure at 2.1 Å resolution. The evolution of variable substrate specificity may help explain the reduced dermonecrotic potential of some natural toxin variants, because mammalian sphingolipids use primarily choline as a positively charged headgroup; it may also be relevant for sicariid predatory behavior, because ethanolamine-containing sphingolipids are common in insect prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Lajoie
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 and
| | - Sue A Roberts
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 and
| | | | - Jared L Delahaye
- the Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219
| | - Vahe Bandarian
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 and
| | - Greta J Binford
- the Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219
| | - Matthew H J Cordes
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 and
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Rajagopalan V, Canals D, Luberto C, Snider J, Voelkel-Johnson C, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Critical determinants of mitochondria-associated neutral sphingomyelinase (MA-nSMase) for mitochondrial localization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:628-39. [PMID: 25484313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel murine mitochondria-associated neutral sphingomyelinase (MA-nSMase) has been recently cloned and partially characterized. The subcellular localization of the enzyme was found to be predominant in mitochondria. In this work, the determinants of mitochondrial localization and its topology were investigated. METHODS MA-nSMase mutants lacking consecutive regions and fusion proteins of GFP with truncated MA-nSMase regions were constructed and expressed in MCF-7 cells. Its localization was analyzed using confocal microscopy and sub-cellular fractionation methods. The sub-mitochondrial localization of MA-nSMase was determined using protease protection assay on isolated mitochondria. RESULTS The results initially showed that a putative mitochondrial localization signal (MLS), homologous to an MLS in the zebra-fish mitochondrial SMase is not necessary for the mitochondrial localization of the murine MA-nSMase. Evidence is provided to the presence of two regions in MA-nSMase that are sufficient for mitochondrial localization: a signal sequence (amino acids 24-56) that is responsible for the mitochondrial localization and an additional 'signal-anchor' sequence (amino acids 77-99) that anchors the protein to the mitochondrial membrane. This protein is topologically located in the outer mitochondrial membrane where both the C and N-termini remain exposed to the cytosol. CONCLUSIONS MA-nSMase is a membrane anchored protein with a MLS and a signal-anchor sequence at its N-terminal to localize it to the outer mitochondrial membrane. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondrial sphingolipids have been reported to play a critical role in cellular viability. This study opens a new window to investigate their cellular functions, and to define novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodh Rajagopalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173, Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Daniel Canals
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Chiara Luberto
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Justin Snider
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Christina Voelkel-Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173, Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Shamseddine AA, Airola MV, Hannun YA. Roles and regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 in cellular and pathological processes. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 57:24-41. [PMID: 25465297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the functions of ceramide signaling has advanced tremendously over the past decade. In this review, we focus on the roles and regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), an enzyme that generates the bioactive lipid ceramide through the hydrolysis of the membrane lipid sphingomyelin. A large body of work has now implicated nSMase2 in a diverse set of cellular functions, physiological processes, and disease pathologies. We discuss different aspects of this enzyme's regulation from transcriptional, post-translational, and biochemical. Furthermore, we highlight nSMase2 involvement in cellular processes including inflammatory signaling, exosome generation, cell growth, and apoptosis, which in turn play important roles in pathologies such as cancer metastasis, Alzheimer's disease, and other organ systems disorders. Lastly, we examine avenues where targeted nSMase2-inhibition may be clinically beneficial in disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf A Shamseddine
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael V Airola
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Neumann A, Brogden G, Jerjomiceva N, Brodesser S, Naim HY, von Köckritz-Blickwede M. Lipid alterations in human blood-derived neutrophils lead to formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:347-54. [PMID: 25172775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as a host innate immune defence mechanism has been shown to be the result of a novel cell death process called NETosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of cholesterol in the formation of NETs. To this end, primary human neutrophils were treated with different concentrations of methy-β-cyclodetxrin (MβCD) to reduce cholesterol level in the cell. The formation of NETs was studied using immunofluorescence microscopy and Picogreen-quantification of released dsDNA. Neutrophils treated with MβCD showed a significant release of NETs in a process that is independent of NADPH-oxidase. The effect of MβCD on the lipid composition of the cells was determined using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The identities of lipids separated by HPTLC were confirmed by mass spectrometry. Treatment of neutrophils with MβCD revealed distinct changes in the lipid composition: The percentage of cholesterol in the cell was significantly reduced; other lipids as sphingomyelin were only slightly affected. Interestingly, neutrophils treated with sphingomyelin-degrading sphingomyelinase also showed significant release of NETs. In conclusion, this study shows that lipid alterations facilitate formation of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Neumann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Graham Brogden
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalja Jerjomiceva
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- CECAD Research Center, Lipidomics Facility, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Lee TH, Chennakrishnaiah S, Audemard E, Montermini L, Meehan B, Rak J. Oncogenic ras-driven cancer cell vesiculation leads to emission of double-stranded DNA capable of interacting with target cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:295-301. [PMID: 25086355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell free DNA is often regarded as a source of genetic cancer biomarkers, but the related mechanisms of DNA release, composition and biological activity remain unclear. Here we show that rat epithelial cell transformation by the human H-ras oncogene leads to an increase in production of small, exosomal-like extracellular vesicles by viable cancer cells. These EVs contain chromatin-associated double-stranded DNA fragments covering the entire host genome, including full-length H-ras. Oncogenic N-ras and SV40LT sequences were also found in EVs emitted from spontaneous mouse brain tumor cells. Disruption of acidic sphingomyelinase and the p53/Rb pathway did not block emission of EV-related oncogenic DNA. Exposure of non-transformed RAT-1 cells to EVs containing mutant H-ras DNA led to the uptake and retention of this material for an extended (30days) but transient period of time, and stimulated cell proliferation. Thus, our study suggests that H-ras-mediated transformation stimulates vesicular emission of this histone-bound oncogene, which may interact with non-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Lee
- Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shilpa Chennakrishnaiah
- Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Audemard
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Kucuksayan E, Konuk EK, Demir N, Mutus B, Aslan M. Neutral sphingomyelinase inhibition decreases ER stress-mediated apoptosis and inducible nitric oxide synthase in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:113-23. [PMID: 24742815 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and excessive nitric oxide production via the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases characterized by retinal degeneration. Previous studies have revealed the sphingomyelinase/ceramide pathway in the regulation of NOS2 induction. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the activity of the sphingomyelinase/ceramide pathway, assess nitric oxide production, and examine apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells undergoing ER stress. Sphingomyelinase (SMase) activity; nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation; NOS2, nitrite/nitrate, and nitrotyrosine levels; and apoptosis were determined in cultured human RPE cell lines subjected to ER stress via exposure to tunicamycin. Induction of ER stress was confirmed by increased intracellular levels of ER stress markers including phosphorylated PKR-like ER kinase, C/EBP-homologous protein, and 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein. ER stress increased nuclear translocation of NF-κB, NOS2 expression, nitrite/nitrate levels, and nitrotyrosine formation and caused apoptosis in RPE cell lines. Inhibition of neutral SMase (N-SMase) activity via GW 4869 treatment caused a significant reduction in nuclear translocation of NF-κB, NOS2 expression, nitrite/nitrate levels, nitrotyrosine formation, and apoptosis in ER-stressed RPE cells. In conclusion, N-SMase inhibition reduced nitrative stress and apoptosis in RPE cells undergoing ER stress. Obtained data suggest that NOS2 can be regulated by N-SMase in RPE cells experiencing ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Kucuksayan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical School, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Nejdet Demir
- Department of Histology, Akdeniz University Medical School, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Bülent Mutus
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Mutay Aslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical School, 07070 Antalya, Turkey.
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Soans E, Evans SC, Cipolla C, Fernandes E. Characterizing the sphingomyelinase pathway triggered by PRIMA-1 derivatives in lung cancer cells with differing p53 status. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:3271-3283. [PMID: 24982331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Derivatives of PRIMA-1 compound, 8a and 8b have been shown to increase cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells through sphingomyelinase pathways in IR and 8a or 8b co-treated lung cancer cells. The goal of the present study was to further elaborate the molecular mechanism of 8a- or 8b-treated lung cancer cells in order to understand their potential as anti-cancer drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biochemical assays, western blot, flow cytometry and gene array analyses were employed to distinguish these mechanisms. RESULTS Herein we demonstrated that 8a and 8b cause apoptosis with S-phase arrest in lung cancer cells by activating neutral sphingomyelinase with ceramide production. 8a induces expression of TNF family genes while 8b induces p53-mediated apoptosis genes. Protein analysis shows an increased expression in caspase 8, bcl-2, bax, caspase 9 and cytochrome c. CONCLUSION PRIMA-1 derivatives provoke cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells mainly through the neutral sphingomyelinase-dependent apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eroica Soans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Konneker Research Laboratories, Ohio University, The Ridges-Ohio University, Athens, OH, U.S.A.
| | - Susan C Evans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Konneker Research Laboratories, Ohio University, The Ridges-Ohio University, Athens, OH, U.S.A
| | - Cynthia Cipolla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Konneker Research Laboratories, Ohio University, The Ridges-Ohio University, Athens, OH, U.S.A
| | - Elroy Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Konneker Research Laboratories, Ohio University, The Ridges-Ohio University, Athens, OH, U.S.A
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Verma MK, Yateesh AN, Neelima K, Pawar N, Sandhya K, Poornima J, Lakshmi MN, Yogeshwari S, Pallavi PM, Oommen AM, Somesh BP, Jagannath MR. Inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinases in skeletal muscle attenuates fatty-acid induced defects in metabolism and stress. Springerplus 2014; 3:255. [PMID: 24892004 PMCID: PMC4039661 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic metabolic overload leads to insulin resistance in a variety of tissues. It has been shown that exposure to saturated fatty acid palmitate can cause insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells. Fatty acid induced synthesis of ceramide is considered to be one of the major causes for insulin resistance. Both de novo synthesis and sphingomyelin hydrolysis by sphingomyelinase are implicated for ceramide generation. Aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) inhibition on saturated fatty acid induced lipotoxicity and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle myotubes. Results Treatment of saturated fatty acid (palmitate) but not unsaturated fatty acid (oleate) caused an up-regulation in expression of various nSMase genes which are associated with ceramide synthesis through the salvage pathway. Inhibition of nSMase by a pharmacological inhibitor (GW4869) partially reverted the palmitate induced insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes. Inhibition of nSMase improved metabolic functions of myotubes as measured by improved oxidative capacity in terms of increased mitochondrial number, PGC1α expression and ATP levels with concomitant decrease in intramyocellular triglyceride levels. Palmitate induced inflammatory response was also reduced by nSMase inhibitor. GW4869 treatment reduced palmitate induced oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress and improved cell survival. Conclusion In this study, we provide evidences that inhibition of nSMase can protect skeletal muscles from saturated fatty acid induced insulin resistance, metabolic dysfunction, cellular stress and inflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-255) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kumar Verma
- Connexios Life Sciences Private Ltd., No. 49, First Main road, 3rd phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560 078 India
| | - Aggunda Nagaraju Yateesh
- Connexios Life Sciences Private Ltd., No. 49, First Main road, 3rd phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560 078 India
| | - Korrapati Neelima
- Connexios Life Sciences Private Ltd., No. 49, First Main road, 3rd phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560 078 India
| | - Niketa Pawar
- Connexios Life Sciences Private Ltd., No. 49, First Main road, 3rd phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560 078 India
| | - Kandoor Sandhya
- Connexios Life Sciences Private Ltd., No. 49, First Main road, 3rd phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560 078 India
| | - Jayaram Poornima
- Connexios Life Sciences Private Ltd., No. 49, First Main road, 3rd phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560 078 India
| | - Mudigere N Lakshmi
- Connexios Life Sciences Private Ltd., No. 49, First Main road, 3rd phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560 078 India
| | - Sivakumaran Yogeshwari
- Connexios Life Sciences Private Ltd., No. 49, First Main road, 3rd phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560 078 India
| | - Puttrevana M Pallavi
- Connexios Life Sciences Private Ltd., No. 49, First Main road, 3rd phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560 078 India
| | - Anup M Oommen
- Connexios Life Sciences Private Ltd., No. 49, First Main road, 3rd phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560 078 India
| | - Baggavalli P Somesh
- Connexios Life Sciences Private Ltd., No. 49, First Main road, 3rd phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560 078 India
| | - Madanahalli R Jagannath
- Connexios Life Sciences Private Ltd., No. 49, First Main road, 3rd phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560 078 India
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Tanabe F, Nakajima T, Ito M. Involvement of diacylglycerol produced by phospholipase D activation in Aβ-induced reduction of sAPPα secretion in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:933-9. [PMID: 24650665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the thiol proteinase inhibitor, E-64-d, ameliorated amyloid β (Aβ)-induced reduction of soluble amyloid precursor protein α (sAPPα) secretion by reversing ceramide-induced protein kinase C down-regulation in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. In the present study, we showed that Aβ (1-42) peptide enhanced diacylglycerol (DAG) production by phospholipase D (PLD) activation in these cells. We subsequently examined whether PLD was involved in Aβ-induced reduction of sAPPα secretion and showed that 2 μM CAY10593, which selectively inhibits PLD2, ameliorated reduction of sAPPα secretion, whereas 50 nM CAY10593, which selectively inhibits PLD1, did not. Moreover, 50 µM propranolol, a phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase inhibitor, also ameliorated Aβ-induced reduction of sAPPα secretion, suggesting that DAG may be responsible for Aβ-induced reduction of sAPPα. We subsequently examined whether DAG affects sAPPα secretion and showed that a DAG analog reduced sAPPα secretion in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, DAG enhanced ceramide production by stimulating neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) activity. We previously demonstrated that Aβ stimulates N-SMase activity in SH-SY5Y cells. Here, we showed that inhibition of PLD2 by 2 μM CAY10593 suppressed Aβ-induced N-SMase activation. Taken together, the results suggest that DAG produced through the PLD pathway is involved in Aβ-induced reduction of sAPPα secretion in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Tanabe
- Department of Human Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Nakajima
- Department of Human Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ito
- Department of Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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44
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Castro BM, Prieto M, Silva LC. Ceramide: a simple sphingolipid with unique biophysical properties. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 54:53-67. [PMID: 24513486 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides are involved in a variety of cellular processes and in disease. Their biological functions are thought to depend on ceramides' unique biophysical properties, which promote strong alterations of cell membrane properties and consequent triggering of signaling events. Over the last decades, efforts were made to understand the impact of ceramide on membrane biophysical features. Several studies, performed in a multitude of membrane models, address ceramides' specific interactions, the effect of their acyl chain structure and the influence of membrane lipid composition and properties on ceramide biophysical outcome. In this review, a rationale for the multiple and complex changes promoted by ceramide is provided, highlighting, on a comprehensive and critical manner, the interactions between ceramides and specific lipids and/or lipid phases. Focus is also given to the interplay between ceramide and cholesterol, particularly in lipid raft-mimicking mixtures, an issue of intense debate due to the urgent need to understand the biophysical impact of ceramide formation in models resembling the cell membrane. The implications of ceramide-induced biophysical changes on lipid-protein interactions and cell signaling are also discussed, together with the emerging evidence for the existence of ceramide-gel like domains in cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Castro
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Complexo I, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel Prieto
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Complexo I, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liana C Silva
- iMed.UL - Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Kakoi H, Maeda S, Shinohara N, Matsuyama K, Imamura K, Kawamura I, Nagano S, Setoguchi T, Yokouchi M, Ishidou Y, Komiya S. Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling up-regulates neutral sphingomyelinase 2 to suppress chondrocyte maturation via the Akt protein signaling pathway as a negative feedback mechanism. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8135-50. [PMID: 24505141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.509331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling promotes chondrogenesis, it is not clear whether BMP-induced chondrocyte maturation is cell-autonomously terminated. Loss of function of Smpd3 in mice results in an increase in mature hypertrophic chondrocytes. Here, we report that in chondrocytes the Runx2-dependent expression of Smpd3 was increased by BMP-2 stimulation. Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), encoded by the Smpd3 gene, was detected both in prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes of mouse embryo bone cartilage. An siRNA for Smpd3, as well as the nSMase inhibitor GW4869, significantly enhanced BMP-2-induced differentiation and maturation of chondrocytes. Conversely, overexpression of Smpd3 or C2-ceramide, which mimics the function of nSMase2, inhibited chondrogenesis. Upon induction of Smpd3 siRNA or GW4869, phosphorylation of both Akt and S6 proteins was increased. The accelerated chondrogenesis induced by Smpd3 silencing was negated by application of the Akt inhibitor MK2206 or the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin. Importantly, in mouse bone culture, GW4869 treatment significantly promoted BMP-2-induced hypertrophic maturation and calcification of chondrocytes, which subsequently was eliminated by C2-ceramide. Smpd3 knockdown decreased the apoptosis of terminally matured ATDC5 chondrocytes, probably as a result of decreased ceramide production. In addition, we found that expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2) was elevated by a loss of Smpd3, which was restored by MK2206. Indeed, expression of Has2 protein decreased in nSMase2-positive hypertrophic chondrocytes in the bones of mouse embryos. Our data suggest that the Smpd3/nSMase2-ceramide-Akt signaling axis negatively regulates BMP-induced chondrocyte maturation and Has2 expression to control the rate of endochondral ossification as a negative feedback mechanism.
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Panchal M, Gaudin M, Lazar AN, Salvati E, Rivals I, Ayciriex S, Dauphinot L, Dargère D, Auzeil N, Masserini M, Laprévote O, Duyckaerts C. Ceramides and sphingomyelinases in senile plaques. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 65:193-201. [PMID: 24486621 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The senile plaque is a hallmark lesion of Alzheimer disease (AD). We compared, without a priori, the lipidome of the senile plaques and of the adjacent plaque-free neuropil. The analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed that laser microdissected senile plaques were enriched in saturated ceramides Cer(d18:1/18:0) and Cer(d18:1/20:0) by 33 and 78% respectively with respect to the surrounding neuropil. This accumulation of ceramides was not explained by their affinity for Aβ deposits: no interaction between ceramide-liposomes and Aβ fibrils was observed in vitro by surface plasmon resonance and fluorescent ceramide-liposomes showed no affinity for the senile plaques in AD brain tissue. Accumulation of ceramides could be, at least partially, the result of a local production by acid and neutral sphingomyelinases that we found to be present in the corona of the senile plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maï Panchal
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Escourolle, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Centre de recherche de l'ICM, UPMC, INSERM UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, France
| | - Mathieu Gaudin
- Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, EA 4463, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Division Métabolisme, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France
| | - Adina N Lazar
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Escourolle, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Centre de recherche de l'ICM, UPMC, INSERM UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, France; Equipe de Statistique Appliquée, ESPCI Paris Tech, Paris, France.
| | | | - Isabelle Rivals
- Department of Health Sciences and Nanomedicine Center, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Sophie Ayciriex
- Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, EA 4463, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Luce Dauphinot
- Centre de recherche de l'ICM, UPMC, INSERM UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, France
| | - Delphine Dargère
- Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, EA 4463, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Nicolas Auzeil
- Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, EA 4463, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | | | - Olivier Laprévote
- Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, EA 4463, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Escourolle, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Centre de recherche de l'ICM, UPMC, INSERM UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, France; Equipe de Statistique Appliquée, ESPCI Paris Tech, Paris, France
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Ghosh N, Goel AK, Alam SI. Exoproteome analysis of a novel strain of Bacillus cereus implicated in disease resembling cutaneous anthrax. Infect Genet Evol 2014; 22:1-11. [PMID: 24412723 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus belongs to B. cereus sensu lato group, shared by six other related species including Bacillus anthracis. B. anthracis is the causative agent for serious illness affecting a wide range of animals as well as humans and is a category A Biological and Toxin Warfare (BTW) agent. Recent studies indicate that a Bacillus species other than B. anthracis can cause anthrax-like disease and role of anthrax virulence plasmids (pXO1 and pXO2) on the pathogenicity of B. cereus has been documented. B. cereus strain TF5 was isolated from the tissue fluid of cutaneous anthrax-like skin lesions of a human patient from an anthrax endemic area in India. The strain harboured a PA gene, however, presence of pXO1 or pXO2-like plasmids could not be ascertained using reported primers. Abundant exoproteome of the strain in the early stationary phase was elucidated using a 2-DE MS approach and compared with that from a reference B. cereus strain. Analysis of proteins showing qualitative and quantitative differences between the two strains indicated an altered regulatory mechanism and putative role of S-layer protein and sphingomyelinase in the pathogenesis of strain TF5. Phylogenetic analysis of the S-layer protein indicated close affiliation of the strain with anthracis-like B. cereus strains such as B. cereus var. anthracis strain CI; whereas sphingomyelinase exhibited specific relationship with all the strains of B. anthracis apart from that with anthracis-like B. cereus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Ghosh
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Goel
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India.
| | - Syed Imteyaz Alam
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India.
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48
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Candalija A, Cubí R, Ortega A, Aguilera J, Gil C. Trk receptors need neutral sphingomyelinase activity to promote cell viability. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:167-74. [PMID: 24316227 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are a group of secreted polypeptides, which comprises Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Each neurotrophin can bind specifically to a tyrosine kinase Trk receptor (TrkA, TrkB or TrkC), while all of the neurotrophins can bind, with similar affinity, to the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)). Experiments on cell viability promotion by BDNF in granule neurons or by NGF in PC12 cells show that neurotrophin-exerted cell viability is neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase)-dependent, since GW4869 or siRNA knockdown abrogates the protective effects, as well as neurotrophin-induced Akt phosphorylation. Finally, the assessment of nSMase activity promotion drives to the conclusion that neurotrophins can promote cell viability through Trk receptors in a manner depending on basal nSMase but not through SMase activity enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Candalija
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Roger Cubí
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav-IPN, México DF, Mexico
| | - José Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
| | - Carles Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain.
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Nusshold C, Uellen A, Bernhart E, Hammer A, Damm S, Wintersperger A, Reicher H, Hermetter A, Malle E, Sattler W. Endocytosis and intracellular processing of BODIPY-sphingomyelin by murine CATH.a neurons. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1831:1665-78. [PMID: 23973266 PMCID: PMC3807659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal sphingolipids (SL) play important roles during axonal extension, neurotrophic receptor signaling and neurotransmitter release. Many of these signaling pathways depend on the presence of specialized membrane microdomains termed lipid rafts. Sphingomyelin (SM), one of the main raft constituents, can be formed de novo or supplied from exogenous sources. The present study aimed to characterize fluorescently-labeled SL turnover in a murine neuronal cell line (CATH.a). Our results demonstrate that at 4°C exogenously added BODIPY-SM accumulates exclusively at the plasma membrane. Treatment of cells with bacterial sphingomyelinase (SMase) and back-exchange experiments revealed that 55-67% of BODIPY-SM resides in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Endocytosis of BODIPY-SM occurs via caveolae with part of internalized BODIPY-fluorescence ending up in the Golgi and the ER. Following endocytosis BODIPY-SM undergoes hydrolysis, a reaction substantially faster than BODIPY-SM synthesis from BODIPY-ceramide. RNAi demonstrated that both, acid (a)SMase and neutral (n)SMases contribute to BODIPY-SM hydrolysis. Finally, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated BODIPY-SM was efficiently taken up by CATH.a cells. Our findings indicate that endocytosis of exogenous SM occurs almost exclusively via caveolin-dependent pathways, that both, a- and nSMases equally contribute to neuronal SM turnover and that HDL-like particles might represent physiological SM carriers/donors in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Uellen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Hammer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Damm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Wintersperger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Albin Hermetter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Jo JY, Kim TH, Jeong HY, Lim SM, Kim HS, Im DS. Effect of Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate on Sphingolipid Metabolic Enzymes in Rat Liver. Toxicol Res 2013; 27:185-90. [PMID: 24278571 PMCID: PMC3834377 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2011.27.3.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), the most widely utilized industrial plastizer and a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, can act on peroxisome proliferators-activated nuclear hormone receptor family (PPAR) isoforms. To understand the contribution of sphingolipid metabolism to DEHP-induced hepatotoxicity, effect of DEHP exposure on activities of sphingolipid metabolic enzymes in rat liver was investigated. DEHP (250, 500 or 750 mg/kg) was administered to the rats through oral gavage daily for 28 days. The activities of acidic and alkaline ceramidases were slightly increased in 250 mg/kg DEHP-administered rat livers and significantly elevated in 500 mg/kg DEHP-administered ones, although the level of 750 mg/kg DEHP-administered ones was not increased. Neutral ceramidase, acidic and neutral sphingomyelinases, sphingomyeline synthase and ceramide syhthase were not changed at all by DEHP exposure. Therefore, acidic and alkaline ceramidases might play important roles in DEHP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeong Jo
- Laboratories of Pharmacology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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