1
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Spinelli C, Adnani L, Meehan B, Montermini L, Huang S, Kim M, Nishimura T, Croul SE, Nakano I, Riazalhosseini Y, Rak J. Mesenchymal glioma stem cells trigger vasectasia-distinct neovascularization process stimulated by extracellular vesicles carrying EGFR. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2865. [PMID: 38570528 PMCID: PMC10991552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting neovascularization in glioblastoma (GBM) is hampered by poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms and unclear linkages to tumour molecular landscapes. Here we report that different molecular subtypes of human glioma stem cells (GSC) trigger distinct endothelial responses involving either angiogenic or circumferential vascular growth (vasectasia). The latter process is selectively triggered by mesenchymal (but not proneural) GSCs and is mediated by a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) able to transfer EGFR/EGFRvIII transcript to endothelial cells. Inhibition of the expression and phosphorylation of EGFR in endothelial cells, either pharmacologically (Dacomitinib) or genetically (gene editing), abolishes their EV responses in vitro and disrupts vasectasia in vivo. Therapeutic inhibition of EGFR markedly extends anticancer effects of VEGF blockade in mice, coupled with abrogation of vasectasia and prolonged survival. Thus, vasectasia driven by intercellular transfer of oncogenic EGFR may represent a new therapeutic target in a subset of GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Spinelli
- McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lata Adnani
- McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Minjun Kim
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tamiko Nishimura
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sidney E Croul
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokuto Social Medical Corporation, Hokuto Hospital, Kisen-7-5 Inadacho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-0833, Japan
| | | | - Janusz Rak
- McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Facchin C, Timiraos ABF, Meehan B, Babaa N, Adnani L, Larroque AL, Rak J, Jean-Claude BJ. Abstract 1647: In vivo efficacy and metabolism of a new synthetized dual EGFR-DNA targeting combi-molecule in a human stem cells-derived model of glioblastoma implanted intracranially in mice. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of primary brain tumours with an average survival rate of 12-18 months. The existing treatment (chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ)+radiotherapy) increases the median survival by 2-3 months. One protein, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is expressed in 57.4% of GBM and half of them expresses its aggressive mutant, EGFRvIII, whose expression is associated with resistance to apoptosis, activation of DNA repair and ultimately resistance to chemotherapy. In the context of a strategy termed “combi-targeting”, we developed molecules designed to block EGFRvIII while being capable of inducing DNA damage. In vivo analysis suggests that the first prototype of such a class ZR2002 loses its DNA damaging function through metabolic oxidation. Recently, we surmised that a molecule designed to be metabolically stable may require a lower dose to be active in vivo. To test this hypothesis, we measured the cytotoxicity of the new combi-molecule, called "AF143", in a panel of glioblastoma cell lines and then we determined its efficacy and drug metabolism in an in vivo model of glioblastoma derived from human glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) with known resistance to TMZ.
Material and Methods. Three glioblastoma cells line (U87-wt, U87-EGFR and U87-EGFRvIII) and the human GSC (1123IC7R) were used to determine IC50 of AF143 and ZR2002 with SRB or alamarBlue assay. Xenograft of tumors were obtained by intracranial injection of 1123IC7R-Luc GSC into the head of NSG female mice. One group of mice was treated with ZR2002 (N=8), the other with AF143 (N=7), the last with vehicle (N=8). Mice received 10 total doses: 2 cycles of 1 dose (100mg/kg) daily for 5 consecutive days followed by 2 days off, by oral gavage. The tumour burden was measured by bioluminescent imaging and drug metabolism by LC-MS. Body weights, mortality and toxicity were monitored. Survival curves and statistical analysis calculated.
Results. In vitro growth inhibitory analysis showed that AF143 was 2-fold more potent than ZR2002 in U87-EGFR and 1123IC7R GSC and 3-fold more potent in U87-EGFRvIII. In vivo analysis of AF143 given alone showed significant antitumor activity (p<0.05) after 5 doses treatment, while ZR2002 induced an apparent tumour delay (p>0.05). Remarkably, AF143 and ZR2002 treatment significantly prolonged the overall survival of mice compared with the control group (p= 0.0004 for AF143 and p=0.04 for ZR2002). Analysis of drug metabolism revealed that in contrast to ZR2002, AF143 remained intact after 2h treatment, with moderate levels of N-acetyl and N6-dealkylated metabolites.
Conclusion. The results in toto suggest that the intact structure of AF143 is stable to metabolism, can cross the blood brain barrier and induce antitumour activity in a EGFRvIII expressing glioblastoma stem cell model.
Citation Format: Caterina Facchin, Ana Belen Fraga Timiraos, Brian Meehan, Nadia Babaa, Lata Adnani, Anne-Laure Larroque, Janusz Rak, Bertrand J Jean-Claude. In vivo efficacy and metabolism of a new synthetized dual EGFR-DNA targeting combi-molecule in a human stem cells-derived model of glioblastoma implanted intracranially in mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Facchin
- 1Research Institute at McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Brian Meehan
- 1Research Institute at McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadia Babaa
- 1Research Institute at McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lata Adnani
- 1Research Institute at McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Larroque
- 1Research Institute at McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- 1Research Institute at McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bertrand J Jean-Claude
- 1Research Institute at McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Xue Y, Morris JL, Yang K, Fu Z, Zhu X, Johnson F, Meehan B, Witkowski L, Yasmeen A, Golenar T, Coatham M, Morin G, Monast A, Pilon V, Fiset PO, Jung S, Gonzalez AV, Camilleri-Broet S, Fu L, Postovit LM, Spicer J, Gotlieb WH, Guiot MC, Rak J, Park M, Lockwood W, Foulkes WD, Prudent J, Huang S. Author Correction: SMARCA4/2 loss inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis by restricting IP3R3-mediated Ca 2+ flux to mitochondria. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1552. [PMID: 36944611 PMCID: PMC10030806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jordan L Morris
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kangning Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xianbing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fraser Johnson
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Leora Witkowski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tunde Golenar
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Coatham
- Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Geneviève Morin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anie Monast
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Virginie Pilon
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sungmi Jung
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne V Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Lili Fu
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Spicer
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Neurological Hospital/Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William Lockwood
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Adnani L, Meehan B, Rak J. ANGI-11. RAB27 IS REQUIRED FOR REGULATING INTACT VASCULATURE IN GLIOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9661088 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac209.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Rab27 is a GTPase involved in the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and cellular secretion pathway. Among two Rab27 isoforms (a and b) Rab27a has been identified in regulating angiogenesis during development and wound healing via VEGFR1. Here, we show that Rab27 plays a role in the development and stability of the brain vasculature including pathological angiogenesis in glioblastoma.. Thus, relative to wild-type C57bl/6 (WT) and double heterozygous Rab27a+/-;Rab27b+/- (dHET) mice, animals with Rab27a/b double knock-out (Rab27a/b-dKO) exhibit reduced microvascular density in brain cortices. Additionally, we also observed a reduction in permeability of Evans Blue in the Rab27 dKO cortices relative to controls. When neoangiogensis was induced following orthotopic inoculation of mouse glioma cells (GL261), a similar reduction and morphological anomalies were observed in the tumour vasculature relative to tumours established in control mice. Moreover, vascular permeability of tumours in Rab27a/b-dKO mice markedly exceeded that of similar tumours in wild type or heterozygous controls. Our results suggest Rab27a and Rab27b may play a critical role in ensuring stability of the vasculature under physiological conditions and in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Adnani
- Research Institute of McGull University Health Center, Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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5
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Choi D, Khan N, Montermini L, Tawil N, Meehan B, Kim D, Roth FP, Divangahi M, Rak J. Quantitative proteomics and biological activity of extracellular vesicles engineered to express SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Extracell Biol 2022; 1:e58. [PMID: 36710959 PMCID: PMC9874654 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viral infection led to the devastating COVID-19 pandemic, where illness stemmed from interactions between virions and recipient host cells resulting in multi-layered pathological consequences. The role of the infection portal is now understood to be the cellular angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, which binds to viral spike (S) protein initiating virion internalisation process. Since SARS-CoV-2 virions bear some resemblance to endogenously produced small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) we reasoned that EVs engineered to express S protein (viral mimics) may interfere with viral infection. Here, we report generation of HEK293T cells producing sEVs enriched for transmembrane S-protein tagged with green fluorescent protein (S/GFP). Strikingly, S protein drove the GFP tag to the membrane of sEVs, while GFP alone was not efficiently included in the sEV cargo. High-throughput quantitative proteomics revealed that S/GFP sEVs contained over 1000 proteins including canonical components of the exosomal pathway such as ALIX, syntenin-1, and tetraspanins (CD81, CD9), but depleted for calnexin and cytochrome c. We found that 84 sEV proteins were significantly altered by the presence of S/GFP. S protein expressing EVs efficiently adhered to target cells in an ACE2-dependent manner, but they were poorly internalised. Importantly, prolonged administration of S/GFP EV to K18-hACE2 mice provided a significant protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the generation of sEV containing S protein can be considered as a novel therapeutic approach in reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsic Choi
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of MedicineSoonchunhyang UniversityCheonanChungcheongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Nargis Khan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreGlen SiteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Snyder institute of Chronic DiseasesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Laura Montermini
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreGlen SiteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Nadim Tawil
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreGlen SiteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreGlen SiteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Dae‐Kyum Kim
- Department of Cancer Genetics and GenomicsRoswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Frederick P. Roth
- Donnelly Centre and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteSinai Health SystemTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreGlen SiteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreGlen SiteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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Daniel P, Meehan B, Sabri S, Jamali F, Sarkaria JN, Choi DS, Garnier D, Kitange G, Glennon KI, Paccard A, Karamchandani J, Riazalhosseini Y, Rak J, Abdulkarim B. Detection of Temozolomide-Induced Hypermutation and Response to PD-1 Checkpoint Inhibitor In Recurrent Glioblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac076. [PMID: 35795471 PMCID: PMC9252128 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite aggressive upfront treatment in glioblastoma (GBM), recurrence remains inevitable for most patients. Accumulating evidence has identified hypermutation induced by temozolomide (TMZ) as an emerging subtype of recurrent GBM. However, its biological and therapeutic significance has yet to be described. Methods We combined GBM patient and derive GBM stem cells (GSCs) from tumors following TMZ to explore response of hypermutant and non-hypermutant emergent phenotypes and explore the immune relevance of hypermutant and non-hypermutant states in vivo. Results Hypermutation emerges as one of two possible mutational subtypes following TMZ treatment in vivo and demonstrates distinct phenotypic features compared to non-hypermutant recurrent GBM. Hypermutant tumors elicited robust immune rejection in subcutaneous contexts which was accompanied by increased immune cell infiltration. In contrast, immune rejection of hypermutant tumors were stunted in orthotopic settings where we observe limited immune infiltration. Use of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy showed that immunosuppression in orthotopic contexts was independent from the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Finally, we demonstrate that mutational burden can be estimated from DNA contained in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Conclusion Hypermutation post-TMZ are phenotypically distinct from non-hypermutant GBM and requires personalization for appropriate treatment. The brain microenvironment may be immunosuppressive and exploration of the mechanisms behind this may be key to improving immunotherapy response in this subtype of recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Daniel
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (Research Institute-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (Research Institute-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
| | - Siham Sabri
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (Research Institute-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Jamali
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (Research Institute-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Dong-sic Choi
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (Research Institute-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
| | - Delphine Garnier
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (Research Institute-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jason Karamchandani
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (Research Institute-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Janusz Rak
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (Research Institute-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
| | - Bassam Abdulkarim
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (Research Institute-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
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Glennon KI, Maralani M, Abdian N, Paccard A, Montermini L, Nam AJ, Arseneault M, Staffa A, Jandaghi P, Meehan B, Brimo F, Tanguay S, Rak J, Riazalhosseini Y. Rational Development of Liquid Biopsy Analysis in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225825. [PMID: 34830979 PMCID: PMC8616270 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Among patients affected by renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common type of kidney cancer, it remains difficult to identify those who are at high risk for relapse or metastasis. This is in part due to the absence of reliable clinical biomarkers and robust methods to capture them. The aim of our study was to develop an improved assay to capture prognostic genomic biomarkers in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in RCC. For this purpose, we first established a next generation sequencing (NGS) assay, targeting genes that are tailored for RCC and that are largely excluded from commercially available assays. Next, we showed the reliable performance of this assay to detect prognostic gene mutations in tumor DNA isolated from plasma, and from extracellular vesicles. Thus, our study provides a resource to facilitate ctDNA analysis for precision medicine in RCC. Abstract Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is known for its variable clinical behavior and outcome, including heterogeneity in developing relapse or metastasis. Recent data highlighted the potential of somatic mutations as promising biomarkers for risk stratification in RCC. Likewise, the analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) for such informative somatic mutations (liquid biopsy) is considered an important advance for precision oncology in RCC, allowing to monitor molecular disease evolution in real time. However, our knowledge about the utility of ctDNA analysis in RCC is limited, in part due to the lack of RCC-appropriate assays for ctDNA analysis. Here, by interrogating different blood compartments in xenograft models, we identified plasma cell-free (cf) DNA and extracellular vesicles (ev) DNA enriched for RCC-associated ctDNA. Additionally, we developed sensitive targeted sequencing and bioinformatics workflows capable of detecting somatic mutations in RCC-relevant genes with allele frequencies ≥ 0.5%. Applying this assay to patient-matched tumor and liquid biopsies, we captured tumor mutations in cf- and ev-DNA fractions isolated from the blood, highlighting the potentials of both fractions for ctDNA analysis. Overall, our study presents an RCC-appropriate sequencing assay and workflow for ctDNA analysis and provides a proof of principle as to the feasibility of detecting tumor-specific mutations in liquid biopsy in RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate I. Glennon
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; (K.I.G.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (A.J.N.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (P.J.)
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1205 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Mahafarin Maralani
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; (K.I.G.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (A.J.N.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (P.J.)
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1205 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Narges Abdian
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Antoine Paccard
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; (K.I.G.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (A.J.N.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Laura Montermini
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Alice Jisoo Nam
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; (K.I.G.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (A.J.N.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Madeleine Arseneault
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; (K.I.G.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (A.J.N.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Alfredo Staffa
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; (K.I.G.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (A.J.N.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Pouria Jandaghi
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; (K.I.G.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (A.J.N.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (P.J.)
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1205 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Fadi Brimo
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada;
| | - Simon Tanguay
- Division of Urology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Janusz Rak
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Yasser Riazalhosseini
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; (K.I.G.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (A.J.N.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (P.J.)
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1205 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Tawil N, Bassawon R, Meehan B, Montermini L, Nehme A, Choi D, Spinelli C, Adnani L, Mohammadnia A, Couturier C, Petrecca K, Rak J. TAMI-73. GLIOBLASTOMA CELL POPULATIONS WITH DISTINCT ONCOGENIC PROGRAMS RELEASE PODOPLANIN AS PROCOAGULANT EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES. Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab196.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Vascular anomalies, including thrombosis, are a hallmark of glioblastoma (GBM) and an aftermath of dysregulated cancer cell genome and epigenome. Up-regulation of podoplanin (PDPN) by cancer cells has recently been linked to an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in glioblastoma patients. Thus, regulation of this platelet activating protein by transforming events and release from cancer cells is of considerable interest.
AIMS
I. Investigate the pattern of PDPN expression and characterize PDPN-expressing cellular populations in GBM. II. Evaluate the contribution of oncogenic drivers to PDPN expression in GBM models. III. Investigate the potential involvement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a mechanism for systemic dissemination of PDPN and tissue factor (TF). IV. Examine the role of PDPN in intratumoral and systemic thrombosis.
METHODS
Bioinformatics (single-cell and bulk transcriptome data mining), GBM cell lines and stem cell lines, xenograft models in mice, ELISA assays for PDPN and TF, platelet (PF4) and clotting activation markers (D-dimer), EV electron microscopy, density gradient fractionation, and nano-flow cytometry.
RESULTS
PDPN is expressed by distinct glioblastoma cell subpopulations (mesenchymal) and downregulated by oncogenic mutations of EGFR and IDH1 genes, via changes in chromatin modifications (EZH2) and DNA methylation, respectively. GBM cells exteriorize PDPN and/or TF as cargo of exosome-like EVs shed both in vitro and in vivo. Injection of glioma PDPN-EVs activates platelets. Increase of platelet activation (PF4) or coagulation markers (D-dimer) occurs in mice harboring the corresponding glioma xenografts expressing PDPN or TF, respectively. Co-expression of PDPN and TF by GBM cells cooperatively increases tumor microthrombosis.
CONCLUSION
Distinct cellular subsets drive multiple facets of GBM-associated thrombosis and may represent targets for diagnosis and intervention. We suggest that the preponderance of PDPN expression as a risk factor in glioblastoma and the involvement of platelets may merit investigating anti-platelets for potential inclusion in thrombosis management in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Tawil
- McGill - Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rayhaan Bassawon
- McGill - Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Dongsic Choi
- McGill - Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cristiana Spinelli
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Petrecca
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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9
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Adnani L, Meehan B, Kassouf J, Spinelli C, Tawil N, Rak J. STEM-18. STROMAL EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES DRIVE GLIOMA STEM CELL REPROGRAMMING. Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab196.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents the most frequent and lethal form of brain tumors originating from glioma stem cells (GSCs). GBM remains lethal because the rate limiting patho-mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this regard, few limitations involve the diversity 'between' cellular states and the molecular/cellular complexity 'within' the tumour mass. Using cell based- and mouse- models, we explored extracellular vesicle (EV) mediated interactions between cancer and stromal cells impacting phenotypes of GSCs as a function of their molecular subtype. EVs are spherical membrane structures that cells release to expel different molecular cargo (lipids, proteins, RNA, DNA), which can be transported across a distance in the brain and taken up by various ‘recipient’ cells resulting in reprogramming of the recipient cell's content and function. In vivo, GSCs altered their pattern of NOTCH signalling and molecular phenotype as a function of proximity to non-transformed host cells in the brain. In vitro stromal EVs altered GSC sphere forming capacity, proteome and expression of mesenchymal markers. Thus, EV mediated tumour-stromal interactions could represent a biological switch and a novel targeting point in the biology of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Adnani
- Research institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Research institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jordan Kassouf
- Research institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Nadim Tawil
- McGill - Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
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10
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Xue Y, Morris JL, Yang K, Fu Z, Zhu X, Johnson F, Meehan B, Witkowski L, Yasmeen A, Golenar T, Coatham M, Morin G, Monast A, Pilon V, Fiset PO, Jung S, Gonzalez AV, Camilleri-Broet S, Fu L, Postovit LM, Spicer J, Gotlieb WH, Guiot MC, Rak J, Park M, Lockwood W, Foulkes WD, Prudent J, Huang S. SMARCA4/2 loss inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis by restricting IP3R3-mediated Ca 2+ flux to mitochondria. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5404. [PMID: 34518526 PMCID: PMC8438089 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in SMARCA4 and concurrent epigenetic silencing of SMARCA2 characterize subsets of ovarian and lung cancers. Concomitant loss of these key subunits of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes in both cancers is associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis. Here, we discover that SMARCA4/2 loss inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis through disrupting intracellular organelle calcium ion (Ca2+) release in these cancers. By restricting chromatin accessibility to ITPR3, encoding Ca2+ channel IP3R3, SMARCA4/2 deficiency causes reduced IP3R3 expression leading to impaired Ca2+ transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria required for apoptosis induction. Reactivation of SMARCA2 by a histone deacetylase inhibitor rescues IP3R3 expression and enhances cisplatin response in SMARCA4/2-deficient cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings elucidate the contribution of SMARCA4/2 to Ca2+-dependent apoptosis induction, which may be exploited to enhance chemotherapy response in SMARCA4/2-deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jordan L Morris
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kangning Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xianbing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fraser Johnson
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Leora Witkowski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tunde Golenar
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Coatham
- Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Geneviève Morin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anie Monast
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Virginie Pilon
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sungmi Jung
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne V Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Lili Fu
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Spicer
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Neurological Hospital/Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William Lockwood
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Tawil N, Bassawon R, Meehan B, Montermini L, Choi D, Nehme A, Najafabadi H, Riazalhosseini Y, De Jay N, Kleinman C, Gayden T, Spinelli C, Adnani L, Couturier C, Petrecca K, Jabado N, Rak J. OPTC-5. Molecular signatures of podoplanin expressing glioblastoma cell subsets with putative role in cancer associated thrombosis and microthrombosis. Neurooncol Adv 2021. [PMCID: PMC8255448 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab070.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular anomalies, including thrombosis, are a hallmark of glioblastoma (GBM) and an aftermath of dysregulated cancer cell genome and epigenome. Upregulation of podoplanin (PDPN) by cancer cells has recently been linked to an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in glioblastoma patients. Thus, regulation of this platelet activating transmembrane protein by transforming events and release from cancer cells into the circulation are of considerable interest. We took advantage of single-cell and bulk GBM transcriptome dataset mining and investigated the pattern of PDPN expression across several databases. Our analysis indicated that PDPN is expressed by distinct (mesenchymal) glioblastoma cell subpopulations and is downregulated by oncogenic mutations of EGFR and IDH1 genes, via changes in chromatin modifications (EZH2) and DNA methylation, respectively. Additionally, we utilized isogenic and stem GBM cell lines, xenograft models in mice, ELISA assays for PDPN, tissue factor (TF), platelet factor 4 (PF4) and clotting activation markers (D-dimer), and multicolor nano-flow cytometry to show that GBM cells exteriorize PDPN and/or TF as cargo of exosome-like coagulant extracellular vesicles EVs. We also documented an increase of platelet activation (PF4) or coagulation markers (D-dimer) in mice harboring the corresponding PDPN- or TF-expressing glioma xenografts, respectively. While PDPN was a dominant regulator of systemic platelet activation, co-expression of PDPN and TF impacted local microthrombosis. Our work suggests that distinct cellular subsets drive multiple facets of GBM-associated thrombosis and may represent targets for diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Tawil
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Brian Meehan
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dongsic Choi
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ali Nehme
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hamed Najafabadi
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yasser Riazalhosseini
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas De Jay
- Lady Davis Research Institute - Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Kleinman
- Lady Davis Research Institute - Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Cristiana Spinelli
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lata Adnani
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Kevin Petrecca
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Choi D, Montermini L, Meehan B, Lazaris A, Metrakos P, Rak J. Oncogenic RAS drives the CRAF-dependent extracellular vesicle uptake mechanism coupled with metastasis. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12091. [PMID: 34136107 PMCID: PMC8191585 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic RAS impacts communication between cancer cells and their microenvironment, but it is unclear how this process influences cellular interactions with extracellular vesicles (EVs). This is important as intercellular EV trafficking plays a key role in cancer invasion and metastasis. Here we report that overexpression of mutant RAS drives the EV internalization switch from endocytosis (in non-transformed cells) to macropinocytosis (in cancer cells) resulting in enhanced EV uptake. This process depends on the surface proteoglycan, fibronectin and EV engulfment mechanism regulated by CRAF. Both mutant RAS and activated CRAF expression is associated with formation of membrane ruffles to which they colocalize along with actin, sodium-hydrogen exchangers (NHEs) and phosphorylated myosin phosphatase (pMYPT). RAS-transformed cells internalize EVs in the vicinity of ruffled structures followed by apparent trafficking to lysosome and degradation. NHE inhibitor (EIPA) suppresses RAS-driven EV uptake, along with adhesion-independent clonal growth and experimental metastasis in mice. Thus, EV uptake may represent a targetable step in progression of RAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsic Choi
- Department of Biochemistry College of Medicine Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Chungcheongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Laura Montermini
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre Glen Site McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre Glen Site McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Anthoula Lazaris
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre Glen Site McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Peter Metrakos
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre Glen Site McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada.,Department of Surgery Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre Glen Site McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre Glen Site McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
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13
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Daniel P, Meehan B, Sabri S, Shenouda G, Sarkaria J, Rak J, Abdulkarim B. EXTH-09. NEO-ADJUVANT TEMOZOLOMIDE INCREASES THE EFFICACY OF SUBSEQUENT CONCURRENT CHEMORADIATION IN A TRANSGLUTAMINASE-2 DEPENDENT MANNER. Neuro Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is invariably fatal due to failure of current chemoradiation (Stupp) regimes. Biomarkers such as MGMT have proven to predict response to Temozolomide (TMZ). An equivalent biomarker for radiation (RT) has not yet been identified. Transglutaminase-2 (TGM2) has been implicated in driving radiation resistance; but the mechanism is poorly understood. We have investigated how exposure to neoadjuvant TMZ in glioma stem cells (GSCs) with different levels of TGM2 would affect the response to RT. MATERIALS/METHODS: Primary GSCs lines with different TGM2 levels (high: 1123, 83; low: 528, OPK49) were used to explore the role of TGM2 in RT response and modulation of expression by TMZ in vitro and in-vivo. RESULTS: We showed that TGM2 drives radioresistance in GSCs through restriction of p53 mediated repression of RAD51 expression. We demonstrate that exposure of GSCs to TMZ drives rapid downregulation of TGM2 in vitro and this phenomenon is recapitulated in vivo. Interestingly, we confirm that RT is able to drive reciprocal changes in TGM2 and promotes reactivation of TGM2 in TGM2-high tumours but not TGM2-low tumours. Given these observations, we hypothesized that exposure to neoadjuvant TMZ in TGM2-low tumours would increase the efficacy of subsequent RT in these tumours. Comparison of the effect of standard treatment consisting of 3 weeks of concurrent TMZ and RT (Stupp) to a novel regime (neo-Stupp) consisting of 1 week of neoadjuvant TMZ followed by two weeks of TMZ and hypofractionated RT revealed a superior survival benefit of this novel regime in TGM2-low tumours but not in TGM2-high tumours. Utilization of the TGM2 inhibitor GK921 in combination with neo-Stupp prevented rapid relapse previously observed in TGM2-high tumours. CONCLUSION: We provide evidence that TGM2 is a biomarker of RT response and can be used to tailor chemoradiation protocols to the unique biology of each individual GBM patient.
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14
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Xue Y, Zhu X, Meehan B, Venneti S, Martinez D, Morin G, Maïga RI, Chen H, Papadakis AI, Johnson RM, O'Sullivan MJ, Erdreich-Epstein A, Gotlieb WH, Park M, Judkins AR, Pelletier J, Foulkes WD, Rak J, Huang S. SMARCB1 loss induces druggable cyclin D1 deficiency via upregulation of MIR17HG in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors. J Pathol 2020; 252:77-87. [PMID: 32558936 DOI: 10.1002/path.5493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a fatal pediatric malignancy of the central neural system lacking effective treatment options. It belongs to the rhabdoid tumor family and is usually caused by biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1, encoding a key subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes. Previous studies proposed that SMARCB1 loss drives rhabdoid tumor by promoting cell cycle through activating transcription of cyclin D1 while suppressing p16. However, low cyclin D1 protein expression is observed in most ATRT patient tumors. The underlying mechanism and therapeutic implication of this molecular trait remain unknown. Here, we show that SMARCB1 loss in ATRT leads to the reduction of cyclin D1 expression by upregulating MIR17HG, a microRNA (miRNA) cluster known to generate multiple miRNAs targeting CCND1. Furthermore, we find that this cyclin D1 deficiency in ATRT results in marked in vitro and in vivo sensitivity to the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib as a single agent. Our study identifies a novel genetic interaction between SMARCB1 and MIR17HG in regulating cyclin D1 in ATRT and suggests a rationale to treat ATRT patients with FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitors. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xianbing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, and Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Geneviève Morin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rayelle I Maïga
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hongbo Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Andreas I Papadakis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Radia M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maureen J O'Sullivan
- School of Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, The Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexander R Judkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics and Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, and Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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15
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Albuquerque N, Meehan B, Hughes J, Surapaneni A. Determination of total carbon in biosolids using MID-infrared spectroscopy. Sci Total Environ 2020; 698:134195. [PMID: 31505338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine if MID-Infrared (MID-IR) spectroscopy combined with Partial Least Squares (PLS) modelling could be used to predict total carbon (C) in biosolids generated from wastewater treatment plants. Biosolids samples were selected and analysed for total C, and MID-IR spectra were recorded. Using the total C and MID-IR data, a PLS model was developed using both the full spectral range and selected wavelengths regions. The PLS modelling showed that an R2 of 0.97 was achieved for both approaches. To validate the modelling, PLS prediction was applied to a randomly selected validation set of 20 samples and prediction uncertainties determined using The Unscrambler software. A prediction error (or uncertainty) of approximately ±2% carbon was achieved using both full spectra and selected wavelengths regions. Based on the results of the study, MID-IR combined with PLS could be used as an alternate and inexpensive method to determine the total C of biosolids compared to conventional methods such as the Dumas combustion method using a LECO C analyser.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Albuquerque
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Victoria, Australia
| | - B Meehan
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Hughes
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Victoria, Australia.
| | - A Surapaneni
- South East Water Corporation, Water's Edge, 101 Wells Street, Frankston 3199, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Daniel P, Meehan B, Sabri S, Sarkaria J, Rak J, Abdulkarim B. DRES-10. TEMOZOLOMIDE-ASSOCIATED HYPERMUTATION DETECTED WITH A GENE PANEL SIGNATURE IMPROVES IMMUNE RESPONSE IN GLIOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz175.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadly type of malignant brain cancer in adults. While current standard of care which combines resection, radiation therapy (RT) and Temozolomide (TMZ) effectively eliminates primary disease, recurrence is inevitable, occurs rapidly following treatment and is ultimately lethal due to limited therapeutic opportunities of recurrent GBM. Hypermutation has been reported to occur in a subset of both low and high-grade gliomas and emerges after exposure to TMZ. Mutational inactivation and loss of mismatch repair (MMR) gene expression lead to the accumulation of single nucleotide polymorphisms throughout the genome. To date, the gain of hypermutation and subsequent therapeutic responses are still largely unknown. We hypothesized that hypermutant (HM) and non-hypermutant (NH) tumors represent two recurrent GBM subtypes, which has distinct therapeutic vulnerabilities. In addition, given the lack of concordance between microsatellite instability (MSI) and occurrence of hypermutation in GBM, we sought to derive a limited gene panel which can be used as surrogate biomarker for hypermutation following TMZ to replace whole exome sequencing (WES). Using public datasets, we demonstrated that recurrent GBM can be clustered into two subtypes: HM and NH. We used matched primary and recurrent GBM datasets to derive a gene panel signature, which is uniquely mutated at recurrence in HM GBM and confirmed the specificity of this panel in an independent dataset. Furthermore, we utilized patient derived xenograft (PDX) models to generate pre-clinical models and demonstrated that HM recurrent GBM are more immune responsive while NH recurrent GBM maintained sensitivity to a range of alternate chemotherapies such as cisplatin and RT. Finally, we demonstrated that this signature is represented in exosomes and can be enriched by use of tumor specific antibody capture methods to improve the sensitivity of hypermutation detection in liquid biopsy.
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17
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LeBlanc G, Brooks B, Hartman M, Hecht MB, Luong H, Pan Z, Sofen S, Miller KJ, Meehan B, Mahowald MA, Yatsunenko T. 737. Novel Glycans Reduce Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Colonization in an Ex Vivo Assay by Supporting Growth and Diversity of Commensal Microbiota at the Expense of MultiDrug-Resistant Organisms (MDRO). Open Forum Infect Dis 2019. [PMCID: PMC6811179 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz360.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections with Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) can result in a 50% mortality rate in compromised hosts. A major risk factor for clinical infection is intestinal colonization with CRE or VRE. There are currently no FDA-approved compounds to decolonize these organisms from the gastrointestinal tract (gut). Commensal microbes offer protection from pathogen infection; however, in immunocompromised hosts or with antibiotic treatment, the protective properties of the microbial community are compromised, leaving the gut susceptible to pathogen colonization. Higher concentrations of pathogens within the gut correlate with an increased risk of infection with MDROs. Our hypothesis is that reducing colonization of the gut with MDROs would reduce the likelihood of a clinical infection. Methods Kaleido built a platform that emulates the gut environment and allows for high throughput screening of Kaleido’s Microbiome Metabolic Therapies (MMT™) in human gut microbiomes ex vivo. Over 500 compounds were screened for their ability to reduce the levels of CRE and VRE in fecal microbial communities from both healthy subjects and critically ill patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics. Results Kaleido’s lead MMTs selectively favor the growth of the commensal microbiota at the expense of pathogens, resulting in a decrease of CRE and VRE from 80% of the initial community to 5% in a single batch culture, as measured by 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Lead MMTs do not support growth of CRE and VRE strains in culture, nor of other pathogens frequently encountered in critically ill and immunocompromised patients, such as Clostridium difficile and common fungal pathogens. Conclusion These results suggest that intervention with MMTs may reduce CRE and VRE colonization and support further evaluation in patients colonized with CRE or VRE pathogens. ![]()
Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hoa Luong
- Kaleido Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Pan
- Analytical Development, Bedford, Massachusetts
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18
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Choi D, Montermini L, Jeong H, Sharma S, Meehan B, Rak J. Mapping Subpopulations of Cancer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Particles by Nano-Flow Cytometry. ACS Nano 2019; 13:10499-10511. [PMID: 31469961 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The elusive complexity of membranous extracellular vesicle (EV) and membrane-less extracellular particle (EP) populations released from various cellular sources contains clues as to their biological functions and diagnostic utility. In this study, we employed optimized multicolor nano-flow cytometry, structured illumination (SIM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to bridge sensitive detection at the single EV/EP level and high-throughput analysis of cancer cell secretomes. We applied these approaches to particles released from intact cells driven by several different transforming mechanisms or to cells under therapeutic stress imposed by pharmacological inhibition of their oncogenic drivers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We demonstrate a highly heterogeneous distribution of biologically relevant elements of the EV/EP cargo, including oncoproteins (EGFR), clotting factors (tissue factor), pro-metastatic integrins (ITGA6, ITGA4), tetraspanins (CD63), and genomic DNA across the entire particulate secretome of cancer cells. We observed that targeting EGFR activity with irreversible kinase inhibitors (dacomitinib) triggers emission of DNA containing EP/EV subpopulations, including particles (chromatimeres) harboring both EGFR and DNase-resistant chromatin. While nano-flow cytometry enables quantification of these changes across the entire particular secretome, SIM reveals individual molecular topography of EV/EP subsets and AFM exposes some of their physical properties, including the presence of nanofilaments and other substructures. We describe differential uptake rates of distinct EV subsets, resulting in preferential internalization of exosome-like small EVs by cancer cells to the exclusion of larger EVs. Thus, our study illustrates the potential of nano-flow cytometry coupled with high-resolution microscopy to explore the cancer-related EV/EP landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsic Choi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
| | - Hyeonju Jeong
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and California Nanosystems Institute , University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Brian Meehan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
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19
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Sharifi Z, Abdulkarim B, Meehan B, Rak J, Daniel P, Schmitt J, Lauzon N, Eppert K, Duncan HM, Petrecca K, Guiot MC, Jean-Claude B, Sabri S. Mechanisms and Antitumor Activity of a Binary EGFR/DNA-Targeting Strategy Overcomes Resistance of Glioblastoma Stem Cells to Temozolomide. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:7594-7608. [PMID: 31540977 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal primary malignant brain tumor. GBM stem cells (GSC) contribute to resistance to the DNA-damaging chemotherapy, temozolomide. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) displays genomic alterations enabling DNA repair mechanisms in half of GBMs. We aimed to investigate EGFR/DNA combi-targeting in GBM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ZR2002 is a "combi-molecule" designed to inflict DNA damage through its chlorethyl moiety and induce irreversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition. We assessed its in vitro efficacy in temozolomide-resistant patient-derived GSCs, mesenchymal temozolomide-sensitive and resistant in vivo-derived GSC sublines, and U87/EGFR isogenic cell lines stably expressing EGFR/wild-type or variant III (EGFRvIII). We evaluated its antitumor activity in mice harboring orthotopic EGFRvIII or mesenchymal TMZ-resistant GSC tumors. RESULTS ZR2002 induced submicromolar antiproliferative effects and inhibited neurosphere formation of all GSCs with marginal effects on normal human astrocytes. ZR2002 inhibited EGF-induced autophosphorylation of EGFR, downstream Erk1/2 phosphorylation, increased DNA strand breaks, and induced activation of wild-type p53; the latter was required for its cytotoxicity through p53-dependent mechanism. ZR2002 induced similar effects on U87/EGFR cell lines and its oral administration significantly increased survival in an orthotopic EGFRvIII mouse model. ZR2002 improved survival of mice harboring intracranial mesenchymal temozolomide-resistant GSC line, decreased EGFR, Erk1/2, and AKT phosphorylation and was detected in tumor brain tissue by MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the molecular basis of binary EGFR/DNA targeting and uncover the oral bioavailability, blood-brain barrier permeability, and antitumor activity of ZR2002 supporting potential evaluation of this first-in-class drug in recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Sharifi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bassam Abdulkarim
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Daniel
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Schmitt
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nidia Lauzon
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kolja Eppert
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Heather M Duncan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bertrand Jean-Claude
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Siham Sabri
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Daniel P, Sabri S, Chaddad A, Meehan B, Jean-Claude B, Rak J, Abdulkarim BS. Temozolomide Induced Hypermutation in Glioma: Evolutionary Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Oncol 2019; 9:41. [PMID: 30778375 PMCID: PMC6369148 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma are the most common type of malignant brain tumor, with glioblastoma (GBM) representing the most common and most lethal type of glioma. Surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy using the alkylating agent Temozolomide (TMZ) remain the mainstay of treatment for glioma. While this multimodal regimen is sufficient to temporarily eliminate the bulk of the tumor mass, recurrence is inevitable and often poses major challenges for clinical management due to treatment resistance and failure to respond to targeted therapies. Improved tumor profiling capacity has enabled characterization of the genomic landscape of gliomas with the overarching goal to identify clinically relevant subtypes and inform treatment decisions. Increased tumor mutational load has been shown to correlate with higher levels of neoantigens and is indicative of the potential to induce a durable response to immunotherapy. Following treatment with TMZ, a subset of glioma has been identified to recur with increased tumor mutational load. These hypermutant recurrent glioma represent a subtype of recurrence with unique molecular vulnerabilities. In this review, we will elaborate on the current knowledge regarding the evolution of hypermutation in gliomas and the potential therapeutic opportunities that arise with TMZ-induced hypermutation in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Daniel
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Siham Sabri
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ahmad Chaddad
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,The Laboratory for Imagery, Vision and Artificial Intelligence, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Jean-Claude
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bassam S Abdulkarim
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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21
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Xue Y, Meehan B, Macdonald E, Venneti S, Wang XQD, Witkowski L, Jelinic P, Kong T, Martinez D, Morin G, Firlit M, Abedini A, Johnson RM, Cencic R, Patibandla J, Chen H, Papadakis AI, Auguste A, de Rink I, Kerkhoven RM, Bertos N, Gotlieb WH, Clarke BA, Leary A, Witcher M, Guiot MC, Pelletier J, Dostie J, Park M, Judkins AR, Hass R, Levine DA, Rak J, Vanderhyden B, Foulkes WD, Huang S. CDK4/6 inhibitors target SMARCA4-determined cyclin D1 deficiency in hypercalcemic small cell carcinoma of the ovary. Nat Commun 2019; 10:558. [PMID: 30718512 PMCID: PMC6361890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in SMARCA4 (BRG1), a key SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling gene, underlie small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT). To reveal its druggable vulnerabilities, we perform kinase-focused RNAi screens and uncover that SMARCA4-deficient SCCOHT cells are highly sensitive to the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6). SMARCA4 loss causes profound downregulation of cyclin D1, which limits CDK4/6 kinase activity in SCCOHT cells and leads to in vitro and in vivo susceptibility to CDK4/6 inhibitors. SCCOHT patient tumors are deficient in cyclin D1 yet retain the retinoblastoma-proficient/p16INK4a-deficient profile associated with positive responses to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Thus, our findings indicate that CDK4/6 inhibitors, approved for a breast cancer subtype addicted to CDK4/6 activation, could be repurposed to treat SCCOHT. Moreover, our study suggests a novel paradigm whereby critically low oncogene levels, caused by loss of a driver tumor suppressor, may also be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Macdonald
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0605, USA
| | - Xue Qing D Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Leora Witkowski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3JI, Canada
| | - Petar Jelinic
- Gynecologic Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Tim Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Geneviève Morin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Michelle Firlit
- Gynecologic Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Atefeh Abedini
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Radia M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Regina Cencic
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Jay Patibandla
- Gynecologic Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hongbo Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sat University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andreas I Papadakis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Aurelie Auguste
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, INSERM U981, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Iris de Rink
- Genomics Core Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M Kerkhoven
- Genomics Core Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Bertos
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Blaise A Clarke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Leary
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, INSERM U981, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Michael Witcher
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Neurological Hospital/Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Josée Dostie
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Alexander R Judkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Ralf Hass
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University Hannover, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Douglas A Levine
- Gynecologic Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Barbara Vanderhyden
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3JI, Canada.
| | - Sidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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22
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Xue Y, Meehan B, Fu Z, Wang XQD, Fiset PO, Rieker R, Levins C, Kong T, Zhu X, Morin G, Skerritt L, Herpel E, Venneti S, Martinez D, Judkins AR, Jung S, Camilleri-Broet S, Gonzalez AV, Guiot MC, Lockwood WW, Spicer JD, Agaimy A, Pastor WA, Dostie J, Rak J, Foulkes WD, Huang S. SMARCA4 loss is synthetic lethal with CDK4/6 inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:557. [PMID: 30718506 PMCID: PMC6362083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor SMARCA4 (BRG1), a key SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling gene, is frequently inactivated in cancers and is not directly druggable. We recently uncovered that SMARCA4 loss in an ovarian cancer subtype causes cyclin D1 deficiency leading to susceptibility to CDK4/6 inhibition. Here, we show that this vulnerability is conserved in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), where SMARCA4 loss also results in reduced cyclin D1 expression and selective sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors. In addition, SMARCA2, another SWI/SNF subunit lost in a subset of NSCLCs, also regulates cyclin D1 and drug response when SMARCA4 is absent. Mechanistically, SMARCA4/2 loss reduces cyclin D1 expression by a combination of restricting CCND1 chromatin accessibility and suppressing c-Jun, a transcription activator of CCND1. Furthermore, SMARCA4 loss is synthetic lethal with CDK4/6 inhibition both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitors could be effective to treat this significant subgroup of NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, and Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Xue Qing D Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Pierre Olivier Fiset
- Department of Pathology, Glen Site, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ralf Rieker
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cameron Levins
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Tim Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Xianbing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Geneviève Morin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Lashanda Skerritt
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Esther Herpel
- Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, and Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0605, USA
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alexander R Judkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Sungmi Jung
- Department of Pathology, Glen Site, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sophie Camilleri-Broet
- Department of Pathology, Glen Site, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Anne V Gonzalez
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Neurological Hospital/Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - William W Lockwood
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Spicer
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - William A Pastor
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Josée Dostie
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, and Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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Garnier D, Meehan B, Kislinger T, Daniel P, Sinha A, Abdulkarim B, Nakano I, Rak J. Divergent evolution of temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma stem cells is reflected in extracellular vesicles and coupled with radiosensitization. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:236-248. [PMID: 29016925 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is almost invariably fatal due to failure of standard therapy. The relapse of GBM following surgery, radiation, and systemic temozolomide (TMZ) is attributed to the ability of glioma stem cells (GSCs) to survive, evolve, and repopulate the tumor mass, events on which therapy exerts a poorly understood influence. Methods Here we explore the molecular and cellular evolution of TMZ resistance as it emerges in vivo (xenograft models) in a series of human GSCs with either proneural (PN) or mesenchymal (MES) molecular characteristics. Results We observed that the initial response of GSC-initiated intracranial xenografts to TMZ is eventually replaced by refractory growth pattern. Individual tumors derived from the same isogenic GSC line expressed divergent and complex profiles of TMZ resistance markers, with a minor representation of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) upregulation. In several independent TMZ-resistant tumors originating from MES GSCs we observed a consistent diminution of mesenchymal features, which persisted in cell culture and correlated with increased expression of Nestin, decline in transglutaminase 2 and sensitivity to radiation. The corresponding mRNA expression profiles reflective of TMZ resistance and stem cell phenotype were recapitulated in the transcriptome of exosome-like extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by GSCs into the culture medium. Conclusions Intrinsic changes in the tumor-initiating cell compartment may include loss of subtype characteristics and reciprocal alterations in sensitivity to chemo- and radiation therapy. These observations suggest that exploiting therapy-induced changes in the GSC phenotype and alternating cycles of therapy may be explored to improve GBM outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Garnier
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,CRCINA INSERM U1232, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l'Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Brian Meehan
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Daniel
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ankit Sinha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bassam Abdulkarim
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Janusz Rak
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Daniel P, Meehan B, Sabri S, Chaddad A, Jean-Claude B, Shenouda G, Rak J, Abdulkarim B. Exploiting Molecular Subtype Cell Plasticity As Novel Strategy for Targeting Glioma Stem Cells Through Alternating Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Chennakrishnaiah S, Meehan B, D'Asti E, Montermini L, Lee TH, Karatzas N, Buchanan M, Tawil N, Choi D, Divangahi M, Basik M, Rak J. Leukocytes as a reservoir of circulating oncogenic DNA and regulatory targets of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1800-1813. [PMID: 29971917 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Tumor-bearing mice were employed to follow oncogenic HRAS sequences in plasma, and blood cells. Cancer DNA accumulated in leukocytes above levels detected in exosomes, platelets and plasma. Extracellular vesicles and nucleosomes are required for uptake of tumor DNA by leukocytes. Uptake of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles by leukocytes triggers coagulant phenotype. SUMMARY Background Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and free nucleosomes (NSs) carry into the circulation a wealth of cancer-specific, bioactive and poorly understood molecular cargoes, including genomic DNA (gDNA). Objective Here we investigated the distribution of extracellular oncogenic gDNA sequences (HRAS and HER2) in the circulation of tumor-bearing mice. Methods and Results Surprisingly, circulating leukocytes (WBCs), especially neutrophils, contained the highest levels of mutant gDNA, which exceeded the amount of this material recovered from soluble fractions of plasma, circulating EVs, platelets, red blood cells (RBCs) and peripheral organs, as quantified by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Tumor excision resulted in disappearance of the WBC-associated gDNA signal within 2-9 days, which is in line with the expected half-life of these cells. EVs and nucleosomes were essential for the uptake of tumor-derived extracellular DNA by neutrophil-like cells and impacted their phenotype. Indeed, the exposure of granulocytic HL-60 cells to EVs from HRAS-driven cancer cells resulted in a selective increase in tissue factor (TF) procoagulant activity and interleukin 8 (IL-8) production. The levels of circulating thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT) were markedly elevated in mice harboring HRAS-driven xenografts. Conclusions Myeloid cells may represent a hitherto unrecognized reservoir of cancer-derived, EV/NS-associated oncogenic gDNA in the circulation, and a possible novel platform for liquid biopsy in cancer. In addition, uptake of this material alters the phenotype of myeloid cells, induces procoagulant and proinflammatory activity and may contribute to systemic effects associated with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chennakrishnaiah
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - B Meehan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - E D'Asti
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - L Montermini
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - T-H Lee
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - N Karatzas
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Buchanan
- Department of Oncology and Surgery, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - N Tawil
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - D Choi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Divangahi
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Basik
- Department of Oncology and Surgery, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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26
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Spinelli C, Montermini L, Meehan B, Brisson AR, Tan S, Choi D, Nakano I, Rak J. Molecular subtypes and differentiation programmes of glioma stem cells as determinants of extracellular vesicle profiles and endothelial cell-stimulating activities. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1490144. [PMID: 30034643 PMCID: PMC6052423 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1490144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously uncovered the impact of oncogenic and differentiation processes on extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer. This is of interested in the context of glioma stem cells (GSC) that are responsible for recurrent nature of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), while retaining the potential to undergo differentiation and self renewal. GSCs reside in vascular niches where they interact with endothelial cells through a number of mediators including bioactive cargo of EVs. GSCs can be classified as proneural (PN) or mesenchymal (MES) subtypes on the basis of their gene expression profiles and distinct biological characteristics. In the present study we investigated how GSC diversity and differentiation programmes influence their EV-mediated communication potentials. Indeed, molecular subtypes of GBMs and GSCs differ with respect to their expression of EV-related genes (vesiculome) and GSCs with PN or MES phenotypes produce EVs with markedly different characteristics, marker profiles, proteomes and endothelial stimulating activities. For example, while EVs of PN GSC are largely devoid of exosomal markers their counterparts from MES GSCs express ample CD9, CD63 and CD81 tetraspanins. In both GSC subtypes serum-induced differentiation results in profound, but distinct changes of cellular phenotypes including the enhanced EV production, reconfiguration of their proteomes and the related functional pathways. Notably, the EV uptake was a function of both subtype and differentiation state of donor cells. Thus, while, EVs produced by differentiated MES GSCs were internalized less efficiently than those from undifferentiated cells they exhibited an increased stimulatory potential for human brain endothelial cells. Such stimulating activity was also observed for EVs derived from differentiated PN GSCs, despite their even weaker uptake by endothelial cells. These findings suggest that the role of EVs as biological mediators and biomarkers in GBM may depend on the molecular subtype and functional state of donor cancer cells, including cancer stem cells. Abbreviations: CryoTEM: cryo-transmission electron microscopy; DIFF: differentiated GSCs; EGF: epidermal growth factor; DUC: differential ultracentrifugation; EV: extracellular vesicle; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GO: gene ontology; GSC: glioma stem cells; HBEC-5i: human brain endothelial cells; MES: mesenchymal cells; MTS - [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt; PMT1: proneural-to-mesenchyman transition cell line 1; PN: proneural cells; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; WB: western blotting
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Affiliation(s)
- C Spinelli
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - L Montermini
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - B Meehan
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - A R Brisson
- UMR-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, France
| | - S Tan
- UMR-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, France
| | - D Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - I Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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Choi D, Montermini L, Kim DK, Meehan B, Roth FP, Rak J. The Impact of Oncogenic EGFRvIII on the Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles Released from Glioblastoma Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1948-1964. [PMID: 30006486 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive and heterogeneous form of primary brain tumors, driven by a complex repertoire of oncogenic alterations, including the constitutively active epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII). EGFRvIII impacts both cell-intrinsic and non-cell autonomous aspects of GBM progression, including cell invasion, angiogenesis and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. This is, at least in part, attributable to the release and intercellular trafficking of extracellular vesicles (EVs), heterogeneous membrane structures containing multiple bioactive macromolecules. Here we analyzed the impact of EGFRvIII on the profile of glioma EVs using isogenic tumor cell lines, in which this oncogene exhibits a strong transforming activity. We observed that EGFRvIII expression alters the expression of EV-regulating genes (vesiculome) and EV properties, including their protein composition. Using mass spectrometry, quantitative proteomic analysis and Gene Ontology terms filters, we observed that EVs released by EGFRvIII-transformed cells were enriched for extracellular exosome and focal adhesion related proteins. Among them, we validated the association of pro-invasive proteins (CD44, BSG, CD151) with EVs of EGFRvIII expressing glioma cells, and downregulation of exosomal markers (CD81 and CD82) relative to EVs of EGFRvIII-negative cells. Nano-flow cytometry revealed that the EV output from individual glioma cell lines was highly heterogeneous, such that only a fraction of vesicles contained specific proteins (including EGFRvIII). Notably, cells expressing EGFRvIII released EVs double positive for CD44/BSG, and these proteins also colocalized in cellular filopodia. We also detected the expression of homophilic adhesion molecules and increased homologous EV uptake by EGFRvIII-positive glioma cells. These results suggest that oncogenic EGFRvIII reprograms the proteome and uptake of GBM-related EVs, a notion with considerable implications for their biological activity and properties relevant for the development of EV-based cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsic Choi
- From the ‡Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- From the ‡Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyum Kim
- §Donnelly Centre and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada.,¶Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- From the ‡Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Frederick P Roth
- §Donnelly Centre and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada.,¶Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada.,‖Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- From the ‡Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada;
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Rabea AA, Meehan B, Daniel P, Sabri S, Nirodi C, Rak J, Abdulkarim B. Abstract 4174: Differential response of non-small cell lung cancer harboring different epidermal growth factor receptor mutations to ablative radiation therapy. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-4174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: ablative radiation therapy (ABR) serves as the treatment of choice for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who are not surgical candidates. NSCLC patients with mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) had a significant response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TYIs). The most common mutations of EGFR in NSCLC are present in the TKD domain and include: deletion (DEL) in the exon 19 and a missense mutation (L858R) in the exon 21. The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been under extensive investigation due to its contribution in preparing the distant site through a process named pre-metastatic niche formation. Release of irradiation-induced EVs in EGFR mutated NSCLC and their responses to ABR have not been well investigated. We aim to assess EVs release and tumor growth of NSCLC harboring different EGFR mutations post- ABR. Materials and methods: We used A549 that were transduced with different EGFR status: EGFR-WT (WT), EGFR-DEL (DEL) or EGFR-L858R (L858R) and irradiated them at 0, 12 or 34Gy. The condition media were then collected at 24hrs post-irradiation and used to measure release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) using nanosight. We transduced the cells with lentivirus expressing luciferase. Cells were irradiated at 0Gy (Ctrl group) or 34Gy (IR group) and injected subcutaneously in yellow fluorescent protein -severe combined immunodeficiency (YFP-SCID) mice. Tumor volume and animal weight were measured regularly and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was used to evaluate tumor growth and metastasis. Results: L858R-expressing cells had an increase in EVs release post-ABR (12 and 34Gy), compared to WT-expressing cells which did not have difference in EVs release following ABR. DEL-expressing cells had an increase in EVs release only at 34Gy. Furthermore, in vivo data revels that ABR caused a decrease in tumor growth of IR-WT and IR-DEL groups when compared to Ctrl-WT and Ctrl-DEL, respectively. Interestingly, both Ctrl-L858R and IR-L858R groups presented similar tumor growth. Further investigations are undergoing assessing the EVs release and their function in the occurrence of distant metastasis post-ABR. Conclusion: in our study, we report a differential response of non-small cell lung cancer to ABR that could be caused by the differences in EGFR status. As a result, the standard use of ABR should not only be based on the patients' comorbidity status, but should also be based on his/her genetic background in order to determine the optimal treatment.
Citation Format: Areej Al Rabea, Brian Meehan, Paul Daniel, Siham Sabri, Chaitanya Nirodi, Janusz Rak, Bassam Abdulkarim. Differential response of non-small cell lung cancer harboring different epidermal growth factor receptor mutations to ablative radiation therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4174.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Daniel
- 1McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Siham Sabri
- 1McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Janusz Rak
- 1McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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29
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Lee TH, Chennakrishnaiah S, Meehan B, Montermini L, Garnier D, D'Asti E, Hou W, Magnus N, Gayden T, Jabado N, Eppert K, Majewska L, Rak J. Barriers to horizontal cell transformation by extracellular vesicles containing oncogenic H-ras. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51991-52002. [PMID: 27437771 PMCID: PMC5239530 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) enable the exit of regulatory, mutant and oncogenic macromolecules (proteins, RNA and DNA) from their parental tumor cells and uptake of this material by unrelated cellular populations. Among the resulting biological effects of interest is the notion that cancer-derived EVs may mediate horizontal transformation of normal cells through transfer of mutant genes, including mutant ras. Here, we report that H-ras-mediated transformation of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-18) results in the emission of exosome-like EVs containing genomic DNA, HRAS oncoprotein and transcript. However, EV-mediated horizontal transformation of non-transformed cells (epithelial, astrocytic, fibroblastic and endothelial) is transient, limited or absent due to barrier mechanisms that curtail the uptake, retention and function of oncogenic H-ras in recipient cells. Thus, epithelial cells and astrocytes are resistant to EV uptake, unless they undergo malignant transformation. In contrast, primary and immortalized fibroblasts are susceptible to the EV uptake, retention of H-ras DNA and phenotypic transformation, but these effects are transient and fail to produce a permanent tumorigenic conversion of these cells in vitro and in vivo, even after several months of observation. Increased exposure to EVs isolated from H-ras-transformed cancer cells, but not to those from their indolent counterparts, triggers demise of recipient fibroblasts. Uptake of H-ras-containing EVs stimulates but fails to transform primary endothelial cells. Thus, we suggest that intercellular transfer of oncogenes exerts regulatory rather than transforming influence on recipient cells, while cancer cells may often act as preferential EV recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Lee
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Shilpa Chennakrishnaiah
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Esterina D'Asti
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Wenyang Hou
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Nathalie Magnus
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Tenzin Gayden
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Kolja Eppert
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Loydie Majewska
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
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Blackstone EA, Hakim S, Meehan B. A regional, market oriented governance for disaster management: A new planning approach. Eval Program Plann 2017; 64:57-68. [PMID: 28535428 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a regional competitive governance and management of response and recovery from disasters. It presents problems experienced in major disasters, analyzes the failures, and suggests how a competitive system that relies on private and volunteer regional leaders, personnel, and capital can improve preparation, response and recovery efforts over the existing government system. A Public Choice approach is adopted to explain why government often fails, and how regional governance may be socially more efficient than the existing federal- state-local funded and managed disaster system. The paper suggests that the federal role might change from both funding and supplying aid in disasters to merely funding disaster recovery efforts. When a disaster occurs, available businesses and government resources in the region can be utilized under a competitive system. These resources could replace existing federal and state inventories and emergency personnel. An independent regionally controlled and managed council, which also develops its own financial resources, and local volunteer leaders are key for success. The paper suggests a new planning method that utilizes the statistical Factor Analysis methodology to derive an efficient organizational and functional model to confront disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin A Blackstone
- College of Liberal Arts, and members of the Center for Competitive Government of the Fox School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simon Hakim
- College of Liberal Arts, and members of the Center for Competitive Government of the Fox School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Brian Meehan
- Campbell School of Business, Berry College, Mt. Berry, Georgia.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Meehan
- Child Health and Human Development Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine McGill University, Child Health and Human Development Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States;
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Allan G, McNeilly F, Meehan B, McNair I, Ellis J, Krakowka S, Fossum C, Wattrang E, Wallgren P, Adair B. Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs Experimentally Inoculated with a Swedish Porcine Circovirus 2 Isolate. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 15:553-60. [PMID: 14667018 DOI: 10.1177/104063870301500607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)—associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) has been reported worldwide. However, to date, PMWS has not been reported in Sweden despite the demonstration of serum antibodies to a PCV2-like virus in Swedish pigs. This communication reports the experimental reproduction of clinical PMWS after inoculation of colostrum-deprived (CD) pigs, derived from a Northern Ireland herd, with an isolate of PCV2 virus recovered from a clinically normal Swedish pig that was necropsied in 1993. The clinical disease and histological lesions observed in CD pigs inoculated with this virus were indistinguishable from those observed in previous studies on CD pigs inoculated with a PCV2 virus isolate recovered from pigs with PMWS. These results highlight the disease potential of PCV2 isolated from regions apparently free of PMWS and suggest that the status of the host and its environment is an important factor in the development of clinical PMWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Allan
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
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Dorsch M, Meehan B, Michalski WP, Heine HG, Foord AJ, Carlile G, Wang J, McCullough S, Zuelke K. Dual-role FilmArray® diagnostics for high-impact viral diseases. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:64-6. [PMID: 26914951 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the potential utility of the human-focused FilmArray® Respiratory Panel for the diagnosis of a broad range of influenza viruses of veterinary concern as compared with the standard portfolio of recommended TaqMan®-based diagnostic tests. In addition, we discuss some potential operational advantages associated with the use of such integrated sample extraction, amplification and analysis devices in the context of a future long-term, dual-role strategy for the detection of emergency diseases of both human and veterinary concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dorsch
- Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - B Meehan
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
| | - W P Michalski
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - H G Heine
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - A J Foord
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - G Carlile
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - J Wang
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - S McCullough
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - K Zuelke
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
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Abstract
Angiogenesis represents one aspect in the complex process that leads to the generation of the vascular tumor stroma. The related functional constituents include responses of endothelial, mural, bone marrow-derived, and resident inflammatory cells as well as activation of coagulation and fibrinolytic systems in blood. Multiple molecular and cellular effectors participate in these events, often in a tumor-specific manner and with changes enforced through the microenvironment, genetic evolution, and responses to anticancer therapies. To capture various elements of these interactions several surrogate assays have been devised, which can be mechanistically useful and are amenable to quantification, but are individually insufficient to describe the underlying complexity and are best used in a targeted and combinatorial manner. Below, we present a survey of angiogenesis assays and experimental approaches to analyze vascular events in cancer. We also provided specific examples of validated protocols, which are less described, but enable the straightforward analysis of vascular structures and coagulant properties of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esterina D'Asti
- Montreal Children's Hospital, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Brian Meehan
- Montreal Children's Hospital, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Janusz Rak
- Montreal Children's Hospital, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1.
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Montermini L, Meehan B, Garnier D, Lee WJ, Lee TH, Guha A, Al-Nedawi K, Rak J. Inhibition of oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor kinase triggers release of exosome-like extracellular vesicles and impacts their phosphoprotein and DNA content. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24534-46. [PMID: 26272609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells emit extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing unique molecular signatures. Here, we report that the oncogenic EGF receptor (EGFR) and its inhibitors reprogram phosphoproteomes and cargo of tumor cell-derived EVs. Thus, phosphorylated EGFR (P-EGFR) and several other receptor tyrosine kinases can be detected in EVs purified from plasma of tumor-bearing mice and from conditioned media of cultured cancer cells. Treatment of EGFR-driven tumor cells with second generation EGFR kinase inhibitors (EKIs), including CI-1033 and PF-00299804 but not with anti-EGFR antibody (Cetuximab) or etoposide, triggers a burst in emission of exosome-like EVs containing EGFR, P-EGFR, and genomic DNA (exo-gDNA). The EV release can be attenuated by treatment with inhibitors of exosome biogenesis (GW4869) and caspase pathways (ZVAD). The content of P-EGFR isoforms (Tyr-845, Tyr-1068, and Tyr-1173), ERK, and AKT varies between cells and their corresponding EVs and as a function of EKI treatment. Immunocapture experiments reveal the presence of EGFR and exo-gDNA within the same EV population following EKI treatment. These findings suggest that targeted agents may induce cancer cells to change the EV emission profiles reflective of drug-related therapeutic stress. We suggest that EV-based assays may serve as companion diagnostics for targeted anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montermini
- From the Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1
| | - Brian Meehan
- From the Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1
| | - Delphine Garnier
- From the Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1
| | - Wan Jin Lee
- From the Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1
| | - Tae Hoon Lee
- From the Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1
| | - Abhijit Guha
- the University of Toronto Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, and
| | | | - Janusz Rak
- From the Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1,
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Iskandar MM, Lands LC, Sabally K, Azadi B, Meehan B, Mawji N, Skinner CD, Kubow S. High Hydrostatic Pressure Pretreatment of Whey Protein Isolates Improves Their Digestibility and Antioxidant Capacity. Foods 2015; 4:184-207. [PMID: 28231198 PMCID: PMC5302329 DOI: 10.3390/foods4020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey proteins have well-established antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. High hydrostatic pressure processing of whey protein isolates increases their in vitro digestibility resulting in enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study compared the effects of different digestion protocols on the digestibility of pressurized (pWPI) and native (nWPI) whey protein isolates and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the hydrolysates. The pepsin-pancreatin digestion protocol was modified to better simulate human digestion by adjusting temperature and pH conditions, incubation times, enzymes utilized, enzyme-to-substrate ratio and ultrafiltration membrane molecular weight cut-off. pWPI showed a significantly greater proteolysis rate and rate of peptide appearance regardless of digestion protocol. Both digestion methods generated a greater relative abundance of eluting peptides and the appearance of new peptide peaks in association with pWPI digestion in comparison to nWPI hydrolysates. Hydrolysates of pWPI from both digestion conditions showed enhanced ferric-reducing antioxidant power relative to nWPI hydrolysates. Likewise, pWPI hydrolysates from both digestion protocols showed similar enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a respiratory epithelial cell line as compared to nWPI hydrolysates. These findings indicate that regardless of considerable variations of in vitro digestion protocols, pressurization of WPI leads to more efficient digestion that improves its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle M Iskandar
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
- Montreal Children's Hospital - McGill University Health Centre, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Room D380, 2300 Tupper Street, Montreal, QC H3H 1P3, Canada.
| | - Larry C Lands
- Montreal Children's Hospital - McGill University Health Centre, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Room D380, 2300 Tupper Street, Montreal, QC H3H 1P3, Canada.
| | - Kebba Sabally
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Behnam Azadi
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Brian Meehan
- Montreal Children's Hospital - McGill University Health Centre, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Room D380, 2300 Tupper Street, Montreal, QC H3H 1P3, Canada.
| | - Nadir Mawji
- Montreal Children's Hospital - McGill University Health Centre, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Room D380, 2300 Tupper Street, Montreal, QC H3H 1P3, Canada.
| | - Cameron D Skinner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada.
| | - Stan Kubow
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Gouspillou G, Scheede-Bergdahl C, Spendiff S, Vuda M, Meehan B, Mlynarski H, Archer-Lahlou E, Sgarioto N, Purves-Smith FM, Konokhova Y, Rak J, Chevalier S, Taivassalo T, Hepple RT, Jagoe RT. Anthracycline-containing chemotherapy causes long-term impairment of mitochondrial respiration and increased reactive oxygen species release in skeletal muscle. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8717. [PMID: 25732599 PMCID: PMC4346812 DOI: 10.1038/srep08717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticancer treatments for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) are highly effective but are now implicated in causing impaired muscle function in long-term survivors. However, no comprehensive assessment of skeletal muscle mitochondrial functions in long-term survivors has been performed and the presence of persistent chemotherapy-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction remains a strong possibility. Non-tumour-bearing mice were treated with two drugs that have been used frequently in ALL treatment (doxorubicin and dexamethasone) for up to 4 cycles at 3-week intervals and euthanized 3 months after the 4th cycle. Treated animals had impaired growth and lower muscle mass as well as reduced mitochondrial respiration and increased reactive oxygen species production per unit oxygen consumption. Mitochondrial DNA content and protein levels of key mitochondrial membrane proteins and markers of mitochondrial biogenesis were unchanged, but protein levels of Parkin were reduced. This suggests a novel pattern of chemotherapy-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle that persists because of an acquired defect in mitophagy signaling. The results could explain the observed functional impairments in adult survivors of childhood ALL and may also be relevant to long-term survivors of other cancers treated with similar regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Gouspillou
- 1] McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada [2] Département de Kinanthropologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Celena Scheede-Bergdahl
- 1] Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada [2] Department of Kinesiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sally Spendiff
- 1] McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada [2] Department of Kinesiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Brian Meehan
- 1] Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada [2] Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Heather Mlynarski
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elodie Archer-Lahlou
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Fennigje M Purves-Smith
- 1] McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada [2] Department of Kinesiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yana Konokhova
- 1] McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada [2] Department of Kinesiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- 1] Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada [2] Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Tanja Taivassalo
- Department of Kinesiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Russell T Hepple
- 1] McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada [2] Department of Kinesiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - R Thomas Jagoe
- 1] Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada [2] Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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38
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Magnus N, D'Asti E, Meehan B, Garnier D, Rak J. Oncogenes and the coagulation system--forces that modulate dormant and aggressive states in cancer. Thromb Res 2015; 133 Suppl 2:S1-9. [PMID: 24862126 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(14)50001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancers arise and progress genetically amidst profound perturbations of the microenvironmental and systemic homeostasis. This includes the coagulation system, which is a part of the vascular milieu (niche) that remains under the control of molecular events occurring within the cancer cell genome. Thus, activation of several prototypic oncogenic pathways, such as RAS, EGFR, HER2, MET, SHH and loss of tumor suppressors (PTEN, TP53) alter the expression, activity and vesicular release of coagulation effectors, as exemplified by tissue factor (TF). The cancer-specific determinants of coagulopathy are also illustrated by the emerging link between the expression profiles of coagulation-related genes (coagulome) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), medulloblastoma (MB) and possibly other cancers and molecular subtypes of these respective tumors. The state of the coagulome is consequential for growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of established tumors, but could potentially also affect dormant cancer cells. For example, TF expression may trigger awakening of dormant glioma cells in mice in a manner involving recruitment of vascular and inflammatory cells, and resulting in lasting changes in the cancer cell genome and epigenome. Thus, coagulation system effectors could act as both targets and (indirect) inducers of genetic tumor progression, and a better understanding of this link may hold new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Magnus
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Esterina D'Asti
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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39
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Heine HG, Foord AJ, Wang J, Valdeter S, Walker S, Morrissy C, Wong FYK, Meehan B. Detection of highly pathogenic zoonotic influenza virus H5N6 by reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Virol J 2015; 12:18. [PMID: 25889293 PMCID: PMC4328077 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variant high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses have recently emerged as a result of reassortment of the H5 haemagglutinin (HA) gene with different neuraminidase (NA) genes, including NA1, NA2, NA5, NA6 and NA8. These viruses form a newly proposed HA clade 2.3.4.4 (previously provisionally referred to as clade 2.3.4.6), and have been implicated in disease outbreaks in poultry in China, South Korea, Laos, Japan and Vietnam and a human fatality in China. There is real concern that this new clade may be wide spread and not readily identified using existing diagnostic algorithms. FINDINGS Fluorescent probe based reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays were developed to facilitate the identification of novel clade 2.3.4.4 viruses of H5N6 subtype emerging in Asia. Assays were aimed at the haemagglutinin (HA) gene for clade identification and at the NA gene to identify N6. The HA assay employing a minor groove binder (MGB) probe was able to detect and differentiate A/duck/Laos/XBY004/2014(H5N6) and related influenza A(H5N6) virus isolates belonging to the proposed clade 2.3.4.4 from other H5 HPAI viruses. In addition, an Eurasian N6 assay was able to differentiate N6 from other NA subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Laos influenza A(H5N6) virus representative of proposed clade 2.3.4.4, was detected and differentiated from viruses in other H5N1 clades using a clade-specific HA RT-qPCR assay whereas the N6-NA subtype was determined by an Eurasian N6 RT-qPCR assay. Such a clade-specific assay would be of particular value for surveillance and in diagnostic laboratories where sequencing is not readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans G Heine
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Adam J Foord
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Jianning Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Stacey Valdeter
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Som Walker
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Chris Morrissy
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Frank Y K Wong
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Brian Meehan
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
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40
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Wang J, Selleck P, Yu M, Ha W, Rootes C, Gales R, Wise T, Crameri S, Chen H, Broz I, Hyatt A, Woods R, Meehan B, McCullough S, Wang LF. Novel phlebovirus with zoonotic potential isolated from ticks, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1040-3. [PMID: 24856477 PMCID: PMC4036776 DOI: 10.3201/eid2006.140003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently discovered tick-borne phleboviruses have been associated with severe disease and death among persons in Asia and the United States. We report the discovery of a novel tick phlebovirus in Tasmania State, Australia, that is closely related to those zoonotic viruses found in Asia and North America.
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Abstract
The critical role of the vasculature in cancer progression is predominantly studied at the capillary level, and often equated with angiogenesis. However, the mechanisms that ensure the supply of increasing blood volume to the expanding tumor microcirculation remain presently unclear. Here we used established mouse tumor models to document the enlargement (arteriogenesis), of macroscopic feeding vessels at considerable distances upstream from the malignant lesion, but not contralaterally. These changes are not affected by the procoagulant host tissue factor (TF), but are modulated by vascular ageing and atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Moreover, arteriogenic growth involves infiltration of bone marrow derived (YFP-labeled) cells and changes the gene expression profiles in the vessel wall. Thus, our observations suggest that in addition to local angiogenesis tumors influence distant remodeling of regional macroscopic blood vessels in a manner that is modulated by certain vascular comorbidities.
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42
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Magnus N, Meehan B, Garnier D, Hashemi M, Montermini L, Lee TH, Milsom C, Pawlinski R, Ohlfest J, Anderson M, Mackman N, Rak J. The contribution of tumor and host tissue factor expression to oncogene-driven gliomagenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:262-8. [PMID: 25450387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive form of glial brain tumors, associated with angiogenesis, thrombosis, and upregulation of tissue factor (TF), the key cellular trigger of coagulation and signaling. Since TF is upregulated by oncogenic mutations occurring in different subsets of human brain tumors we investigated whether TF contributes to tumourigenesis driven by oncogenic activation of EGFR (EGFRvIII) and RAS pathways in the brain. Here we show that TF expression correlates with poor prognosis in glioma, but not in GBM. In situ, the TF protein expression is heterogeneously expressed in adult and pediatric gliomas. GBM cells harboring EGFRvIII (U373vIII) grow aggressively as xenografts in SCID mice and their progression is delayed by administration of monoclonal antibodies blocking coagulant (CNTO 859) and signaling (10H10) effects of TF in vivo. Mice in which TF gene is disrupted in the neuroectodermal lineage exhibit delayed progression of spontaneous brain tumors driven by oncogenic N-ras and SV40 large T antigen (SV40LT) expressed under the control of sleeping beauty transposase. Reduced host TF levels in low-TF/SCID hypomorphic mice mitigated growth of glioma subcutaneously but not in the brain. Thus, we suggest that tumor-associated TF may serve as therapeutic target in the context of oncogene-driven disease progression in a subset of glioma.
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43
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Lee TH, Chennakrishnaiah S, Audemard E, Montermini L, Meehan B, Rak J. Oncogenic ras-driven cancer cell vesiculation leads to emission of double-stranded DNA capable of interacting with target cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:295-301. [PMID: 25086355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell free DNA is often regarded as a source of genetic cancer biomarkers, but the related mechanisms of DNA release, composition and biological activity remain unclear. Here we show that rat epithelial cell transformation by the human H-ras oncogene leads to an increase in production of small, exosomal-like extracellular vesicles by viable cancer cells. These EVs contain chromatin-associated double-stranded DNA fragments covering the entire host genome, including full-length H-ras. Oncogenic N-ras and SV40LT sequences were also found in EVs emitted from spontaneous mouse brain tumor cells. Disruption of acidic sphingomyelinase and the p53/Rb pathway did not block emission of EV-related oncogenic DNA. Exposure of non-transformed RAT-1 cells to EVs containing mutant H-ras DNA led to the uptake and retention of this material for an extended (30days) but transient period of time, and stimulated cell proliferation. Thus, our study suggests that H-ras-mediated transformation stimulates vesicular emission of this histone-bound oncogene, which may interact with non-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Lee
- Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shilpa Chennakrishnaiah
- Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Audemard
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Meehan B, Garnier D, Dombrovsky A, Lau K, D'Asti E, Magnus N, Rak J. Ageing-related responses to antiangiogenic effects of sunitinib in atherosclerosis-prone mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2014; 140:13-22. [PMID: 25068886 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antiangiogenic therapies in cancer exert their effects in the context of age-related comorbidities, which affect the entirety of the vascular system. Among those conditions, the impact of atherosclerosis is especially prevalent, but poorly understood, and not reflected in mouse models routinely used for testing antiangiogenic therapeutics. Our earlier work suggested that these obstacles can be overcome with the use of atherosclerosis-prone ApoE-/- mice harbouring syngeneic transplantable Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC). Here we report that, sunitinib, the clinically approved, antiangiogenic inhibitor impedes global tumor growth to a greater extent in aged then in young mice. This activity was coupled with changes in the tumor microenvironment, which in aged mice was characterized by pronounced hypoxia, reduction in microvascular density (MVD) and lower pericyte coverage, relative to young controls. We also detected soluble VEGR2 in plasma of sunitinib treated mice. Interestingly, sunitinib modulated tumor infiltration with bone marrow-derived cells (CD45+), recruitment of M2-like macrophages (CD163+) and activation of inflammatory pathways (phospho-STAT3) in a manner that was age-dependent. We suggest that age and atherosclerosis may alter the effects of sunitinib on the tumor microenvironment, and that these considerations may also apply more broadly to other forms of antiangiogenic treatment in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Meehan
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexander Dombrovsky
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karrie Lau
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Esterina D'Asti
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Magnus
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Meehan
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Esterina D'Asti
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Magnus
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Agarwal M, Nitta R, Dovat S, Li G, Arita H, Narita Y, Fukushima S, Tateishi K, Matsushita Y, Yoshida A, Miyakita Y, Ohno M, Collins VP, Kawahara N, Shibui S, Ichimura K, Kahn SA, Gholamin S, Junier MP, Chneiweiss H, Weissman I, Mitra S, Cheshier S, Avril T, Hamlat A, Le Reste PJ, Mosser J, Quillien V, Carrato C, Munoz-Marmol A, Serrano L, Pijuan L, Hostalot C, Villa SL, Ariza A, Etxaniz O, Balana C, Benveniste ET, Zheng Y, McFarland B, Drygin D, Bellis S, Bredel M, Lotsch D, Engelmaier C, Allerstorfer S, Grusch M, Pichler J, Weis S, Hainfellner J, Marosi C, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Berger W, Bronisz A, Nowicki MO, Wang Y, Ansari K, Chiocca EA, Godlewski J, Brown K, Kwatra M, Brown K, Kwatra M, Bui T, Nitta R, Li G, Zhu S, Kozono D, Li J, Kushwaha D, Carter B, Chen C, Schulte J, Srikanth M, Das S, Zhang J, Lathia J, Yin L, Rich J, Olson E, Kessler J, Chenn A, Cherry A, Haas B, Lin YH, Ong SE, Stella N, Cifarelli CP, Griffin RJ, Cong D, Zhu W, Shi Y, Clark P, Kuo J, Hu S, Sun D, Bookland M, Darbinian N, Dey A, Robitaille M, Remke M, Faury D, Maier C, Malhotra A, Jabado N, Taylor M, Angers S, Kenney A, Ren X, Zhou H, Schur M, Baweja A, Singh M, Erdreich-Epstein A, Fu J, Koul D, Yao J, Saito N, Zheng S, Verhaak R, Lu Z, Yung WKA, Gomez G, Volinia S, Croce C, Brennan C, Cavenee W, Furnari F, Lopez SG, Qu D, Petritsch C, Gonzalez-Huarriz M, Aldave G, Ravi D, Rubio A, Diez-Valle R, Marigil M, Jauregi P, Vera B, Rocha AADL, Tejada-Solis S, Alonso MM, Gopal U, Isaacs J, Gruber-Olipitz M, Dabral S, Ramkissoon S, Kung A, Pak E, Chung J, Theisen M, Sun Y, Monrose V, Franchetti Y, Sun Y, Shulman D, Redjal N, Tabak B, Beroukhim R, Zhao J, Buonamici S, Ligon K, Kelleher J, Segal R, Haas B, Canton D, Diaz P, Scott J, Stella N, Hara K, Kageji T, Mizobuchi Y, Kitazato K, Okazaki T, Fujihara T, Nakajima K, Mure H, Kuwayama K, Hara T, Nagahiro S, Hill L, Botfield H, Hossain-Ibrahim K, Logan A, Cruickshank G, Liu Y, Gilbert M, Kyprianou N, Rangnekar V, Horbinski C, Hu Y, Vo C, Li Z, Ke C, Ru N, Hess KR, Linskey ME, Zhou YAH, Hu F, Vinnakota K, Wolf S, Kettenmann H, Jackson PJ, Larson JD, Beckmann DA, Moriarity BS, Largaespada DA, Jalali S, Agnihotri S, Singh S, Burrell K, Croul S, Zadeh G, Kang SH, Yu MO, Song NH, Park KJ, Chi SG, Chung YG, Kim SK, Kim JW, Kim JY, Kim JE, Choi SH, Kim TM, Lee SH, Kim SK, Park SH, Kim IH, Park CK, Jung HW, Koldobskiy M, Ahmed I, Ho G, Snowman A, Raabe E, Eberhart C, Snyder S, Agnihotri S, Gugel I, Remke M, Bornemann A, Pantazis G, Mack S, Shih D, Sabha N, Taylor M, Tatagiba M, Zadeh G, Krischek B, Schulte A, Liffers K, Kathagen A, Riethdorf S, Westphal M, Lamszus K, Lee JS, Xiao J, Patel P, Schade J, Wang J, Deneen B, Erdreich-Epstein A, Song HR, Leiss L, Gjerde C, Saed H, Rahman A, Lellahi M, Enger PO, Leung R, Gil O, Lei L, Canoll P, Sun S, Lee D, Ho ASW, Pu JKS, Zhang XQ, Lee NP, Dat PJR, Leung GKK, Loetsch D, Steiner E, Holzmann K, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Pirker C, Hlavaty J, Petznek H, Hegedus B, Garay T, Mohr T, Sommergruber W, Grusch M, Berger W, Lukiw WJ, Jones BM, Zhao Y, Bhattacharjee S, Culicchia F, Magnus N, Garnier D, Meehan B, McGraw S, Hashemi M, Lee TH, Milsom C, Gerges N, Jabado N, Trasler J, Pawlinski R, Mackman N, Rak J, Maherally Z, Thorne A, An Q, Barbu E, Fillmore H, Pilkington G, Maherally Z, Tan SL, Tan S, An Q, Fillmore H, Pilkington G, Malhotra A, Choi S, Potts C, Ford DA, Nahle Z, Kenney AM, Matlaf L, Khan S, Zider A, Singer E, Cobbs C, Soroceanu L, McFarland BC, Hong SW, Rajbhandari R, Twitty GB, Gray GK, Yu H, Benveniste EN, Nozell SE, Minata M, Kim S, Mao P, Kaushal J, Nakano I, Mizowaki T, Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Mizukawa K, Nishihara M, Nakamizo S, Tanaka H, Kohta M, Hosoda K, Kohmura E, Moeckel S, Meyer K, Leukel P, Bogdahn U, Riehmenschneider MJ, Bosserhoff AK, Spang R, Hau P, Mukasa A, Watanabe A, Ogiwara H, Saito N, Aburatani H, Mukherjee J, Obha S, See W, Pieper R, Nakajima K, Hara K, Kageji T, Mizobuchi Y, Kitazato K, Fujihara T, Otsuka R, Kung D, Nagahiro S, Rajbhandari R, Sinha T, Meares G, Benveniste EN, Nozell S, Ott M, Litzenburger U, Rauschenbach K, Bunse L, Pusch S, Ochs K, Sahm F, Opitz C, von Deimling A, Wick W, Platten M, Peruzzi P, Chiocca EA, Godlewski J, Read R, Fenton T, Gomez G, Wykosky J, Vandenberg S, Babic I, Iwanami A, Yang H, Cavenee W, Mischel P, Furnari F, Thomas J, Ronellenfitsch MW, Thiepold AL, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M, Steinbach JP, Rybakova Y, Kalen A, Sarsour E, Goswami P, Silber J, Harinath G, Aldaz B, Fabius AWM, Turcan S, Chan TA, Huse JT, Sonabend AM, Bansal M, Guarnieri P, Lei L, Soderquist C, Leung R, Yun J, Kennedy B, Sisti J, Bruce S, Bruce R, Shakya R, Ludwig T, Rosenfeld S, Sims PA, Bruce JN, Califano A, Canoll P, Stockhausen MT, Kristoffersen K, Olsen LS, Poulsen HS, Stringer B, Day B, Barry G, Piper M, Jamieson P, Ensbey K, Bruce Z, Richards L, Boyd A, Sufit A, Burleson T, Le JP, Keating AK, Sundstrom T, Varughese JK, Harter P, Prestegarden L, Petersen K, Azuaje F, Tepper C, Ingham E, Even L, Johnson S, Skaftnesmo KO, Lund-Johansen M, Bjerkvig R, Ferrara K, Thorsen F, Takeshima H, Yamashita S, Yokogami K, Mizuguchi S, Nakamura H, Kuratsu J, Fukushima T, Morishita K, Tanaka H, Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Nakamizo S, Mizukawa K, Kohmura E, Tang Y, Vaka D, Chen S, Ponnuswami A, Cho YJ, Monje M, Tateishi K, Narita Y, Nakamura T, Cahill D, Kawahara N, Ichimura K, Tiemann K, Hedman H, Niclou SP, Timmer M, Tjiong R, Rohn G, Goldbrunner R, Timmer M, Tjiong R, Stavrinou P, Rohn G, Perrech M, Goldbrunner R, Tokita M, Mikheev S, Sellers D, Mikheev A, Kosai Y, Rostomily R, Tritschler I, Seystahl K, Schroeder JJ, Weller M, Wade A, Robinson AE, Phillips JJ, Gong Y, Ma Y, Cheng Z, Thompson R, Wang J, Fan QW, Cheng C, Gustafson W, Charron E, Zipper P, Wong R, Chen J, Lau J, Knobbe-Thosen C, Weller M, Jura N, Reifenberger G, Shokat K, Weiss W, Wu S, Fu J, Zheng S, Koul D, Yung WKA, Wykosky J, Hu J, Taylor T, Villa GR, Gomez G, Mischel PS, Gonias SL, Cavenee W, Furnari F, Yamashita D, Kondo T, Takahashi H, Inoue A, Kohno S, Harada H, Ohue S, Ohnishi T, Li P, Ng J, Yuelling L, Du F, Curran T, Yang ZJ, Zhu D, Castellino RC, Van Meir EG, Zhu W, Begum G, Wang Q, Clark P, Yang SS, Lin SH, Kahle K, Kuo J, Sun D. CELL BIOLOGY AND SIGNALING. Neuro Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Brain vasculature is uniquely programmed to protect central nervous system tissues and respond to their metabolic demands. These functions are subverted during the development of primary and metastatic brain tumors, resulting in vascular perturbations that are thought to contribute to progression and comorbidities of the underlying disease, including thrombosis and hemorrhage. Chronic activation of the coagulation system is particularly obvious in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), where intratumoral vasoocclusive thrombosis may contribute to hypoxia, pseudopalisading necrosis, and angiogenesis. GBM is also associated with spontaneous or iatrogenic bleeding, and the emission of circulating procoagulants implicated in the unusually high risk of peripheral venous thromboembolism. Tissue factor (TF) expression is elevated in several types of brain tumors, including adult and pediatric GBM, as is the production of TF-containing microparticles (TF-MPs). Both TF expression and its vesicular emission are regulated by tumor microenvironment (e.g., hypoxia), in concert with activated oncogenic and growth factor pathways (RAS, EGFR, MET), as well as the loss of tumor suppressor gene activity (PTEN). Discovery of distinct oncogenic networks led to recognition of unique molecular subtypes within brain tumors, of which GBM (proneural, neural, classical, and mesenchymal), and medulloblastoma (SHH, WNT, group 3, and group 4) exhibit subtype-specific composition of the tumor coagulome. It remains to be established whether mechanisms of thrombosis and biological effects of coagulation in brain tumors are also subtype specific. In this regard, TF pathway represents a paradigm, and its impact on tumor dormancy, inflammation, angiogenesis, formation of cancer stem cell niches, and dissemination is a subject of considerable interest. However, establishing the extent to which TF and TF-MPs contribute to pathogenesis and thromboembolic disease in the context of primary and secondary brain tumors may require molecular stratification of patient populations. We suggest that a better understanding of these molecular linkages may pave the way to a more effective (targeted) therapy, prophylaxis, adjunctive use of anticoagulants, and other agents able to modulate interactions between brain tumors and the coagulation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Magnus
- McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Garnier D, Magnus N, Meehan B, Kislinger T, Rak J. Qualitative changes in the proteome of extracellular vesicles accompanying cancer cell transition to mesenchymal state. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2747-57. [PMID: 23954818 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transitions of the cancer cell phenotype between epithelial and mesenchymal states (EMT) are likely to alter the patterns of intercellular communication. In this regard we have previously documented that EMT-like changes trigger quantitative rearrangements in exosomal vesicle emission in A431 cancer cells driven by oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Here we report that extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by these cancer cells in their epithelial and mesenchymal states exhibit profound qualitative differences in their proteome. Thus, induction of the EMT-like state through blockade of E-cadherin and EGFR stimulation provoked a mesenchymal shift in cellular morphology and enrichment in the CD44-high/CD24-low immunophenotype, often linked to cellular stemness. This change also resulted in reprogramming of the EV-related proteome (distinct from that of corresponding cells), which contained 30 unique protein signals, and revealed enrichment in pathways related to cellular growth, cell-to-cell signaling, and cell movement. Some of the most prominent EV-related proteins were validated, including integrin α2 and tetraspanin CD9. We propose that changes in cellular differentiation status translate into unique qualitative rearrangements in the cargo of EVs, a process that may have implications for intercellular communication and could serve as source of new biomarkers to detect EMT-like processes in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Garnier
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Magnus N, Garnier D, Meehan B, Hashemi M, Lee TH, Milsom C, Jabado N, Pawlinski R, Mackman N, Rak J. Abstract 1091: Procoagulant receptor tissue factor provokes the escape from brain tumor dormancy. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Occult persistence of transformed cells is known to precede the onset of clinically apparent malignancies, accompany disease remission and micrometastasis. While the mechanisms governing this dormant state remain poorly understood, tissue injury and wound healing responses have often been implicated in its cessation, but the surrounding circumstances remain largely obscure. Notably, the activation of hemostasis represents the first response to the exogenous and endogenous tissue injury, and is linked to inflammation, angiogenesis and growth promoting microenvironment. Tissue factor (TF) acts as the main trigger of the coagulation cascade in this setting, and is known to be overexpressed in cancer cells, including in high grade brain tumors such as glioblastoma (GBM). Here we report that in a model of GBM, the TF-mediated activation of the coagulation system may act as the sufficient initial trigger in the cessation of tumor dormancy, and the onset of inflammation and angiogenesis. We also document that while TF may play a role in the subsequent tumor progression, its expression by cancer and host cells may no longer be absolutely required in established tumors.
Thus, we observed that indolent human glioma cells (U373) remain viable, but dormant for over 250 days post subcutaneous and orthotopic inoculation, with no evidence of tumor growth, as detected by bioluminescent monitoring. The enforced expression of TF is sufficient to trigger tumor formation by these cells, albeit after long latency (30-90 days). During this latent phase TF-expressing glioma cells, but not their TF-negative counterparts, are able to recruit rich stroma, containing CD11b+ myeloid cells and CD105+ blood vessels. These cells also evolve to become rapidly tumorigenic and gain a dramatic change to their transcriptome. Similar aggressiveness can also be induced in U373 cells by the expression of the oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor variant (EGFRvIII), which also provokes upregulation of TF and onset of the procoagulant phenotype (U373vIII cells). Targeting TF in U373vIII tumors, as well as their implantation into TF-hypomorphic recipients (low-TF mice) delays, but does not abrogate experimental GBM progression. We generated spontaneous GBM tumors by intracranial injection of the oncogenic cDNA (SV40, N-ras), which becomes expressed in brain astrocytes under the control of the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposase. Disruption of the TF gene in the astrocytic lineage of such mice (Cre/nestinTF-/-) resulted in a partial tumor growth inhibition.
We postulate that activation of the coagulation system (via TF) may play a role in disruption of the dormant behavior of brain tumor cells and can serve as targets in prevention of disease onset. However, targeting TF alone is only partially effective as a measure to control the growth of established astrocytic tumors. Acknowledgments: We thank Dr. John Ohlfest for providing us with the SB transposon system.
Citation Format: Nathalie Magnus, Delphine Garnier, Brian Meehan, Maryam Hashemi, Tae-Hoon Lee, Chloe Milsom, Nada Jabado, Rafal Pawlinski, Nigel Mackman, Janusz Rak. Procoagulant receptor tissue factor provokes the escape from brain tumor dormancy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1091. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1091
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Magnus
- 1Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Delphine Garnier
- 1Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- 1Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maryam Hashemi
- 1Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tae-Hoon Lee
- 1Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloe Milsom
- 2Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- 1Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Janusz Rak
- 1Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Meehan B, Dombrovsky A, Lau K, Lai T, Magnus N, Montermini L, Rak J. Impact of host ageing on the metastatic phenotype. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134:118-29. [PMID: 23403123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ageing impacts multiple host mechanisms involved in cancer progression. Here we show that poorly metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells form less bulky metastatic deposits in aged mice (>52 weeks) relative to their young (4-6 weeks) counterparts. Serial selection of LLC cells for increased metastatic capability in either young or old mice led in both cases to exaggerated growth of pulmonary nodules after only 5 cycles of in vivo passage. The respective metastatic cellular variants established in young (Y-series) or old (O-series) mice differed in cell morphology and constitutive activity of growth factor receptors, especially phospho-PDGFRa and phospho-EPHA7. These cell lines also exhibited marked differences in their time dependent profiles of cellular impedance (CI), which reflects their physical properties, such as cell shape, adhesion and interactions with substrata. In confluent monolayer culture Y-series cell lines generated high and increasing CI values, while these values remained low and constant in the O-series of cell lines. These observations suggest that the selective pressure of the metastatic microenvironment in young versus old hosts is sufficiently different to results in the enrichment of distinct, age-related metastatic phenotypes of cancer cells. Thus, age could inform therapeutic approaches to metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Meehan
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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