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Welsh JA, Goberdhan DCI, O'Driscoll L, Buzas EI, Blenkiron C, Bussolati B, Cai H, Di Vizio D, Driedonks TAP, Erdbrügger U, Falcon‐Perez JM, Fu Q, Hill AF, Lenassi M, Lim SK, Mahoney MG, Mohanty S, Möller A, Nieuwland R, Ochiya T, Sahoo S, Torrecilhas AC, Zheng L, Zijlstra A, Abuelreich S, Bagabas R, Bergese P, Bridges EM, Brucale M, Burger D, Carney RP, Cocucci E, Colombo F, Crescitelli R, Hanser E, Harris AL, Haughey NJ, Hendrix A, Ivanov AR, Jovanovic‐Talisman T, Kruh‐Garcia NA, Ku'ulei‐Lyn Faustino V, Kyburz D, Lässer C, Lennon KM, Lötvall J, Maddox AL, Martens‐Uzunova ES, Mizenko RR, Newman LA, Ridolfi A, Rohde E, Rojalin T, Rowland A, Saftics A, Sandau US, Saugstad JA, Shekari F, Swift S, Ter‐Ovanesyan D, Tosar JP, Useckaite Z, Valle F, Varga Z, van der Pol E, van Herwijnen MJC, Wauben MHM, Wehman AM, Williams S, Zendrini A, Zimmerman AJ, MISEV Consortium, Théry C, Witwer KW. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12404. [PMID: 38326288 PMCID: PMC10850029 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of PathologyNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Deborah C. I. Goberdhan
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive HealthUniversity of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Edit I. Buzas
- Department of Genetics, Cell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- HCEMM‐SU Extracellular Vesicle Research GroupSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- HUN‐REN‐SU Translational Extracellular Vesicle Research GroupSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | | | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and TherapeuticsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tom A. P. Driedonks
- Department CDL ResearchUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- University of Virginia Health SystemCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Juan M. Falcon‐Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Qing‐Ling Fu
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Extracellular Vesicle Research and Clinical Translational CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
- Paracrine Therapeutics Pte. Ltd.SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Surgery, YLL School of MedicineNational University SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Mỹ G. Mahoney
- Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell FacilityAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong S.A.R.
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Susmita Sahoo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ana C. Torrecilhas
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Campus DiademaDiademaBrazil
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Andries Zijlstra
- Department of PathologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- GenentechSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sarah Abuelreich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Reem Bagabas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI)FlorenceItaly
- National Center for Gene Therapy and Drugs based on RNA TechnologyPaduaItaly
| | - Esther M. Bridges
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Marco Brucale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali NanostrutturatiBolognaItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFlorenceItaly
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research CentreOttawa Hopsital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Randy P. Carney
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Emanuele Cocucci
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Federico Colombo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Rossella Crescitelli
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Edveena Hanser
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Norman J. Haughey
- Departments of Neurology and PsychiatryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Alexander R. Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Tijana Jovanovic‐Talisman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicole A. Kruh‐Garcia
- Bio‐pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Academic Resource Center (BioMARC)Infectious Disease Research Center, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Vroniqa Ku'ulei‐Lyn Faustino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Diego Kyburz
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of RheumatologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical NutritionInstitute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Kathleen M. Lennon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Adam L. Maddox
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Elena S. Martens‐Uzunova
- Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteUniversity Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of UrologyRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rachel R. Mizenko
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lauren A. Newman
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
| | - Andrea Ridolfi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eva Rohde
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University HospitalSalzburger Landeskliniken GmbH of Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- GMP Unit, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Transfer Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Theralytic Technologies, EV‐TTSalzburgAustria
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Expansion Therapeutics, Structural Biology and BiophysicsJupiterFloridaUSA
| | - Andrew Rowland
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
| | - Andras Saftics
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ursula S. Sandau
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Julie A. Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
- Celer DiagnosticsTorontoCanada
| | - Simon Swift
- Waipapa Taumata Rau University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Dmitry Ter‐Ovanesyan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Juan P. Tosar
- Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideoUruguay
- Institut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
| | - Zivile Useckaite
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
| | - Francesco Valle
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali NanostrutturatiBolognaItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFlorenceItaly
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Biological Nanochemistry Research GroupInstitute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn J. C. van Herwijnen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marca H. M. Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI)FlorenceItaly
| | - Alan J. Zimmerman
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932PSL UniversityParisFrance
- CurieCoreTech Extracellular Vesicles, Institut CurieParisFrance
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- EV Core Facility “EXCEL”, Institute for Basic Biomedical SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's DiseaseJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Yu J, Sane S, Kim JE, Yun S, Kim HJ, Jo KB, Wright JP, Khoshdoozmasouleh N, Lee K, Oh HT, Thiel K, Parvin A, Williams X, Hannon C, Lee H, Kim DK. Biogenesis and delivery of extracellular vesicles: harnessing the power of EVs for diagnostics and therapeutics. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1330400. [PMID: 38234582 PMCID: PMC10791869 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1330400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles secreted by a variety of cell types. These vesicles encapsulate a diverse range of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, metabolites, and even organelles derived from their parental cells. While EVs have emerged as crucial mediators of intercellular communication, they also hold immense potential as both biomarkers and therapeutic agents for numerous diseases. A thorough understanding of EV biogenesis is crucial for the development of EV-based diagnostic developments since the composition of EVs can reflect the health and disease status of the donor cell. Moreover, when EVs are taken up by target cells, they can exert profound effects on gene expression, signaling pathways, and cellular behavior, which makes these biomolecules enticing targets for therapeutic interventions. Yet, despite decades of research, the intricate processes underlying EV biogenesis by donor cells and subsequent uptake by recipient cells remain poorly understood. In this review, we aim to summarize current insights and advancements in the biogenesis and uptake mechanisms of EVs. By shedding light on the fundamental mechanisms governing EV biogenesis and delivery, this review underscores the potential of basic mechanistic research to pave the way for developing novel diagnostic strategies and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jivin Yu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Saba Sane
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Yun
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jai Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Beom Jo
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jacob P. Wright
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
- College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nooshin Khoshdoozmasouleh
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kunwoo Lee
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ho Taek Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keaton Thiel
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Afrin Parvin
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Xavier Williams
- Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS) Studios Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Claire Hannon
- Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS) Studios Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hunsang Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kyum Kim
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Huang Y, Abdelgawad A, Turchinovich A, Queen S, Abreu CM, Zhu X, Batish M, Zheng L, Witwer KW. RNA landscapes of brain and brain-derived extracellular vesicles in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and central nervous system pathology. J Infect Dis 2023:jiad563. [PMID: 38079216 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (bdEVs) act locally in the central nervous system (CNS) and may indicate molecular mechanisms in HIV CNS pathology. Using brain homogenate (BH) and bdEVs from a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model of HIV disease, we identified RNA networks in SIV infection and neuroinflammation. METHODS Postmortem occipital cortex samples were obtained from uninfected controls and SIV-infected subjects (acute and chronic phases with or without CNS pathology (SIV encephalitis). bdEVs were separated and characterized per international consensus guidelines. RNAs from bdEVs and BH were sequenced and qPCR-amplified to detect levels of small RNAs (sRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs)) and longer RNAs including messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs). RESULTS Dysregulated RNAs in BH and bdEVs were identified in acute and chronic infection with pathology groups, including mRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs. Most dysregulated mRNAs in bdEVs reflected dysregulation in source BH. These mRNAs are disproportionately involved in inflammation and immune responses. Based on target prediction, several circRNAs that were differentially abundant in source tissue might be responsible for specific differences in sRNA levels in bdEVs during SIV infection. CONCLUSIONS RNA profiling of bdEVs and source tissues reveals potential regulatory networks in SIV infection and SIV-related CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Huang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ahmed Abdelgawad
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Andrey Turchinovich
- Division of Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biolabs GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suzanne Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Celina Monteiro Abreu
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xianming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mona Batish
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Rodriguez BV, Wen Y, Shirk EN, Vazquez S, Gololobova O, Maxwell A, Plunkard J, Castell N, Carlson B, Queen SE, Izzi JM, Driedonks TAP, Witwer KW. An ex vivo model of interactions between extracellular vesicles and peripheral mononuclear blood cells in whole blood. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12368. [PMID: 38047476 PMCID: PMC10694845 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be loaded with therapeutic cargo and engineered for retention by specific body sites; therefore, they have great potential for targeted delivery of biomolecules to treat diseases. However, the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of EVs in large animals remain relatively unknown, especially in primates. We recently reported that when cell culture-derived EVs are administered intravenously to Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaques), they differentially associate with specific subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). More than 60% of CD20+ B cells were observed to associate with EVs for up to 1 h post-intravenous administration. To investigate these associations further, we developed an ex vivo model of whole blood collected from healthy pig-tailed macaques. Using this ex vivo system, we found that labelled EVs preferentially associate with B cells in whole blood at levels similar to those detected in vivo. This study demonstrates that ex vivo blood can be used to study EV-blood cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca V. Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Yi Wen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Erin N. Shirk
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Samuel Vazquez
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Olesia Gololobova
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Amanda Maxwell
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jessica Plunkard
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Natalie Castell
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Bess Carlson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Suzanne E. Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jessica M. Izzi
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Tom A. P. Driedonks
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- University Medical CenterUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's DiseaseJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Nesi I, Della Bella C, Taddei ML, Santi A, Pranzini E, Paoli P, D’Elios MM, Ramazzotti M, Genovese M, Caselli A, Cirri P. Targeting of tumor cells by custom antigen transfer: a novel approach for immunotherapy of cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1245248. [PMID: 37901327 PMCID: PMC10612144 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1245248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early stages of carcinogenesis, the transformed cells become "invisible" to the immune system. From this moment on, the evolution of the tumor depends essentially on the genotype of the primitive cancer cells and their subsequent genetic drift. The role of the immune system in blocking tumor progression from the earliest stages is largely underestimated because by the time tumors are clinically detectable, the immune system has already completely failed its task. Therefore, a clinical treatment capable of restoring the natural anti-tumor role of the immune system could prove to be the "ultimate weapon" against cancer. Herein, we propose a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of solid cancer that exploits the capability of activated monocytes to transfer major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) molecules bound to antigenic peptides to cancer cells using microvesicles as cargo, making tumor cells target of a "natural" CD8+ T lymphocyte cytotoxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Nesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Chiara Della Bella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alice Santi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Erica Pranzini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D’Elios
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Ramazzotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimo Genovese
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Caselli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Cirri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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Huang Y, Arab T, Russell AE, Mallick ER, Nagaraj R, Gizzie E, Redding‐Ochoa J, Troncoso JC, Pletnikova O, Turchinovich A, Routenberg DA, Witwer KW. Toward a human brain extracellular vesicle atlas: Characteristics of extracellular vesicles from different brain regions, including small RNA and protein profiles. Interdiscip Med 2023; 1:e20230016. [PMID: 38089920 PMCID: PMC10712435 DOI: 10.1002/inmd.20230016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) and play roles in regulating physiological and pathological functions. Although brain-derived EVs (bdEVs) have been successfully collected from brain tissue, there is not yet a "bdEV Atlas" of EVs from different brain regions. To address this gap, we separated EVs from eight anatomical brain regions of a single individual and subsequently characterized them by count, size, morphology, and protein and RNA content. The greatest particle yield was from cerebellum, while the fewest particles were recovered from the orbitofrontal, postcentral gyrus, and thalamus regions. EV surface phenotyping indicated that CD81 and CD9 were more abundant than CD63 in all regions. Cell-enriched surface markers varied between brain regions. For example, putative neuronal markers NCAM, CD271, and NRCAM were more abundant in medulla, cerebellum, and occipital regions, respectively. These findings, while restricted to tissues from a single individual, suggest that additional studies are warranted to provide more insight into the links between EV heterogeneity and function in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Huang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Tanina Arab
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ashley E. Russell
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of BiologySchool of SciencePenn State ErieThe Behrend CollegeEriePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Emily R. Mallick
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Evan Gizzie
- Meso Scale DiagnosticsLLCRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Javier Redding‐Ochoa
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Juan C. Troncoso
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical SciencesJacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Andrey Turchinovich
- Division of Cancer Genome ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Heidelberg Biolabs GmbHHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's DiseaseJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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7
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Di Vizio D, Schoppet M, Weeraratna A, Witwer KW. Blebs and former blebs: From surface protrusions to extracellular vesicles in cancer signalling, anoikis resistance and beyond. J Extracell Biol 2023; 2:e112. [PMID: 38162121 PMCID: PMC10753850 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Associations between plasma membrane blebbing and metastatic progression have been widely reported. There are also reports of increased extracellular vesicle release from cancer cells. Yet the ties between these closely related phenomena are incompletely understood. In this commentary, we remark on a recent finding on cellular membrane blebs in melanoma signaling. We discuss possible implications for cancer biology and draw parallels to knowns and unknowns in the relationships of extracellular vesicles and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and TherapeuticsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Ashani Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer CenterJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's DiseaseJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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8
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Huang Y, Driedonks TAP, Cheng L, Turchinovich A, Pletniková O, Redding-Ochoa J, Troncoso JC, Hill AF, Mahairaki V, Zheng L, Witwer KW. Small RNA Profiles of Brain Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230872. [PMID: 37781809 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging contributors to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Differential abundance of ncRNAs carried by EVs may provide valuable insights into underlying disease mechanisms. Brain tissue-derived EVs (bdEVs) are particularly relevant, as they may offer valuable insights about the tissue of origin. However, there is limited research on diverse ncRNA species in bdEVs in AD. OBJECTIVE This study explored whether the non-coding RNA composition of EVs isolated from post-mortem brain tissue is related to AD pathogenesis. METHODS bdEVs from age-matched late-stage AD patients (n = 23) and controls (n = 10) that had been separated and characterized in our previous study were used for RNA extraction, small RNA sequencing, and qPCR verification. RESULTS Significant differences of non-coding RNAs between AD and controls were found, especially for miRNAs and tRNAs. AD pathology-related miRNA and tRNA differences of bdEVs partially matched expression differences in source brain tissues. AD pathology had a more prominent association than biological sex with bdEV miRNA and tRNA components in late-stage AD brains. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides further evidence that EV non-coding RNAs from human brain tissue, including but not limited to miRNAs, may be altered and contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Huang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tom A P Driedonks
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Andrey Turchinovich
- Division of Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biolabs GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olga Pletniková
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Javier Redding-Ochoa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasiliki Mahairaki
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Jeppesen DK, Zhang Q, Franklin JL, Coffey RJ. Extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles: emerging complexities. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:667-681. [PMID: 36737375 PMCID: PMC10363204 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and nanoparticles (NPs) is rapidly expanding because recent discoveries have revealed a much greater complexity and diversity than was appreciated only a few years ago. New types of EVs and NPs have recently been described. Proteins and nucleic acids previously thought to be packaged in exosomes appear to be more enriched in different types of EVs and in two recently identified amembranous NPs, exomeres and supermeres. Thus, our understanding of the cell biology and intercellular communication facilitated by the release of EVs and NPs is in a state of flux. In this review, we describe the different types of EVs and NPs, highlight recent advances, and present major outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Jeppesen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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10
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Huang Y, Arab T, Russell AE, Mallick ER, Nagaraj R, Gizzie E, Redding-Ochoa J, Troncoso JC, Pletnikova O, Turchinovich A, Routenberg DA, Witwer KW. Towards a human brain EV atlas: Characteristics of EVs from different brain regions, including small RNA and protein profiles. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.06.539665. [PMID: 37214955 PMCID: PMC10197569 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.06.539665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) and play roles in regulating physiological and pathological functions. Although brain-derived EVs (bdEVs) have been successfully collected from brain tissue, there is not yet a "bdEV atlas" of EVs from different brain regions. To address this gap, we separated EVs from eight anatomical brain regions of a single individual and subsequently characterized them by count, size, morphology, and protein and RNA content. The greatest particle yield was from cerebellum, while the fewest particles were recovered from the orbitofrontal, postcentral gyrus, and thalamus regions. EV surface phenotyping indicated that CD81 and CD9 were more abundant than CD63 for all regions. Cell-enriched surface markers varied between brain regions. For example, putative neuronal markers NCAM, CD271, and NRCAM were more abundant in medulla, cerebellum, and occipital regions, respectively. These findings, while restricted to tissues from a single individual, suggest that additional studies are merited to lend more insight into the links between EV heterogeneity and function in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Huang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tanina Arab
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley E. Russell
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, United States
| | - Emily R. Mallick
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Evan Gizzie
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Javier Redding-Ochoa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan C. Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Andrey Turchinovich
- Division of Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biolabs GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, US
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11
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Park JY, Park JY, Jeong YG, Park JH, Park YH, Kim SH, Khang D. Pancreatic Tumor-Targeting Stemsome Therapeutics. Adv Mater 2023:e2300934. [PMID: 37114740 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the intrinsic ability of stem cells to target the tumor environment, stem-cell-membrane-functionalized nanocarriers can target and load active anticancer drugs. In this work, a strategy that focuses on stem cells that self-target pancreatic cancer cells is developed. In particular, malignant deep tumors such as pancreatic cancer cells, one of the intractable tumors that currently have no successful clinical strategy, are available for targeting and destruction. By gaining the targeting ability of stem cells against pancreatic tumor cells, stem cell membranes can encapsulate nano-polylactide-co-glycolide loaded with doxorubicin to target and reduce deep pancreatic tumor tissues. Considering the lack of known target proteins on pancreatic tumor cells, the suggested platform technology can be utilized for targeting any malignant tumors in which surface target receptors are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Park
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Jun Young Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Yong-Gyu Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Joo-Hwan Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, South Korea
| | - Yeon Ho Park
- Department of Surgery, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- CMRI, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
- Ectosome Inc., Incheon, 21999, South Korea
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12
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Oshchepkova A, Zenkova M, Vlassov V. Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Nucleic Acid Delivery: Loading Strategies and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087287. [PMID: 37108446 PMCID: PMC10139028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released into the extracellular milieu by cells of various origins. They contain different biological cargoes, protecting them from degradation by environmental factors. There is an opinion that EVs have a number of advantages over synthetic carriers, creating new opportunities for drug delivery. In this review, we discuss the ability of EVs to function as carriers for therapeutic nucleic acids (tNAs), challenges associated with the use of such carriers in vivo, and various strategies for tNA loading into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Oshchepkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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13
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Huang Y, Liao Z, Dang P, Queen S, Abreu CM, Gololobova O, Zheng L, Witwer KW. Longitudinal characterization of circulating extracellular vesicles and small RNA during simian immunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2023; 37:733-44. [PMID: 36779477 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Latent infection by HIV hinders viral eradication despite effective antiretroviral treatment (ART). Among proposed contributors to viral latency are cellular small RNAs that have also been proposed to shuttle between cells in extracellular vesicles. Thus, we profiled extracellular vesicle small RNAs during different infection phases to understand the potential relationship between these extracellular vesicle associated small RNAs and viral infection. DESIGN A well characterized simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model of HIV was used to profile extracellular vesicle enriched blood plasma fractions harvested during preinfection, acute infection, latent infection/ART treatment, and rebound after ART interruption. METHODS Measurement of extracellular vesicle concentration, size distribution, and morphology was complemented with qPCR array for small RNA expression, followed by individual qPCR validations. Iodixanol density gradients were used to separate extracellular vesicle subtypes and virions. RESULTS Plasma extracellular vesicle particle counts correlated with viral load and peaked during acute infection. However, SIV gag RNA detection showed that virions did not fully explain this peak. Extracellular vesicle microRNAs miR-181a, miR-342-3p, and miR-29a decreased with SIV infection and remained downregulated in latency. Interestingly, small nuclear RNA U6 had a tight association with viral load peak. CONCLUSION This study is the first to monitor how extracellular vesicle concentration and extracellular vesicle small RNA expression change dynamically in acute viral infection, latency, and rebound in a carefully controlled animal model. These changes may also reveal regulatory roles in retroviral infection and latency.
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14
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Kotelevets L, Chastre E. Extracellular Vesicles in Colorectal Cancer: From Tumor Growth and Metastasis to Biomarkers and Nanomedications. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36831450 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading public health concern due to its incidence and high mortality rates, highlighting the requirement of an early diagnosis. Evaluation of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) might constitute a noninvasive and reliable approach for CRC detection and for patient follow-up because EVs display the molecular features of the cells they originate. EVs are released by almost all cell types and are mainly categorized as exosomes originating from exocytosis of intraluminal vesicles from multivesicular bodies, ectosomes resulting from outward budding of the plasma membrane and apoptotic bodies' ensuing cell shrinkage. These vesicles play a critical role in intercellular communications during physiological and pathological processes. They facilitate CRC progression and premetastatic niche formation, and they enable transfer of chemotherapy resistance to sensitive cells through the local or remote delivery of their lipid, nucleic acid and protein content. On another note, their stability in the bloodstream, their permeation in tissues and their sheltering of packaged material make engineered EVs suitable vectors for efficient delivery of tracers and therapeutic agents for tumor imaging or treatment. Here, we focus on the physiopathological role of EVs in CRCs, their value in the diagnosis and prognosis and ongoing investigations into therapeutic approaches.
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15
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Cecchin R, Troyer Z, Witwer K, Morris KV. Extracellular vesicles: The next generation in gene therapy delivery. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1225-1230. [PMID: 36698310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are esteemed as a promising delivery vehicle for various genetic therapeutics. They are relatively inert, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, and biocompatible. At least in rodents, they can even transit challenging bodily hurdles such as the blood-brain barrier. Constitutively shed by all cells and with the potential to interact specifically with neighboring and distant targets, EVs can be engineered to carry and deliver therapeutic molecules such as proteins and RNAs. EVs are thus emerging as an elegant in vivo gene therapy vector. Deeper understanding of basic EV biology-including cellular production, EV loading, systemic distribution, and cell delivery-is still needed for effective harnessing of these endogenous cellular nanoparticles as next-generation nanodelivery tools. However, even a perfect EV product will be challenging to produce at clinical scale. In this regard, we propose that vector transduction technologies can be used to convert cells either ex vivo or directly in vivo into EV factories for stable, safe modulation of gene expression and function. Here, we extrapolate from the current EV state of the art to a bright potential future using EVs to treat genetic diseases that are refractory to current therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Cecchin
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Zach Troyer
- Departments of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and Neurology, and Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ken Witwer
- Departments of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and Neurology, and Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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16
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Surman M, Wilczak M, Przybyło M. Lectin-Based Study Reveals the Presence of Disease-Relevant Glycoepitopes in Bladder Cancer Cells and Ectosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36430846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a malignancy that remains a therapeutic challenge and requires the identification of new biomarkers and mechanisms of progression. Several studies showed that extracellular vesicles promote angiogenesis, migration and metastasis, and inhibit apoptosis in bladder cancer. This effect may depend on their glycosylation status. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare glycosylation profiles of T-24 urothelial bladder cancer cells, HCV-29 normal ureter epithelial cells, and ectosomes released by both cell lines using lectin blotting and flow cytometry. Ectosomes displayed distinct total and surface glycosylation profiles with abundance of β-1,6-branched glycans and sialilated structures. Then, it was investigated whether the glycosylation status of the T-24 and HCV-29 cells is responsible for the effect exerted by ectosomes on the proliferation and migration of recipient cells. Stronger proproliferative and promigratory activity of T-24-derived ectosomes was observed in comparison to ectosomes from HCV-29 cells. When ectosomes were isolated from DMJ-treated cells, the aforementioned effects were diminished, suggesting that glycans carried by ectosomes were involved in modulation of recipient cell function. HCV-29- and T-24-derived ectosomes also increased the viability and motility of endothelial HUVEC cells and Hs27 fibroblasts. This supports the hypothesis that ectosomes can modulate the function of various cells present in the tumor microenvironment.
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17
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Słomka A, Wang B, Mocan T, Horhat A, Willms AG, Schmidt-Wolf IGH, Strassburg CP, Gonzalez-Carmona MA, Lukacs-Kornek V, Kornek MT. Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Tumour Cells - complementary liquid biopsies or standalone concepts? Theranostics 2022; 12:5836-5855. [PMID: 35966579 PMCID: PMC9373826 DOI: 10.7150/thno.73400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies do promise a lot, but are they keeping it? In the past decade, additional novel biomarkers qualified to be called like that, of which, some took necessary hurdles resulting in FDA approval and clinical use. Some others are since a while around, well known and were once regarded to be a game changer in cancer diagnosis or cancer screening. But, during their clinical use limitations were observed from statistical significance and questions raised regarding their robustness, that eventually led to be dropped from associated clinical guidelines for certain applications including cancer diagnosis. The purpose of this review isn't to give a broad overview of all current liquid biopsy as biomarkers, weight them and promise a brighter future in cancer prevention, but rather to take a deeper look on two of those who do qualify to be called liquid biopsies now or then. These two are probably of greatest interest conceptually and methodically, and likely have the highest chances to be in clinical use soon, with a portfolio extension over their original conceptual usage. We aim to dig deeper beyond cancer diagnosis or cancer screening. Actually, we aim to review in depth extracellular vesicles (EVs) and compare with circulating tumour cells (CTCs). The latter methodology is partially FDA approved and in clinical use. We will lay out similarities as taking advantage of surface antigens on EVs and CTCs in case of characterization and quantification. But drawing readers' attention to downstream application based on capture/isolation methodology and simply on their overall nature, here apparently being living material eventually recoverable as CTCs are vs. dead material with transient effects on recipient cell as in case of EVs. All this we try to bring in perspective, compare and conclude towards which future direction we are aiming for, or should aim for. Do we announce a winner between CTCs vs EVs? No, but we provide good reasons to intensify research on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bingduo Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Medicine & Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tudor Mocan
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adelina Horhat
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Arnulf G Willms
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, German Armed Forces Hospital Hamburg, 22049 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian P Strassburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria A Gonzalez-Carmona
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Miroslaw T Kornek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Luxmi R, Mains RE, Eipper BA, King SM. Regulated processing and secretion of a peptide precursor in cilia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206098119. [PMID: 35878031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206098119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are sensory and secretory organelles that both receive information from the environment and transmit signals. Cilia-derived vesicles (ectosomes), formed by outward budding of the ciliary membrane, carry enzymes and other bioactive products; this process represents an ancient mode of regulated secretion. Peptidergic intercellular communication controls a wide range of physiological and behavioral responses and occurs throughout eukaryotes. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome encodes what appear to be numerous prepropeptides and enzymes homologous to those used to convert metazoan prepropeptides into bioactive peptide products. Since C. reinhardtii, a green alga, lack the dense core vesicles in which metazoan peptides are processed and stored, we explored the hypothesis that propeptide processing and secretion occur through the regulated release of ciliary ectosomes. A synthetic peptide (GATI-amide) that could be generated from a 91-kDa peptide precursor (proGATI) serves as a chemotactic modulator, attracting minus gametes while repelling plus gametes. Here we dissect the processing pathway that leads to formation of an amidated peptidergic sexual signal specifically on the ciliary ectosomes of plus gametes. Unlike metazoan propeptides, modeling studies identified stable domains in proGATI. Mass spectrometric analysis of a potential prohormone convertase and the amidated proGATI-derived products found in cilia and mating ectosomes link endoproteolytic cleavage to ectosome entry. Extensive posttranslational modification of proGATI confers stability to its amidated product. Analysis of this pathway affords insight into the evolution of peptidergic signaling; this will facilitate studies of the secretory functions of metazoan cilia.
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Xu T, Lin Y, Yu X, Jiang G, Wang J, Xu K, Fang J, Wang S, Dai X. Comparative Effects of Exosomes and Ectosomes Isolated From Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Achilles Tendinopathy in a Rat Model. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:2740-2752. [PMID: 35867349 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221108972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) have gained momentum as a treatment for tendinopathy. Multiple studies have demonstrated significant differences in cargo composition between the 2 subtypes of MSC-EVs (ie, exosomes and ectosomes), which may result in different therapeutic effects. However, the effects of the 2 EV subtypes on tendinopathy have not yet been compared. PURPOSE To compare the effects of adipose stem cell-derived exosomes (ASC-Exos) and ectosomes (ASC-Ectos) on Achilles tendinopathy. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Rats were administered collagenase injections to generate a model of Achilles tendinopathy. A week later, 36 rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups. In each group, Achilles tendons were injected with equal volumes of ASC-Exos, ASC-Ectos, or saline (12 legs/group). The healing outcomes were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, histology, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and biomechanical testing at 3 and 5 weeks after collagenase injection. RESULTS At 3 and 5 weeks, the ASC-Exo group had better histological scores (P = .0036 and P = .0276, respectively), a lower fibril density (P < .0001 and P = .0310, respectively), and a larger collagen diameter (P = .0052 and P < .0001, respectively) than the ASC-Ecto group. At 5 weeks, the expression of collagen type 1 and CD206 in the ASC-Exo group was significantly higher than that in the ASC-Ecto group (P = .0025 and P = .0010, respectively). Regarding biomechanical testing, the ASC-Exo group showed higher failure load (P = .0005), tensile stress (P < .0001), and elastic modulus (P < .0001) than the ASC-Ecto group. CONCLUSION ASC-Exos had more beneficial effects on tendon repair than ASC-Ectos in a rat model of Achilles tendinopathy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of ASC-EVs may have the potential to treat Achilles tendinopathy, and delivery of ASC-Exos could provide additional benefits. It is necessary to compare the healing responses caused by different EV subtypes to further understand their effects on tendinopathy and to aid clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengjing Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yunting Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xinning Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Guangyao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jiajie Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Kaiwang Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jinghua Fang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Siheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xuesong Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, PR China
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20
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Allen ER, Whitefoot-Keliin KM, Palmatier EM, Mahon AR, Greenlee-Wacker MC. Extracellular vesicles from A23187-treated neutrophils cause cGAS-STING-dependent IL-6 production by macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949451. [PMID: 35967325 PMCID: PMC9374307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to several types of bacteria, as well as pharmacological agents, neutrophils produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) and release DNA in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, it is unknown whether these two neutrophil products cooperate to modulate inflammation. Consistent with vital NETosis, neutrophils challenged with S. aureus, as well as those treated with A23187, released significantly more DNA relative to untreated or fMLF-treated neutrophils, with no lysis occurring for any condition. To test the hypothesis that EVs generated during NETosis caused macrophage inflammation, we isolated and characterized EVs from A23187-treated neutrophils (A23187-EVs). A23187-EVs associated with neutrophil granule proteins, histone H3, transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM), and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We showed that DNA from A23187-EVs, when transfected into macrophages, led to production of IL-6 and IFN-α2, and this response was blunted by pre-treatment with the STING inhibitor H151. Next, we confirmed that A23187-EVs were engulfed by macrophages, and showed that they induced cGAS-STING-dependent IL-6 production. In contrast, neither EVs from untreated or fMLF-treated cells exhibited pro-inflammatory activity. Although detergent-mediated lysis of A23187-EVs diminished IL-6 production, removal of surface-associated DNA with DNase I treatment had no effect, and A23187-EVs did not induce IFN-α2 production. Given these unexpected results, we investigated whether macrophage mtDNA activated the cGAS-STING signaling axis. Consistent with mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), a defined mechanism of mtDNA release, we observed macrophage mitochondrial membrane depolarization, a decrease in cytosolic Bax, and a decrease in mitochondrial cytochrome c, suggesting that macrophage mtDNA may initiate this EV-dependent signaling cascade. All together, these data demonstrate that A23187-EVs behave differently than transfected NET- or EV-DNA, and that neutrophil-derived EVs could be used as a model to study NF-κB-dependent STING activation.
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21
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Staufer O, Hernandez Bücher JE, Fichtler J, Schröter M, Platzman I, Spatz JP. Vesicle Induced Receptor Sequestration: Mechanisms behind Extracellular Vesicle-Based Protein Signaling. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2200201. [PMID: 35233981 PMCID: PMC9069182 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are fundamental for proper physiological functioning of multicellular organisms. By shuttling nucleic acids and proteins between cells, EVs regulate a plethora of cellular processes, especially those involved in immune signalling. However, the mechanistic understanding concerning the biophysical principles underlying EV-based communication is still incomplete. Towards holistic understanding, particular mechanisms explaining why and when cells apply EV-based communication and how protein-based signalling is promoted by EV surfaces are sought. Here, the authors study vesicle-induced receptor sequestration (VIRS) as a universal mechanism augmenting the signalling potency of proteins presented on EV-membranes. By bottom-up reconstitution of synthetic EVs, the authors show that immobilization of the receptor ligands FasL and RANK on EV-like vesicles, increases their signalling potential by more than 100-fold compared to their soluble forms. Moreover, the authors perform diffusion simulations within immunological synapses to compare receptor activation between soluble and EV-presented proteins. By this the authors propose vesicle-triggered local clustering of membrane receptors as the principle structural mechanism underlying EV-based protein presentation. The authors conclude that EVs act as extracellular templates promoting the local aggregation of membrane receptors at the EV contact site, thereby fostering inter-protein interactions. The results uncover a potentially universal mechanism explaining the unique structural profit of EV-based intercellular signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Staufer
- Department for Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 225HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Max Planck‐Bristol Center for Minimal BiologyUniversity of Bristol1 Tankard's CloseBristolBS8 1TDUK
- Max Planck School Matter to LifeJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
| | - Jochen Estebano Hernandez Bücher
- Department for Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 225HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
| | - Julius Fichtler
- Biophysical Engineering of Life GroupMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
| | - Martin Schröter
- Department for Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 225HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Department for Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 225HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Max Planck‐Bristol Center for Minimal BiologyUniversity of Bristol1 Tankard's CloseBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department for Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 225HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Max Planck‐Bristol Center for Minimal BiologyUniversity of Bristol1 Tankard's CloseBristolBS8 1TDUK
- Max Planck School Matter to LifeJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
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22
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Wu Q, Duan WZ, Chen JB, Zhao XP, Li XJ, Liu YY, Ma QY, Xue Z, Chen JX. Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Roles in Developing Therapeutic Approach and Delivery Tool of Chinese Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of Depressive Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:843412. [PMID: 35401216 PMCID: PMC8988068 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.843412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles released by cells, which play an essential role in intercellular communication by delivering cellular components including DNA, RNA, lipids, metabolites, cytoplasm, and cell surface proteins into recipient cells. EVs play a vital role in the pathogenesis of depression by transporting miRNA and effector molecules such as BDNF, IL34. Considering that some herbal therapies exhibit antidepressant effects, EVs might be a practical delivery approach for herbal medicine. Since EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), one of the advantages of EV-mediated herbal drug delivery for treating depression with Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is that EVs can transfer herbal medicine into the brain cells. This review focuses on discussing the roles of EVs in the pathophysiology of depression and outlines the emerging application of EVs in delivering CHM for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wen-Zhen Duan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jian-Bei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Yun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Yu Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Xue
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Bost JP, Saher O, Hagey D, Mamand DR, Liang X, Zheng W, Corso G, Gustafsson O, Görgens A, Smith CIE, Zain R, El Andaloussi S, Gupta D. Growth Media Conditions Influence the Secretion Route and Release Levels of Engineered Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101658. [PMID: 34773385 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized cell-derived vesicles produced by all cells, which provide a route of intercellular communication by transmitting biological cargo. While EVs offer promise as therapeutic agents, the molecular mechanisms of EV biogenesis are not yet fully elucidated, in part due to the concurrence of numerous interwoven pathways which give rise to heterogenous EV populations in vitro. The equilibrium between the EV-producing pathways is heavily influenced by factors in the extracellular environment, in such a way that can be taken advantage of to boost production of engineered EVs. In this study, a quantifiable EV-engineering approach is used to investigate how different cell media conditions alter EV production. The presence of serum, exogenous EVs, and other signaling factors in cell media alters EV production at the physical, molecular, and transcriptional levels. Further, it is demonstrated that the ceramide-dependent EV biogenesis route is the major pathway to production of engineered EVs during optimized EV-production. These findings suggest a novel understanding to the mechanisms underlying EV production in cell culture which can be applied to develop advanced EV production methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P. Bost
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Osama Saher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Daniel Hagey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Doste R. Mamand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science Cihan University‐Erbil Arbil 5XC8+WV Iraq
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Wenyi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Giulia Corso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Oskar Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - CI Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Rula Zain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
- Centre for Rare Diseases Department of Clinical Genetics Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm SE‐171 76 Sweden
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
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24
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Anakor E, Milla V, Connolly O, Martinat C, Pradat PF, Dumonceaux J, Duddy W, Duguez S. The Neurotoxicity of Vesicles Secreted by ALS Patient Myotubes Is Specific to Exosome-Like and Not Larger Subtypes. Cells 2022; 11:845. [PMID: 35269468 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles can mediate communication between tissues, affecting the physiological conditions of recipient cells. They are increasingly investigated in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, the most common form of Motor Neurone Disease, as transporters of misfolded proteins including SOD1, FUS, TDP43, or other neurotoxic elements, such as the dipeptide repeats resulting from C9orf72 expansions. EVs are classified based on their biogenesis and size and can be separated by differential centrifugation. They include exosomes, released by the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane, and ectosomes, also known as microvesicles or microparticles, resulting from budding or pinching of the plasma membrane. In the current study, EVs were obtained from the myotube cell culture medium of ALS patients or healthy controls. EVs of two different sizes, separating at 20,000 or 100,000 g, were then compared in terms of their effects on recipient motor neurons, astrocytes, and myotubes. Compared to untreated cells, the smaller, exosome-like vesicles of ALS patients reduced the survival of motor neurons by 31% and of myotubes by 18%, decreased neurite length and branching, and increased the proportion of stellate astrocytes, whereas neither those of healthy subjects, nor larger EVs of ALS or healthy subjects, had such effects.
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25
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Gomes DE, Witwer KW. L1CAM-associated extracellular vesicles: A systematic review of nomenclature, sources, separation, and characterization. J Extracell Biol 2022; 1:e35. [PMID: 35492832 PMCID: PMC9045013 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
When released into biological fluids like blood or saliva, brain extracellular vesicles (EVs) might provide a window into otherwise inaccessible tissue, contributing useful biomarkers of neurodegenerative and other central nervous system (CNS) diseases. To enrich for brain EVs in the periphery, however, cell-specific EV surface markers are needed. The protein that has been used most frequently to obtain EVs of putative neuronal origin is the transmembrane L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM/CD171). In this systematic review, we examine the existing literature on L1CAM and EVs, including investigations of both neurodegenerative disease and cancer through the lens of the minimal information for studies of EVs (MISEV), specifically in the domains of nomenclature usage, EV sources, and EV separation and characterization. Although numerous studies have reported L1CAM-associated biomarker signatures that correlate with disease, interpretation of these results is complicated since L1CAM expression is not restricted to neurons and is also upregulated during cancer progression. A recent study has suggested that L1CAM epitopes are present in biofluids mostly or entirely as cleaved, soluble protein. Our findings on practices and trends in L1CAM-mediated EV separation, enrichment, and characterization yield insights that may assist with interpreting results, evaluating rigor, and suggesting avenues for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitria E. Gomes
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Richman Family Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex, heterogeneous, smoking-related disease of significant global impact. The complex biology of COPD is ultimately driven by a few interrelated processes, including proteolytic tissue remodeling, innate immune inflammation, derangements of the host-pathogen response, aberrant cellular phenotype switching, and cellular senescence, among others. Each of these processes are engendered and perpetuated by cells modulating their environment or each other. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are powerful effectors that allow cells to perform a diverse array of functions on both adjacent and distant tissues, and their pleiotropic nature is only beginning to be appreciated. As such, EVs are candidates to play major roles in these fundamental mechanisms of disease behind COPD. Furthermore, some such roles for EVs are already established, and EVs are implicated in significant aspects of COPD pathogenesis. Here, we discuss known and potential ways that EVs modulate the environment of their originating cells to contribute to the processes that underlie COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W. Russell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kristopher R. Genschmer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - J. Edwin Blalock
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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27
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Shin MJ, Park JY, Lee DH, Khang D. Stem Cell Mimicking Nanoencapsulation for Targeting Arthritis. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 16:8485-8507. [PMID: 35002240 PMCID: PMC8725870 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s334298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a promising regenerative therapy due to their ability to migrate toward damaged tissues. The homing ability of MSCs is unique compared with that of non-migrating cells and MSCs are considered promising therapeutic vectors for targeting major cells in many pathophysiological sites. MSCs have many advantages in the treatment of malignant diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a representative autoimmune disease that primarily affects joints, and secreted chemokines in the joints are well recognized by MSCs following their migration to the joints. Furthermore, MSCs can regulate the inflammatory process and repair damaged cells in the joints. However, the functionality and migration ability of MSCs injected in vivo still show insufficient. The targeting ability and migration efficiency of MSCs can be enhanced by genetic engineering or modification, eg, overexpressing chemokine receptors or migration-related genes, thus maximizing their therapeutic effect. However, there are concerns about genetic changes due to the increased probability of oncogenesis resulting from genome integration of the viral vector, and thus, clinical application is limited. Furthermore, it is suspected that administering MSCs can promote tumor growth and metastasis in xenograft and orthotopic models. For this reason, MSC mimicking nanoencapsulations are an alternative strategy that does not involve using MSCs or bioengineered MSCs. MSC mimicking nanoencapsulations consist of MSC membrane-coated nanoparticles, MSC-derived exosomes and artificial ectosomes, and MSC membrane-fused liposomes with natural or genetically engineered MSC membranes. MSC mimicking nanoencapsulations not only retain the targeting ability of MSCs but also have many advantages in terms of targeted drug delivery. Specifically, MSC mimicking nanoencapsulations are capable of encapsulating drugs with various components, including chemotherapeutic agents, nucleic acids, and proteins. Furthermore, there are fewer concerns over safety issues on MSC mimicking nanoencapsulations associated with mutagenesis even when using genetically engineered MSCs, because MSC mimicking nanoencapsulations use only the membrane fraction of MSCs. Genetic engineering is a promising route in clinical settings, where nano-encapsulated technology strategies are combined. In this review, the mechanism underlying MSC homing and the advantages of MSC mimicking nanoencapsulations are discussed. In addition, genetic engineering of MSCs and MSC mimicking nanoencapsulation is described as a promising strategy for the treatment of immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jun Shin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Jun Young Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, 21999, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
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Huang Y, Driedonks TA, Cheng L, Rajapaksha H, Routenberg DA, Nagaraj R, Redding J, Arab T, Powell BH, Pletniková O, Troncoso JC, Zheng L, Hill AF, Mahairaki V, Witwer KW. Brain Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer's Disease Display Altered Key Protein Levels Including Cell Type-Specific Markers. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1057-1072. [PMID: 36213994 PMCID: PMC9741741 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (bdEVs) play neurodegenerative and protective roles, including in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) may also leave the brain to betray the state of the CNS in the periphery. Only a few studies have profiled the proteome of bdEVs and source brain tissue. Additionally, studies focusing on bdEV cell type-specific surface markers are rare. OBJECTIVE We aimed to reveal the pathological mechanisms inside the brain by profiling the tissue and bdEV proteomes in AD patients. In addition, to indicate targets for capturing and molecular profiling of bdEVs in the periphery, CNS cell-specific markers were profiled on the intact bdEV surface. METHODS bdEVs were separated and followed by EV counting and sizing. Brain tissue and bdEVs from age-matched AD patients and controls were then proteomically profiled. Total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and antioxidant peroxiredoxins (PRDX) 1 and 6 were measured by immunoassay in an independent bdEV separation. Neuron, microglia, astrocyte, and endothelia markers were detected on intact EVs by multiplexed ELISA. RESULTS Overall, concentration of recovered bdEVs was not affected by AD. Proteome differences between AD and control were more pronounced for bdEVs than for brain tissue. Levels of t-tau, p-tau, PRDX1, and PRDX6 were significantly elevated in AD bdEVs compared with controls. Release of certain cell-specific bdEV markers was increased in AD. CONCLUSION Several bdEV proteins are involved in AD mechanisms and may be used for disease monitoring. The identified CNS cell markers may be useful tools for peripheral bdEV capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Huang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tom A.P. Driedonks
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Harinda Rajapaksha
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Javier Redding
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tanina Arab
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bonita H. Powell
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga Pletniková
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Juan C. Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vasiliki Mahairaki
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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29
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Matysiak N, Mielanczyk L, Kaczmarek K, Zaba M, Reichman-Warmusz E, Wojnicz R. New insights into the pathogenesis of cardiac papillary fibroelastomas. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2021; 59:212-225. [PMID: 34878643 DOI: 10.5603/fhc.a2021.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac papillary fibroelastomas (CPFs) are rare benign cardiac tumors typically found on the heart valves. The previously published data on the CPF focused on its clinical presentation, optimal management, and prognosis. However, histogenesis of these lesions remains controversial. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to establish the role of endocardial endothelium (EE) in CPF formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four CPF tumors removed from the right atrioventricular valves were analyzed using hematoxylin & eosin, orcein, and Masson trichrome staining together with immunochemistry for CD-34, CD-68, vimentin, vWF and a-SMA. Moreover, conventional transmission electron microscopy was used for morphological analysis and a-SMA presence confirmation. RESULTS Ultrastructural morphology, immunohisto- and immunocytochemical analyses indicated that cells covering collagenous core have an endothelial origin. Some endocardial endothelium cells have the potential to undergo a transition to mesenchymal cells. Moreover, the abundant presence of extracellular vesicles may indicate an active intercellular communication. Within the intermediate translucent zone, amorphous substances with monocytes/macrophage-like cells and fibroblastic cells were found. Finally, within collagenous core activated (myo)fibroblasts were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that the endocardial endothelium of the CPF was "double-sided", i.e., it presented both endothelial and mesenchymal cell characteristics. Another finding was the presence of monocytes, and macrophages which were integrated into CPF core and displayed features of a fibroblast that have been shown to contribute to extracellular matrix production. This could be interpreted as being attributed to the CPF histogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Matysiak
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, FMS in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Lukasz Mielanczyk
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, FMS in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | | | - Malgorzata Zaba
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, FMS in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Edyta Reichman-Warmusz
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, FMS in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Romuald Wojnicz
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, FMS in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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30
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Witwer KW, Goberdhan DCI, O'Driscoll L, Théry C, Welsh JA, Blenkiron C, Buzás EI, Di Vizio D, Erdbrügger U, Falcón‐Pérez JM, Fu Q, Hill AF, Lenassi M, Lötvall J, Nieuwland R, Ochiya T, Rome S, Sahoo S, Zheng L. Updating MISEV: Evolving the minimal requirements for studies of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12182. [PMID: 34953156 PMCID: PMC8710080 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (EVs, MISEV) is a field-consensus rigour initiative of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV). The last update to MISEV, MISEV2018, was informed by input from more than 400 scientists and made recommendations in the six broad topics of EV nomenclature, sample collection and pre-processing, EV separation and concentration, characterization, functional studies, and reporting requirements/exceptions. To gather opinions on MISEV and ideas for new updates, the ISEV Board of Directors canvassed previous MISEV authors and society members. Here, we share conclusions that are relevant to the ongoing evolution of the MISEV initiative and other ISEV rigour and standardization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Witwer
- Departments of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and Neurology and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's DiseaseJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesPanoz Institute and Trinity Biomedical SciencesInstitute (TBSI) & Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute (TSJCI)Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Clotilde Théry
- INSERM U932, Institut CuriePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Joshua A Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology SectionLaboratory of PathologyCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and PathologyThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of GeneticsCell‐ and ImmunobiologyHCEMM‐SU Extracellular Vesicles Research Group, and ELKH‐SE Immune‐Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicles Research GroupSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of SurgeryDepartment of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterDivision of Cancer Biology and TherapeuticsLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of MedicineDivision of NephrologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Juan M Falcón‐Pérez
- Exosomes Laboratory & Metabolomics PlatfCIC bioGUNE‐BRTAIKERBASQUE, CIBERehdBilbaoSpain
| | - Qing‐Ling Fu
- Exosome Research and Translational CenterThe First Affiliated HospitalOtorhinolaryngology HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and GeneticsLa Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsFaculty of MedicineUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research CentreUniversity of GothenburgGöteborgSweden
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Sophie Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory (INSERM 1060, INRAE 1397)University of Lyon & Faculty of Medicine Lyon‐SudPierre‐BéniteFrance
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Abstract
Cilia are sensory organelles protruding from cell surfaces. Release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from cilia was previously observed in mammals, Chlamydomonas, and in male Caenorhabditis elegans. Using the EV marker TSP-6 (an ortholog of mammalian CD9) and other ciliary receptors, we show that EVs are formed from ciliated sensory neurons in C. elegans hermaphrodites. Release of EVs is observed from two ciliary locations: the cilia tip and/or periciliary membrane compartment (PCMC). Outward budding of EVs from the cilia tip leads to their release into the environment. EVs' budding from the PCMC is concomitantly phagocytosed by the associated glial cells. To maintain cilia composition, a tight regulation of cargo import and removal is achieved by the action of intra-flagellar transport (IFT). Unbalanced IFT due to cargo overexpression or mutations in the IFT machinery leads to local accumulation of ciliary proteins. Disposal of excess ciliary proteins via EVs reduces their local accumulation and exports them to the environment and/or to the glia associated to these ciliated neurons. We suggest that EV budding from cilia subcompartments acts as a safeguard mechanism to remove deleterious excess of ciliary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Razzauti
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles(ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Laurent
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles(ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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32
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Wang J, Nikonorova IA, Silva M, Walsh JD, Tilton PE, Gu A, Akella JS, Barr MM. Sensory cilia act as a specialized venue for regulated extracellular vesicle biogenesis and signaling. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3943-3951.e3. [PMID: 34270950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ciliary extracellular vesicle (EV) shedding is evolutionarily conserved. In Chlamydomonas and C. elegans, ciliary EVs act as signaling devices.1-3 In cultured mammalian cells, ciliary EVs regulate ciliary disposal but also receptor abundance and signaling, ciliary length, and ciliary membrane dynamics.4-7 Mammalian cilia produce EVs from the tip and along the ciliary membrane.8,9 This study aimed to determine the functional significance of shedding at distinct locations and to explore ciliary EV biogenesis mechanisms. Using Airyscan super-resolution imaging in living C. elegans animals, we find that neuronal sensory cilia shed TRP polycystin-2 channel PKD-2::GFP-carrying EVs from two distinct sites: the ciliary tip and the ciliary base. Ciliary tip shedding requires distal ciliary enrichment of PKD-2 by the myristoylated coiled-coil protein CIL-7. Kinesin-3 KLP-6 and intraflagellar transport (IFT) kinesin-2 motors are also required for ciliary tip EV shedding. A big unanswered question in the EV field is how cells sort EV cargo. Here, we show that two EV cargoes- CIL-7 and PKD-2-localized and trafficked differently along cilia and were sorted to different environmentally released EVs. In response to mating partners, C. elegans males modulate EV cargo composition by increasing the ratio of PKD-2 to CIL-7 EVs. Overall, our study indicates that the cilium and its trafficking machinery act as a specialized venue for regulated EV biogenesis and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Inna A Nikonorova
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Malan Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jonathon D Walsh
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Peter E Tilton
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Amanda Gu
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jyothi S Akella
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Surman M, Kędracka-Krok S, Jankowska U, Drożdż A, Stępień E, Przybyło M. Proteomic Profiling of Ectosomes Derived from Paired Urothelial Bladder Cancer and Normal Cells Reveals the Presence of Biologically-Relevant Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136816. [PMID: 34202855 PMCID: PMC8268130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein content of extracellular vesicles (EVs) can modulate different processes during carcinogenesis. Novel proteomic strategies have been applied several times to profile proteins present in exosomes released by urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) cells. However, similar studies have not been conducted so far on another population of EVs, i.e., ectosomes. In the present study we used a shotgun nanoLC-MS/MS proteomic approach to investigate the protein content of ectosomes released in vitro by T-24 UBC cells and HCV-29 normal ureter epithelial cells. In addition, cancer-promoting effects exerted by UBC-derived ectosomes on non-invasive cells in terms of cell proliferation and migratory properties were assessed. In total, 1158 proteins were identified in T-24-derived ectosomes, while HCV-29-derived ectosomes contained a lower number of 259 identified proteins. Qualitative analysis revealed 938 proteins present uniquely in T-24-derived ectosomes, suggesting their potential applications in bladder cancer management as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In addition, T-24-derived ectosomes increased proliferation and motility of recipient cells, likely due to the ectosomal transfer of the identified cancer-promoting molecules. The present study provided a focused identification of biologically relevant proteins in UBC-derived ectosomes, confirming their role in UBC development and progression, and their applicability for further biomarker-oriented studies in preclinical or clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surman
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Kędracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Drożdż
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-348 Kraków, Poland; (A.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-348 Kraków, Poland; (A.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-664-6462
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Yamada M. The Roles of MicroRNAs and Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogeneses of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 251:313-326. [PMID: 32779621 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.251.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The lungs are the organs that work for gas exchange. The basic structure of the lungs is an alveolus, which consists of various types of parenchymal cells and bone marrow-derived cells. Therefore, because the lungs consist of various types of cells with various functions, communication among the different types of the cells should play important roles for the homeostasis and response to disease pathogens. In the past decades, researchers have focused on cytokines or adhesion molecules to reveal the intercellular communication for understanding the homeostasis and pathogenesis in the lungs. Recent investigations have revealed that an extracellular vesicle can move among cells for transferring substances including microRNAs in the vesicles as an intercellular messenger. MicroRNAs and extracellular vesicles are therefore attracting increasing attention from both translational and clinical researchers because these emerging intercellular communication tools seem to be useful for further understanding of the disease pathogenesis as well as the biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of the diseases including cancer and inflammatory diseases. This review article is an attempt to review studies about microRNAs and extracellular vesicles in terms of their roles in normal conditions and refractory diseases of the lungs such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome including our recent study about pulmonary microvascular endothelial microparticles particles as the biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. This review also addresses the possibility of microRNAs and extracellular vesicles as new clinical tools for the diagnosis or treatment for these refractory respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Yamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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35
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Arab T, Mallick ER, Huang Y, Dong L, Liao Z, Zhao Z, Gololobova O, Smith B, Haughey NJ, Pienta KJ, Slusher BS, Tarwater PM, Tosar JP, Zivkovic AM, Vreeland WN, Paulaitis ME, Witwer KW. Characterization of extracellular vesicles and synthetic nanoparticles with four orthogonal single-particle analysis platforms. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12079. [PMID: 33850608 PMCID: PMC8023330 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared four orthogonal technologies for sizing, counting, and phenotyping of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and synthetic particles. The platforms were: single‐particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensing (SP‐IRIS) with fluorescence, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) with fluorescence, microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS), and nanoflow cytometry measurement (NFCM). EVs from the human T lymphocyte line H9 (high CD81, low CD63) and the promonocytic line U937 (low CD81, high CD63) were separated from culture conditioned medium (CCM) by differential ultracentrifugation (dUC) or a combination of ultrafiltration (UF) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Western blot (WB). Mixtures of synthetic particles (silica and polystyrene spheres) with known sizes and/or concentrations were also tested. MRPS and NFCM returned similar particle counts, while NTA detected counts approximately one order of magnitude lower for EVs, but not for synthetic particles. SP‐IRIS events could not be used to estimate particle concentrations. For sizing, SP‐IRIS, MRPS, and NFCM returned similar size profiles, with smaller sizes predominating (per power law distribution), but with sensitivity typically dropping off below diameters of 60 nm. NTA detected a population of particles with a mode diameter greater than 100 nm. Additionally, SP‐IRIS, MRPS, and NFCM were able to identify at least three of four distinct size populations in a mixture of silica or polystyrene nanoparticles. Finally, for tetraspanin phenotyping, the SP‐IRIS platform in fluorescence mode was able to detect at least two markers on the same particle, while NFCM detected either CD81 or CD63. Based on the results of this study, we can draw conclusions about existing single‐particle analysis capabilities that may be useful for EV biomarker development and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanina Arab
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Emily R Mallick
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Yiyao Huang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Urology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Zhaohao Liao
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Zezhou Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Olesia Gololobova
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Barbara Smith
- Department of Cell Biology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- Department of Urology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA.,Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Patrick M Tarwater
- Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Juan Pablo Tosar
- Faculty of Science Universidad de la República Montevideo Uruguay.,Functional Genomics Unit Institut Pasteur de Montevideo Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Angela M Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition University of California Davis Davis California USA
| | - Wyatt N Vreeland
- Bioprocess Measurements Group National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland USA
| | - Michael E Paulaitis
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA.,Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA.,The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Medicine and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center Baltimore Maryland USA
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36
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Amjadi MF, Avner BS, Greenlee-Wacker MC, Horswill AR, Nauseef WM. Neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles modulate the phenotype of naïve human neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:917-925. [PMID: 33682200 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0520-339rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils (PMN) regulate inflammation in many ways, including communication with other immune cells via extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs released by human neutrophils activated with N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF) (PMN-fMLF EVs) had an outside-out orientation and contained functionally important neutrophil plasma membrane proteins, including flavocytochrome b558, and enzymatically active granule proteins, elastase, and myeloperoxidase. Treatment of naïve PMN with PMN-fMLF EVs primed fMLF-stimulated NADPH oxidase activity, increased surface expression of the complement receptors CD11b/CD18 and CD35, the specific granule membrane protein CD66, and flavocytochrome b558 , and promoted phagocytosis of serum-opsonized Staphylococcus aureus. The primed oxidase activity reflected increased surface expression of flavocytochrome b558 and phosphorylation of SER345 in p47phox , two recognized mechanisms for oxidase priming. Taken together, these data demonstrate that stimulated PMN released EVs that altered the phenotype of naïve phagocytes by priming of the NADPH oxidase activity and augmenting phagocytosis, two responses that are integral to optimal PMN host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya F Amjadi
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Benjamin S Avner
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology at University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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de Freitas RCC, Hirata RDC, Hirata MH, Aikawa E. Circulating Extracellular Vesicles As Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Vehicles in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:388. [PMID: 33808038 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are composed of a lipid bilayer containing transmembrane and soluble proteins. Subtypes of EVs include ectosomes (microparticles/microvesicles), exosomes, and apoptotic bodies that can be released by various tissues into biological fluids. EV cargo can modulate physiological and pathological processes in recipient cells through near- and long-distance intercellular communication. Recent studies have shown that origin, amount, and internal cargos (nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) of EVs are variable under different pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The early detection and management of CVD reduce premature morbidity and mortality. Circulating EVs have attracted great interest as a potential biomarker for diagnostics and follow-up of CVD. This review highlights the role of circulating EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic follow-up of CVD, and also for drug delivery. Despite the great potential of EVs as a tool to study the pathophysiology of CVD, further studies are needed to increase the spectrum of EV-associated applications.
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Askenase PW. Ancient Evolutionary Origin and Properties of Universally Produced Natural Exosomes Contribute to Their Therapeutic Superiority Compared to Artificial Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1429. [PMID: 33572657 PMCID: PMC7866973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, are newly recognized fundamental, universally produced natural nanoparticles of life that are seemingly involved in all biologic processes and clinical diseases. Due to their universal involvements, understanding the nature and also the potential therapeutic uses of these nanovesicles requires innovative experimental approaches in virtually every field. Of the EV group, exosome nanovesicles and larger companion micro vesicles can mediate completely new biologic and clinical processes dependent on the intercellular transfer of proteins and most importantly selected RNAs, particularly miRNAs between donor and targeted cells to elicit epigenetic alterations inducing functional cellular changes. These recipient acceptor cells are nearby (paracrine transfers) or far away after distribution via the circulation (endocrine transfers). The major properties of such vesicles seem to have been conserved over eons, suggesting that they may have ancient evolutionary origins arising perhaps even before cells in the primordial soup from which life evolved. Their potential ancient evolutionary attributes may be responsible for the ability of some modern-day exosomes to withstand unusually harsh conditions, perhaps due to unique membrane lipid compositions. This is exemplified by ability of the maternal milk exosomes to survive passing the neonatal acid/enzyme rich stomach. It is postulated that this resistance also applies to their durable presence in phagolysosomes, thus suggesting a unique intracellular release of their contained miRNAs. A major discussed issue is the generally poorly realized superiority of these naturally evolved nanovesicles for therapies when compared to human-engineered artificial nanoparticles, e.g., for the treatment of diseases like cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Askenase
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Słomka A, Mocan T, Wang B, Nenu I, Urban SK, Gonzalez-Carmona MA, Schmidt-Wolf IGH, Lukacs-Kornek V, Strassburg CP, Spârchez Z, Kornek M. EVs as Potential New Therapeutic Tool/Target in Gastrointestinal Cancer and HCC. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3019. [PMID: 33080904 PMCID: PMC7603109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than a decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been in focus of science. Once thought to be an efficient way to eliminate undesirable cell content, EVs are now well-accepted as being an important alternative to cytokines and chemokines in cell-to-cell communication route. With their cargos, mainly consisting of functional proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, they can activate signalling cascades and thus change the phenotype of recipient cells at local and systemic levels. Their substantial role as modulators of various physiological and pathological processes is acknowledged. Importantly, more and more evidence arises that EVs play a pivotal role in many stages of carcinogenesis. Via EV-mediated communication, tumour cells can manipulate cells from host immune system or from the tumour microenvironment, and, ultimately, they promote tumour progression and modulate host immunity towards tumour's favour. Additionally, the role of EVs in modulating resistance to pharmacological and radiological therapy of many cancer types has become evident lately. Our understanding of EV biology and their role in cancer promotion and drug resistance has evolved considerably in recent years. In this review, we specifically discuss the current knowledge on the association between EVs and gastrointestinal (GI) and liver cancers, including their potential for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Tudor Mocan
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.M.); (I.N.); (Z.S.)
| | - Bingduo Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (S.K.U.); (M.G.-C.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Iuliana Nenu
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.M.); (I.N.); (Z.S.)
| | - Sabine K. Urban
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (S.K.U.); (M.G.-C.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Maria A. Gonzalez-Carmona
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (S.K.U.); (M.G.-C.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Ingo G. H. Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Christian P. Strassburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (S.K.U.); (M.G.-C.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Zeno Spârchez
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.M.); (I.N.); (Z.S.)
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (S.K.U.); (M.G.-C.); (C.P.S.)
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Drożdż A, Kamińska A, Surman M, Gonet-Surówka A, Jach R, Huras H, Przybyło M, Stępień EŁ. Low-Vacuum Filtration as an Alternative Extracellular Vesicle Concentration Method: A Comparison with Ultracentrifugation and Differential Centrifugation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E872. [PMID: 32933147 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have brought great focus on the development of drug delivery systems based on extracellular vesicles (EVs). Considering the possible applications of EVs as drug carriers, the isolation process is a crucial step. To solve the problems involved in EV isolation, we developed and validated a new EV isolation method—low-vacuum filtration (LVF)—and compared it with two commonly applied procedures—differential centrifugation (DC) and ultracentrifugation (UC). EVs isolated from endothelial cell culture media were characterized by (a) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), (b) Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), (c) Western blot and (d) Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Additionally, the membrane surface was imaged with Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM). We found that LVF was a reproducible and efficient method for EV isolation from conditioned media. Additionally, we observed a correlation between ATR-FTIR spectra quality and EV and protein concentration. ESEM imaging confirmed that the actual pore diameter was close to the values calculated theoretically. LVF is an easy, fast and inexpensive EV isolation method that allows for the isolation of both ectosomes and exosomes from high-volume sources with good repeatability. We believe that it could be an efficient alternative to commonly applied methods.
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Żmigrodzka M, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Winnicka A. Platelets Extracellular Vesicles as Regulators of Cancer Progression-An Updated Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5195. [PMID: 32707975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse group of membrane-bound structures secreted in physiological and pathological conditions by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Their role in cell-to-cell communications has been discussed for more than two decades. More attention is paid to assess the impact of EVs in cancer. Numerous papers showed EVs as tumorigenesis regulators, by transferring their cargo molecules (miRNA, DNA, protein, cytokines, receptors, etc.) among cancer cells and cells in the tumor microenvironment. During platelet activation or apoptosis, platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are formed. PEVs present a highly heterogeneous EVs population and are the most abundant EVs group in the circulatory system. The reason for the PEVs heterogeneity are their maternal activators, which is reflected on PEVs size and cargo. As PLTs role in cancer development is well-known, and PEVs are the most numerous EVs in blood, their feasible impact on cancer growth is strongly discussed. PEVs crosstalk could promote proliferation, change tumor microenvironment, favor metastasis formation. In many cases these functions were linked to the transfer into recipient cells specific cargo molecules from PEVs. The article reviews the PEVs biogenesis, cargo molecules, and their impact on the cancer progression.
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Tokarz A, Konkolewska M, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Maziarz B, Hanarz P, Żurakowski A, Szuścik I, Stępień EŁ. Retinopathy severity correlates with RANTES concentrations and CCR 5-positive microvesicles in diabetes. Folia Med Cracov 2020. [PMID: 31891363 DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2019.131139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RANTES regulates leukocyte recruitment to areas affected by the inflammatory process. Microvesicles (MVs) belong to a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles and show proangiogenic potential by transferring bioactive molecules to target cells. OBJECTIVES the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between circulating proangiogenic factors (MVs and RANTES) and diabetes complications in patients with different severities of diabetic retinopathy (DR). CCR5 (CD195) receptors transported by annexin V-labeled MVs were also investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Diabetic patients (n = 61), among whom 35 had confirmed DR classified according to guidelines, and controls (n = 25) were included. MVs were isolated by centrifugation and analyzed using flow cytometry, RANTES was assessed by ELISA. RESULTS the study group differed from the control group with respect to BMI, age, heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Additionally, glucose and creatinine concentrations were significantly increased: 5.30 [5.09-5.62] vs. 9.38 [7.48-11.55] (p <0.0001) mmol/l and 74.59 [64-84] vs. 89.00 [77.11-105.44] μmol/l (p = 0.0005), respectively. RANTES concentrations were significantly increased in diabetic patients compared to those of controls (15.5 (9.7-18.1) vs. 8.9 (0.9-14.6) μg/ml (p = 0.011)), and RANTES concentration significantly increased with respect to nonproliferative DR progression. Moreover, the number of CCR5-positive MVs was significantly increased in patients with heavy nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (HNPDR) compared to those with so nonproliferative DR (SNPDR): 1178 [836-2254] vs. 394 [275-799] counts/μl. CONCLUSIONS Correlation of RANTES concentrations with the stage of nonproliferative DR and the statistically significant dependence of CCR5-positive MVs with disease progression suggest that MVs and RANTES can be considered new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Tokarz
- St. Louis Regional Specialized Children's Hospital in Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Barbara Maziarz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Patryk Hanarz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Iwona Szuścik
- Oko-Laser Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ewa Łucja Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University Cracow, Poland.
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Allen ER, Lempke SL, Miller MM, Bush DM, Braswell BG, Estes CL, Benedict EL, Mahon AR, Sabo SL, Greenlee-Wacker MC. Effect of extracellular vesicles from S. aureus-challenged human neutrophils on macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1841-1850. [PMID: 32450612 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0320-156r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus enhances neutrophil extracellular vesicle (EV) production. To investigate whether S. aureus viability influences EV biogenesis, EVs were isolated from human neutrophils incubated with viable bacteria (bEVs) or heat-killed bacteria (heat-killed EVs). Protein analysis, nanoparticle tracking and transmission electron microscopy showed comparable EV production between subsets, and both viable and nonviable bacteria were also detected in respective EV subsets. As anticipated, S. aureus, as well as bEVs with viable bacteria, were proinflammatory, and killing bacteria with gentamicin reduced cytokine production to baseline levels. Although heat-killed bacteria induced macrophage IL-6 production, heat-killed EVs did not. Additionally, we found that human and bacterial DNA associated with bEVs, but not heat-killed EVs, and that the DNA association could be partially decreased by disrupting electrostatic interactions. We investigated the potential for DNA isolated from EVs (EV-DNA) or EVs to cause inflammation. Although liposomal encapsulation of EV-DNA increased IL-6 production from baseline by 7.5-fold, treatment of bEVs with DNase I had no effect on IL-6 and IL-1β production, suggesting that the DNA did not contribute to the inflammatory response. Filtered EVs, which lacked DNA and associated bacteria, exhibited less proinflammatory activity relative to bEVs, and enhanced macrophage expression of CD86 and HLA-DR. Ultimately, we show that bEVs isolated by differential centrifugation co-purify with bacteria and DNA, and studying their concerted activity and relative contribution to immune response is important to the study of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina R Allen
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Samantha L Lempke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michaela M Miller
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Delaney M Bush
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Brandyn G Braswell
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Casey L Estes
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Everett L Benedict
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew R Mahon
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Shasta L Sabo
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
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Surman M, Kędracka-Krok S, Hoja-Łukowicz D, Jankowska U, Drożdż A, Stępień EŁ, Przybyło M. Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Characterization of Cutaneous Melanoma Ectosomes Reveals the Presence of Cancer-Related Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2934. [PMID: 32331267 PMCID: PMC7215915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an aggressive type of skin cancer for which effective biomarkers are still needed. Recently, the protein content of extracellular vesicles (ectosomes and exosomes) became increasingly investigated in terms of its functional role in CM and as a source of novel biomarkers; however, the data concerning the proteome of CM-derived ectosomes is very limited. We used the shotgun nanoLC-MS/MS approach to the profile protein content of ectosomes from primary (WM115, WM793) and metastatic (WM266-4, WM1205Lu) CM cell lines. Additionally, the effect exerted by CM ectosomes on recipient cells was assessed in terms of cell proliferation (Alamar Blue assay) and migratory properties (wound healing assay). All cell lines secreted heterogeneous populations of ectosomes enriched in the common set of proteins. A total of 1507 unique proteins were identified, with many of them involved in cancer cell proliferation, migration, escape from apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. Isolated ectosomes increased proliferation and motility of recipient cells, likely due to the ectosomal transfer of different cancer-promoting molecules. Taken together, these results confirm the significant role of ectosomes in several biological processes leading to CM development and progression, and might be used as a starting point for further studies exploring their diagnostic and prognostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surman
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (D.H.-Ł.)
| | - Sylwia Kędracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Dorota Hoja-Łukowicz
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (D.H.-Ł.)
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Drożdż
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland; (A.D.); (E.Ł.S.)
| | - Ewa Ł. Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland; (A.D.); (E.Ł.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (D.H.-Ł.)
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Surman M, Drożdż A, Stępień E, Przybyło M. Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems - Methods of Production and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:132-154. [PMID: 30848183 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190306153318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems are created to achieve the desired therapeutic effect of a specific pharmaceutical compound. Numerous drawbacks and side effects such as unfavorable pharmacokinetics, lack of tissue selectivity, immunogenicity, increased systemic clearance and toxicity, have been observed for currently available drug delivery systems (DDSs). The use of natural and artificial extracellular vesicles (EVs) in drug delivery may help to solve the aforementioned problems faced by different DDSs. Due to their self-origin, small size, flexibility, the presence of multiple adhesive molecules on their surfaces as well as their function as biomolecules carriers, EVs are the perfect candidates for DDSs. Currently, several drug delivery systems based on EVs have been proposed. While the great potential of these particles in targeted drug delivery has been recognized in cancer, hepatitis C, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory states etc., this field is still in the early stage of development. Unfortunately, the use of EVs from natural sources (cell cultures, body fluids) results in numerous problems in terms of the heterogeneity of isolated vesicle population as well as the method of isolation thereof, which may influence vesicle composition and properties. Therefore, there is a significant need for the synthesis of artificial EV-based DDSs under strictly controlled laboratory conditions and from well-defined biomolecules (proteins and lipids). Vesicle-mimetic delivery systems, characterized by properties similar to natural EVs, will bring new opportunities to study the mechanisms of DDS internalization and their biological activity after delivering their cargo to a target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surman
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Drożdż
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Ender F, Zamzow P, Bubnoff NV, Gieseler F. Detection and Quantification of Extracellular Vesicles via FACS: Membrane Labeling Matters! Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E291. [PMID: 31906247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research is challenged by the lack of standardized protocols to identify and specifically distinguish between exosomes and ectosomes, which are released via exocytosis or plasma membrane shedding, respectively. Using sequential centrifugation, we separated EV subpopulations from supernatants of COLO 357 pancreas carcinoma cells based on size and mass. After 10,000× g centrifugation, we reconstituted high-speed (hs) EVs from the pellet, directly labeled them with the membrane dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), and performed flow cytometry based analysis. The aim was to optimize the conditions for EV labeling and detection and hence to obtain a maximum yield of intact hsEVs. We found that, for sufficient labeling of EVs, minimal temperature variations and short incubation times correlated with EV stability. Furthermore, threshold adjustment significantly improved the sensitivity of the flow cytometer for the detection of CFSE labeled hsEVs. When cells were CFSE labeled, we observed a transition of fluorescence onto EVs that were reconstituted from the pellet but not onto those that remained in the supernatant after hs centrifugation, suggesting the indirect labeling of EVs based on the way of biogenesis as a specific method for the distinction of exosomes and ectosomes. Protocol standardization is of major importance for the use of EVs as diagnostic markers in liquid biopsies.
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Choi D, Montermini L, Jeong H, Sharma S, Meehan B, Rak J. Mapping Subpopulations of Cancer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Particles by Nano-Flow Cytometry. ACS Nano 2019; 13:10499-10511. [PMID: 31469961 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The elusive complexity of membranous extracellular vesicle (EV) and membrane-less extracellular particle (EP) populations released from various cellular sources contains clues as to their biological functions and diagnostic utility. In this study, we employed optimized multicolor nano-flow cytometry, structured illumination (SIM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to bridge sensitive detection at the single EV/EP level and high-throughput analysis of cancer cell secretomes. We applied these approaches to particles released from intact cells driven by several different transforming mechanisms or to cells under therapeutic stress imposed by pharmacological inhibition of their oncogenic drivers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We demonstrate a highly heterogeneous distribution of biologically relevant elements of the EV/EP cargo, including oncoproteins (EGFR), clotting factors (tissue factor), pro-metastatic integrins (ITGA6, ITGA4), tetraspanins (CD63), and genomic DNA across the entire particulate secretome of cancer cells. We observed that targeting EGFR activity with irreversible kinase inhibitors (dacomitinib) triggers emission of DNA containing EP/EV subpopulations, including particles (chromatimeres) harboring both EGFR and DNase-resistant chromatin. While nano-flow cytometry enables quantification of these changes across the entire particular secretome, SIM reveals individual molecular topography of EV/EP subsets and AFM exposes some of their physical properties, including the presence of nanofilaments and other substructures. We describe differential uptake rates of distinct EV subsets, resulting in preferential internalization of exosome-like small EVs by cancer cells to the exclusion of larger EVs. Thus, our study illustrates the potential of nano-flow cytometry coupled with high-resolution microscopy to explore the cancer-related EV/EP landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsic Choi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
| | - Hyeonju Jeong
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and California Nanosystems Institute , University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Brian Meehan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
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Surman M, Hoja-Łukowicz D, Szwed S, Kędracka-Krok S, Jankowska U, Kurtyka M, Drożdż A, Lityńska A, Stępień E, Przybyło M. An Insight into the Proteome of Uveal Melanoma-Derived Ectosomes Reveals the Presence of Potentially Useful Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153789. [PMID: 31382537 PMCID: PMC6695883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are known to release extracellular vesicles that often promote disease development and progression. The present study investigated the protein content and glycosylation pattern of ectosomes released in vitro by a human primary uveal melanoma Mel202 cell line. Ectosomes released by Mel202 cells were isolated from conditioned media using sequential centrifugation, and a nano-LC-MS/MS approach was used to determine their protein content. Subsequently, proteins from ectosomes, the whole cell extracts, and the membrane fractions were probed with a panel of lectins using Western blotting and flow cytometry to reveal characteristic glycan structures. As many as 2527 unique proteins were identified, and many of them are known to be involved in cancer cell proliferation and altered metabolism, tumor invasion, metastasis, or drug resistance. Lectin-based studies revealed a distinct glycosylation pattern between Mel202-derived ectosomes and the parental cell membranes. Selective enrichment of ectosomal proteins with bisected complex type N-glycans and α2,6-linked sialic acids may be significant for ectosome formation and sequestration. Differences in the surface glycosylation of Mel202 cells and ectosomes supports recent findings that the budding of ectosomes occurs within strictly determined fragments of the plasma membrane, and thus ectosomes contain a unique protein and glycan composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surman
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Hoja-Łukowicz
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sabina Szwed
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kędracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kurtyka
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Drożdż
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Lityńska
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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49
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Abstract
Skeletal myofibers are injured due to mechanical stresses experienced during physical activity, or due to myofiber fragility caused by genetic diseases. The injured myofiber needs to be repaired or regenerated to restore the loss in muscle tissue function. Myofiber repair and regeneration requires coordinated action of various intercellular signaling factors-including proteins, inflammatory cytokines, miRNAs, and membrane lipids. It is increasingly being recognized release and transmission of these signaling factors involves extracellular vesicle (EV) released by myofibers and other cells in the injured muscle. Intercellular signaling by these EVs alters the phenotype of their target cells either by directly delivering the functional proteins and lipids or by modifying longer-term gene expression. These changes in the target cells activate downstream pathways involved in tissue homeostasis and repair. The EVs are heterogeneous with regards to their size, composition, cargo, location, as well as time-course of genesis and release. These differences impact on the subsequent repair and regeneration of injured skeletal muscles. This review focuses on how intracellular vesicle production, cargo packaging, and secretion by injured muscle, modulates specific reparative, and regenerative processes. Insights into the formation of these vesicles and their signaling properties offer new understandings of the orchestrated response necessary for optimal muscle repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Bittel
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
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50
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Ender F, VON Bubnoff N, Gieseler F. Extracellular Vesicles: Subcellular Organelles With the Potential to Spread Cancer Resistance. Anticancer Res 2019; 39:3395-3404. [PMID: 31262861 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although modern anticancer drugs have made great progress in disease treatment, the occurrence of drug resistance often leads to treatment failure. Understanding the molecular basis of resistance mechanisms is important to determine prognosis and develop strategies for circumvention. In this context, subcellular vesicles released by cancer cells have been identified to mediate cellular resistance by various mechanisms. Such extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be subdivided into exosomes and ectosomes based on their size, cargo, and mechanism of formation. The unveiling of EV-targeted treatment options depends on a sound knowledge on EV biology including biogenesis, release, targeting to recipient cells, and uptake. In this review, we focus on EVs as mediators of cancer drug resistance with a particular emphasis on the distinction of exosomes and ectosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Ender
- Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, Experimental Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Nikolas VON Bubnoff
- Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, Experimental Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Frank Gieseler
- Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, Experimental Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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