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Marlęga-Linert J, Gąsecka A, van der Pol E, Kuchta A, Filipiak KJ, Fijałkowski M, Gruchała M, Nieuwland R, Mickiewicz A. Lipoprotein apheresis affects the concentration of extracellular vesicles in patients with elevated lipoprotein (a). Sci Rep 2024; 14:2762. [PMID: 38307884 PMCID: PMC10837138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) is a therapeutic option for hyperlipoproteinemia(a) (hyper-Lp(a)) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). LA improves blood rheology, reduces oxidative stress parameters and improves endothelial function. The underlying molecular mechanisms of LA beneficial effects are unknown, but it has been suggested that LA exhibits multiple activities beyond simply removing lipoproteins. We hypothesized that LA removes not only lipoproteins, but also extracellular vesicles (EVs). To test this hypothesis, we performed a prospective study in 22 patients undergoing LA for hyper-Lp(a) and ASCVD. Different EVs subtypes were measured before and directly after LA, and after 7 days. We used calibrated flow cytometry to detect total particle concentration (diameter > ~ 100 nm), total lipoproteins concentration (diameter > 200 nm, RI > 1.51), total EV concentration (diameter > 200 nm, RI < 1.41), concentrations of EVs derived from erythrocytes (CD235a+; diameter > 200 nm, RI < 1.41), leukocytes (CD45+; diameter > 200 nm, RI < 1.41) and platelets (CD61+, PEVs; diameter > 200 nm, RI < 1.41). LA reduced the concentrations of all investigated EVs subtypes and lipoproteins. Lp(a) concentration was lowered by 64.5% [(58% - 71%); p < 0.001]. Plasma concentrations of EVs > 200 nm in diameter derived from platelets (CD61 +), leukocytes (CD45+) and erythrocytes (CD235a+) decreased after single LA procedure by 42.7% [(12.8-54.7); p = 0.005], 42.6% [(29.7-54.1); p = 0.030] and 26.7% [(1.0-62.7); p = 0.018], respectively, compared to baseline. All EV subtypes returned to the baseline concentrations in blood plasma after 7 days. To conclude, LA removes not only Lp(a), but also cell-derived EVs, which may contribute to LA beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Marlęga-Linert
- First Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1St Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Kuchta
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Filipiak
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medical Academy in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Fijałkowski
- First Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Gruchała
- First Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Mickiewicz
- First Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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2
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Welsh JA, Goberdhan DCI, O'Driscoll L, Buzas EI, Blenkiron C, Bussolati B, Cai H, Di Vizio D, Driedonks TAP, Erdbrügger U, Falcon‐Perez JM, Fu Q, Hill AF, Lenassi M, Lim SK, Mahoney MG, Mohanty S, Möller A, Nieuwland R, Ochiya T, Sahoo S, Torrecilhas AC, Zheng L, Zijlstra A, Abuelreich S, Bagabas R, Bergese P, Bridges EM, Brucale M, Burger D, Carney RP, Cocucci E, Colombo F, Crescitelli R, Hanser E, Harris AL, Haughey NJ, Hendrix A, Ivanov AR, Jovanovic‐Talisman T, Kruh‐Garcia NA, Ku'ulei‐Lyn Faustino V, Kyburz D, Lässer C, Lennon KM, Lötvall J, Maddox AL, Martens‐Uzunova ES, Mizenko RR, Newman LA, Ridolfi A, Rohde E, Rojalin T, Rowland A, Saftics A, Sandau US, Saugstad JA, Shekari F, Swift S, Ter‐Ovanesyan D, Tosar JP, Useckaite Z, Valle F, Varga Z, van der Pol E, van Herwijnen MJC, Wauben MHM, Wehman AM, Williams S, Zendrini A, Zimmerman AJ, MISEV Consortium, Théry C, Witwer KW. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12404. [PMID: 38326288 PMCID: PMC10850029 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of PathologyNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Deborah C. I. Goberdhan
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive HealthUniversity of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Edit I. Buzas
- Department of Genetics, Cell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- HCEMM‐SU Extracellular Vesicle Research GroupSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- HUN‐REN‐SU Translational Extracellular Vesicle Research GroupSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | | | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and TherapeuticsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tom A. P. Driedonks
- Department CDL ResearchUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- University of Virginia Health SystemCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Juan M. Falcon‐Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Qing‐Ling Fu
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Extracellular Vesicle Research and Clinical Translational CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
- Paracrine Therapeutics Pte. Ltd.SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Surgery, YLL School of MedicineNational University SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Mỹ G. Mahoney
- Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell FacilityAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong S.A.R.
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Susmita Sahoo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ana C. Torrecilhas
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Campus DiademaDiademaBrazil
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Andries Zijlstra
- Department of PathologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- GenentechSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sarah Abuelreich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Reem Bagabas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI)FlorenceItaly
- National Center for Gene Therapy and Drugs based on RNA TechnologyPaduaItaly
| | - Esther M. Bridges
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Marco Brucale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali NanostrutturatiBolognaItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFlorenceItaly
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research CentreOttawa Hopsital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Randy P. Carney
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Emanuele Cocucci
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Federico Colombo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Rossella Crescitelli
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Edveena Hanser
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Norman J. Haughey
- Departments of Neurology and PsychiatryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Alexander R. Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Tijana Jovanovic‐Talisman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicole A. Kruh‐Garcia
- Bio‐pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Academic Resource Center (BioMARC)Infectious Disease Research Center, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Vroniqa Ku'ulei‐Lyn Faustino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Diego Kyburz
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of RheumatologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical NutritionInstitute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Kathleen M. Lennon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Adam L. Maddox
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Elena S. Martens‐Uzunova
- Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteUniversity Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of UrologyRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rachel R. Mizenko
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lauren A. Newman
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
| | - Andrea Ridolfi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eva Rohde
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University HospitalSalzburger Landeskliniken GmbH of Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- GMP Unit, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Transfer Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Theralytic Technologies, EV‐TTSalzburgAustria
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Expansion Therapeutics, Structural Biology and BiophysicsJupiterFloridaUSA
| | - Andrew Rowland
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
| | - Andras Saftics
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research InstituteCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ursula S. Sandau
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Julie A. Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
- Celer DiagnosticsTorontoCanada
| | - Simon Swift
- Waipapa Taumata Rau University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Dmitry Ter‐Ovanesyan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Juan P. Tosar
- Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideoUruguay
- Institut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
| | - Zivile Useckaite
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
| | - Francesco Valle
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali NanostrutturatiBolognaItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFlorenceItaly
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Biological Nanochemistry Research GroupInstitute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn J. C. van Herwijnen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marca H. M. Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI)FlorenceItaly
| | - Alan J. Zimmerman
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932PSL UniversityParisFrance
- CurieCoreTech Extracellular Vesicles, Institut CurieParisFrance
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- EV Core Facility “EXCEL”, Institute for Basic Biomedical SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's DiseaseJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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3
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Deumer J, Schürmann R, Gaál A, Varga Z, Bettin B, van der Pol E, Nieuwland R, Ojeda D, Sikora A, Bartczak D, Goenaga-Infante H, Noireaux J, Khakpour M, Korpelainen V, Gollwitzer C. Traceable characterization of hollow organosilica beads as potential reference materials for extracellular vesicle measurements with optical techniques. Discov Nano 2024; 19:14. [PMID: 38252361 PMCID: PMC10810315 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-03956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The concentration of cell-type specific extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a promising biomarker for various diseases. However, concentrations of EVs measured by optical techniques such as flow cytometry (FCM) or particle tracking analysis (PTA) in clinical practice are incomparable. To allow reliable and comparable concentration measurements suitable reference materials (RMs) and SI-traceable (SI-International system of units) methods are required. Hollow organosilica beads (HOBs) are promising RM candidates for concentration measurements of EVs based on light scattering, as the shape, low refractive index, and number concentration of HOBs are comparable to EVs of the respective size range that can be detected with current optical instrumentation. Here, we present traceable methods for measuring the particle size distribution of four HOB types in the size range between 200 and 500 nm by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), as well as the number concentration by single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). Based on the size and shape results, traceable reference values were obtained to additionally determine the refractive index of the shell of the HOB samples by FCM. Furthermore, the estimated refractive indexes of the HOBs plausibly agree with the refractive indexes of EVs of corresponding size. Due to their narrow size distribution and their similar shape, and low refractive index, all HOB samples studied are suitable RM candidates for calibration of the measured sample volume by optical methods within the photon wavelength range used, and thus for calibration of number concentration measurements of EVs in the size range indicated. This was confirmed as the number concentration values obtained by PTA and two independent flow cytometric measurements agreed with the concentration reference values obtained by two independent spICP-MS measurements within the calculated uncertainty limits.
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Grants
- 18HLT01 METVES II project, which received funding from the EMPIR program, co-funded by the participating states, and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
- KP2021-EGA-31 János Bolyai Research Fellowship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the funding from the National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary (NKFIH)
- 2020-1.1.2-PIACI-KFI-2020-00021 János Bolyai Research Fellowship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the funding from the National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary (NKFIH)
- VIDI 19724 Dutch Research Council (NWO)
- METVES II project, which received funding from the EMPIR program, co-funded by the participating states, and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) (4254)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Deumer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robin Schürmann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anikó Gaál
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Britta Bettin
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Ojeda
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Limited, Teddington, TW11 0LY, UK
| | - Aneta Sikora
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Limited, Teddington, TW11 0LY, UK
| | - Dorota Bartczak
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Limited, Teddington, TW11 0LY, UK
| | | | - Johanna Noireaux
- Department of Climate Change and Environment, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais, 1, Rue Gaston Boissier, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Mahrad Khakpour
- National Metrology Institute, VTT MIKES, Tekniikantie 1, FI-02150 , Espoo, Finland
| | - Virpi Korpelainen
- National Metrology Institute, VTT MIKES, Tekniikantie 1, FI-02150 , Espoo, Finland
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4
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Ernault AC, de Winter R, Fabrizi B, Bracht JW, Hau C, van Amersfoorth SC, Meulendijks ER, Tijsen AJ, Cócera Ortega L, van der Made I, Gasecka A, Driessen AH, Nieuwland R, Boukens BJ, van der Pol E, de Groot JR, Coronel R. MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles released from epicardial adipose tissue promote arrhythmogenic conduction slowing. Heart Rhythm O2 2023; 4:805-814. [PMID: 38204457 PMCID: PMC10774655 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with excess epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) are at increased risk of developing cardiac arrhythmias. EAT promotes arrhythmias by depolarizing the resting membrane of cardiomyocytes, which slows down conduction and facilitates re-entrant arrhythmias. We hypothesized that EAT slows conduction by secreting extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their microRNA (miRNA) cargo. Objective We aimed to determine the role of EAT-derived EVs and their miRNA cargo in conduction slowing. Methods EAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were collected from patients with atrial fibrillation. Adipose tissue explants were incubated in culture medium and secretome was collected. The numbers of EVs in the EAT and SAT secretome were measured by calibrated flow cytometry. EVs in the EAT secretome were isolated by size exclusion chromatography and miRNAs were sequenced. Pathway analysis was performed to predict candidates involved in cardiac electrophysiology. The candidates were validated in the EAT and SAT by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Finally, miRNA candidates were overexpressed in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Results The EV concentration was higher in the EAT secretome than in the SAT and control secretomes. miRNA sequencing of EAT-derived EVs detected a total of 824 miRNAs. Pathway analysis led to the identification of 7 miRNAs potentially involved in regulation of cardiac resting membrane potential. Validation of those miRNA candidates showed that they were all expressed in EAT, and that miR-1-3p and miR-133a-3p were upregulated in EAT in comparison with SAT. Overexpression of miR-1-3p and miR-133a-3p in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes led to conduction slowing and reduced Kcnj2 and Kcnj12 expression. Conclusion miR-1-3p and miR-133a-3p are potential mediators of EAT arrhythmogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriane C. Ernault
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosan de Winter
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Fabrizi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jillian W.P. Bracht
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chi Hau
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shirley C.M. van Amersfoorth
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eva R. Meulendijks
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anke J. Tijsen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lucía Cócera Ortega
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg van der Made
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Gasecka
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Antoine H. Driessen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J. Boukens
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris R. de Groot
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Bettin B, Varga Z, Nieuwland R, van der Pol E. Standardization of extracellular vesicle concentration measurements by flow cytometry: the past, present and future. J Thromb Haemost 2023:S1538-7836(23)00413-0. [PMID: 37201724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in body fluids are being explored as disease biomarkers. Most laboratories use flow cytometry to characterize single EVs at high throughput. A flow cytometer (FCM) detects light scattering and fluorescence intensities of EVs. However, detection of EVs by flow cytometry is complicated for two reasons. Firstly, EVs are small and have weak light scattering and fluorescence signals compared to cells, and therefore are hard to detect. Secondly, FCMs differ in sensitivity and provide data in arbitrary units, which complicates data interpretation. Due to the mentioned challenges, the measured concentration of EVs by flow cytometry is cumbersome to compare between FCMs and institutes. To improve comparability, standardization and development of traceable reference materials to calibrate all aspects of an FCM are needed, as are interlaboratory comparison studies. Within this manuscript, we will provide an overview of the standardization of EV concentration measurements, including the current effort to introduce robust calibration of FCMs, thereby enabling comparable concentration measurements of EVs, which in turn can be used to establish clinically relevant reference ranges of EV concentrations in blood plasma and other body fluids.
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6
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Buntsma NC, Shahsavari M, Gąsecka A, Nieuwland R, van Leeuwen TG, van der Pol E. Preventing swarm detection in extracellular vesicle flow cytometry: a clinically applicable procedure. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100171. [PMID: 37284418 PMCID: PMC10239693 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flow cytometry is commonly used to detect cell-derived extracellular vesicles in body fluids such as blood plasma. However, continuous and simultaneous illumination of multiple particles at or below the detection limit may result in the detection of a single event. This phenomenon is called swarm detection and leads to incorrect particle concentration measurements. To prevent swarm detection, sample dilution is recommended. Since the concentration of particles differs between plasma samples, finding the optimal sample dilution requires dilution series of all samples, which is unfeasible in clinical routine. Objectives Here we developed a practical procedure to find the optimal sample dilution of plasma for extracellular vesicle flow cytometry measurements in clinical research studies. Methods Dilution series of 5 plasma samples were measured with flow cytometry (Apogee A60-Micro), triggered on side scatter. The total particle concentration between these plasma samples ranged from 2.5 × 109 to 2.1 × 1011 mL-1. Results Swarm detection was absent in plasma samples when diluted ≥1.1 × 103-fold or at particle count rates <3.0 × 103 events·s-1. Application of either one of these criteria, however, resulted in insignificant particle counts in most samples. The best approach to prevent swarm detection while maintaining significant particle counts was by combining minimal dilution with maximum count rate. Conclusion To prevent swarm detection in a series of clinical samples, the measurement count rate of a single diluted plasma sample can be used to determine the optimal dilution factor. For our samples, flow cytometer, and settings, the optimal dilution factor is ≥1.1 × 102-fold, while the count rate is <1.1 × 104 events·s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C. Buntsma
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurovascular Disorders, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mona Shahsavari
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Microcirculation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ton G. van Leeuwen
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Bettin B, van der Pol E, Nieuwland R. Plasma extracellular vesicle test sample to standardize flow cytometry measurements. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100181. [PMID: 37538497 PMCID: PMC10394550 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in body fluids are explored as disease biomarkers, but EV concentrations measured by flow cytometers (FCMs) are incomparable. Objectives To improve data comparability, new reference materials with physical properties resembling EVs and reference procedures are being developed. The validation of new reference materials and procedures requires biological test samples. We developed a human plasma EV test sample (PEVTES) that i) resembles subcellular particles in plasma, ii) is ready-to-use, iii) is flow cytometry-compatible, and iv) is stable. Methods The PEVTES was prepared from human plasma of 3 fasting donors. EVs were immunofluorescently stained with antibodies against platelet-specific (CD61) and erythrocyte-specific (CD235a) antigens or lactadherin. To reduce the concentration of soluble proteins, lipoproteins, and unbound reagents, stained EVs were isolated from plasma by size-exclusion chromatography. After isolation, the PEVTES was filtered to remove remnant platelets. PEVTESs were diluted in cryopreservation agents, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, or trehalose and stored at -80 °C for 12 months. After thawing, stained EV concentrations were measured with a calibrated FCM (Apogee A60-Micro). Results We demonstrate that the developed PEVTES resembles subcellular particles in human plasma when measured using FCM and that the concentrations of prestained platelet-derived, erythrocyte-derived, and lactadherin+ EVs in the PEVTES are stable during storage at -80 °C for 12 months when stored in trehalose. Conclusion The PEVTES i) resembles subcellular particles in plasma, ii) is ready-to-use, iii) is flow cytometry-compatible, and iv) is stable. Therefore, the developed PEVTES is an ideal candidate to validate newly developed reference materials and procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Bettin
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Welsh JA, Arkesteijn GJA, Bremer M, Cimorelli M, Dignat-George F, Giebel B, Görgens A, Hendrix A, Kuiper M, Lacroix R, Lannigan J, van Leeuwen TG, Lozano-Andrés E, Rao S, Robert S, de Rond L, Tang VA, Tertel T, Yan X, Wauben MHM, Nolan JP, Jones JC, Nieuwland R, van der Pol E. A compendium of single extracellular vesicle flow cytometry. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12299. [PMID: 36759917 PMCID: PMC9911638 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) offers a multiparametric technology capable of characterizing single extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, most flow cytometers are designed to detect cells, which are larger than EVs. Whereas cells exceed the background noise, signals originating from EVs partly overlap with the background noise, thereby making EVs more difficult to detect than cells. This technical mismatch together with complexity of EV-containing fluids causes limitations and challenges with conducting, interpreting and reproducing EV FCM experiments. To address and overcome these challenges, researchers from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC), and the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) joined forces and initiated the EV FCM working group. To improve the interpretation, reporting, and reproducibility of future EV FCM data, the EV FCM working group published an ISEV position manuscript outlining a framework of minimum information that should be reported about an FCM experiment on single EVs (MIFlowCyt-EV). However, the framework contains limited background information. Therefore, the goal of this compendium is to provide the background information necessary to design and conduct reproducible EV FCM experiments. This compendium contains background information on EVs, the interaction between light and EVs, FCM hardware, experimental design and preanalytical procedures, sample preparation, assay controls, instrument data acquisition and calibration, EV characterization, and data reporting. Although this compendium focuses on EVs, many concepts and explanations could also be applied to FCM detection of other particles within the EV size range, such as bacteria, lipoprotein particles, milk fat globules, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Bremer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Cimorelli
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Clinical Research Center, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martine Kuiper
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Metrology Institute, VSL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Flow Cytometry Support Services, LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shoaib Rao
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stéphane Robert
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Leonie de Rond
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera A Tang
- Flow Cytometry & Virometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
- Cellarcus Biosciences, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Bracht JWP, Los M, van Eijndhoven MAJ, Bettin B, van der Pol E, Pegtel DM, Nieuwland R. Platelet removal from human blood plasma improves detection of extracellular vesicle-associated miRNA. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12302. [PMID: 36788785 PMCID: PMC9929339 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human blood plasma prepared by centrifugation contains not only extracellular vesicles (EVs) but also platelets and erythrocyte ghosts (ery-ghosts). Here we studied whether analysis of miRNA associated with plasma EVs (EV-miRNA) is affected by the presence of platelets and ery-ghosts. EDTA blood was collected from healthy donors (n = 3), and plasma was prepared by the centrifugation protocol recommended by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH), and by a centrifugation protocol from an EV-miRNA expert lab (non-ISTH protocol). EVs were isolated from plasma by size-exclusion chromatography CL-2B (SEC2B), and concentrations of platelets, activated platelets, ery-ghosts and EVs (150-1000 nm) were measured by calibrated flow cytometry. Two EV-associated miRNAs (let7a-5p and miR-21-5p), and one platelet-associated miRNA (miR-223-3p), were measured by qRT-PCR. Measurements were performed with and without filtration using 0.8 μm track-etched filters to remove platelets and ery-ghosts from plasma and EV-enriched SEC fractions. Plasma prepared by both centrifugation protocols contained platelets and ery-ghosts, which co-migrated with EVs into the EV-enriched SEC2B fractions. Filtration removed platelets and ery-ghosts (>97%; p ≤ 0.05) and did not affect the EV concentrations (p > 0.17). The miRNA concentrations were 2-4-fold overestimated due to the presence of platelets but not ery-ghosts. Thus, filtration of human plasma is expected to improve comparability and reproducibility of quantitative EV-miRNA studies. Therefore, we recommend to measure and report the plasma concentration of platelets for EV-miRNA studies, and to filter plasma before downstream analyses or storage in biobanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian W. P. Bracht
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Centre, Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Imaging and BiomarkersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic SyndromesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mandy Los
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Centre, Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Monique A. J. van Eijndhoven
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Imaging and BiomarkersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Boelelaan 1117AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Britta Bettin
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Centre, Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Centre, Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Imaging and BiomarkersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic SyndromesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - D. Michiel Pegtel
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Imaging and BiomarkersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Boelelaan 1117AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Centre, Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Imaging and BiomarkersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic SyndromesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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10
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Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Despite recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of CAD, evidence gaps remain, including pathogenesis, the most efficient diagnostic strategy, prognosis of individual patients, monitoring of therapy, and novel therapeutic strategies. These gaps could all be filled by developing novel, minimally invasive, blood-based biomarkers. Potentially, extracellular vesicles (EVs) could fill such gaps. EVs are lipid membrane particles released from cells into blood and other body fluids. Because the concentration, composition, and functions of EVs change during disease, and because all cell types involved in the development and progression of CAD release EVs, currently available guidelines potentially enable reliable and reproducible measurements of EVs in clinical trials, offering a wide range of opportunities. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the associations reported between EVs and CAD, including (1) the role of EVs in CAD pathogenesis, (2) EVs as biomarkers to diagnose CAD, predict prognosis, and monitor therapy in individual patients, and (3) EVs as new therapeutic targets and/or drug delivery vehicles. In addition, we summarize the challenges encountered in EV isolation and detection, and the lack of standardization, which has hampered real clinical applications of EVs. Since most conclusions are based on animal models and single-center studies, the knowledge and insights into the roles and opportunities of EVs as biomarkers in CAD are still changing, and therefore, the content of this chapter should be seen as a snapshot in time rather than a final and complete compendium of knowledge on EVs in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Buntsma
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Gankema AAF, Li B, Nieuwland R, Pol EVD. Automated fluorescence gating and size determination reduce variation in measured concentration of extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2022; 101:1049-1056. [PMID: 35707999 PMCID: PMC10084316 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an upcoming biomarker for disease. However, the measured concentrations of EVs by flow cytometry are incomparable due to analytical variables. This study aimed to investigate how the choice of fluorophore, and thereby brightness, affects the measured concentration of EVs. Four commonly used fluorophores allophycocyanin, Brilliant Violet-421, fluorescein isothiocyanate, and phycoerythrin, all conjugated to CD61 antibodies, were used to label platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) in human plasma. PEVs were measured by flow cytometry. The concentration of EVs was obtained by manually set fluorescence gates, automatically determined fluorescence gates, and automatically determined fluorescence gates combined with specific size gates. Manually set fluorescence gates by five independent experts resulted in a variation coefficient (CV) of 41% between the measured PEV concentrations labeled with the four different fluorophores. A new algorithm for automatic determination of fluorescence gates was applied to reduce inter-operator variability. Applying this algorithm resulted in a CV of 58%. However, when the algorithm was combined with a size gate to correct for differences in brightness between fluorophores, the CV reduced to 25%. In this study, we showed that different fluorophores can detect similar concentrations of EVs by (1) determining fluorescence gates automatically, and (2) by adding a size gate to correct for differences in brightness between fluorophores. Therefore, our research contributes to further standardization of EV concentration measurements by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Adriana Francisca Gankema
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Li
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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12
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Bettin B, Gasecka A, Li B, Dhondt B, Hendrix A, Nieuwland R, van der Pol E. Removal of platelets from blood plasma to improve the quality of extracellular vesicle research. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2679-2685. [PMID: 36043239 PMCID: PMC9825910 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood plasma is commonly used for biomarker research of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Removing all cells prior to analysis of EVs is essential. OBJECTIVES We therefore studied the efficacy of the most commonly used centrifugation protocol to prepare cell-free plasma. METHODS Plasma was prepared according to the double centrifugation protocol of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) in three independent studies. The concentrations of platelets, platelet-derived EVs, and erythrocyte-derived EVs were measured by calibrated flow cytometry. RESULTS The mean platelet concentration ranged from 5.1 × 105 /ml to 2.8 × 107 /ml and differed 55-fold between studies. Thus, the ISTH centrifugation protocol does not remove all platelets and results in variation between studies. As the concentration of platelet-derived EVs and platelets correlates linearly (R2 = .56), and the volume fraction of EVs and platelets in plasma are similar, the presence of platelets affects downstream analysis. To remove platelets a 0.8-μm polycarbonate filter was used to lower the platelet concentration 146-fold (p = .0013), without affecting the concentration of platelet-derived and erythrocyte-derived EVs (p = .982, p = .742). CONCLUSIONS To improve the quality of EV research, we recommend (1) measuring and reporting the platelet concentration in plasma used for EV research, or (2) removing platelets by centrifugation followed by filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Bettin
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Gasecka
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- 1st Chair and Department of CardiologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Bo Li
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bert Dhondt
- Department of UrologyGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research InstituteGhentBelgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Department of UrologyGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research InstituteGhentBelgium
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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13
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Kim Y, van der Pol E, Arafa A, Thapa I, J Britton C, Kosti J, Song S, Joshi VB, M Erickson R, Ali H, Lucien F. Calibration and standardization of extracellular vesicle measurements by flow cytometry for translational prostate cancer research. Nanoscale 2022; 14:9781-9795. [PMID: 35770741 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are microscopic particles released naturally in biofluids by all cell types. Since EVs inherits genomic and proteomic patterns from the cell of origin, they are emerging as promising liquid biomarkers for human diseases. Flow cytometry is a popular method that is able to detect, characterize and determine the concentration of EVs with minimal sample preparation. However, the limited awareness of the scientific community to utilize standardization and calibration methods of flow cytometers is an important roadblock for data reproducibility and inter-laboratory comparison. A significant collaborative effort by the Extracellular Vesicle Flow Cytometry Working Group has led to the development of guidelines and best practices for using flow cytometry and reporting data in a way to improve rigor and reproducibility in EV research. At first look, standardization and calibration of flow cytometry for EV detection may seem burdensome and technically challenging for non-academic laboratories with limited technical training and knowledge in EV flow cytometry. In this study, we build on prior research efforts and provide a systematic approach to evaluate the performance of a high sensitivity flow cytometer (herein Apogee A60-Micro Plus) and fine-tune settings to improve detection sensitivity for EVs. We performed calibration of our flow cytometer to generate data with comparable units (nanometers, MESF). Finally, we applied our optimized protocol to measure the concentrations of prostate-derived EVs in healthy individuals and prostate cancer patients. In conclusion, our proof-of-feasibility study can serve as a scientific and technical framework for other groups motivated in using flow cytometry for EV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Kim
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University, Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Arafa
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Ishwor Thapa
- College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
| | - Cameron J Britton
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Jorgena Kosti
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Siyang Song
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Vidhu B Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ree M Erickson
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Hesham Ali
- College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
| | - Fabrice Lucien
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
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14
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Woud WW, van der Pol E, Mul E, Hoogduijn MJ, Baan CC, Boer K, Merino A. An imaging flow cytometry-based methodology for the analysis of single extracellular vesicles in unprocessed human plasma. Commun Biol 2022; 5:633. [PMID: 35768629 PMCID: PMC9243126 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tissue-specific particles released by cells containing valuable diagnostic information in the form of various biomolecules. To rule out selection bias or introduction of artefacts caused by EV isolation techniques, we present a clinically feasible, imaging flow cytometry (IFCM)-based methodology to phenotype and determine the concentration of EVs with a diameter ≤400 nm in human platelet-poor plasma (PPP) without prior isolation of EVs. Instrument calibration (both size and fluorescence) were performed with commercial polystyrene beads. Detergent treatment of EVs was performed to discriminate true vesicular events from artefacts. Using a combination of markers (CFSE & Tetraspanins, or CD9 & CD31) we found that >90% of double-positive fluorescent events represented single EVs. Through this work, we provide a framework that will allow the application of IFCM for EV analysis in peripheral blood plasma in a plethora of experimental and potentially diagnostic settings. Additionally, this direct approach for EV analysis will enable researchers to explore corners of EVs as cellular messengers in healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter W Woud
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Mul
- Department Central Cell Analysis Facility, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla C Baan
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Boer
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Merino
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Hajji N, Hau CM, Nieuwland R, van der Pol E. Protocol for Measuring Concentrations of Extracellular Vesicles in Human Blood Plasma with Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2504:55-75. [PMID: 35467279 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2341-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane enclosed particles that are released from cells into body fluids, such as blood. EVs offer potential new biomarkers of diseases, because the cellular origin, composition, concentration, and function of EVs change in health and disease. The concentration of EVs from specific cell types in blood can be determined with flow cytometry. A flow cytometer measures fluorescence and light scattering signals from single EVs, but only if these signals are sufficiently bright to be detected. Measured concentrations of EVs are therefore only reproducible and comparable if the detection ranges are known and reported in standard units, such as molecules of equivalent soluble fluorophore (MESF) for fluorescence signals and the diameter in nm for scatter signals. The goal of this protocol is to discuss all steps needed to derive the concentration of cell-type specific EVs within a known diameter range and fluorescence range. More specifically, this protocol describes how to determine the concentration of CD61+ (Integrin beta-3, platelet marker), CD235a+ (Glycophorin A, erythrocyte marker), and CD45+ (leukocyte common antigen) EVs in human blood plasma with an Apogee A60-Micro flow cytometer using scatter-based triggering. The principles behind this protocol could lay a firm basis for the design of a protocol suitable for other flow cytometers and body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najat Hajji
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chi M Hau
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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16
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van der Pol E, Welsh JA, Nieuwland R. Minimum information to report about a flow cytometry experiment on extracellular vesicles: Communication from the ISTH SSC subcommittee on vascular biology. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:245-251. [PMID: 34637195 PMCID: PMC8729195 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Extracellular Vesicle Flow Cytometry Working Group (http://www.evflowcytometry.org) is formed by members of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), the International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC), and the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH). This working group of flow cytometry experts develops guidelines for best practices regarding flow cytometry detection of extracellular vesicles. To improve rigor and standardization, this working group published a framework outlining the minimal information to report about a flow cytometry experiment on extracellular vesicles (MIFlowCyt-EV) in the Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, the ISEV journal, in 2020. In parallel, an article explaining MIFlowCyt-EV was published in Cytometry Part A, one of the ISAC journals, and now will be introduced to the ISTH as an SSC Communication in the Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. The goal of this SSC Communication is to explain why flow cytometry is becoming the instrument of choice to characterize single extracellular vesicles, the obstacles that have been identified and (mostly) overcome by developing procedures to calibrate flow cytometers, and the relevance of reporting minimal information to improve reliability and reproducibility of experiments in which flow cytometers are used for characterization of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam University Medical CentersLocation AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam University Medical CentersLocation AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and PhysicsAmsterdam University Medical CentersLocation AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology SectionLaboratory of PathologyCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam University Medical CentersLocation AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam University Medical CentersLocation AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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17
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Buntsma NC, Gąsecka A, Roos YBWEM, van Leeuwen TG, van der Pol E, Nieuwland R. EDTA stabilizes the concentration of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles during blood collection and handling. Platelets 2021; 33:764-771. [PMID: 34697987 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1991569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Citrate is the recommended anticoagulant for studies on plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs). Because citrate incompletely blocks platelet activation and the release of platelet-derived EVs, we compared EDTA and citrate in that regard. Blood from healthy individuals (n = 7) was collected and incubated with thrombin receptor-activating peptide-6 (TRAP-6) to activate platelets, subjected to pneumatic tube transportation (n = 6), a freeze-thaw cycle (n = 10), and stored before plasma preparation (n = 6). Concentrations of EVs from platelets (CD61+), activated platelets (P-selectin+), erythrocytes (CD235a+), and leukocytes (CD45+) were measured by flow cytometry. Concentrations of EVs from platelets and activated platelets increased 1.4-fold and 1.9-fold in EDTA blood upon platelet activation, and 4.2-fold and 9.6-fold in citrate blood. Platelet EV concentrations were unaffected by pneumatic tube transport in EDTA blood but increased in citrate blood, and EV concentrations of erythrocytes and leukocytes were comparable. The stability of EVs during a freeze-thaw cycle was comparable for both anticoagulants. Finally, the concentration of platelet EVs was stable during storage of EDTA blood for six hours, whereas this concentration increased 1.5-fold for citrate blood. Thus, EDTA improves the robustness of studies on plasma EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Buntsma
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw Poland
| | - Yvo B W E M Roos
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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de Rond L, Coumans FAW, Welsh JA, Nieuwland R, van Leeuwen TG, van der Pol E. Quantification of Light Scattering Detection Efficiency and Background in Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2021; 99:671-679. [PMID: 33085220 PMCID: PMC8359315 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie de Rond
- Biomedical Engineering and PhysicsAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Frank A. W. Coumans
- Biomedical Engineering and PhysicsAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institute of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Ton G. van Leeuwen
- Biomedical Engineering and PhysicsAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering and PhysicsAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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19
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Gąsecka A, Pluta K, Solarska K, Rydz B, Eyileten C, Postula M, van der Pol E, Nieuwland R, Budnik M, Kochanowski J, Jaguszewski MJ, Szarpak Ł, Mazurek T, Kapłon-Cieślicka A, Opolski G, Filipiak KJ. Plasma Concentrations of Extracellular Vesicles Are Decreased in Patients with Post-Infarct Cardiac Remodelling. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10020097. [PMID: 33573196 PMCID: PMC7910841 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary A heart attack may lead to the remodelling of the cardiac muscle, which negatively affects patient’s prognosis. At present, the mechanisms of cardiac remodelling remain unclear. In patients with heart attack, many body cells become activated and release small particles, called extracellular vesicles, which can either aggravate cardiac injury, or contribute to healing of heart muscle. In our study, we hypothesized that the concentrations of these small particles in plasma allow to determine which patients will experience remodelling of the cardiac muscle after the heart attach. We found that concentrations of extracellular vesicles from endothelial cells, erythrocytes and platelets, measured directly the heart attack, were lower in patients who developed cardiac remodelling 6 months later, compared to patients who had no remodelling. Vesicles from endothelial cells and erythrocytes allowed to determine remodelling independently of other clinical features. Hence, decreased concentrations of these vesicles may on one hand be a sign of inappropriate cardiac repair mechanisms, and on the other hand may allow to identify patients, who will develop cardiac remodelling after the heart attack. Abstract Background, the mechanisms underlying left ventricular remodelling (LVR) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remain obscure. In the course of AMI, blood cells and endothelial cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs). We hypothesized that changes in EV concentrations after AMI may underlie LVR. Methods, plasma concentrations of EVs from endothelial cells (CD146+), erythrocytes (CD235a+), leukocytes (CD45+), platelets (CD61+), activated platelets (P-selectin+), and EVs exposing phosphatidylserine after AMI were determined by flow cytometry in 55 patients with the first AMI. LVR was defined as an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume by 20% at 6 months after AMI, compared to baseline. Results, baseline concentrations of EVs from endothelial cells, erythrocytes and platelets were lower in patients who developed LVR (p ≤ 0.02 for all). Concentrations of EVs from endothelial cells and erythrocytes were independent LVR predictors (OR 8.2, CI 1.3–54.2 and OR 17.8, CI 2.3–138.6, respectively) in multivariate analysis. Combining the three EV subtypes allowed to predict LVR with 83% sensitivity and 87% specificity. Conclusions, decreased plasma concentrations of EVs from endothelial cells, erythrocytes and platelets predict LVR after AMI. Since EV release EVs contributes to cellular homeostasis by waste removal, decreased concentrations of EVs may indicate dysfunctional cardiac homeostasis after AMI, thus promoting LVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (B.R.); (M.B.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (G.O.); (K.J.F.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.v.d.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Kinga Pluta
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (B.R.); (M.B.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (G.O.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Katarzyna Solarska
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (B.R.); (M.B.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (G.O.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Bartłomiej Rydz
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (B.R.); (M.B.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (G.O.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (M.P.)
| | - Marek Postula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (M.P.)
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.v.d.P.); (R.N.)
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.v.d.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Monika Budnik
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (B.R.); (M.B.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (G.O.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Janusz Kochanowski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (B.R.); (M.B.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (G.O.); (K.J.F.)
| | | | - Łukasz Szarpak
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Center, 15-027 Bialystok, Poland;
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy in Warsaw, 03-411 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mazurek
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (B.R.); (M.B.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (G.O.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Agnieszka Kapłon-Cieślicka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (B.R.); (M.B.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (G.O.); (K.J.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (B.R.); (M.B.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (G.O.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (B.R.); (M.B.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (G.O.); (K.J.F.)
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20
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Welsh JA, Tang VA, van der Pol E, Görgens A. MIFlowCyt-EV: The Next Chapter in the Reporting and Reliability of Single Extracellular Vesicle Flow Cytometry Experiments. Cytometry A 2020; 99:365-368. [PMID: 33200505 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vera A Tang
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Clinical Research Center, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Evox Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK
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21
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Kuiper M, van de Nes A, Nieuwland R, Varga Z, van der Pol E. Reliable measurements of extracellular vesicles by clinical flow cytometry. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13350. [PMID: 32966654 PMCID: PMC7900981 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell‐derived particles with a phospholipid membrane present in all body fluids. Because EV properties change in health and disease, EVs have excellent potential to become biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, or monitoring of disease. The only technique capable of detecting, sizing, and phenotyping a million of EVs within minutes is (clinical) flow cytometry. A flow cytometer measures light scattering and fluorescence signals of single EVs. Although these signals contain valuable information about the presence and composition of EVs, the signals are expressed in arbitrary units, which make the comparison of measurement results impossible between instruments and laboratories. Additionally, unintended and undocumented variations in the source, preparation, and analysis of the sample lead to orders of magnitude variations in the measured EV concentrations. Here, we will explain the basics, challenges, and common misconceptions of EV flow cytometry. In addition, we provide an overview of recent standardization initiatives, which are a prerequisite for comparison of clinical data and thus for clinical biomarker exploration of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Kuiper
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Dutch Metrology Institute, VSL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Welsh JA, van der Pol E, Bettin BA, Carter DRF, Hendrix A, Lenassi M, Langlois MA, Llorente A, van de Nes AS, Nieuwland R, Tang V, Wang L, Witwer KW, Jones JC. Towards defining reference materials for measuring extracellular vesicle refractive index, epitope abundance, size and concentration. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1816641. [PMID: 33062218 PMCID: PMC7534292 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1816641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is critical to explore their diagnostic and therapeutic applications. As the EV research field has developed, so too have the techniques used to characterize them. The development of reference materials are required for the standardization of these techniques. This work, initiated from the ISEV 2017 Biomarker Workshop in Birmingham, UK, and with further discussion during the ISEV 2019 Standardization Workshop in Ghent, Belgium, sets out to elucidate which reference materials are required and which are currently available to standardize commonly used analysis platforms for characterizing EV refractive index, epitope abundance, size and concentration. Due to their predominant use among EV researchers, a particular focus is placed on the optical methods nanoparticle tracking analysis and flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Britta A Bettin
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David R F Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- University of Ottawa Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Ottawa Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Tang
- University of Ottawa Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lili Wang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Departments of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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23
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Gasecka A, Nieuwland R, Budnik M, Dignat‐George F, Eyileten C, Harrison P, Lacroix R, Leroyer A, Opolski G, Pluta K, van der Pol E, Postuła M, Siljander P, Siller‐Matula JM, Filipiak KJ. Ticagrelor attenuates the increase of extracellular vesicle concentrations in plasma after acute myocardial infarction compared to clopidogrel. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:609-623. [PMID: 31833175 PMCID: PMC7065161 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet P2Y12 antagonist ticagrelor reduces mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to clopidogrel, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Because activated platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells release proinflammatory and prothrombotic extracellular vesicles (EVs), we hypothesized that the release of EVs is more efficiently inhibited by ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel. OBJECTIVES We compared EV concentrations and EV procoagulant activity in plasma of patients after AMI treated with ticagrelor or clopidogrel. METHODS After percutaneous coronary intervention, 60 patients with first AMI were randomized to ticagrelor or clopidogrel. Flow cytometry was used to determine concentrations of EVs from activated platelets (CD61+ , CD62p+ ), fibrinogen+ , phosphatidylserine (PS+ ), leukocytes (CD45+ ), endothelial cells (CD31+ , 146+ ), and erythrocytes (CD235a+ ) in plasma at randomization, after 72 hours and 6 months of treatment. A fibrin generation test was used to determine EV procoagulant activity. RESULTS Concentrations of platelet, fibrinogen+ , PS+ , leukocyte, and erythrocyte EVs increased 6 months after AMI compared to the acute phase of AMI (P ≤ .03). Concentrations of platelet EVs were lower on ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel after 6 months (P = .03). Concentrations of fibrinogen+ , PS+ , and leukocyte EVs were lower on ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel both after 72 hours and 6 months (P ≤ .03). Concentrations of endothelial EVs and EV procoagulant activity did not differ between patient groups and over time (P ≥ .17). CONCLUSIONS Ticagrelor attenuates the increase of EV concentrations in plasma after acute myocardial infarction compared to clopidogrel. The ongoing release of EVs despite antiplatelet therapy might explain recurrent thrombotic events after AMI and worse clinical outcomes on clopidogrel compared to ticagrelor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gasecka
- First Chair and Department of CardiologyMedical University of WarsawPoland
- Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Monika Budnik
- First Chair and Department of CardiologyMedical University of WarsawPoland
| | - Françoise Dignat‐George
- INSERMFaculty of PharmacyAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- Hematology and Vascular Biology DepartmentCHU La ConceptionAP‐HMMarseilleFrance
| | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical PharmacologyCentre for Preclinical Research and TechnologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Paul Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- INSERMFaculty of PharmacyAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- Hematology and Vascular Biology DepartmentCHU La ConceptionAP‐HMMarseilleFrance
| | - Aurélie Leroyer
- INSERMFaculty of PharmacyAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- First Chair and Department of CardiologyMedical University of WarsawPoland
| | - Kinga Pluta
- First Chair and Department of CardiologyMedical University of WarsawPoland
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdamthe Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & PhysicsAmsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Marek Postuła
- Department of Experimental and Clinical PharmacologyCentre for Preclinical Research and TechnologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Pia Siljander
- EV‐group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
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24
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de Rond L, van der Pol E, Bloemen PR, Van Den Broeck T, Monheim L, Nieuwland R, van Leeuwen TG, Coumans FAW. A Systematic Approach to Improve Scatter Sensitivity of a Flow Cytometer for Detection of Extracellular Vesicles. Cytometry A 2020; 97:582-591. [PMID: 32017331 PMCID: PMC7383638 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are commonly studied by flow cytometry. Due to their small size and low refractive index, the scatter intensity of most EVs is below the detection limit of common flow cytometers. Here, we aim to improve forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC) sensitivity of a common flow cytometer to detect single 100 nm EVs. The effects of the optical and fluidics configuration on scatter sensitivity of a FACSCanto (Becton Dickinson) were evaluated by the separation index (SI) and robust coefficient of variation (rCV) of polystyrene beads (BioCytex). Improvement is defined as increased SI and/or reduced rCV. Changing the obscuration bar improved the rCV 1.9‐fold for FSC. A 10‐fold increase in laser power improved the SI 19‐fold for FSC and 4.4‐fold for SSC, whereas the rCV worsened 0.8‐fold and improved 1.5‐fold, respectively. Confocalization worsened the SI 1.2‐fold for FSC, and improved the SI 5.1‐fold for SSC, while the rCV improved 1.1‐fold and worsened 1.5‐fold, respectively. Replacing the FSC photodiode with a photomultiplier tube improved the SI 66‐fold and rCV 4.2‐fold. A 2‐fold reduction in sample stream width improved both SI and rCV for FSC by 1.8‐fold, and for SSC by 1.3‐ and 2.2‐fold, respectively. Decreasing the sample flow velocity worsened rCVs. Decreasing the flow channel dimensions and the pore size of the sheath filter did not substantially change the SI or rCV. Using the optimal optical configuration and fluidics settings, the SI improved 3.8∙104‐fold on FSC and 30‐fold on SSC, resulting in estimated detection limits for EVs (assuming a refractive index of 1.40) of 246 and 91 nm on FSC and SSC, respectively. Although a 50‐fold improvement on FSC is still necessary, these adaptions have produced an operator‐friendly, high‐throughput flow cytometer with a high sensitivity on both SSC and FSC. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie de Rond
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul R Bloemen
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A W Coumans
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Enciso-Martinez A, van der Pol E, Lenferink ATM, Terstappen LWMM, van Leeuwen TG, Otto C. Synchronized Rayleigh and Raman scattering for the characterization of single optically trapped extracellular vesicles. Nanomedicine 2019; 24:102109. [PMID: 31669420 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) can be used as biomarkers in diseases like cancer, as their lineage of origin and molecular composition depend on the presence of cancer cells. Recognition of tumor-derived EVs (tdEVs) from other particles and EVs in body fluids requires characterization of single EVs to exploit their biomarker potential. We present here a new method based on synchronized Rayleigh and Raman light scattering from a single laser beam, which optically traps single EVs. Rapidly measured sequences of the Rayleigh scattering amplitude show precisely when an individual EV is trapped and the synchronously acquired Raman spectrum labels every time interval with chemical information. Raman spectra of many single EVs can thus be acquired with great fidelity in an automated manner by blocking the laser beam at regular time intervals. This new method enables single EV characterization from fluids at the single particle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Enciso-Martinez
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Aufried T M Lenferink
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cees Otto
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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26
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Rikkert LG, van der Pol E, van Leeuwen TG, Nieuwland R, Coumans FAW. Centrifugation affects the purity of liquid biopsy-based tumor biomarkers. Cytometry A 2019; 93:1207-1212. [PMID: 30551256 PMCID: PMC6590195 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers in the blood of cancer patients include circulating tumor cells (CTCs), tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tdEVs), EV-associated miRNA (EV-miRNA), and circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA). Because the size and density of biomarkers differ, blood is centrifuged to isolate or concentrate the biomarker of interest. Here, we applied a model to estimate the effect of centrifugation on the purity of a biomarker according to published protocols. The model is based on the Stokes equation and was validated using polystyrene beads in buffer and plasma. Next, the model was applied to predict the biomarker behavior during centrifugation. The result was expressed as the recovery of CTCs, TEPs, tdEVs in three size ranges (1-8, 0.2-1, and 0.05-0.2 μm), EV-miRNA, and ccfDNA. Bead recovery was predicted with errors <18%. Most notable cofounders are the 22% contamination of 1-8 μm tdEVs for TEPs and the 8-82% contamination of <1 μm tdEVs for ccfDNA. A Stokes model can predict biomarker behavior in blood. None of the evaluated protocols produces a pure biomarker. Thus, care should be taken in the interpretation of obtained results, as, for example, results from TEPs may originate from co-isolated large tdEVs and ccfDNA may originate from DNA enclosed in <1 μm tdEVs. © 2018 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda G Rikkert
- Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A W Coumans
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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27
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Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Acs A, Adam D, Adam-Klages S, Agace WW, Aghaeepour N, Akdis M, Allez M, Almeida LN, Alvisi G, Anderson G, Andrä I, Annunziato F, Anselmo A, Bacher P, Baldari CT, Bari S, Barnaba V, Barros-Martins J, Battistini L, Bauer W, Baumgart S, Baumgarth N, Baumjohann D, Baying B, Bebawy M, Becher B, Beisker W, Benes V, Beyaert R, Blanco A, Boardman DA, Bogdan C, Borger JG, Borsellino G, Boulais PE, Bradford JA, Brenner D, Brinkman RR, Brooks AES, Busch DH, Büscher M, Bushnell TP, Calzetti F, Cameron G, Cammarata I, Cao X, Cardell SL, Casola S, Cassatella MA, Cavani A, Celada A, Chatenoud L, Chattopadhyay PK, Chow S, Christakou E, Čičin-Šain L, Clerici M, Colombo FS, Cook L, Cooke A, Cooper AM, Corbett AJ, Cosma A, Cosmi L, Coulie PG, Cumano A, Cvetkovic L, Dang VD, Dang-Heine C, Davey MS, Davies D, De Biasi S, Del Zotto G, Cruz GVD, Delacher M, Bella SD, Dellabona P, Deniz G, Dessing M, Di Santo JP, Diefenbach A, Dieli F, Dolf A, Dörner T, Dress RJ, Dudziak D, Dustin M, Dutertre CA, Ebner F, Eckle SBG, Edinger M, Eede P, Ehrhardt GR, Eich M, Engel P, Engelhardt B, Erdei A, Esser C, Everts B, Evrard M, Falk CS, Fehniger TA, Felipo-Benavent M, Ferry H, Feuerer M, Filby A, Filkor K, Fillatreau S, Follo M, Förster I, Foster J, Foulds GA, Frehse B, Frenette PS, Frischbutter S, Fritzsche W, Galbraith DW, Gangaev A, Garbi N, Gaudilliere B, Gazzinelli RT, Geginat J, Gerner W, Gherardin NA, Ghoreschi K, Gibellini L, Ginhoux F, Goda K, Godfrey DI, Goettlinger C, González-Navajas JM, Goodyear CS, Gori A, Grogan JL, Grummitt D, Grützkau A, Haftmann C, Hahn J, Hammad H, Hämmerling G, Hansmann L, Hansson G, Harpur CM, Hartmann S, Hauser A, Hauser AE, Haviland DL, Hedley D, Hernández DC, Herrera G, Herrmann M, Hess C, Höfer T, Hoffmann P, Hogquist K, Holland T, Höllt T, Holmdahl R, Hombrink P, Houston JP, Hoyer BF, Huang B, Huang FP, Huber JE, Huehn J, Hundemer M, Hunter CA, Hwang WYK, Iannone A, Ingelfinger F, Ivison SM, Jäck HM, Jani PK, Jávega B, Jonjic S, Kaiser T, Kalina T, Kamradt T, Kaufmann SHE, Keller B, Ketelaars SLC, Khalilnezhad A, Khan S, Kisielow J, Klenerman P, Knopf J, Koay HF, Kobow K, Kolls JK, Kong WT, Kopf M, Korn T, Kriegsmann K, Kristyanto H, Kroneis T, Krueger A, Kühne J, Kukat C, Kunkel D, Kunze-Schumacher H, Kurosaki T, Kurts C, Kvistborg P, Kwok I, Landry J, Lantz O, Lanuti P, LaRosa F, Lehuen A, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Leipold MD, Leung LY, Levings MK, Lino AC, Liotta F, Litwin V, Liu Y, Ljunggren HG, Lohoff M, Lombardi G, Lopez L, López-Botet M, Lovett-Racke AE, Lubberts E, Luche H, Ludewig B, Lugli E, Lunemann S, Maecker HT, Maggi L, Maguire O, Mair F, Mair KH, Mantovani A, Manz RA, Marshall AJ, Martínez-Romero A, Martrus G, Marventano I, Maslinski W, Matarese G, Mattioli AV, Maueröder C, Mazzoni A, McCluskey J, McGrath M, McGuire HM, McInnes IB, Mei HE, Melchers F, Melzer S, Mielenz D, Miller SD, Mills KH, Minderman H, Mjösberg J, Moore J, Moran B, Moretta L, Mosmann TR, Müller S, Multhoff G, Muñoz LE, Münz C, Nakayama T, Nasi M, Neumann K, Ng LG, Niedobitek A, Nourshargh S, Núñez G, O’Connor JE, Ochel A, Oja A, Ordonez D, Orfao A, Orlowski-Oliver E, Ouyang W, Oxenius A, Palankar R, Panse I, Pattanapanyasat K, Paulsen M, Pavlinic D, Penter L, Peterson P, Peth C, Petriz J, Piancone F, Pickl WF, Piconese S, Pinti M, Pockley AG, Podolska MJ, Poon Z, Pracht K, Prinz I, Pucillo CEM, Quataert SA, Quatrini L, Quinn KM, Radbruch H, Radstake TRDJ, Rahmig S, Rahn HP, Rajwa B, Ravichandran G, Raz Y, Rebhahn JA, Recktenwald D, Reimer D, e Sousa CR, Remmerswaal EB, Richter L, Rico LG, Riddell A, Rieger AM, Robinson JP, Romagnani C, Rubartelli A, Ruland J, Saalmüller A, Saeys Y, Saito T, Sakaguchi S, de-Oyanguren FS, Samstag Y, Sanderson S, Sandrock I, Santoni A, Sanz RB, Saresella M, Sautes-Fridman C, Sawitzki B, Schadt L, Scheffold A, Scherer HU, Schiemann M, Schildberg FA, Schimisky E, Schlitzer A, Schlosser J, Schmid S, Schmitt S, Schober K, Schraivogel D, Schuh W, Schüler T, Schulte R, Schulz AR, Schulz SR, Scottá C, Scott-Algara D, Sester DP, Shankey TV, Silva-Santos B, Simon AK, Sitnik KM, Sozzani S, Speiser DE, Spidlen J, Stahlberg A, Stall AM, Stanley N, Stark R, Stehle C, Steinmetz T, Stockinger H, Takahama Y, Takeda K, Tan L, Tárnok A, Tiegs G, Toldi G, Tornack J, Traggiai E, Trebak M, Tree TI, Trotter J, Trowsdale J, Tsoumakidou M, Ulrich H, Urbanczyk S, van de Veen W, van den Broek M, van der Pol E, Van Gassen S, Van Isterdael G, van Lier RA, Veldhoen M, Vento-Asturias S, Vieira P, Voehringer D, Volk HD, von Borstel A, von Volkmann K, Waisman A, Walker RV, Wallace PK, Wang SA, Wang XM, Ward MD, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Warnatz K, Warnes G, Warth S, Waskow C, Watson JV, Watzl C, Wegener L, Weisenburger T, Wiedemann A, Wienands J, Wilharm A, Wilkinson RJ, Willimsky G, Wing JB, Winkelmann R, Winkler TH, Wirz OF, Wong A, Wurst P, Yang JHM, Yang J, Yazdanbakhsh M, Yu L, Yue A, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Ziegler SM, Zielinski C, Zimmermann J, Zychlinsky A. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition). Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1457-1973. [PMID: 31633216 PMCID: PMC7350392 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201970107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells. The latest flow cytometry techniques and applications are also described, featuring examples of the data that can be generated and, importantly, how the data can be analysed. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid, all written and peer-reviewed by leading experts in the field, making this an essential research companion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Acs
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Adam-Klages
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - William W. Agace
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine; Biomedical Data Sciences; and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U1160, and Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis – APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Giorgia Alvisi
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Achille Anselmo
- Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sudipto Bari
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Baumgart
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine & Dept. Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianka Baying
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Beisker
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University - VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Flow Cytometry Core Technologies, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dominic A. Boardman
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jessica G. Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giovanna Borsellino
- Neuroimmunology and Flow Cytometry Units, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Philip E. Boulais
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Dirk Brenner
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense University Hospital, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense, Denmark
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ryan R. Brinkman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna E. S. Brooks
- University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Center, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Focus Group “Clinical Cell Processing and Purification”, Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Büscher
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Timothy P. Bushnell
- Department of Pediatrics and Shared Resource Laboratories, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Federica Calzetti
- University of Verona, Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Verona, Italy
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Susanna L. Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Casola
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (FOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Marco A. Cassatella
- University of Verona, Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavani
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Celada
- Macrophage Biology Group, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | | | - Sue Chow
- Divsion of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Cook
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea M. Cooper
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Cosma
- National Cytometry Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierre G. Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana Cumano
- Unit Lymphopoiesis, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ljiljana Cvetkovic
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Van Duc Dang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chantip Dang-Heine
- Clinical Research Unit, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Derek Davies
- Flow Cytometry Scientific Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Gelo Victoriano Dela Cruz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology – DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Delacher
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Günnur Deniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunty Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Dieli
- University of Palermo, Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andreas Dolf
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine J. Dress
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pascale Eede
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Eich
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Engel
- University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, University L. Eotvos, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Todd A. Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mar Felipo-Benavent
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Helen Ferry
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Filby
- The Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Universitaetsklinikum FreiburgLighthouse Core Facility, Zentrum für Translationale Zellforschung, Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Britta Frehse
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Paul S. Frenette
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Frischbutter
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology
| | - Wolfgang Fritzsche
- Nanobiophotonics Department, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - David W. Galbraith
- School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
- Honorary Dean of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Brice Gaudilliere
- Stanford Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Minas, Laboratory of Immunopatology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Mecicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jens Geginat
- INGM - Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Ronmeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Milan, Italy
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jose M. González-Navajas
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrea Gori
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan
| | - Jane L. Grogan
- Cancer Immunology Research, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Hahn
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Leo Hansmann
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Goran Hansson
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hauser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - David L. Haviland
- Flow Cytometry, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Hedley
- Divsion of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniela C. Hernández
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guadalupe Herrera
- Cytometry Service, Incliva Foundation. Clinic Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Christoph Hess
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Höfer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tristan Holland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Höllt
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Computer Graphics and Visualization, Department of Intelligent Systems, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pleun Hombrink
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica P. Houston
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Bimba F. Hoyer
- Rheumatologie/Klinische Immunologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin I und Exzellenzzentrum Entzündungsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Ping Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Johanna E. Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William Y. K. Hwang
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Executive Offices, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Iannone
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florian Ingelfinger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine M Ivison
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Jávega
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Toralf Kaiser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Kalina
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Immunology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven L. C. Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ahad Khalilnezhad
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srijit Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- John W Deming Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wan Ting Kong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendy Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Kroneis
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny Kühne
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Kukat
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Désirée Kunkel
- Flow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- BCRT Flow Cytometry Lab, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Landry
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca LaRosa
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- Institut Cochin, CNRS8104, INSERM1016, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Michael D. Leipold
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center (HIMC), Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Leslie Y.T. Leung
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Inst. f. Med. Mikrobiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- King’s College London, “Peter Gorer” Department of Immunobiology, London, UK
| | | | - Miguel López-Botet
- IMIM(Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy E. Lovett-Racke
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herve Luche
- Centre d’Immunophénomique - CIPHE (PHENOMIN), Aix Marseille Université (UMS3367), Inserm (US012), CNRS (UMS3367), Marseille, France
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holden T. Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Orla Maguire
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Florian Mair
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS and Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Aaron J. Marshall
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Glòria Martrus
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivana Marventano
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Wlodzimierz Maslinski
- National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II and Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Maueröder
- Cell Clearance in Health and Disease Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mairi McGrath
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen M. McGuire
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, and Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Iain B. McInnes
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henrik E. Mei
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Clinical Trial Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Dept. of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern Univ. Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kingston H.G. Mills
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hans Minderman
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonni Moore
- Abramson Cancer Center Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Shared Resource, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barry Moran
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Tim R. Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Susann Müller
- Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department Environmental Microbiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Institute for Innovative Radiotherapy (iRT), Experimental Immune Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Christian Münz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Antonia Niedobitek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - José-Enrique O’Connor
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aaron Ochel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Oja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Ordonez
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC-CSIC/USAL), Cytometry Service, University of Salamanca, CIBERONC and Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva Orlowski-Oliver
- Burnet Institute, AMREP Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Inflammation and Oncology, Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Raghavendra Palankar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Isabel Panse
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Center of Excellence for Flow Cytometry, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Malte Paulsen
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dinko Pavlinic
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Livius Penter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christian Peth
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Federica Piancone
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Chromocyte Limited, Electric Works, Sheffield, UK
| | - Malgorzata Justyna Podolska
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
- Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Rheumatology and Immunology, AG Munoz, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Poon
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sally A. Quataert
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Germany
| | - Tim R. D. J. Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susann Rahmig
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Rahn
- Preparative Flow Cytometry, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartek Rajwa
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Gevitha Ravichandran
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yotam Raz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan A. Rebhahn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Dorothea Reimer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Ester B.M. Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Richter
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Laura G. Rico
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Andy Riddell
- Flow Cytometry Scientific Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Aja M. Rieger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - J. Paul Robinson
- Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Takashi Saito
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Francisco Sala de-Oyanguren
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Ludwig Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Biology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Immunology, Section of Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sharon Sanderson
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, NIHR BRC, University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ramon Bellmàs Sanz
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Saresella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Schadt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmid
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Schmitt
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Schraivogel
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Schulte
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Axel Ronald Schulz
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian R. Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cristiano Scottá
- King’s College London, “Peter Gorer” Department of Immunobiology, London, UK
| | - Daniel Scott-Algara
- Institut Pasteur, Cellular Lymphocytes Biology, Immunology Departement, Paris, France
| | - David P. Sester
- TRI Flow Cytometry Suite (TRI.fcs), Translational Research Institute, Wooloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Katarzyna M. Sitnik
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Dept. Molecular Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and CHUV, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Anders Stahlberg
- Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer, Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Natalie Stanley
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine; Biomedical Data Sciences; and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Stehle
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobit Steinmetz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Departement for Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia Tornack
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- BioGenes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Traggiai
- Novartis Biologics Center, Mechanistic Immunology Unit, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, NIBR, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, PA, United States
| | - Timothy I.M. Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | | | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sophia Urbanczyk
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Maries van den Broek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Center; Biomedical Engineering & Physics; Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry; Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Van Gassen
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - René A.W. van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Vieira
- Unit Lymphopoiesis, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Core Unit ImmunoCheck
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Paul K. Wallace
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sa A. Wang
- Dept of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin M. Wang
- The Scientific Platforms, the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the Westmead Research Hub, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gary Warnes
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary London University, London, UK
| | - Sarah Warth
- BCRT Flow Cytometry Lab, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Leonie Wegener
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Thomas Weisenburger
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Institute for Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert John Wilkinson
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Cooperation Unit for Experimental and Translational Cancer Immunology, Institute of Immunology (Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - James B. Wing
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rieke Winkelmann
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver F. Wirz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Alicia Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Peter Wurst
- University Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennie H. M. Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | - Juhao Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alice Yue
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Susanne Maria Ziegler
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Zielinski
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Pieragostino D, Lanuti P, Cicalini I, Cufaro MC, Ciccocioppo F, Ronci M, Simeone P, Onofrj M, van der Pol E, Fontana A, Marchisio M, Del Boccio P. Proteomics characterization of extracellular vesicles sorted by flow cytometry reveals a disease-specific molecular cross-talk from cerebrospinal fluid and tears in multiple sclerosis. J Proteomics 2019; 204:103403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Gasecka A, Nieuwland R, Budnik M, Dignat-George F, Eyileten C, Harrison P, Huczek Z, Kapłon-Cieślicka A, Lacroix R, Opolski G, Pluta K, van der Pol E, Postuła M, Leroyer A, Siljander P, Sturk A, Filipiak KJ. Randomized controlled trial protocol to investigate the antiplatelet therapy effect on extracellular vesicles (AFFECT EV) in acute myocardial infarction. Platelets 2018; 31:26-32. [PMID: 30585111 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1557616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Activated platelets contribute to thrombosis and inflammation by the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) exposing P-selectin, phosphatidylserine (PS) and fibrinogen. P2Y12 receptor antagonists are routinely administered to inhibit platelet activation in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), being a combined antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory therapy. The more potent P2Y12 antagonist ticagrelor improves cardiovascular outcome in patients after AMI compared to the less potent clopidogrel, suggesting that greater inhibition of platelet aggregation is associated with better prognosis. The effect of ticagrelor and clopidogrel on the release of EVs from platelets and other P2Y12-exposing cells is unknown. This study compares the effects of ticagrelor and clopidogrel on (1) the concentrations of EVs from activated platelets (primary end point), (2) the concentrations of EVs exposing fibrinogen, exposing PS, from leukocytes and from endothelial cells (secondary end points) and (3) the procoagulant activity of plasma EVs (tertiary end points) in 60 consecutive AMI patients. After the percutaneous coronary intervention, patients will be randomized to antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor (study group) or clopidogrel (control group). Blood will be collected from patients at randomization, 48 hours after randomization and 6 months following the index hospitalization. In addition, 30 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers will be enrolled in the study to investigate the physiological concentrations and procoagulant activity of EVs using recently standardized protocols and EV-dedicated flow cytometry. Concentrations of EVs will be determined by flow cytometry. Procoagulant activity of EVs will be determined by fibrin generation test. The compliance and response to antiplatelet therapy will be assessed by impedance aggregometry. We expect that plasma from patients treated with ticagrelor (1) contains lower concentrations of EVs from activated platelets, exposing fibrinogen, exposing PS, from leukocytes and from endothelial cells and (2) has lower procoagulant activity, when compared to patients treated with clopidogrel. Antiplatelet therapy effect on EVs may identify a new mechanism of action of ticagrelor, as well as create a basis for future studies to investigate whether lower EV concentrations are associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients treated with P2Y12 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gasecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Vesicle Observation Centre and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation Centre and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Budnik
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paul Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zenon Huczek
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Romaric Lacroix
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Pluta
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Centre and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marek Postuła
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aurélie Leroyer
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Pia Siljander
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Auguste Sturk
- Vesicle Observation Centre and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krzysztof J Filipiak
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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de Rond L, Coumans FAW, Nieuwland R, van Leeuwen TG, van der Pol E. Deriving Extracellular Vesicle Size From Scatter Intensities Measured by Flow Cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 86:e43. [PMID: 30168659 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is commonly used to investigate the potential for extracellular vesicles (EVs) to be biomarkers of disease. A typical flow cytometer detects fluorescence and scatter intensities of single EVs in arbitrary units. These arbitrary units complicate data interpretation and data comparison between different flow cytometers. For example, comparison of detected EV concentrations requires knowledge of the detectable EV sizes. Using Mie theory and knowledge of the optical configuration of the flow cytometer, EV size can be derived from the scatter intensity for a given EV refractive index. Here, a protocol is described to derive the size of EVs and other nanoparticles from the scatter intensity. The resulting size distribution allows the comparison of data between flow cytometers, which is a prerequisite for clinical application of EVs as biomarkers and may advance other fields where sizing of nanoparticles is essential. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie de Rond
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A W Coumans
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gasecka A, Nieuwland R, van der Pol E, Hajji N, Ćwiek A, Pluta K, Konwerski M, Filipiak KJ. P2Y12 antagonist ticagrelor inhibits the release of procoagulant extracellular vesicles from activated platelets. Cardiol J 2018; 26:782-789. [PMID: 29671861 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2018.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated platelets release platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs). Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors P2Y1 and P2Y12 both play a role in platelet activation, The present hypothesis herein is that the inhibition of these receptors may affect the release of PEVs. METHODS Platelet-rich plasma from 10 healthy subjects was incubated with saline, P2Y1 antagonist MRS2179 (100 μM), P2Y12 antagonist ticagrelor (1 μM), and a combination of both antagonists. Platelets were activated by ADP (10 μM) under stirring conditions at 37°C. Platelet reactivity was assessed by impedance aggregometry. Concentrations of PEVs- (positive for CD61 but negative for P-selectin and phosphatidylserine) and PEVs+ (positive for all) were determined by a state-of-the-art flow cytometer. Procoagulant activity of PEVs was measured by a fibrin generation test. RESULTS ADP-induced aggregation (57 ± 13 area under curve {AUC] units) was inhibited 73% by the P2Y1 antagonist, 86% by the P2Y12 antagonist, and 95% when combined (p < 0.001 for all). The release of PEVs- (2.9 E ± 0.8 × 10⁸/mL) was inhibited 48% in the presence of both antagonists (p = 0.015), whereas antagonists alone were ineffective. The release of PEVs+ (2.4 ± 1.6 × 10⁷/mL) was unaffected by the P2Y1 antagonist, but was 62% inhibited by the P2Y12 antagonist (p = 0.035), and 72% by both antagonists (p = 0.022). PEVs promoted coagulation in presence of tissue factor. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors reduces platelet aggregation and affects the release of distinct subpopulations of PEVs. Ticagrelor decreases the release of procoagulant PEVs from activated platelets, which may contribute to the observed clinical benefits in patients treated with ticagrelor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gasecka
- First Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland. .,Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najat Hajji
- Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agata Ćwiek
- First Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Pluta
- First Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Konwerski
- First Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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de Rond L, van der Pol E, Hau CM, Varga Z, Sturk A, van Leeuwen TG, Nieuwland R, Coumans FAW. Comparison of Generic Fluorescent Markers for Detection of Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry. Clin Chem 2018; 64:680-689. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.278978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in biofluids are potential biomarkers of disease. To explore the clinical relevance of EVs, a specific generic EV marker would be useful, one that does not require antibodies and binds to all EVs. Here we evaluated 5 commonly used generic markers for flow cytometry.
METHODS
Flow cytometry (A60-Micro, Apogee) was used to evaluate the ability of the generic EV markers calcein acetoxymethyl ester, calcein acetoxymethyl ester violet, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), 4-(2-[6-(dioctylamino)-2-naphthalenyl]ethenyl)-1-(3-sulfopropyl)pyridinium (di-8-ANEPPS), and lactadherin to stain EVs from MCF7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line-conditioned culture medium [epithelial cell adhesion molecule positive (EpCAM+)] or platelet EVs from human plasma [integrin β3 positive (CD61+)]. Side scatter triggering was applied as a reference, and the influence of non-EV components (proteins and lipoproteins) was evaluated.
RESULTS
Di-8-ANEPPS, lactadherin, and side scatter detected 100% of EpCAM+ MCF7 EVs. Lactadherin and side scatter detected 33% and 61% of CD61+ EVs, respectively. Di-8-ANEPPS detected platelet EVs only if soluble protein was first removed. Because all generic markers stained proteins, at best 33% of platelet EVs in plasma were detected. The calcein markers and CFSE were either insensitive to EVs in both samples or associated with swarm detection.
CONCLUSIONS
None of the generic markers detected all and only EVs in plasma. Side scatter triggering detected the highest concentration of plasma EVs on our A60-Micro, followed by lactadherin. The choice between scatter or lactadherin primarily depends on the analytical sensitivity of the flow cytometer used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie de Rond
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chi M Hau
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Auguste Sturk
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A W Coumans
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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van der Pol E, de Rond L, Coumans FA, Gool EL, Böing AN, Sturk A, Nieuwland R, van Leeuwen TG. Absolute sizing and label-free identification of extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2018; 14:801-810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin van der Pol
- a Biomedical Engineering & Physics , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,c Vesicle Observation Centre, Academic Medical Centre , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Paul Harrison
- d Institute of Inflammation and Ageing , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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Gąsecka A, van der Pol E, Nieuwland R, Stępień E. Extracellular vesicles in post-infarct ventricular remodelling. Kardiol Pol 2017; 76:69-76. [PMID: 28980299 DOI: 10.5603/kp.a2017.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Vesicle Observation Centre, and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Coumans FAW, Brisson AR, Buzas EI, Dignat-George F, Drees EEE, El-Andaloussi S, Emanueli C, Gasecka A, Hendrix A, Hill AF, Lacroix R, Lee Y, van Leeuwen TG, Mackman N, Mäger I, Nolan JP, van der Pol E, Pegtel DM, Sahoo S, Siljander PRM, Sturk G, de Wever O, Nieuwland R. Methodological Guidelines to Study Extracellular Vesicles. Circ Res 2017; 120:1632-1648. [PMID: 28495994 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.309417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the relationship between extracellular vesicles (EVs) and physiological and pathological conditions, the interest in EVs is exponentially growing. EVs hold high hopes for novel diagnostic and translational discoveries. This review provides an expert-based update of recent advances in the methods to study EVs and summarizes currently accepted considerations and recommendations from sample collection to isolation, detection, and characterization of EVs. Common misconceptions and methodological pitfalls are highlighted. Although EVs are found in all body fluids, in this review, we will focus on EVs from human blood, not only our most complex but also the most interesting body fluid for cardiovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A W Coumans
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Alain R Brisson
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Edit I Buzas
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Esther E E Drees
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Samir El-Andaloussi
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Gasecka
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - An Hendrix
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Andrew F Hill
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Yi Lee
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Imre Mäger
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - John P Nolan
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - D Michiel Pegtel
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Pia R M Siljander
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Guus Sturk
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Olivier de Wever
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.)
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- From the Biomedical Engineering and Physics (F.A.W.C., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P.), Vesicle Observation Centre (F.A.W.C., A.G., T.G.v.L., E.v.d.P., G.S., R.N.), and Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry (A.G., G.S., R.N.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France (A.R.B.); Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (E.I.B.); VRCM, UMRS-1076, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Haematology and vascular biology department, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France (F.D.-G., R.L.); Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.E.D., D.M.P.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.E.-A., Y.L.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (S.E.-A., I.M.); Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (C.E.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.); 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (A.G.); Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium (A.H., O.d.W.); Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (A.F.H.); Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.); Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia (I.M.); Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA (J.P.N.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.S.); and EV Core Facility, University of Helsinki and EV-Group, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.R.M.S.).
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van der Pol E, Springer J, Vriesendorp B, Weusthuis R, Eggink G. Precultivation of Bacillus coagulans DSM2314 in the presence of furfural decreases inhibitory effects of lignocellulosic by-products during L(+)-lactic acid fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10307-10319. [PMID: 27464829 PMCID: PMC5119848 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By-products resulting from thermo-chemical pretreatment of lignocellulose can inhibit fermentation of lignocellulosic sugars to lactic acid. Furfural is such a by-product, which is formed during acid pretreatment of lignocellulose. pH-controlled fermentations with 1 L starting volume, containing YP medium and a mixture of lignocellulosic by-products, were inoculated with precultures of Bacillus coagulans DSM2314 to which 1 g/L furfural was added. The addition of furfural to precultures resulted in an increase in l(+)-lactic acid productivity by a factor 2 to 1.39 g/L/h, an increase in lactic acid production from 54 to 71 g and an increase in conversion yields of sugar to lactic acid from 68 to 88 % W/W in subsequent fermentations. The improved performance was not caused by furfural consumption or conversion, indicating that the cells acquired a higher tolerance towards this by-product. The improvement coincided with a significant elongation of B. coagulans cells. Via RNA-Seq analysis, an upregulation of pathways involved in the synthesis of cell wall components such as bacillosamine, peptidoglycan and spermidine was observed in elongated cells. Furthermore, the gene SigB and genes promoted by SigB, such as NhaX and YsnF, were upregulated in the presence of furfural. These genes are involved in stress responses in bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin van der Pol
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Springer
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ruud Weusthuis
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Eggink
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Yuana Y, Böing AN, Grootemaat AE, van der Pol E, Hau CM, Cizmar P, Buhr E, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Handling and storage of human body fluids for analysis of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:29260. [PMID: 26563735 PMCID: PMC4643195 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.29260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because procedures of handling and storage of body fluids affect numbers and composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs), standardization is important to ensure reliable and comparable measurements of EVs in a clinical environment. We aimed to develop standard protocols for handling and storage of human body fluids for EV analysis. Conditions such as centrifugation, single freeze-thaw cycle, effect of time delay between blood collection and plasma preparation and storage were investigated. Plasma is the most commonly studied body fluid in EV research. We mainly focused on EVs originating from platelets and erythrocytes and investigated the behaviour of these 2 types of EVs independently as well as in plasma samples of healthy subjects. EVs in urine and saliva were also studied for comparison. All samples were analysed simultaneously before and after freeze-thawing by resistive pulse sensing, nanoparticle tracking analysis, conventional flow cytometry (FCM) and transmission (scanning) electron microscopy. Our main finding is that the effect of centrifugation markedly depends on the cellular origin of EVs. Whereas erythrocyte EVs remain present as single EVs after centrifugation, platelet EVs form aggregates, which affect their measured concentration in plasma. Single erythrocyte and platelet EVs are present mainly in the range of 100-200 nm, far below the lower limit of what can be measured by conventional FCM. Furthermore, the effects of single freeze-thaw cycle, time delay between blood collection and plasma preparation up to 1 hour and storage up to 1 year are insignificant (p>0.05) on the measured concentration and diameter of EVs from erythrocyte and platelet concentrates and EVs in plasma, urine and saliva. In conclusion, in standard protocols for EV studies, centrifugation to isolate EVs from collected body fluids should be avoided. Freezing and storage of collected body fluids, albeit their insignificant effects, should be performed identically for comparative EV studies and to create reliable biorepositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuana Yuana
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita N Böing
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita E Grootemaat
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chi M Hau
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petr Cizmar
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Egbert Buhr
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Auguste Sturk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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van der Pol E, Bakker R, van Zeeland A, Sanchez Garcia D, Punt A, Eggink G. Analysis of by-product formation and sugar monomerization in sugarcane bagasse pretreated at pilot plant scale: differences between autohydrolysis, alkaline and acid pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 2015; 181:114-23. [PMID: 25643957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse is an interesting feedstock for the biobased economy since a large fraction is polymerized sugars. Autohydrolysis, alkaline and acid pretreatment conditions combined with enzyme hydrolysis were used on lignocellulose rich bagasse to acquire monomeric. By-products found after pretreatment included acetic, glycolic and coumaric acid in concentrations up to 40, 21 and 2.5 g/kg dry weight bagasse respectively. Alkaline pretreated material contained up to 45 g/kg bagasse DW of sodium. Acid and autohydrolysis pretreatment results in a furan formation of 14 g/kg and 25 g/kg DW bagasse respectively. Enzyme monomerization efficiencies of pretreated solid material after 72 h were 81% for acid pretreatment, 77% for autohydrolysis and 57% for alkaline pretreatment. Solid material was washed with superheated water to decrease the amount of by-products. Washing decreased organic acid, phenol and furan concentrations in solid material by at least 60%, without a major sugar loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin van der Pol
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Center, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research Center, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob Bakker
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Center, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alniek van Zeeland
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Center, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjen Punt
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research center, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Eggink
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Center, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research Center, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Coumans FAW, van der Pol E, Böing AN, Hajji N, Sturk G, van Leeuwen TG, Nieuwland R. Reproducible extracellular vesicle size and concentration determination with tunable resistive pulse sensing. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:25922. [PMID: 25498889 PMCID: PMC4263901 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.25922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The size of extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be determined with a tunable resistive pulse sensor (TRPS). Because the sensing pore diameter varies from pore to pore, the minimum detectable diameter also varies. The aim of this study is to determine and improve the reproducibility of TRPS measurements. METHODS Experiments were performed with the qNano system (Izon) using beads and a standard urine vesicle sample. With a combination of voltage and stretch that yields a high blockade height, we investigate whether the minimum detected diameter is more reproducible when we configure the instrument targeting (a) fixed stretch and voltage, or (b) fixed blockade height. RESULTS Daily measurements with a fixed stretch and voltage (n=102) on a standard urine sample show a minimum detected vesicle diameter of 128±19 nm [mean±standard deviation; coefficient of variation (CV) 14.8%]. The vesicle concentration was 2.4·109±3.8·109 vesicles/mL (range 1.4·108-1.8·1010). When we compared setting a fixed stretch and voltage to setting a fixed blockade height on 3 different pores, we found a minimum detected vesicle diameter of 118 nm (CV 15.5%, stretch), and 123 nm (CV 4.5%, blockade height). The detected vesicle concentration was 3.2-8.2·108 vesicles/mL with fixed stretch and 6.4-7.8·108 vesicles/mL with fixed blockade height. Summary/conclusion: Pore-to-pore variability is the cause of the variation in minimum detected size when setting a fixed stretch and voltage. The reproducibility of the minimum detectable diameter is much improved by setting a fixed blockade height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A W Coumans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita N Böing
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najat Hajji
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus Sturk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Pol E, Coumans FAW, Sturk A, Nieuwland R, van Leeuwen TG. Refractive index determination of nanoparticles in suspension using nanoparticle tracking analysis. Nano Lett 2014; 14:6195-201. [PMID: 25256919 DOI: 10.1021/nl503371p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The refractive index (RI) dictates interaction between light and nanoparticles and therefore is important to health, environmental, and materials sciences. Using nanoparticle tracking analysis, we have determined the RI of heterogeneous particles <500 nm in suspension. We demonstrate feasibility of distinguishing silica and polystyrene beads based on their RI. The hitherto unknown RI of extracellular vesicles from human urine was determined at 1.37 (mean). This method enables differentiation of single nanoparticles based on their RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, ‡ Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Böing AN, van der Pol E, Grootemaat AE, Coumans FAW, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Single-step isolation of extracellular vesicles by size-exclusion chromatography. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:23430. [PMID: 25279113 PMCID: PMC4159761 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.23430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isolation of extracellular vesicles from plasma is a challenge due to the presence of proteins and lipoproteins. Isolation of vesicles using differential centrifugation or density-gradient ultracentrifugation results in co-isolation of contaminants such as protein aggregates and incomplete separation of vesicles from lipoproteins, respectively. Aim To develop a single-step protocol to isolate vesicles from human body fluids. Methods Platelet-free supernatant, derived from platelet concentrates, was loaded on a sepharose CL-2B column to perform size-exclusion chromatography (SEC; n=3). Fractions were collected and analysed by nanoparticle tracking analysis, resistive pulse sensing, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. The concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and protein were measured in each fraction. Results Fractions 9–12 contained the highest concentrations of particles larger than 70 nm and platelet-derived vesicles (46%±6 and 61%±2 of totals present in all collected fractions, respectively), but less than 5% of HDL and less than 1% of protein (4.8%±1 and 0.65%±0.3, respectively). HDL was present mainly in fractions 18–20 (32%±2 of total), and protein in fractions 19–21 (36%±2 of total). Compared to the starting material, recovery of platelet-derived vesicles was 43%±23 in fractions 9–12, with an 8-fold and 70-fold enrichment compared to HDL and protein. Conclusions SEC efficiently isolates extracellular vesicles with a diameter larger than 70 nm from platelet-free supernatant of platelet concentrates. Application SEC will improve studies on the dimensional, structural and functional properties of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita N Böing
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita E Grootemaat
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A W Coumans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Auguste Sturk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Varga Z, Yuana Y, Grootemaat AE, van der Pol E, Gollwitzer C, Krumrey M, Nieuwland R. Towards traceable size determination of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:23298. [PMID: 24511372 PMCID: PMC3916677 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.23298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have clinical importance due to their roles in a wide range of biological processes. The detection and characterization of EVs are challenging because of their small size, low refractive index, and heterogeneity. Methods In this manuscript, the size distribution of an erythrocyte-derived EV sample is determined using state-of-the-art techniques such as nanoparticle tracking analysis, resistive pulse sensing, and electron microscopy, and novel techniques in the field, such as small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and size exclusion chromatography coupled with dynamic light scattering detection. Results The mode values of the size distributions of the studied erythrocyte EVs reported by the different methods show only small deviations around 130 nm, but there are differences in the widths of the size distributions. Conclusion SAXS is a promising technique with respect to traceability, as this technique was already applied for traceable size determination of solid nanoparticles in suspension. To reach the traceable measurement of EVs, monodisperse and highly concentrated samples are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Varga
- Department of Biological Nanochemistry, Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yuana Yuana
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita E Grootemaat
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Krumrey
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Andrews RK, Aster RH, Atkinson BT, Barnard MR, Bavry AA, Bayer AS, Beaulieu LM, Berndt MC, Berny-Lang MA, Bhatt DL, Bizzaro N, Bledzka K, Bouchard BA, Brass LF, Bray PF, Briggs C, Bussel JB, Cattaneo M, Chakravorty S, Chong BH, Clemetson J, Clemetson KJ, Coller BS, Covic L, Davì G, del Zoppo GJ, Dowling MR, Dubois C, Eisert WG, Evangelista V, Flaumenhaft R, Freedman JE, Freedman J, Frelinger AL, Furie BC, Furie B, Gardiner C, Gawaz M, Geisler T, Greinacher A, Gurbel PA, Harrison P, Hartwig JH, Hayward CP, Hughes CE, Ikeda Y, Israels SJ, Italiano JE, Jackson S, Jain S, Jones CI, Josefsson EC, Kaplan C, Kile BT, Kimura Y, Klement GL, Kolandaivelu K, Kuliopulos A, Kuter DJ, Lambert MP, Langer HF, Lebois M, Levin J, Lordkipanidzé M, Ma YQ, Mannucci PM, McCrae KR, Merrill-Skoloff G, Michelson AD, Moffat KA, Mutch NJ, Newman DK, Newman PE, Ni H, Nieuwland R, Ouwehand WH, Parsons J, Patrono C, Perrotta PL, Pesho MM, Plow EF, Politt AY, Poncz M, Poon MC, Provost P, Psaila B, Rao AK, Rinder HM, Roberts IA, Rondina MT, Ruggeri ZM, Santilli F, Schwertz H, Shai E, Silveira JR, Smith BR, Smith MC, Smyth SS, Snyder EL, Sobel M, Soranzo N, Stalker TJ, Sturk A, Sudo T, Sullivan S, Tantry US, Tefferi A, Tracy PB, Tsai HM, van der Pol E, Varon D, Vazzana N, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Wannemacher K, Ware J, Warkentin TE, Watson SP, Weyrich AS, White JG, Wilcox DA, Yeaman MR, Zhang P, Zhu L, Zimmerman GA. List of Contributors. Platelets 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387837-3.00072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Coumans FAW, van der Pol E, Terstappen LWMM. Flat-top illumination profile in an epifluorescence microscope by dual microlens arrays. Cytometry A 2012; 81:324-31. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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van den Akker J, van Weert A, Afink G, Bakker ENTP, van der Pol E, Böing AN, Nieuwland R, VanBavel E. Transglutaminase 2 is secreted from smooth muscle cells by transamidation-dependent microparticle formation. Amino Acids 2011; 42:961-73. [PMID: 21830119 PMCID: PMC3266506 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a pleiotropic enzyme involved in both intra- and extracellular processes. In the extracellular matrix, TG2 stabilizes the matrix by both covalent cross-linking and disulfide isomerase activity. These functions become especially apparent during matrix remodeling as seen in wound healing, tumor development and vascular remodeling. However, TG2 lacks the signal sequence for a classical secretory mechanism, and the cellular mechanism of TG2 secretion is currently unknown. We developed a green fluorescent TG2 fusion protein to study the hypothesis that TG2 is secreted via microparticles. Characterization of TG2/eGFP, using HEK/293T cells with a low endogenous TG2 expression, showed that cross-linking activity and fibronectin binding were unaffected. Transfection of TG2/eGFP into smooth muscle cells resulted in the formation of microparticles (MPs) enriched in TG2, as detected both by immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. The fraction of TG2-positive MPs was significantly lower for cross-linking-deficient mutants of TG2, implicating a functional role for TG2 in the formation of MPs. In conclusion, the current data suggest that TG2 is secreted from the cell via microparticles through a process regulated by TG2 cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van den Akker
- Departmentt of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center L0-120, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela van Weert
- Departmentt of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center L0-120, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Afink
- Molecular Obstetrics Research Group, Laboratory for Reproductive Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik N. T. P. Bakker
- Departmentt of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center L0-120, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Departmentt of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center L0-120, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita N. Böing
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ed VanBavel
- Departmentt of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center L0-120, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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