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Ganesan N, Ronsmans S, Hoet P. Comparing [ 3H] thymidine LPT and CFSE assay to assess lymphocyte proliferation in beryllium-exposed sarcoidosis patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19242. [PMID: 37662805 PMCID: PMC10471999 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of antigen specific lymphocyte responses plays a vital role in the diagnosis of various diseases. Beryllium-specific [3H] thymidine lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) is regarded as a gold standard in identifying chronic beryllium disease (CBD) cases. Alternatively, flow cytometric based carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) assay, has several benefits as opposed to LPT, since it further permits both phenotypical characterization and functional analysis of proliferating lymphocyte subsets. The suitability of both LPT and CFSE assay to therefore detect beryllium sensitivity in a group of Be-exposed sarcoidosis patients with suspected beryllium exposure, was evaluated in this study. The clinical relevance of the test responses, expressed as stimulation indices (SI), were additionally compared on a group and individual level. Agreement in clinical interpretation of the test responses between both methods was observed in 4 out of 5 recruited patients, when considering total lymphocyte population i.e., CD3+ and CD19+-cells combined, on day 7 and with CFSE-SI >1.5, when compared with LPT-SI >2.5. Variability in responses to beryllium was additionally evaluated in Be-exposed sarcoidosis patients and compared with healthy controls. To conclude, both LPT and CFSE assay are suitable assays to detect Be sensitivity in Be-exposed sarcoidosis patients. At the same time, flow cytometric based CFSE assay has the edge over LPT in identifying the relevant proliferating lymphocyte populations. As such, when comparing two or more methods, factors that contribute to assay variability such as timepoints, lymphocyte subsets and number of replicates should always be accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha Ganesan
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Ronsmans
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Clinic for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hoet
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Lee HJ, Gau CC, Lee WF, Lee WI, Huang JL, Chen SH, Yeh HY, Liang CJ, Fu SH. Comparison of [ 3H]-Thymidine, Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester and Ki-67 in Lymphocyte Proliferation. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:638549. [PMID: 35547552 PMCID: PMC9082031 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.638549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with T cell deficiency <10% of normal proliferation are indicated to receive immune reconstruction by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This study aimed to investigate whether non-radioactive assays can be used to quantitatively detect the lymphocyte proliferation <10% of normal as radioactive [3H]-thymidine." METHODS Radioactive [3H]-thymidine, non-radioactive carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), and Ki-67 protein expressions were used to measure the lymphocyte proliferation as calculated using the stimulation index (SI), subtraction percentage, and proliferation index (FlowJo software). Normal references were established for comparison in the absence of parallel healthy controls. RESULTS Normal ranges of mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation were established as a SI of 15-267 (CSFE 47-92%, Ki-67 42-79%) with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) 5 μg/ml stimulation; 19-139 (CFSE 62-83%, 45-74% Ki-67) with concanavalin-A (ConA) 5 μg/ml stimulation; 7-53 (CFSE 6-23%, Ki-67 10-24%) with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) 0.1 ug/ml stimulation; 3-28 (CFSE 4-10%, Ki-67 5-14%) with candida 10 ug/ml stimulation; and 2-27 (CFSE 6-41%, Ki-67 6-30%) with bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) 0.02 ng/ml stimulation. The normalized CFSE-proliferation index was between 2.1 and 3.0. Although there was no significant correlation between these three assays in the healthy controls, the SI value for <10% [3H]-thymidine proliferation in those with T cell deficiency was compatible with CFSE- and Ki-67-stained lymphocyte percentages, and validated in patients with IL2RG, RAG1, and ZAP70 mutations. When calculating [3H]-thymidine <10% of normal lymphocyte proliferation, the threshold of parallel controls was more reliable than previously established normal references. CONCLUSION The large quantitative value of radioactive [3H]-thymidine was more easily recognizable than that for non-radioactive CFSE and Ki-67. Even though the correlation was not significant, those identified to have <10% of normal proliferation by [3H]-thymidine could be consistently detected by CFSE and Ki-67, and consequently indicated for HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ju Lee
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chun Gau
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,Division of Pediatric General Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Fang Lee
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-I Lee
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Long Huang
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Yu Yeh
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jou Liang
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hang Fu
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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3
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Marinescu CI, Preda MB, Burlacu A. A procedure for in vitro evaluation of the immunosuppressive effect of mouse mesenchymal stem cells on activated T cell proliferation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:319. [PMID: 34090507 PMCID: PMC8178850 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) represent adult cells with multipotent capacity. Besides their capacity to differentiate into multiple lineages in vitro and in vivo, increasing evidence points towards the immunomodulatory capacity of these cells, as an important feature for their therapeutic power. Although not included in the minimal criteria established by the International Society for Cellular Therapy as a defining MSC attribute, demonstration of the immunomodulatory capacity of MSC can be useful for the characterization of these cells before being considered MSC. Methods Here we present a simple and reliable protocol by which the immunosuppressive effect of mouse bone marrow-derived MSC can be evaluated in vitro. It is based on the measuring of the proliferation of activated T cells cultured in direct contact with irradiated MSC. Results Our results showed that mouse MSC have a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on activated T cell proliferation, which can be quantified as a percentage of maximum proliferation. Our data shows that batch-to-batch variability can be determined within one or multiple experiments, by extracting the area under curve of T cell proliferation plotted against the absolute number of MSC in co-culture. Conclusions The validation of the immunosupressive capacity of MSC could be added to the characterization of the cells before being used in various MSC-based approaches to treat immunological diseases. Our results showed that mouse MSC have a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on activated T cell proliferation. The immunosuppressive properties of MSC vary between batches, but not between different passages of the same batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina-Iolanda Marinescu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", 8 B.P. Hasdeu Street, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Bogdan Preda
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", 8 B.P. Hasdeu Street, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandrina Burlacu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", 8 B.P. Hasdeu Street, 050568, Bucharest, Romania.
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4
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Rudak PT, Haeryfar SMM. In Vivo Cytotoxicity by α-GalCer-transactivated NK Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2388:157-174. [PMID: 34524671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1775-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like, lipid-reactive T lymphocytes known for their potent immunomodulatory properties. In addition to expressing and utilizing cytolytic effector molecules of their own against certain target cells, iNKT cells can be stimulated with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) to augment the cytotoxic capacity of natural killer (NK) cells. Herein, we describe a flow cytometry-based in vivo killing assay that enables examination of α-GalCer-promoted cytotoxicity against β2 microglobulin knockout (β2M-/-) target cells, which mimic tumor and virus-infected cells displaying little to no MHC class I molecules on their surface. Using an anti-asialo GM1 antibody, which depletes NK cells but not iNKT cells, we confirmed that the increased clearance of β2M-/- cells in α-GalCer-primed recipients was mediated by NK cells. The protocol detailed here can be leveraged to assess the functional fitness of iNKT cells and their crosstalk with NK cells and to further our understanding of α-GalCer-promoted cytotoxicity in preclinical immunotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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5
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Yadav S, Prakash J, Singh OP, Gedda MR, Chauhan SB, Sundar S, Dubey VK. IFN-γ + CD4 +T cell-driven prophylactic potential of recombinant LDBPK_252400 hypothetical protein of Leishmania donovani against visceral leishmaniasis. Cell Immunol 2020; 361:104272. [PMID: 33445051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a potentially fatal parasitic disease causing high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Vaccination is considered the most effective and powerful tool for blocking transmission and control of diseases. However, no vaccine is available so far in the market for humans. In the present study, we characterized the hypothetical protein LDBPK_252400 of Leishmania donovani (LdHyP) and explored its prophylactic behavior as a potential vaccine candidate against VL. We found reduced hepato-splenomegaly along with more than 50% parasite reduction in spleen and liver after vaccination in mice. Protection in vaccinated mice after the antigen challenge correlated with the stimulation of antigen specific IFN-γ expressing CD4+T cell (~4.6 fold) and CD8+T cells (~2.1 fold) in vaccinated mice in compared to infected mice, even after 2-3 months of immunization. Importantly, antigen-mediated humoral immunity correlated with high antigen specific IgG2/IgG1 responses in vaccinated mice. In vitro re-stimulation of splenocytes with LdHyP enhances the expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-10 cytokines along with lower IL-4 cytokine and IL-10/IFN-γ ratio in vaccinated mice. Importantly, we observed ~3.5 fold high NO production through activated macrophages validates antigen mediated cellular immunity induction, which is critical in controlling infection progression. These findings suggest that immunization with LdHyP mount a very robust immunity (from IL-10 towards TFN-γ mediated responses) against L. donovani infection and could be explored further as a putative vaccine candidate against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Yadav
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Jay Prakash
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | | | | | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
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Bonzano C, Canciani B, Olivari S, Papadia M, Bagnis A, Cutolo CA, Bonzano E, Pagani P, Cancedda R, Traverso CE. CFSE: A New Method for Identifying Human Limbal Stem Cells and Following Their Migration in Human Cornea. In Vivo 2020; 33:1851-1855. [PMID: 31662512 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop a method capable of identifying human corneal limbal stem cells (LSCs) and follow their proliferation and migration in the epithelium. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten fresh matched pairs of cadaveric normal human corneas were obtained from donors. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) was used to target LSCs. The distribution of CFSE-positive cell clusters was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy by counterstaining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Fluorescence was digitally recorded for seven days, and the rate of cell movement was determined. RESULTS CFSE-labeled cells were tracked in corneas. Analysis of time sequences revealed that they moved centripetally. Daily average CFSE-labeled LSC movement was 0.073±0.01 cm (±SD). CONCLUSION CFSE allowed us to identify LSCs and to track their centripetal migration from the limbal basal layer to the anterior ocular surface. This experimental system appears to be a valuable tool for further studies on corneal epithelial cell migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bonzano
- Eye Clinic, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Canciani
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Olivari
- Eye Clinic, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Bagnis
- Eye Clinic, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Cutolo
- Eye Clinic, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bonzano
- School of Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia and Department of Radiation Oncology, IRCCS San Matteo Polyclinic Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Pagani
- Eye Clinic, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ranieri Cancedda
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Enrico Traverso
- Eye Clinic, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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7
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Ender F, Zamzow P, Bubnoff NV, Gieseler F. Detection and Quantification of Extracellular Vesicles via FACS: Membrane Labeling Matters! Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E291. [PMID: 31906247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research is challenged by the lack of standardized protocols to identify and specifically distinguish between exosomes and ectosomes, which are released via exocytosis or plasma membrane shedding, respectively. Using sequential centrifugation, we separated EV subpopulations from supernatants of COLO 357 pancreas carcinoma cells based on size and mass. After 10,000× g centrifugation, we reconstituted high-speed (hs) EVs from the pellet, directly labeled them with the membrane dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), and performed flow cytometry based analysis. The aim was to optimize the conditions for EV labeling and detection and hence to obtain a maximum yield of intact hsEVs. We found that, for sufficient labeling of EVs, minimal temperature variations and short incubation times correlated with EV stability. Furthermore, threshold adjustment significantly improved the sensitivity of the flow cytometer for the detection of CFSE labeled hsEVs. When cells were CFSE labeled, we observed a transition of fluorescence onto EVs that were reconstituted from the pellet but not onto those that remained in the supernatant after hs centrifugation, suggesting the indirect labeling of EVs based on the way of biogenesis as a specific method for the distinction of exosomes and ectosomes. Protocol standardization is of major importance for the use of EVs as diagnostic markers in liquid biopsies.
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8
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Elias G, Ogunjimi B, Van Tendeloo V. Tracking Dye-Independent Approach to Identify and Isolate In Vitro Expanded T Cells. Cytometry A 2019; 95:1096-1107. [PMID: 31356002 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
T cell proliferation is routinely identified in vitro using tracking dyes or through detecting intracellular upregulation of the nuclear protein, Ki-67. However, labeling with tracking dyes is cumbersome, associated with cellular toxicity, while Ki-67 cannot be used to identify and isolate viable T cells, and both techniques are incompatible with MACS technology. Here, we introduce a simple tool to identify and isolate in vitro T cell expansion that is tracking dye-independent and allows for sorting of viable T cells. We show that CD71, a transferrin receptor, and CD98, a heterodimer glycoprotein involved in both integrin signaling and amino-acid transport, are both highly upregulated on proliferating T cells upon in vitro stimulation, and that CD71 expression is maximal on the more recent progeny T cells, while CD98 upregulation remains stable across different generations of progeny T cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that the upregulation of CD71 and CD98 identifies CFSElow T cells and provides further proof of the antigen-specificity of T cells identified by CD71 and CD98 dual upregulation based on tetramer staining. We further show that CD71 can be used to enrich for in vitro expanding T cells using MACS technology. In conclusion, we show that CD71 and CD98 can be used to identify and isolate expanded T cells following in vitro stimulation and that CD71 is an MACS-compatible alternative to tracking dyes or Ki-67 detection. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Elias
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benson Ogunjimi
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), Antwerp, Belgium.,Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Antwerp Centre for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), Antwerp, Belgium
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9
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Dunsterville C, Stephens AC, Lack G, Turcanu V. The Use of Dual-Cell-Tracker Dye Staining for the Identification and Characterization of Peanut-Specific T-Cell Subsets. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2020:143-152. [PMID: 31177497 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9591-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-tracker fluorescent dye labeling is widely used for investigating antigen-specific immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Here we describe a development of this technique-the use of dual-cell-tracker dye staining for the identification and characterization of the responses of different T-cell subsets to peanut proteins in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Dunsterville
- King's College London, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences and School of Life Course Sciences, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alick C Stephens
- King's College London, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences and School of Life Course Sciences, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gideon Lack
- King's College London, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences and School of Life Course Sciences, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Victor Turcanu
- King's College London, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences and School of Life Course Sciences, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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10
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Roy M, Pham DNK, Kreider-Mueller A, Golen JA, Manke DR. First-row transition metal-pyridine (py)-sulfate [(py) xM](SO 4) complexes (M = Ni, Cu and Zn): crystal field theory in action. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2018; 74:263-268. [PMID: 29504552 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229618001547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of three first-row transition metal-pyridine-sulfate complexes, namely catena-poly[[tetrakis(pyridine-κN)nickel(II)]-μ-sulfato-κ2O:O'], [Ni(SO4)(C5H5N)4]n, (1), di-μ-sulfato-κ4O:O-bis[tris(pyridine-κN)copper(II)], [Cu2(SO4)2(C5H5N)6], (2), and catena-poly[[tetrakis(pyridine-κN)zinc(II)]-μ-sulfato-κ2O:O'-[bis(pyridine-κN)zinc(II)]-μ-sulfato-κ2O:O'], [Zn2(SO4)2(C5H5N)6]n, (3), are reported. Ni compound (1) displays a polymeric crystal structure, with infinite chains of NiII atoms adopting an octahedral N4O2 coordination environment that involves four pyridine ligands and two bridging sulfate ligands. Cu compound (2) features a dimeric molecular structure, with the CuII atoms possessing square-pyramidal N3O2 coordination environments that contain three pyridine ligands and two bridging sulfate ligands. Zn compound (3) exhibits a polymeric crystal structure of infinite chains, with two alternating zinc coordination environments, i.e. octahedral N4O2 coordination involving four pyridine ligands and two bridging sulfate ligands, and tetrahedral N2O2 coordination containing two pyridine ligands and two bridging sulfate ligands. The observed coordination environments are consistent with those predicted by crystal field theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrittika Roy
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Rd, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Duyen N K Pham
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Rd, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Ava Kreider-Mueller
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Rd, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - James A Golen
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Rd, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R Manke
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Rd, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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11
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Azari H, Deleyrolle LP, Reynolds BA. Using Carboxy Fluorescein Succinimidyl Ester ( CFSE) to Identify Quiescent Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1686:59-67. [PMID: 29030812 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7371-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor resistance to conventional therapies is a major challenge toward the eradication of cancer, a life-threatening disease. This resistance mainly results from tumor heterogeneity and more specifically from the existence of "stem-like" cells that remain in a quiescent state for long periods of time and thus escape commonly used anti-cancer drugs resulting in treatment failure. Therefore, targeting this subpopulation would present a viable strategy to overcome tumor burden. This daunting task requires a deep and thorough understanding of the biology of the quiescent stem-cell population, their interaction with tumor microenvironments, and mechanisms used to sustain themselves despite aggressive therapies. In this chapter, we describe detailed technical procedures for the isolation of quiescent or infrequently dividing stem-like cells in cultured glioblastoma tumor cells using carboxy fluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) staining and flow cytometric analysis. Quiescent glioblastoma cells with stem-like features are characterized and subsequently isolated based on their ability to retain the CFSE labeling.
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12
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Domínguez Rubio AP, Martínez JH, Martínez Casillas DC, Coluccio Leskow F, Piuri M, Pérez OE. Lactobacillus casei BL23 Produces Microvesicles Carrying Proteins That Have Been Associated with Its Probiotic Effect. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1783. [PMID: 28979244 PMCID: PMC5611436 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya secrete membrane microvesicles (MVs) as a mechanism for intercellular communication. We report the isolation and characterization of MVs from the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei BL23. MVs were characterized using analytical high performance techniques, DLS, AFM and TEM. Similar to what has been described for other Gram-positive bacteria, MVs were on the nanometric size range (30–50 nm). MVs carried cytoplasmic components such as DNA, RNA and proteins. Using a proteomic approach (LC-MS), we identified a total of 103 proteins; 13 exclusively present in the MVs. The MVs content included cell envelope associated and secretory proteins, heat and cold shock proteins, several metabolic enzymes, proteases, structural components of the ribosome, membrane transporters, cell wall-associated hydrolases and phage related proteins. In particular, we identified proteins described as mediators of Lactobacillus’ probiotic effects such as p40, p75 and the product of LCABL_31160, annotated as an adhesion protein. The presence of these proteins suggests a role for the MVs in the bacteria-gastrointestinal cells interface. The expression and further encapsulation of proteins into MVs of GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) bacteria could represent a scientific novelty, with applications in food, nutraceuticals and clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paula Domínguez Rubio
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena H Martínez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana C Martínez Casillas
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Centro Nacional de Energía AtómicaBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Coluccio Leskow
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de LujánBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Piuri
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar E Pérez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional de LanúsBuenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Chung S, Kim SH, Seo Y, Kim SK, Lee JY. Quantitative analysis of cell proliferation by a dye dilution assay: Application to cell lines and cocultures. Cytometry A 2017; 91:704-712. [PMID: 28375566 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation represents one of the most fundamental processes in biological systems, thus the quantitative analysis of cell proliferation is important in many biological applications such as drug screening, production of biologics, and assessment of cytotoxicity. Conventional proliferation assays mainly quantify cell number based on a calibration curve of a homogeneous cell population, and therefore are not applicable for the analysis of cocultured cells. Moreover, these assays measure cell proliferation indirectly, based on cellular metabolic activity or DNA content. To overcome these shortcomings, a dye dilution assay employing fluorescent cell tracking dyes that are retained within cells was applied and was diluted proportionally by subsequent cell divisions. Here, it was demonstrated that this assay could be implemented to quantitatively analyze the cell proliferation of different types of cell lines, and to concurrently analyze the proliferation of two types of cell lines in coculture by utilizing cell tracking dyes with different spectral characteristics. The mean division time estimated by the dye dilution assay is compared with the population doubling time obtained from conventional methods and values from literature. Additionally, dye transfer between cocultured cells was investigated and it was found that it is a characteristic of the cells rather than a characteristic of the dye. It was suggested that this method can be easily combined with other flow cytometric analyses of cellular properties, providing valuable information on cell status under diverse conditions. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soobin Chung
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Youseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol-Hee Kim
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Seo
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Kyung Kim
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Youseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Youn Lee
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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14
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Houshmand M, Soleimani M, Atashi A, Saglio G, Abdollahi M, Nikougoftar Zarif M. Mimicking the Acute Myeloid Leukemia Niche for Molecular Study and Drug Screening. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:72-85. [PMID: 28007011 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow niche is a major contributing factor in leukemia development and drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Although mimicking leukemic bone marrow niche relies on two-dimensional (2D) culture conditions, it cannot recapitulate complex bone marrow structure that causes introduction of different three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. Simultaneously, microfluidic platform by perfusing medium culture mimic interstitial fluid flow, along with 3D scaffold would help for mimicking bone marrow microenvironment. In this study TF-1 cells were cocultured with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in 2D and 3D microfluidic devices. Phenotype maintenance during cell culture and proliferation rate was assayed and confirmed by cell cycle analysis. Morphology of cells in 2D and 3D culture conditions was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. After these experiments, drug screening was performed by applying azacitidine and cytarabine and cytotoxicity assay and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) were done to compare drug resistance in 2D and 3D culture conditions. Our result shows leukemic cells in 3D microfluidic device retaining their phenotype and proliferation rate was significantly higher in 3D culture condition in comparison to 2D culture condition (p < 0.05), which was confirmed by cell cycle analysis. Cytotoxicity assay also illustrated drug resistance in 3D culture condition and qRT-PCR demonstrated higher BCL2 expression in 3D microfluidic device in contrast to 2D microfluidic device (p < 0.05). On balance, mimicking bone marrow niche would help the target therapy and specify the role of niche in development of leukemia in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Houshmand
- 1 Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine , Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- 2 Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Atashi
- 3 Stem cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences , Shahroud, Iran
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- 4 Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, "S. Luigi Gonzaga" Hospital, University of Turin , Orbassano, Italy
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- 2 Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahin Nikougoftar Zarif
- 1 Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine , Tehran, Iran
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15
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Sun X, Zhang C, Jin H, Sun G, Tian Y, Shi W, Zhang D. Flow cytometric analysis of T lymphocyte proliferation in vivo by EdU incorporation. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 41:56-65. [PMID: 27816727 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring T lymphocyte proliferation, especially in vivo, is essential for the evaluation of adaptive immune reactions. Flow cytometry-based proliferation assays have advantages in measuring cell division of different T lymphocyte subsets at the same time by multicolor labelling. In this study, we aimed to establish the use of 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation in vivo to monitor T lymphocyte proliferation by flow cytometry with an adoptive transfer model. We found that fixation followed by permeabilization preserved T cell surface antigens and had no obvious effects on the fluorescence intensity of APC, PE, PE-Cy7, FITC and PerCP-Cy5.5 when the concentration of the permeabilization reagents was optimized. However, the click reaction resulted in a significant decrease in the fluorescence intensity of PE and PE-Cy7, and surface staining after the click reaction improved the fluorescence intensity. Thus, an extra step of blocking with PBS with 3% FBS between the click reaction and cell surface staining is needed. Furthermore, the percentage of EdU-positive cells increased in a dose-dependent manner, and the saturated dose of EdU was 20mg/kg. Intraperitoneal and intravenous injection had no differences in lymphocyte proliferation detection with EdU in vivo. In addition, T cell proliferation measured by EdU incorporation was comparable to BrdU but was lower than CFSE labelling. In conclusion, we optimized the protocols for EdU administration in vivo and staining in vitro, providing a feasible method for the measurement of T lymphocyte proliferation with EdU incorporation by flow cytometry in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Sun
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chunpan Zhang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guangyong Sun
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China.
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16
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Svirshchevskaya EV, Poltavtseva RA, Beletskii IP, Selezneva II, Savilova AM, Sukhikh GT. Interaction of Lymphocytes with Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:571-9. [PMID: 27590770 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the interaction of neural stem cells and dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells with lymphocytes from autologous and heterologous donors. Flow cytometry analysis with the use of CFSE-labeled lymphocytes demonstrated an increase in the content of proliferating CD8, CD16 and CD56 cells, but not CD4 cells in cultures of HLA-DR-negative mesenchymal stromal cells from the dental pulp co-cultured with lymphocytes. In neural cultures expressing HLA-DR, all subpopulations of T cells and NK cells were activated. No differences between the autologous and heterologous cultures were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Svirshchevskaya
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - R A Poltavtseva
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - I P Beletskii
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - I I Selezneva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - A M Savilova
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - G T Sukhikh
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Obradovic M, Pasternak JA, Ng SH, Wilson HL. Use of flow cytometry and PCR analysis to detect 5-carboxyfluoroscein-stained obligate intracellular bacteria Lawsonia intracellularis invasion of McCoy cells. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 126:60-6. [PMID: 27154728 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a method to quantify invasion of obligate intracellular bacteria, Lawsonia intracellularis, inside McCoy cells. In immunological research, the cell-permeable fluorescent dye 5'-carboxyfluoroscein succidyl ester (CFSE) is commonly used to quantify eukaryotic cellular proliferation. Instead of using it in this traditional way, we stained L. intracellularis with CFSE dye prior to infection of McCoy cells. Flow cytometry was performed to quantify the percentage of eukaryotic cells which had taken up or were associated with fluorescent bacteria. As obligate intracellular bacteria, they cannot replicate outside of eukaryotic cells and thus qPCR analysis was used to quantify bacterial growth. Indirectly, PCR analysis confirmed invasion rather than adherence to the McCoy cell surface. Fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to sort the CFSE(+) (i.e. infected) McCoy cells from the CFSE(-) (i.e. non-infected) McCoy cells and confocal microscopy was used to confirm bacterial invasion and cytosolic localization of CFSE-L. intracellularis. To show that this approach could be used in conjunction with functional assays, we investigated the effect that serum antibodies had on CFSE-bacterial invasion and growth. Instead of blocking invasion, rabbit hyperimmune serum augmented invasion of the bacteria inside McCoy cells and qPCR analysis confirmed bacterial growth over the course of 5days. We conclude that CFSE-labeling of bacteria and qPCR can be used to track and quantify bacterial invasion and may be a valuable tool for studying the invasive properties of bacteria, especially if commercial antibodies are not available. This approach may be adapted for use in other obligate intracellular bacteria and intracellular pathogens.
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18
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Liu SD, Su J, Zhang SM, Dong HP, Wang H, Luo W, Wen Q, He JC, Yang XF, Ma L. Identification of HLA-A*11:01-restricted Mycobacterium tuberculosis CD8(+) T cell epitopes. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1718-28. [PMID: 27072810 PMCID: PMC4988290 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New vaccines are needed to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections. The currently employed Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin vaccine is becoming ineffective, due in part to the emergence of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) strains and the reduced immune capacity in cases of HIV coinfection. CD8+ T cells play an important role in the protective immunity against MTB infections, and the identification of immunogenic CD8+ T cell epitopes specific for MTB is essential for the design of peptide‐based vaccines. To identify CD8+ T cell epitopes of MTB proteins, we screened a set of 94 MTB antigens for HLA class I A*11:01‐binding motifs. HLA‐A*11:01 is one of the most prevalent HLA molecules in Southeast Asians, and definition of T cell epitopes it can restrict would provide significant coverage for the Asian population. Peptides that bound with high affinity to purified HLA molecules were subsequently evaluated in functional assays to detect interferon‐γ release and CD8+ T cell proliferation in active pulmonary TB patients. We identified six novel epitopes, each derived from a unique MTB antigen, which were recognized by CD8+ T cells from active pulmonary TB patients. In addition, a significant level of epitope‐specific T cells could be detected ex vivo in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from active TB patients by an HLA‐A*11:01 dextramer carrying the peptide Rv3130c194‐204 (from the MTB triacylglycerol synthase Tgs1), which was the most frequently recognized epitope in our peptide library. In conclusion, this study identified six dominant CD8+ T cell epitopes that may be considered potential targets for subunit vaccines or diagnostic strategies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Dong Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Meng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ping Dong
- Department of Severe Tuberculosis Medicine, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Chun He
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Pujol J, Bouillenne F, Farnir F, Dufrasne I, Mainil J, Galleni M, Lekeux P, Bureau F, Fiévez L. Generation of a soluble recombinant trimeric form of bovine CD40L and its potential use as a vaccine adjuvant in cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:1-13. [PMID: 26553560 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most cost-effective way to control infectious diseases in cattle. However, many infectious diseases leading to severe economical losses worldwide still remain for which a really effective and safe vaccine is not available. These diseases are most often due to intracellular pathogens such as bacteria or viruses, which are, by their localization, protected from antibiotics and/or CD4(+) T cell-dependent humoral responses. We therefore postulated that strategies leading to induction of not only CD4(+) T cell responses but also CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against infected cells should be privileged in the development of new vaccines against problematic intracellular pathogens in bovines. CD40 signaling in antigen-presenting cells may lead to the induction of robust CD4-independent CTL responses and several studies, especially in mice, have used CD40 stimulation to promote CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity. For example, we have recently shown that immunization of mice with heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus (HKSA) and agonistic anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies elicits strong CTL responses capable of protecting mice from subsequent staphylococcal mastitis. Unfortunately, there is at present no tool available to efficiently stimulate CD40 in cattle. In this study, we therefore first produced a soluble recombinant trimeric form of the natural bovine CD40 ligand (sboCD40LT). We then observed that sboCD40LT was able to potently stimulate bovine cells in vitro. Finally, we provide evidence that immunization of cows with sboCD40LT combined with HKSA was able to significantly increase the number of both HKSA-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the draining lymph nodes. In conclusion, we suggest that this new molecular tool could help in the development of vaccine strategies against bovine diseases caused by intracellular pathogens.
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20
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Pospichalova V, Svoboda J, Dave Z, Kotrbova A, Kaiser K, Klemova D, Ilkovics L, Hampl A, Crha I, Jandakova E, Minar L, Weinberger V, Bryja V. Simplified protocol for flow cytometry analysis of fluorescently labeled exosomes and microvesicles using dedicated flow cytometer. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:25530. [PMID: 25833224 PMCID: PMC4382613 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.25530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a powerful method, which is widely used for high-throughput quantitative and qualitative analysis of cells. However, its straightforward applicability for extracellular vesicles (EVs) and mainly exosomes is hampered by several challenges, reflecting mostly the small size of these vesicles (exosomes: ~80-200 nm, microvesicles: ~200-1,000 nm), their polydispersity, and low refractive index. The current best and most widely used protocol for beads-free flow cytometry of exosomes uses ultracentrifugation (UC) coupled with floatation in sucrose gradient for their isolation, labeling with lipophilic dye PKH67 and antibodies, and an optimized version of commercial high-end cytometer for analysis. However, this approach requires an experienced flow cytometer operator capable of manual hardware adjustments and calibration of the cytometer. Here, we provide a novel and fast approach for quantification and characterization of both exosomes and microvesicles isolated from cell culture media as well as from more complex human samples (ascites of ovarian cancer patients) suitable for multiuser labs by using a flow cytometer especially designed for small particles, which can be used without adjustments prior to data acquisition. EVs can be fluorescently labeled with protein-(Carboxyfluoresceinsuccinimidyl ester, CFSE) and/or lipid- (FM) specific dyes, without the necessity of removing the unbound fluorescent dye by UC, which further facilitates and speeds up the characterization of microvesicles and exosomes using flow cytometry. In addition, double labeling with protein- and lipid-specific dyes enables separation of EVs from common contaminants of EV preparations, such as protein aggregates or micelles formed by unbound lipophilic styryl dyes, thus not leading to overestimation of EV numbers. Moreover, our protocol is compatible with antibody labeling using fluorescently conjugated primary antibodies. The presented methodology opens the possibility for routine quantification and characterization of EVs from various sources. Finally, it has the potential to bring a desired level of control into routine experiments and non-specialized labs, thanks to its simple bead-based standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Svoboda
- Cytometry and Microscopy Facility, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.,Bio-port Europe, Svinare, Czech Republic
| | - Zankruti Dave
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kotrbova
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Kaiser
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Ales Hampl
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Crha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Jandakova
- Department of Pathology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubos Minar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Weinberger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic;
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21
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Taverna F, Coluccia P, Arienti F, Birolini A, Terranova L, Mazzocchi A, Rini F, Mariani L, Melani C, Ravagnani F. Biological quality control for extracorporeal photochemotherapy: Assessing mononuclear cell apoptosis levels in ECP bags of chronic GvHD patients. J Clin Apher 2014; 30:162-70. [PMID: 25220858 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a treatment approved by the FDA for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and it is currently used off-label for graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and other conditions. In agreement with good practices for the therapeutic use of human cells, quality control has to be performed to validate the ECP procedure with the off-line technique. Since no gold-standard biological test is available, we assessed the apoptosis generated in the ECP bag using a flow cytometric analysis. Thirty-one ECP procedures performed on 13 patients with chronic GvHD were studied by monitoring the induction of mononuclear cell (MNC) apoptosis using annexin V/propidium iodide double staining; residual lymphocyte proliferation to standard mitogens was also measured in 17 of the procedures. The kinetics of apoptosis was analyzed at different times in MNCs untreated or treated with 8-methoxy-psoralen plus ultraviolet A; the variation (ΔAPOPTOSIS ) after 24 h revealed the efficacy of the treatment. In 88.6% of the 31 ECP procedures, ΔAPOPTOSIS was >15% (the "alerting" threshold for ΔAPOPTOSIS was set at 15% on the basis of our data); in the remainder (19.4%), the increment in apoptosis was lower. In four procedures, the proliferation assay was useful for assessing the effect of ECP on the apheretic bag. In conclusion, both flow cytometric assays enabled a biologically significant result to be obtained. In our opinion, the apoptosis test-being faster and easier than the proliferation test-could be a reliable way to validate ECP procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Taverna
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Service, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Coluccia
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Service, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavio Arienti
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Service, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Birolini
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Service, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Terranova
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Service, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Arabella Mazzocchi
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Service, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Rini
- Human Tumor Immunotherapy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Mariani
- Clinical Epidemiology and Trial Organization Unit, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Melani
- Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Fernando Ravagnani
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Service, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Lionel F, Lucie L, Wang-Qing L, Isabelle K, Camille L, Michel V, Sabine L, Jean-Louis B, Philippe B, Hélène R, Brigitte B. Quality control of extracorporeal photochemotherapy: Proliferation assay using CFSE validated according to ISO 15189:2007 standards. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2014:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 25178557 DOI: 10.1002/cytob.21188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background: For the last 40 years, the technique of extracorporeal photopheresis has constantly developed. Among irradiation systems, those called 'off-line' allow the validation of the quality of the cell therapy product. The inhibition of the proliferation of lymphocytes after UVA irradiation is usually verified by the tritiated thymidine assay as in vitro proliferation assay. The document presented here describes the results obtained while performing the setting up of an alternative proliferation assay using flow cytometry according to ISO 15189:2007 Standard. Methods: Cells samples taken before and after UVA irradiation were labeled with CFSE and then cultured with phytohemagglutinin. After 3 days, an analysis of the CFSE staining was realized by flow cytometry. In order to validate the shift in the method used according to Standard, the following tests were performed: 1) comparison with the reference method, 2) robustness test, 3) reagents stability. Results: Comparison method demonstrated that the sensitivity of the CFSE test is 100%, the specificity is 89% and the concordance is almost complete. The CFSE test is robust regarding parameters like cell concentration or PHA concentration. PHA and CFSE are stable for 6 months and one year, respectively. Conclusion: Validation of this alternative test, according to the ISO 15189:2007 Standard, has demonstrated good concordance with reference method. The results of the robustness and stability of reagents are appropriate for its routine use. Thus, the benefits of alternative technique make it a wise choice for the quality control of ECP in a cell therapy laboratory. © 2014 Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faivre Lionel
- Faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Etablissement Français du Sang, Unité d'Ingénierie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Créteil, France
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23
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Mota CM, Ferreira MD, Costa LF, Barros PSC, Silva MV, Santiago FM, Mineo JR, Mineo TWP. Fluorescent ester dye-based assays for the in vitro measurement of Neospora caninum proliferation. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:14-9. [PMID: 25095733 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Techniques for the measurement of parasite loads in different experimental models have evolved throughout the years. The quantification of stained slides using regular cytological stains is currently the most common technique. However, this modality of evaluation is labor-intensive, and the interpretation of the results is subjective because the successes of the assays mainly rely on the abilities of the professionals involved. Moreover, the novel genetic manipulation techniques that are commonly applied for closely related Toxoplasma gondii have not yet been developed for Neospora caninum. Thus, we aimed to develop a simple protocol for parasite quantification using pre-stained N. caninum tachyzoites and fluorescent probes based on ester compounds (i.e., CFSE and DDAO). For this purpose, we employed a quantification procedure based on flow cytometry analysis. Pre-stained parasites were also examined with a fluorescent microscope, which revealed that both dyes were detectable. Direct comparison of the numbers of CFSE+ and DDAO+ cells to the values obtained with classical cytology techniques yielded statistically comparable results that also accorded with genomic DNA amplification results. Although the fluorescence emitted by DDAO was more intense and provided better discrimination between the populations of parasitized cells, CFSE+ tachyzoites were detected for several days. In conclusion, this study describes a simple, fast, low-cost and reproducible protocol for N. caninum quantification that is based on parasite pre-staining with fluorescent ester-based probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Mota
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcela D Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lourenço F Costa
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrício S C Barros
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Murilo V Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Santiago
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José R Mineo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago W P Mineo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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24
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Abstract
This method makes it possible to measure the fluorescence of a DNA probe in cells with known division number and targeted surface antigen. In fact, this method is a combination or consistent application of three other methods: cell tracking by vital dye, surface immunophenotyping, and flow-FISH. The idea in developing this method was to study telomere length changes in cells with known surface antigen after every new cell division. First, the in vitro cell culturing and staining with CFSE vital dye are performed. Then, cells are stained with surface MAbs labeled with biotin, followed by incubation with streptavidin-labeled fluorochrome. After that, cells are fixed with BS(3) reagent followed by the flow-FISH procedure with PNA-probe complementary to telomere DNA repeats. Finally, in one tube, it is possible to determine telomere length in surface antigen-labeled cells that have made the exact same number of divisions after incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav I Borisov
- Research Institute of Clinical Immunology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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25
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Bandrick M, Ariza-Nieto C, Baidoo SK, Molitor TW. Colostral antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity contributes to innate and antigen-specific immunity in piglets. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 43:114-120. [PMID: 24252519 PMCID: PMC3902642 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins and immune cells are critical components of colostral immunity; however, their transfer to and function in the neonate, especially maternal lymphocytes, is unclear. Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity in sow blood and colostrum and piglet blood before (PS) and after (AS) suckling were assessed to investigate transfer and function of maternal immunity in the piglet. CD4, CD8, and γδ lymphocytes were found in sow blood and colostrum and piglet blood PS and AS; each had a unique T lymphocyte profile. Immunoglobulins were detected in sow blood, colostrum, and in piglet blood AS; the immunoglobulin profile of piglet serum AS mimicked that of sow serum. These results suggest selectivity in lymphocyte concentration into colostrum and subsequent lymphocyte transfer into the neonate, but that immunoglobulin transfer is unimpeded. Assessment of colostral natural killer activity and antigen-specific proliferation revealed that colostral cells are capable of influencing the innate and specific immune response of neonatal pigs.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Animals, Suckling
- Antigens/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Colostrum/immunology
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Swine/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggan Bandrick
- Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States.
| | - Claudia Ariza-Nieto
- Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN 56093, United States.
| | - Samuel K Baidoo
- Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN 56093, United States.
| | - Thomas W Molitor
- Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States.
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26
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Jiang LH, Yang NY, Yuan XL, Zou YJ, Zhao FM, Chen JP, Wang MY, Lu DX. Daucosterol promotes the proliferation of neural stem cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 140:90-9. [PMID: 24333794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-regenerating cells, but their regenerative capacity is limited. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of daucosterol (a sterolin) on the promotion of NSC proliferation and determine the corresponding molecular mechanism. Results of cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay showed that daucosterol significantly increased the quantity of viable cells and the effectiveness of daucosterol was similar to that of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Flow cytometry detection of CFSE-labeled (CFSE, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester) NSCs showed that Div Index (or the average number of cell divisions) and % Divided (or the percentage of cells that divided at least once) of the cells were increased, indicating that daucosterol increased the percentage of NSCs re-entering the cell cycle. mRNA microarray analysis showed that 333 genes that are mostly involved in the mitotic cell cycle were up-regulated. By contrast, 627 genes that are mostly involved in differentiation were down-regulated. In particular, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) was considered as an important regulatory gene that functionally promoted NSC proliferation, and the increased expression of IGF1 protein was validated by ELISA. In addition, the phosphorylation of AKT was increased, indicating that the proliferation-enhancing activity of daucosterol may be involved in IGF1-AKT pathway. Our study provided information about daucosterol as an efficient and inexpensive growth factor alternative that could be used in clinical medicine and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-hua Jiang
- Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nian-yun Yang
- Department of Pharmacogonosy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210038, China
| | - Xiao-lin Yuan
- Basic Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210038, China
| | - Yi-jie Zou
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Feng-ming Zhao
- Basic Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210038, China
| | - Jian-ping Chen
- Basic Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210038, China
| | - Ming-yan Wang
- Basic Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210038, China.
| | - Da-xiang Lu
- Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Rathod SB, Das R, Thanapati S, Arankalle VA, Tripathy AS. Suppressive activity and altered conventional phenotype markers/mediators of regulatory T cells in patients with self-limiting hepatitis E. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:141-51. [PMID: 24383927 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of self-limiting acute viral hepatitis in several developing countries. Elevated levels of peripheral CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) , CD4(+) CD25(-) Foxp3(+) and rise in IL-10 in hepatitis E have been associated with the involvement of regulatory T cells (Treg). The functional role of the same is yet elusive. In the current study, we have assessed (i) Foxp3 expression by real-time PCR and by flow cytometry, (ii) the levels of antigen-specific IL-10 and TGF-β by ELISA, (iii) functional analysis of Treg cells and (iv) expression of Treg-associated conventional phenotypes by flow cytometry in 54 acute patients, 44 recovered individuals from hepatitis E and in 33 healthy controls. Foxp3 mRNA elevation in the acute compared with recovered group and elevation in Foxp3(+) cells in both patient groups were significantly elevated. The levels of IL-10 and TGF-β in the acute patients and TGF-β in the recovered individuals were elevated. Significantly higher expression of CTLA-4, PD1, GITR, CD95, CD103 and CD73 on Treg and T effector (Teff) cells was detected in the patient groups. Treg cells of acute patients and recovered individuals exhibited suppressive activity indicating that the Treg cells of hepatitis E patients are functional. The suppressive capacity of Treg cells in acute hepatitis E patients was significantly higher compared with the recovered individuals. Based on our findings, the suppressive functionality of these key markers associated with hepatitis E Treg function need further exploration to get a better understanding of the mechanisms of Treg-mediated suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Rathod
- Hepatitis Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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28
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Syed A, Garcia MA, Lyu SC, Bucayu R, Kohli A, Ishida S, Berglund JP, Tsai M, Maecker H, O'Riordan G, Galli SJ, Nadeau KC. Peanut oral immunotherapy results in increased antigen-induced regulatory T-cell function and hypomethylation of forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:500-10. [PMID: 24636474 PMCID: PMC4121175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms contributing to clinical immune tolerance remain incompletely understood. This study provides evidence for specific immune mechanisms that are associated with a model of operationally defined clinical tolerance. OBJECTIVE Our overall objective was to study laboratory changes associated with clinical immune tolerance in antigen-induced T cells, basophils, and antibodies in subjects undergoing oral immunotherapy (OIT) for peanut allergy. METHODS In a phase 1 single-site study, we studied participants (n = 23) undergoing peanut OIT and compared them with age-matched allergic control subjects (n = 20) undergoing standard of care (abstaining from peanut) for 24 months. Participants were operationally defined as clinically immune tolerant (IT) if they had no detectable allergic reactions to a peanut oral food challenge after 3 months of therapy withdrawal (IT, n = 7), whereas those who had an allergic reaction were categorized as nontolerant (NT; n = 13). RESULTS Antibody and basophil activation measurements did not statistically differentiate between NT versus IT participants. However, T-cell function and demethylation of forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) CpG sites in antigen-induced regulatory T cells were significantly different between IT versus NT participants. When IT participants were withdrawn from peanut therapy for an additional 3 months (total of 6 months), only 3 participants remained classified as IT participants, and 4 participants regained sensitivity along with increased methylation of FOXP3 CpG sites in antigen-induced regulatory T cells. CONCLUSION In summary, modifications at the DNA level of antigen-induced T-cell subsets might be predictive of a state of operationally defined clinical immune tolerance during peanut OIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Syed
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Marco A Garcia
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Shu-Chen Lyu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Robert Bucayu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Arunima Kohli
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Satoru Ishida
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Jelena P Berglund
- Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Regulatory Affairs, Durham, NC
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Holden Maecker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Gerri O'Riordan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
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29
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de Freitas e Silva R, Gonçalves dos Santos NF, Pereira VRA, Amaral A. Simultaneous analysis of p53 protein expression and cell proliferation in irradiated human lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Dose Response 2014; 12:110-20. [PMID: 24659936 PMCID: PMC3960957 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.13-015.silva] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
P53 protein has an intrinsic role in modulating the cellular response against DNA radioinduced damages and has been pointed out as an indirect indicator of individual radiosensitivity. The rate of cell proliferation is also a parameter that has been related to tissue sensitivity to radiation. However, this feature is yet understudied. In this context, the aim of this work was to employ Flow Cytometry (FC) for simultaneously assessing of p53 protein expression levels together with cellular proliferation rate of irradiated human lymphocytes. From in vitro irradiated human blood samples, mononuclear cells were isolated and labeled with Carboxylfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester (CFSE) prior to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation in culture for 96 hours. Cells were also labeled with anti-p53 monoclonal antibody PE-conjugated in order to analyze either proliferation rate or p53 expression levels by FC. It was verified a reduction in the proliferation rate of irradiated lymphocytes and, in parallel, a rise in the p53 expression levels, similar for quiescent and proliferating lymphocytes. The results emphasize the importance of the use of CFSE-stained lymphocytes in assays associated to proliferation rate and the use of this methodology in several studies, such as for evaluating individual radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Freitas e Silva
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Biodosimetria Aplicada (LAMBDA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-Brasil
| | | | | | - Ademir Amaral
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Biodosimetria Aplicada (LAMBDA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-Brasil
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30
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Gourdain P, Boucau J, Kourjian G, Lai NY, Duong E, Le Gall S. A real-time killing assay to follow viral epitope presentation to CD8 T cells. J Immunol Methods 2013; 398-399:60-7. [PMID: 24060536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to clear virus-infected cells requires the presentation of viral peptides intracellularly processed and displayed by major histocompatibility complex class I. Assays to measure CTL-mediated killing often use peptides exogenously added onto target cells--which does not account for epitope processing--or follow killing of infected cells at a single time point. In this study we established a real-time fluorogenic cytotoxic assay that measures the release of the Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase by dying target cells every 5 min after addition of CTL. It has comparable sensitivity to (51)chromium-based killing assay with the additional advantage of incorporating the kinetics of epitope presentation. We showed that HIV infection of immortalized or primary CD4 T cells leads to asynchronous killing by two CTL clones specific for epitopes located in different proteins. Real-time monitoring of killing of virus-infected cells will enable identification of immune responses efficiently preventing virus dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Gourdain
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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31
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Kim HS, Shin TH, Lee BC, Yu KR, Seo Y, Lee S, Seo MS, Hong IS, Choi SW, Seo KW, Núñez G, Park JH, Kang KS. Human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells reduce colitis in mice by activating NOD2 signaling to COX2. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1392-403.e1-8. [PMID: 23973922 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Decreased levels or function of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) are associated with Crohn's disease. NOD2 regulates intestinal inflammation, and also is expressed by human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs), to regulate their differentiation. We investigated whether NOD2 is required for the anti-inflammatory activities of MSCs in mice with colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced in mice by administration of dextran sulfate sodium or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Mice then were given intraperitoneal injections of NOD2-activated hUCB-MSCs; colon tissues and mesenteric lymph nodes were collected for histologic analyses. A bromodeoxyuridine assay was used to determine the ability of hUCB-MSCs to inhibit proliferation of human mononuclear cells in culture. RESULTS Administration of hUCB-MSCs reduced the severity of colitis in mice. The anti-inflammatory effects of hUCB-MSCs were greatly increased by activation of NOD2 by its ligand, muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Administration of NOD2-activated hUCB-MSCs increased anti-inflammatory responses in colons of mice, such as production of interleukin (IL)-10 and infiltration by T regulatory cells, and reduced production of inflammatory cytokines. Proliferation of mononuclear cells was inhibited significantly by co-culture with hUCB-MSCs that had been stimulated with MDP. MDP induced prolonged production of prostaglandin (PG)E2 in hUCB-MSCs via the NOD2-RIP2 pathway, which suppressed proliferation of mononuclear cells derived from hUCB. PGE2 produced by hUCB-MSCs in response to MDP increased production of IL-10 and T regulatory cells. In mice, production of PGE2 by MSCs and subsequent production of IL-10 were required to reduce the severity of colitis. CONCLUSIONS Activation of NOD2 is required for the ability of hUCB-MSCs to reduce the severity of colitis in mice. NOD2 signaling increases the ability of these cells to suppress mononuclear cell proliferation by inducing production of PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Sik Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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32
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Begum J, Day W, Henderson C, Purewal S, Cerveira J, Summers H, Rees P, Davies D, Filby A. A method for evaluating the use of fluorescent dyes to track proliferation in cell lines by dye dilution. Cytometry A 2013; 83:1085-95. [PMID: 24166880 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Labeling nonquiescent cells with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-like dyes gives rise to a population width exceeding the threshold for resolving division peaks by flow cytometry. Width is a function of biological heterogeneity plus extrinsic and intrinsic error sources associated with the measurement process. Optimal cytometer performance minimizes extrinsic error, but reducing intrinsic error to the point of facilitating peak resolution requires careful fluorochrome selection and fluorescent cell sorting. In this study, we labeled the Jurkat and A549 cell lines with CFSE, CellTraceViolet (CTV), and eFluor 670 proliferation dye (EPD) to test if we could resolve division peaks in culture after reducing the labeled input widths by cell sorting. Reanalysis of the sorted populations to ascertain the level of reduction achieved always led to widths exceeding the gated limits due to the contribution of errors. Measuring detector-specific extrinsic error by sorting uniform fluorescent particles with similar spectral properties to the tracking dyes allowed us to determine the intrinsic error for each dye and cell type using a simple mathematical approach. We found that cell intrinsic error ultimately dictated whether we could resolve division peaks, and that as this increased, the required sort gate width to resolve any division peaks decreased to the point whereby issues with yield made A549 unsuitable for this approach. Finally, attempts to improve yields by setting two concurrent sort gates on the fluorescence distribution enriched for cells in different stages of the cell cycle that had nonequivalent proliferative properties in culture and thus should be practiced with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julfa Begum
- FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
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Hess SM, Young EF, Miller KR, Vincent BG, Buntzman AS, Collins EJ, Frelinger JA, Hess PR. Deletion of naïve T cells recognizing the minor histocompatibility antigen HY with toxin-coupled peptide-MHC class I tetramers inhibits cognate CTL responses and alters immunodominance. Transpl Immunol 2013; 29:138-45. [PMID: 24161680 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alloreactive T-cell responses directed against minor histocompatibility (H) antigens, which arise from diverse genetic disparities between donor and recipient outside the MHC, are an important cause of rejection of MHC-matched grafts. Because clinically significant responses appear to be directed at only a few antigens, the selective deletion of naïve T cells recognizing donor-specific, immunodominant minor H antigens in recipients before transplantation may be a useful tolerogenic strategy. We have previously demonstrated that peptide-MHC class I tetramers coupled to a toxin can efficiently eliminate specific TCR-transgenic T cells in vivo. Here, using the minor histocompatibility antigen HY as a model, we investigated whether toxic tetramers could inhibit the subsequent priming of the two H2-D(b)-restricted, immunodominant T-cell responses by deleting precursor CTL. Immunization of female mice with male bone marrow elicited robust CTL activity against the Uty and Smcy epitopes, with Uty constituting the major response. As hypothesized, toxic tetramer administration prior to immunization increased survival of cognate peptide-pulsed cells in an in vivo CTL assay, and reduced the frequency of corresponding T cells. However, tetramer-mediated decreases in either T-cell population magnified CTL responses against the non-targeted epitope, suggesting that D(b)-Uty(+) and D(b)-Smcy(+) T cells compete for a limited common resource during priming. Toxic tetramers conceivably could be used in combination to dissect manipulate CD8(+) T-cell immunodominance hierarchies, and to prevent the induction of donor-specific, minor H antigen CTL responses in allotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Hess
- Immunology Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Kim KJ, Kim HA, Seo KH, Lee HK, Kang BY, Im SY. Cholera toxin breakdowns oral tolerance via activation of canonical NF-κB. Cell Immunol 2013; 285:92-9. [PMID: 24140867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of mucosal immunogenicity and adjuvanticity of bacterial exotoxins remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in cholera toxin (CT)-induced alteration of oral tolerance. Feeding CT abrogated ovalbumin (OVA)-induced oral tolerance, as evaluated by OVA-specific serum antibody responses, and CD4(+) T cell proliferation. CT feeding activated canonical NF-κB (one heterodimer type, p50-p65) and mRNA expression of NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory cytokines in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and Peyer's patch (PP) cells. CT no longer showed abrogation of oral tolerance in mice pretreated with p50 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). ADP-ribosylation inhibitors inhibited CT-induced NF-κB activation. These data suggest that CT induces canonical NF-κB activation in intestinal lymphoid cells, which plays a key role in mucosal immunogenicity and adjuvanticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Jawa V, Cousens LP, Awwad M, Wakshull E, Kropshofer H, De Groot AS. T-cell dependent immunogenicity of protein therapeutics: Preclinical assessment and mitigation. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:534-55. [PMID: 24263283 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics hold a prominent and rapidly expanding place among medicinal products. Purified blood products, recombinant cytokines, growth factors, enzyme replacement factors, monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins, and chimeric fusion proteins are all examples of therapeutic proteins that have been developed in the past few decades and approved for use in the treatment of human disease. Despite early belief that the fully human nature of these proteins would represent a significant advantage, adverse effects associated with immune responses to some biologic therapies have become a topic of some concern. As a result, drug developers are devising strategies to assess immune responses to protein therapeutics during both the preclinical and the clinical phases of development. While there are many factors that contribute to protein immunogenicity, T cell- (thymus-) dependent (Td) responses appear to play a critical role in the development of antibody responses to biologic therapeutics. A range of methodologies to predict and measure Td immune responses to protein drugs has been developed. This review will focus on the Td contribution to immunogenicity, summarizing current approaches for the prediction and measurement of T cell-dependent immune responses to protein biologics, discussing the advantages and limitations of these technologies, and suggesting a practical approach for assessing and mitigating Td immunogenicity.
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You J, Dong H, Mann ER, Knight SC, Yaqoob P. Probiotic modulation of dendritic cell function is influenced by ageing. Immunobiology 2013; 219:138-48. [PMID: 24094416 PMCID: PMC4064698 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for the generation of T-cell responses. DC function may be modulated by probiotics, which confer health benefits in immunocompromised individuals, such as the elderly. This study investigated the effects of four probiotics, Bifidobacterium longum bv. infantis CCUG 52486, B. longum SP 07/3, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L.GG) and L. casei Shirota (LcS), on DC function in an allogeneic mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR) model, using DCs and T-cells from young and older donors in different combinations. All four probiotics enhanced expression of CD40, CD80 and CCR7 on both young and older DCs, but enhanced cytokine production (TGF-β, TNF-α) by old DCs only. LcS induced IL-12 and IFNγ production by DC to a greater degree than other strains, while B. longum bv. infantis CCUG 52486 favoured IL-10 production. Stimulation of young T cells in an allogeneic MLR with DC was enhanced by probiotic pretreatment of old DCs, which demonstrated greater activation (CD25) than untreated controls. However, pretreatment of young or old DCs with LPS or probiotics failed to enhance the proliferation of T-cells derived from older donors. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that ageing increases the responsiveness of DCs to probiotics, but this is not sufficient to overcome the impact of immunosenescence in the MLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu You
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Honglin Dong
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Parveen Yaqoob
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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Xu Z, Ramishetti S, Tseng YC, Guo S, Wang Y, Huang L. Multifunctional nanoparticles co-delivering Trp2 peptide and CpG adjuvant induce potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against melanoma and its lung metastasis. J Control Release 2013; 172:259-265. [PMID: 24004885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shown the potential to become an essential component of the successful treatment of various malignancies. In many cases, such as in melanoma, however, induction of a potent and specific T-cell response against the endogenous antigen or self-antigen still remains a major challenge. To induce a potent MHC I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response, cytosol delivery of an exogenous antigen into dendritic cells is preferred, if not required. Lipid-calcium-phosphate (LCP) nanoparticles represent a new class of intracellular delivery systems for impermeable drugs. We are interested in exploring the potential of LCP NPs for use as a peptide vaccine delivery system for cancer therapy. To increase the encapsulation of Trp2 peptide into the calcium phosphate precipitate core of LCP, two phosphor-serine residues were added to the N-terminal of the peptide (p-Trp2). CpG ODN was also co-encapsulated with p-Trp2 as an adjuvant. The NPs were further modified with mannose to enhance and prolong the cargo deposit into the lymph nodes (LNs), which ensured persistent antigen loading and stimulation. Compared with free Trp2 peptide/CpG, vaccination with LCP encapsulating p-Trp2 and CpG resulted in superior inhibition of tumor growth in both B16F10 subcutaneous and lung metastasis models. An IFN-γ production assay and in vivo CTL response study revealed that the improved efficacy was a result of a Trp2-specific immune response. Thus, encapsulation of phospho-peptide antigens into LCP may be a promising strategy for enhancing the immunogenicity of poorly immunogenic self-antigens for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Xu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Srinivas Ramishetti
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yu-Cheng Tseng
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shutao Guo
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Lei J, Hui D, Huang W, Liao Y, Yang L, Liu L, Zhang Q, Qi G, Song W, Zhang Y, Xiang AP, Zhou Q. Heterogeneity of the biological properties and gene expression profiles of murine bone marrow stromal cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2431-43. [PMID: 23911306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated great therapeutic potential, the heterogeneity of MSCs may be responsible for the incongruent data obtained in MSC-based preclinical studies and clinical trials. Here, four mouse clonal MSC lines, termed MSC1, MSC2, MSC3, and MSC4, were isolated and extensively characterized. MSC4 cells grew most rapidly and formed colonies of the largest size, whereas MSC3 cells exhibited the slowest growth and formed only a few tiny clusters. MSC4 cells could differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes in vitro, and more importantly, establish hematopoietic microenvironment in vivo; whereas the other lines displayed uni-adipogenic, osteo-chondrogenic, or non-differentiation potential. All lines were positive for Sca-1, CD106, and CD44; MSC4 was also positive for CD90.2. In terms of immunosuppressive capacity, MSC2, MSC3, and MSC4 cells exerted clear inhibitory effects on lymphocyte proliferation, whereas MSC1 did not. Further investigation revealed that the NO and not the PGE2 pathway may play a role in the different immunomodulatory effects of the cell lines. To clarify the molecular basis of this heterogeneity, we employed RNA sequencing to compare the gene expression profiles of the four subtypes, revealing a relationship between gene expression and variability in subtype function. This study provides novel information about the heterogeneity of MSCs and insight into the selection of optimal cell sources for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Lei
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Ngaotepprutaram T, Kaplan BLF, Carney S, Crawford R, Kaminski NE. Suppression by Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol of the primary immunoglobulin M response by human peripheral blood B cells is associated with impaired STAT3 activation. Toxicology 2013; 310:84-91. [PMID: 23727458 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to gain insights into the mechanism for Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC)-mediated suppression of primary immunoglobulin M (IgM) responses in humans. An in vitro activation model, which employs cell surface-expressed CD40 ligand (CD40L) and recombinant cytokines (interleukin (IL)-2, -6, and -10), was used to differentiate human peripheral blood (HPB) naïve B cells into IgM secreting cells. Pretreatment with Δ(9)-THC significantly decreased the number of IgM secreting cells as determined by ELISPOT. The attenuation of IgM secretion by Δ(9)-THC involved, at least in part, the impairment of plasma cell differentiation as evidenced by suppression of immunoglobulin joining chain (IgJ) mRNA expression. The analysis at each of two different stages critically involved in plasma cell differentiation indicates that Δ(9)-THC impaired both the primary activation stage and proliferation of B cells. Interestingly, Δ(9)-THC selectively suppressed the surface expression of CD80, but not other measured B-cell activation markers (CD69, CD86, and ICAM1). Furthermore, pretreatment with Δ(9)-THC was accompanied by a robust decrease of STAT3 phosphorylation, whereas the phosphorylation of the p65 NFκB subunit was not affected. Collectively, these data provide new insights into the mechanisms for impaired B cell function by Δ(9)-THC.
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Andersen SS, Hvid M, Pedersen FS, Deleuran B. Proximity ligation assay combined with flow cytometry is a powerful tool for the detection of cytokine receptor dimerization. Cytokine 2013; 64:54-7. [PMID: 23726671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many cytokine receptors are cell surface proteins that promiscuously combine to form active signalling homo- or heterodimers. Thus, receptor chain dimerization can be viewed as a direct measure of a high probability of intracellular signalling by specific cytokines. Proximity ligation assay (PLA) is an antibody-based method for selective and highly sensitive detection of protein interactions by microscopy. As proof of concept, the aim of this study was to combine antibodies towards interleukin 7 receptor alpha (IL-7Rα) and the common gamma chain (γc) with PLA and flow cytometry to enable the detection of IL-7 receptor heterodimers. The presence of IL-7 receptor heterodimers on the surface of the HPB-ALL T cell line was detected by PLA and microscopy with a resolution of one complex per cell. Optimisation of the PLA reaction on cell suspensions identified buffer effects with critical importance for the flow cytometric outcome. In addition, blocking, fixation and incubation conditions were optimised to prevent unspecific antibody binding. PLA combined with flow cytometry very sensitively detected receptor heterodimers on the cell surface. Thus, the method is a powerful tool for the investigation of cytokine receptor dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Selmer Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm-Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C.F. Moellers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Engel AL, Sun GC, Gad E, Rastetter LR, Strobe K, Yang Y, Dang Y, Disis ML, Lu H. Protein-bound polysaccharide activates dendritic cells and enhances OVA-specific T cell response as vaccine adjuvant. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1468-76. [PMID: 23735481 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (PSK) is a hot water extract from Trametes versicolor mushroom. It has been used traditionally in Asian countries for its immune stimulating and anti-cancer effects. We have recently found that PSK can activate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). TLR2 is highly expressed on dendritic cells (DC), so the current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of PSK on DC activation and the potential of using PSK as a vaccine adjuvant. In vitro experiments using mouse bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) demonstrated that PSK induces DC maturation as shown by dose-dependent increase in the expression of CD80, CD86, MHCII, and CD40. PSK also induces the production of multiple inflammatory cytokines by DC, including IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-6, at both mRNA and protein levels. In vivo experiments using PSK as an adjuvant to OVAp323-339 vaccine showed that PSK as adjuvant leads to enlarged draining lymph nodes with higher number of activated DC. PSK also stimulates proliferation of OVA-specific T cells, and induces T cells that produce multiple cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α. Altogether, these results demonstrate the ability of PSK to activate DC in vitro and in vivo and the potential of using PSK as a novel vaccine adjuvant.
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Lee HJ, Kim PH. Further Characterization of Activin A-induced IgA Response in Murine B Lymphocytes. Immune Netw 2009; 9:133-7. [PMID: 20157600 PMCID: PMC2816946 DOI: 10.4110/in.2009.9.4.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that activin A, a member of TGF-β superfamily, stimulates mouse B cells to express IgA isotype but other isotypes. In the present study, we further characterized effects of activin A on B cell growth and IgA expression. We found that activin A did not have effect on LPS-stimulated cell viability. In parallel, CFSE staining analysis revealed that activin A did not alter cell division. An increase of IgA secretion by activin A was completely abrogated by anti-activin A Ab but not by anti-TGFβ1 Ab. In the same conditions, no other isotypes are significantly affected by each antibody treatment. Finally, activin A, as similar to TGF-β1, increased IgA secretion by mesenteric lymph node cells. These results suggest that activin A can specifically stimulate IgA response, independent of TGF-β in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Joung Lee
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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