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Cecchi M, Paccosi S, Silvano A, Eid AH, Parenti A. Dexamethasone Induces the Expression and Function of Tryptophan-2-3-Dioxygenase in SK-MEL-28 Melanoma Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030211. [PMID: 33806305 PMCID: PMC7998133 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) is one of the key tryptophan-catabolizing enzymes with immunoregulatory properties in cancer. Contrary to expectation, clinical trials showed that inhibitors of the ubiquitously expressed enzyme, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), do not provide benefits in melanoma patients. This prompted the hypothesis that TDO may be a more attractive target. Because the promoter of TDO harbors glucocorticoid response elements (GREs), we aimed to assess whether dexamethasone (dex), a commonly used glucocorticoid, modulates TDO expression by means of RT-PCR and immunofluorescence and function by assessing cell proliferation and migration as well as metalloproteinase activity. Our results show that, in SK-Mel-28 melanoma cells, dex up-regulated TDO and its downstream effector aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) but not IDO1. Furthermore, dex stimulated cellular proliferation and migration and potentiated MMP2 activity. These effects were inhibited by the selective TDO inhibitor 680C91 and enhanced by IDO1 inhibitors. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the metastatic melanoma cell line SK-Mel-28 possesses a functional TDO which can also modulate cancer cell phenotype directly rather than through immune suppression. Thus, TDO appears to be a promising, tractable target in the management or the treatment of melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cecchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Sara Paccosi
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Angela Silvano
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Ali Hussein Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: (A.H.E.); (A.P.); Tel.: +974-4403-7893 (A.H.E.)
| | - Astrid Parenti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.H.E.); (A.P.); Tel.: +974-4403-7893 (A.H.E.)
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Behm C, Blufstein A, Gahn J, Kubin B, Moritz A, Rausch-Fan X, Andrukhov O. Continuing Effect of Cytokines and Toll-Like Receptor Agonists on Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase-1 in Human Periodontal Ligament Stem/Stromal Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122696. [PMID: 33339125 PMCID: PMC7765527 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanted mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising and innovative approach in regenerative medicine. Their regenerative potential is partly based upon their immunomodulatory activities. One of the most investigated immunomediators in MSCs, such as in periodontal ligament-derived MSCs (hPDLSCs), is indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) which is upregulated by inflammatory stimuli, like cytokines. However, there are no data concerning continuing IDO-1 expression in hPDLSCs after the removal of inflammatory stimuli, such as cytokines and toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist-2 and TLR-3. Hence, primary hPDLSCs were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, TLR-2 agonist Pam3CSK4 or TLR-3 agonist Poly I/C. IDO-1 gene and protein expression and its enzymatic activity were measured up to five days after removing any stimuli. IL-1β- and TNF-α-induced IDO-1 expression and enzymatic activity decreased in a time-dependent manner after cessation of stimulation. IFN-γ caused a long-lasting effect on IDO-1 up to five days after removing IFN-γ. Both, TLR-2 and TLR-3 agonists induced a significant increase in IDO-1 gene expression, but only TLR-3 agonist induced significantly higher IDO-1 protein expression and enzymatic activity in conditioned media (CM). IDO-1 activity of Poly I/C- and Pam3CSK4-treated hPDLSCs was higher at one day after removal of stimuli than immediately after stimulation and declined to basal levels after five days. Among all tested stimuli, only IFN-γ was able to induce long-lasting IDO-1 expression and activity in hPDLSCs. The high plasticity of IDO-1 expression and its enzymatic activity in hPDLSCs due to the variable cytokine and virulence factor milieu and the temporal-dependent responsiveness of hPDLSCs may cause a highly dynamic potential of hPDLSCs to modulate immune responses in periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Behm
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Blufstein
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Gahn
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kubin
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Kim HS, Shin TH, Lee BC, Yu KR, Seo Y, Lee S, Seo MS, Hong IS, Choi SW, Seo KW, Núñez G, Park JH, Kang KS. Human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells reduce colitis in mice by activating NOD2 signaling to COX2. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1392-403.e1-8. [PMID: 23973922 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Decreased levels or function of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) are associated with Crohn's disease. NOD2 regulates intestinal inflammation, and also is expressed by human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs), to regulate their differentiation. We investigated whether NOD2 is required for the anti-inflammatory activities of MSCs in mice with colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced in mice by administration of dextran sulfate sodium or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Mice then were given intraperitoneal injections of NOD2-activated hUCB-MSCs; colon tissues and mesenteric lymph nodes were collected for histologic analyses. A bromodeoxyuridine assay was used to determine the ability of hUCB-MSCs to inhibit proliferation of human mononuclear cells in culture. RESULTS Administration of hUCB-MSCs reduced the severity of colitis in mice. The anti-inflammatory effects of hUCB-MSCs were greatly increased by activation of NOD2 by its ligand, muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Administration of NOD2-activated hUCB-MSCs increased anti-inflammatory responses in colons of mice, such as production of interleukin (IL)-10 and infiltration by T regulatory cells, and reduced production of inflammatory cytokines. Proliferation of mononuclear cells was inhibited significantly by co-culture with hUCB-MSCs that had been stimulated with MDP. MDP induced prolonged production of prostaglandin (PG)E2 in hUCB-MSCs via the NOD2-RIP2 pathway, which suppressed proliferation of mononuclear cells derived from hUCB. PGE2 produced by hUCB-MSCs in response to MDP increased production of IL-10 and T regulatory cells. In mice, production of PGE2 by MSCs and subsequent production of IL-10 were required to reduce the severity of colitis. CONCLUSIONS Activation of NOD2 is required for the ability of hUCB-MSCs to reduce the severity of colitis in mice. NOD2 signaling increases the ability of these cells to suppress mononuclear cell proliferation by inducing production of PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Sik Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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