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Lyu L, Min R, Zheng F, Xiang W, Huang T, Feng Y, Zhang C, Yuan J. Prognostic value of inflammation and immune-related gene NOD2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Hum Cell 2024; 37:782-800. [PMID: 38509270 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation and immune responses play important roles in cancer development and prognosis. We identified 59 upregulated inflammation- and immune-related genes (IIRGs) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Among the upregulated IIRGs, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), PYD and CARD domain (PYCARD) were also confirmed to be upregulated in the Oncomine database and in three independent GEO data sets. Tumor immune infiltration resource database analysis revealed that NOD2 and PYCARD levels were significantly positively correlated with infiltration levels of B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells. Multivariate Cox hazards regression analysis indicated that based on clinical variables (age, gender, tumor grade, pathological TNM stage), NOD2, but not PYCARD, was an independent, unfavorable ccRCC prognostic biomarker. Functional enrichment analyses (GSEA) showed that NOD2 was involved in innate immune responses, inflammatory responses, and regulation of cytokine secretion. Meanwhile, mRNA and protein levels of NOD2 were elevated in four ccRCC cell lines (786-O, ACHN, A498 and Caki-1), and its knockdown significantly inhibited IL-8 secretion, thereby inhibiting ccRCC cell proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, results showed that miR-20b-5p targeted NOD2 to alleviate NOD2-mediated IL-8 secretion. In conclusion, NOD2 is a potential prognostic biomarker for ccRCC and the miR-20b-5p/NOD2/IL-8 axis may regulate inflammation- and immune-mediated tumorigenesis in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lyu
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Min
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxin Zheng
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of PathologyWuhan No.1 Hospital (Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingdong Yuan
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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Harris-Jones TN, Chan JM, Hackett KT, Weyand NJ, Schaub RE, Dillard JP. Peptidoglycan fragment release and NOD activation by commensal Neisseria species from humans and other animals. Infect Immun 2024:e0000424. [PMID: 38563734 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00004-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a human restricted pathogen, releases inflammatory peptidoglycan (PG) fragments that contribute to the pathophysiology of pelvic inflammatory disease. The genus Neisseria is also home to multiple species of human- or animal-associated Neisseria that form part of the normal microbiota. Here we characterized PG release from the human-associated nonpathogenic species Neisseria lactamica and Neisseria mucosa and animal-associated Neisseria from macaques and wild mice. An N. mucosa strain and an N. lactamica strain were found to release limited amounts of the proinflammatory monomeric PG fragments. However, a single amino acid difference in the PG fragment permease AmpG resulted in increased PG fragment release in a second N. lactamica strain examined. Neisseria isolated from macaques also showed substantial release of PG monomers. The mouse colonizer Neisseria musculi exhibited PG fragment release similar to that seen in N. gonorrhoeae with PG monomers being the predominant fragments released. All the human-associated species were able to stimulate NOD1 and NOD2 responses. N. musculi was a poor inducer of mouse NOD1, but ldcA mutation increased this response. The ability to genetically manipulate N. musculi and examine effects of different PG fragments or differing amounts of PG fragments during mouse colonization will lead to a better understanding of the roles of PG in Neisseria infections. Overall, we found that only some nonpathogenic Neisseria have diminished release of proinflammatory PG fragments, and there are differences even within a species as to types and amounts of PG fragments released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany N Harris-Jones
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jia Mun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kathleen T Hackett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nathan J Weyand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan E Schaub
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph P Dillard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Nataf S, Guillen M, Pays L. The Immunometabolic Gene N-Acetylglucosamine Kinase Is Uniquely Involved in the Heritability of Multiple Sclerosis Severity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3803. [PMID: 38612613 PMCID: PMC11011344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical severity of multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, is thought to be determined by environmental and genetic factors that have not yet been identified. In a recent genome-wide association study (GWAS), a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs10191329, has been associated with MS severity in two large independent cohorts of patients. Different approaches were followed by the authors to prioritize the genes that are transcriptionally regulated by such an SNP. It was concluded that the identified SNP regulates a group of proximal genes involved in brain resilience and cognitive abilities rather than immunity. Here, by conducting an alternative strategy for gene prioritization, we reached the opposite conclusion. According to our re-analysis, the main target of rs10191329 is N-Acetylglucosamine Kinase (NAGK), a metabolic gene recently shown to exert major immune functions via the regulation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) pathway. To gain more insights into the immunometabolic functions of NAGK, we analyzed the currently known list of NAGK protein partners. We observed that NAGK integrates a dense network of human proteins that are involved in glucose metabolism and are highly expressed by classical monocytes. Our findings hold potentially major implications for the understanding of MS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Nataf
- Bank of Tissues and Cells, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, F-69003 Lyon, France
- Stem-Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, F-69500 Bron, France
- Lyon-Est School of Medicine, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marine Guillen
- Bank of Tissues and Cells, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, F-69003 Lyon, France
- Stem-Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Laurent Pays
- Bank of Tissues and Cells, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, F-69003 Lyon, France
- Stem-Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, F-69500 Bron, France
- Lyon-Est School of Medicine, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Yang Y, Yao Z, Zhang J, Shao W, Li B, Wu H, Tang W, Zhang J. Inhibiting Peptidoglycan Hydrolase Alleviates MRSA Pneumonia Through Autolysin-Mediated MDP- NOD2 Pathway. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:1231-1242. [PMID: 38560705 PMCID: PMC10981453 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s455339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a cause of staph infection that is difficult to treat because of resistance to some antibiotics. A recent study indicated that diarylurea ZJ-2 is a novel antibacterial agent against multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecium. In this work, we refined the bactericidal mechanism of ZJ-2 as a peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolase by affecting AtlA-mediated PG homeostasis. Methods A wild-type strain (WT) and a mutant strain (ΔatlA) were used to investigate the effects of ZJ-2 on the cell wall, PG, and autolysin regulatory system by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, hemolytic toxin assay, microanalysis, autolysis assay, qRT-PCR, ELISA and mouse model of pneumonia. Results The results revealed that ZJ-2 down-regulated the expression of genes related to peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGH) (sprX, walR, atlA, and lytM), and reduced the levels of PG, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), cytokines, and hemolytic toxin, while ΔatlA interfered with the genes regulation and PG homeostasis. In the mouse MRSA pneumonia model, the same trend was observed in the nucleotide oligomerization domain protein 2 (NOD2) and relative proinflammatory factors. Conclusion ZJ-2 may act as a novel inhibitor of PG hydrolyse, disrupting autolysin-mediated PG homeostasis, and reducing inflammation by down-regulating the MDP-NOD2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health, Anhui No.2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongze Yao
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiazhen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health, Anhui No.2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihui Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health, Anhui No.2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health, Anhui No.2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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Kappenberger AS, Schardey J, Wirth U, Kühn F, Werner J, Zimmermann P. Clinical outcomes and perioperative morbidity and mortality following segmental resections of the colon for Crohn's colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2024; 39:36. [PMID: 38456914 PMCID: PMC10923963 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-024-04596-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of a multifactorial pathogenesis. Recently numerous genetic variants linked to an aggressive phenotype were identified, leading to a progress in therapeutic options, resulting in a decreased necessity for surgery. Nevertheless, surgery is often inevitable. The aim of the study was to evaluate possible risk factors for postoperative complications and disease recurrence specifically after colonic resections for CD. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 241 patients who underwent colonic and ileocaecal resections for CD at our instiution between 2008 and 2018 were included. All data was extracted from clinical charts. RESULTS Major complications occurred in 23.8% of all patients. Patients after colonic resections showed a significantly higher rate of major postoperative complications compared to patients after ICR (p = < 0.0001). The most common complications after colonic resections were postoperative bleeding (22.2%), the need for revision surgery (27.4%) and ICU (17.2%) or hospital readmission (15%). As risk factors for the latter, we identified time interval between admission and surgery (p = 0.015) and the duration of the surgery (p = 0.001). Isolated distal resections had a higher risk for revision surgery and a secondary stoma (p = 0.019). Within the total study population, previous bowel resections (p = 0.037) were identified as independent risk factors for major perioperative complications. CONCLUSION The results indicate that both a complex surgical site and a complex surgical procedure lead to a higher perioperative morbidity in colonic resections for Crohn's colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina-Sophie Kappenberger
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Josefine Schardey
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wirth
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kühn
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Zimmermann
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Chen D, Zhu H, Lu L, Chen Y, Zhang X, Huang X, Ouyang P, Geng Y, Li Z. Identification, characterization and the inflammatory regulating effect of NOD1/2 in sturgeon. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2024; 146:109407. [PMID: 38281612 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
As an ancient species with both conservation and commercial value, Sturgeon's inflammatory regulation mechanism is a research point. Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-containing proteins 1 and 2 (NOD1/2) are classical intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in immunity of anti-bacterial infection. However, the characterization and function of NOD1/2 in Sturgeon are still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the synteny relationship of NOD1/2 genes between Acipenser ruthenus and representative fishes at the genome-level. Results showed that the ArNOD2 collinear genes pair was present in all representative fishes. The duplicated ArNOD1/2 genes were under purifying selection during evolution as indicated by their Ka/Ks values. To explore the function of NOD1/2, we further investigated their expression patterns and the effects of pathogenic infection, PAMPs treatment, and siRNA interference in Acipenser baerii, the sibling species of A. ruthenus. Results showed that both AbNOD1/2 were expressed at early developmental stages and in different tissues. Pathogenic infection in vivo and PAMPs treatment in vitro demonstrated that AbNOD1/2 could respond to pathogen stimulation. siRNA interference with AbNOD1/2 inhibited expression levels of RIPK2 and inflammatory cytokines compared to the control group after iE-DAP or MDP treatment. This study hinted that the AbNOD1/2 could stimulate the inflammatory cytokines response during evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defang Chen
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yinqiu Chen
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Basic Veterinary Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Basic Veterinary Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhiqiong Li
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Okai N, Masuta Y, Otsuka Y, Hara A, Masaki S, Kamata K, Minaga K, Honjo H, Kudo M, Watanabe T. Crosstalk between NOD2 and TLR2 suppresses the development of TLR2-mediated experimental colitis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 74:146-153. [PMID: 38510686 PMCID: PMC10948350 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular sensor for muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a degradation product of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (PGN). PGN stimulates cell-surface Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) independently of NOD2, indicating the presence of crosstalk between extracellular TLR2 and intracellular NOD2 upon exposure to PGN. NOD2-deficient mice were sensitive, while TLR2-deficient mice were resistant to experimental colitis induced by intrarectal administration of PGN. Severe colitis in NOD2-deficient mice was accompanied by increased expression of nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent cytokines and decreased expression of autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1). MDP activation of NOD2 enhanced autophagy mediated by TLR2 in human dendritic cells. mRNA expression of TLR2 tended to be higher in the colonic mucosa of patients with active ulcerative colitis compared to that of those in remission. Induction of remission was associated with increased mRNA expression of ATG16L1 in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients. Conversely, mRNA expression of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 was higher in the inflammatory colonic mucosa of patients with active disease than in the non-inflamed mucosa of patients in remission, in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. These findings highlight the role of NOD2-TLR2 crosstalk in the immunopathogenesis of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Okai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Masuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuo Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Akane Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Sho Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hajime Honjo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Karamanakos A, Vougiouka O, Sapountzi E, Venetsanopoulou AI, Tektonidou MG, Germenis AE, Sfikakis PP, Laskari K. The expanding clinical spectrum of autoinflammatory diseases with NOD2 variants: a case series and literature review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342668. [PMID: 38348033 PMCID: PMC10859468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the impact conferred by NOD2 variants on the clinical spectrum of patients with systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs) in Greece. Methods Consecutive patients (n=167) with confirmed SAIDs who underwent screening by next generation sequencing (NGS) targeting 26 SAID-associated genes, and carried at least one NOD2 gene variant, were retrospectively studied. The demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded. Results In total, 24 rare NOD2 variants in 23/167 patients (14%) were detected. Notably, 18 patients had at least one co-existing variant in 13 genes other than NOD2. Nine patients had juvenile- and 14 adult-onset disease. All patients presented with symptoms potentially induced by the NOD2 variants. In particular, the candidate clinical diagnosis was Yao syndrome (YAOS) in 12 patients (7% of the whole SAID cohort). The clinical spectrum of patients with YAOS (mean episode duration 8 days) was fever (n=12/12), articular symptoms (n=8), gastrointestinal symptoms (n=7; abdominal pain/bloating in 7; diarrhea in 4; oral ulcers in 3), serositis (n=7), and rash (n=5), while the inflammatory markers were elevated in all but one patient. Most of these patients showed a poor response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (n=7/9), colchicine (n=6/8) and/or anti-TNF treatment (n=3/4), while a complete response was observed in 6/10 patients receiving steroids and 3/5 on anti-IL1 treatment. Another 8 patients were diagnosed with either FMF (n=6) or PFAPA syndrome (n=2) presenting with prominent diarrhea (n=7), oral ulcers (n=2), periorbital swelling and sicca-like symptoms (n=1), or maculopapular rash (n=1). One patient had a clinically undefined SAID, albeit characterized by oral ulcers and diarrhea. Finally, one patient presented with chronic relapsing urticaria with periorbital edema and inflammatory markers, and another one had a Crohn-like syndrome with good response to anti-IL-1 but refractory to anti-TNF treatment. Conclusion NOD2 variants were detected in 1 out of 7 SAID patients and seem to have an impact on disease phenotype and treatment response. Further studies should validate combined molecular and clinical data to better understand these distinct nosological entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Karamanakos
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Rheumatology, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Vougiouka
- Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University School of Medicine, “P. A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Evdoxia Sapountzi
- Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA) University General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aliki I. Venetsanopoulou
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria G. Tektonidou
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios E. Germenis
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Petros P. Sfikakis
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Laskari
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Zhang Q, Wang X, Zheng J, Lü Q, Li R, Jia X, Gu M. Heterozygous variants of NOD2, IL10RA, PLA2G6 and COL7A1 correlate with Crohn's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22968. [PMID: 38163100 PMCID: PMC10754897 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
To identify candidate pathogenic genes of early-stage Crohn's disease (CD) and predict potential roles of genetic factors in CD, we performed whole exome sequencing on a child with early-stage Crohn's disease (CD) and her parents (core family), found that the patient carried heterozygous variants of 4 genes: NOD2 c. 2257 C > T, IL10RA c. 301 C > T, PLA2G6 c. 2029 C > T, COL7A1 c. 3190 G > A. Heterozygous variants of NOD2, IL10RA, PLA2G6 and COL7A1, intestinal inflammatory response is triggered, normal intestinal wall tissue damage, leading to CD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiang Lü
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Mingliang Gu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
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Greenblatt CL, Lathe R. Vaccines and Dementia: Part I. Non-Specific Immune Boosting with BCG: History, Ligands, and Receptors. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:343-360. [PMID: 38393912 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can apparently defer dementia onset with an efficacy better than all drugs known to date, as initially reported by Gofrit et al. (PLoS One14, e0224433), now confirmed by other studies. Understanding how and why is of immense importance because it could represent a sea-change in how we manage patients with mild cognitive impairment through to dementia. Given that infection and/or inflammation are likely to contribute to the development of dementias such as Alzheimer's disease (Part II of this work), we provide a historical and molecular background to how vaccines, adjuvants, and their component molecules can elicit broad-spectrum protective effects against diverse agents. We review early studies in which poxvirus, herpes virus, and tuberculosis (TB) infections afford cross-protection against unrelated pathogens, a concept known as 'trained immunity'. We then focus on the attenuated TB vaccine, BCG, that was introduced to protect against the causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We trace the development of BCG in the 1920 s through to the discovery, by Freund and McDermott in the 1940 s, that extracts of mycobacteria can themselves exert potent immunostimulating (adjuvant) activity; Freund's complete adjuvant based on mycobacteria remains the most potent immunopotentiator reported to date. We then discuss whether the beneficial effects of BCG require long-term persistence of live bacteria, before focusing on the specific mycobacterial molecules, notably muramyl dipeptides, that mediate immunopotentiation, as well as the receptors involved. Part II addresses evidence that immunopotentiation by BCG and other vaccines can protect against dementia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Greenblatt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
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Li C, Ouyang Z, Huang Y, Lin S, Li S, Xu J, Liu T, Wu J, Guo P, Chen Z, Wu H, Ding Y. NOD2 attenuates osteoarthritis via reprogramming the activation of synovial macrophages. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:249. [PMID: 38124066 PMCID: PMC10731717 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synovial inflammation, which precedes other pathological changes in osteoarthritis (OA), is primarily initiated by activation and M1 polarization of macrophages. While macrophages play a pivotal role in the inflammatory process of OA, the mechanisms underlying their activation and polarization remain incompletely elucidated. This study aims to investigate the role of NOD2 as a reciprocal modulator of HMGB1/TLR4 signaling in macrophage activation and polarization during OA pathogenesis. DESIGN We examined NOD2 expression in the synovium and determined the impact of NOD2 on macrophage activation and polarization by knockdown and overexpression models in vitro. Paracrine effect of macrophages on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and chondrocytes was evaluated under conditions of NOD2 overexpression. Additionally, the in vivo effect of NOD2 was assessed using collagenase VII induced OA model in mice. RESULTS Expression of NOD2 was elevated in osteoarthritic synovium. In vitro experiments demonstrated that NOD2 serves as a negative regulator of HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathway. Furthermore, NOD2 overexpression hampered the inflammatory paracrine effect of macrophages on FLS and chondrocytes. In vivo experiments revealed that NOD2 overexpression mitigated OA in mice. CONCLUSIONS Supported by convincing evidence on the inhibitory role of NOD2 in modulating the activation and M1 polarization of synovial macrophages, this study provided novel insights into the involvement of innate immunity in OA pathogenesis and highlighted NOD2 as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhuji Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuhsi Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Sipeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Shixun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Taihe Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jionglin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Peidong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Haoyu Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yue Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Sharma A, Achi SC, Ibeawuchi SR, Anandachar MS, Gementera H, Chaudhury U, Usmani F, Vega K, Sayed IM, Das S. The crosstalk between microbial sensors ELMO1 and NOD2 shape intestinal immune responses. Virulence 2023; 14:2171690. [PMID: 36694274 PMCID: PMC9980453 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2171690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial sensors play an essential role in maintaining cellular homoeostasis. Our knowledge is limited on how microbial sensing helps in differential immune response and its link to inflammatory diseases. Recently we have confirmed that ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility Protein-1) present in cytosol is involved in pathogen sensing, engulfment, and intestinal inflammation. Here, we show that ELMO1 interacts with another sensor, NOD2 (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2), that recognizes bacterial cell wall component muramyl dipeptide (MDP). The polymorphism of NOD2 is linked to Crohn's disease (CD) pathogenesis. Interestingly, we found that overexpression of ELMO1 and mutant NOD2 (L1007fs) were not able to clear the CD-associated adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC-LF82). The functional implications of ELMO1-NOD2 interaction in epithelial cells were evaluated by using enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) from ELMO1 and NOD2 KO mice. Subsequently we also assessed the immune response in J774 macrophages depleted of either ELMO1 or NOD2 or both. The infection of murine EDMs with AIEC-LF82 showed higher bacterial load in ELMO1-KO, NOD2 KO EDMs, and ELMO1 KO EDMs treated with NOD2 inhibitors. The murine macrophage cells showed that the downregulation of ELMO1 and NOD2 is associated with impaired bacterial clearance that is linked to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Our results indicated that the crosstalk between microbial sensors in enteric infection and inflammatory diseases impacts the fate of the bacterial load and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Stella-Rita Ibeawuchi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Hobie Gementera
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | - Uddeep Chaudhury
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | - Fatima Usmani
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kevin Vega
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Science, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, USA
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13
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Astore C, Sharma S, Nagpal S, Cutler DJ, Rioux JD, Cho JH, McGovern DPB, Brant SR, Kugathasan S, Jordan IK, Gibson G. The role of admixture in the rare variant contribution to inflammatory bowel disease. Genome Med 2023; 15:97. [PMID: 37968638 PMCID: PMC10647102 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01244-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of rare variants involved in complex, polygenic diseases like Crohn's disease (CD) has accelerated with the introduction of whole exome/genome sequencing association studies. Rare variants can be used in both diagnostic and therapeutic assessments; however, since they are likely to be restricted to specific ancestry groups, their contributions to risk assessment need to be evaluated outside the discovery population. Prior studies implied that the three known rare variants in NOD2 are absent in West African and Asian populations and only contribute in African Americans via admixture. METHODS Whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from 3418 African American individuals, 1774 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cases, and 1644 controls were used to assess odds ratios and allele frequencies (AF), as well as haplotype-specific ancestral origins of European-derived CD variants discovered in a large exome-wide association study. Local and global ancestry was performed to assess the contribution of admixture to IBD contrasting European and African American cohorts. RESULTS Twenty-five rare variants associated with CD in European discovery cohorts are typically five-fold lower frequency in African Americans. Correspondingly, where comparisons could be made, the rare variants were found to have a predicted four-fold reduced burden for IBD in African Americans, when compared to European individuals. Almost all of the rare CD European variants were found on European haplotypes in the African American cohort, implying that they contribute to disease risk in African Americans primarily due to recent admixture. In addition, proportion of European ancestry correlates the number of rare CD European variants each African American individual carry, as well as their polygenic risk of disease. Similar findings were observed for 23 mutations affecting 10 other common complex diseases for which the rare variants were discovered in European cohorts. CONCLUSIONS European-derived Crohn's disease rare variants are even more rare in African Americans and contribute to disease risk mainly due to admixture, which needs to be accounted for when performing cross-ancestry genetic assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Astore
- Center for Integrative Genomics and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Krone EBB1 Building, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shivam Sharma
- Center for Integrative Genomics and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Krone EBB1 Building, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sini Nagpal
- Center for Integrative Genomics and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Krone EBB1 Building, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - John D Rioux
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Montreal, QC, H1Y3N1, Canada
| | - Judy H Cho
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08554, USA
- Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, USA
| | - Steven R Brant
- Immunology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - I King Jordan
- Center for Integrative Genomics and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Krone EBB1 Building, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- Center for Integrative Genomics and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Krone EBB1 Building, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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14
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Zhong Z, Dai L, Ding J, Gao Y, Su G, Zhu Y, Deng Y, Li F, Gao Y, Yang P. Molecular diagnostic yield for Blau syndrome in previously diagnosed juvenile idiopathic arthritis with uveitis or cutaneous lesions. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023:kead596. [PMID: 37941393 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diagnostic pitfalls often arise in the community because of potentially misleading similarities between juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and Blau syndrome, an immune-related disorder caused by NOD2 gene mutations. It remains unclear in which population and to which extent next-generation sequencing techniques can aid in diagnosis. METHODS We evaluated clinical usefulness of targeted next-generation sequencing in previously diagnosed JIA. Participants were required to have symptoms and signs suspected of Blau syndrome, including at least uveitis or cutaneous lesions in addition to arthritis. Targeted sequencing was conducted on NOD2 gene to detect diagnostic variants classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic for Blau syndrome. We assessed the molecular diagnostic yield and clinical implications on patient care. RESULTS Between May 1, 2008, and June 1, 2021, sequencing data were accrued from 123 previously diagnosed JIA (median age: 5 years; female: 62.6%). Targeted NOD2 sequencing yielded a positive molecular diagnosis of Blau syndrome in 21.1% (95% CI, 14.9%-29.2%), encompassing six heterozygous missense mutations classified as pathogenic variants. Among those receiving a molecular diagnosis, changes in clinical management and treatment were considered as having occurred in 38.5%. Nine predictors were identified to be associated with a higher diagnostic yield, providing clinical clues to suspect the possibility of Blau syndrome. CONCLUSION Among some patients with pediatric-onset arthritis complicated with uveitis or cutaneous lesions, reassessing their diagnosis of JIA may be warranted. Targeted NOD2 sequencing established the molecular diagnosis of Blau syndrome in nearly one fifth of these cases and provided clinically relevant information for patient-care decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, and Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingyu Dai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, and Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiadong Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Eye Hospital, and Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, and Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Guannan Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, and Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunyun Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, and Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, and Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Fuzhen Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Eye Hospital, and Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, and Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
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15
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Jeong IH, Yun JK, Jin JO, Hong JH, Lee JY, Lee GD, Lee PCW. E3 ligase SOCS3 regulates NOD2 expression by ubiquitin proteasome system in lung cancer progression. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023:10.1007/s13402-023-00896-5. [PMID: 37910276 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, it remains hard to discover effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Moreover, the five-year survival rate is relatively lower than other tumors. So urgent needs for finding a new theranostic target to treat lung cancer effectively. This study aims to present SOCS3 and NOD2 proteins as novel targets for diagnosis and therapy. METHODS We first confirmed SOCS3 expression level in patients' tissues. Then, we applied knockdown and overexpression of SOCS3 on lung cancer cell lines and performed proliferation, migration, and invasion assay. After that, we found NOD2 is a target of SOCS3 and introduced overexpression of NOD2 to A549 for verifying reduced tumorigenicity of lung cancer cells. RESULTS We identified protein expression level of SOCS3 was frequently higher in tumor tissues than adjacent normal tissues. Truly, overexpression of SOCS3 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion capacity of lung cancer cells. We found that SOCS3 interacts with NOD2 and SOCS3 ubiquitinates NOD2 directly. Furthermore, lung cancer tissues with higher SOCS3 expression showed lower NOD2 expression. We confirmed overexpression of NOD2 leads to suppressed tumorigenicity of lung cancer cells, and these effects occurred through MAPK pathway. CONCLUSION Collectively, our work reveals novel roles of SOCS3 in lung tumorigenesis and proposes SOCS3 as a promising biomarker candidate for therapeutic and diagnostic target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Ho Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Yun
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University, Seoul, 06591, Korea.
| | - Geun Dong Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
- Lung Cancer Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
| | - Peter Chang-Whan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
- Lung Cancer Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
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16
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Zhang W, Fan Y, Zhang J, Shi D, Yuan J, Ashrafizadeh M, Li W, Hu M, Abd El-Aty AM, Hacimuftuoglu A, Linnebacher M, Cheng Y, Li W, Fang S, Gong P, Zhang X. Cell membrane-camouflaged bufalin targets NOD2 and overcomes multidrug resistance in pancreatic cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 71:101005. [PMID: 37647746 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Multidrug resistance in pancreatic cancer poses a significant challenge in clinical treatment. Bufalin (BA), a compound found in secretions from the glands of toads, may help overcome this problem. However, severe cardiotoxicity thus far has hindered its clinical application. Hence, the present study aimed to develop a cell membrane-camouflaged and BA-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticle (CBAP) and assess its potential to counter chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. METHODS The toxicity of CBAP was evaluated by electrocardiogram, body weight, distress score, and nesting behavior of mice. In addition, the anticarcinoma activity and underlying mechanism were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS CBAP significantly mitigated BA-mediated acute cardiotoxicity and enhanced the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer to several clinical drugs, such as gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, and FOLFIRINOX. Mechanistically, CBAP directly bound to nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain containing protein 2 (NOD2) and inhibited the expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. This inhibits the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters, which are responsible for chemoresistance in cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that CBAP directly inhibits NOD2. Combining CBAP with standard-of-care chemotherapeutics represents a safe and efficient strategy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; International Association for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yibao Fan
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Jinze Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dan Shi
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jiahui Yuan
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Man Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25070, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25070, Turkey
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Clinic of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Yongxian Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Weiguang Li
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Shuo Fang
- Department of Oncology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; International Association for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Xianbin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; International Association for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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17
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Chauvin C, Radulovic K, Boulard O, Delacre M, Waldschmitt N, Régnier P, Legris G, Bouchez C, Sleimi MY, Rosenstiel P, Darrasse-Jèze G, Chamaillard M, Poulin LF. Loss of NOD2 in macrophages improves colitis and tumorigenesis in a lysozyme-dependent manner. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1252979. [PMID: 37876927 PMCID: PMC10590911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1252979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Crohn's disease (CD) is a complex and poorly understood myeloid-mediated disorder. Genetic variants with loss of function in the NOD2 gene confer an increased susceptibility to ileal CD. While Nod2 in myeloid cells may confer protection against T-cell mediated ileopathy, it remains unclear whether it may promote resolution of the inflamed colon. In this study, we evaluated the function of Nod2 in myeloid cells in a model of acute colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). Methods To ablate Nod2 specifically within the myeloid compartment, we generated LysMCre/+;Nod2fl/fl mice. The role of NOD2 was studied in a setting of Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and in azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS model. Clinical parameters were quantified by colonoscopy, histological, flow cytometry, and qRT-PCR analysis. Results Upon DSS colitis model, LysMCre/+;Nod2fl/fl mice lost less weight than control littermates and had less severe damage to the colonic epithelium. In the AOM/DSS model, endoscopic monitoring of tumor progression revealed a lowered number of adenomas within the colon of LysMCre/+;Nod2fl/fl mice, associated with less expression of Tgfb. Mechanistically, lysozyme M was required for the improved disease severity in mice with a defect of NOD2 in myeloid cells. Conclusion Our results indicate that loss of Nod2 signaling in myeloid cells aids in the tissue repair of the inflamed large intestine through lysozyme secretion by myeloid cells. These results may pave the way to design new therapeutics to limit the inflammatory and tumorigenic functions of NOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Chauvin
- Univ. Lille, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Centre de Recherche Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Katarina Radulovic
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier de Valenciennes, Valenciennes, France
| | | | - Myriam Delacre
- Univ. Lille, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Centre de Recherche Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, Lille, France
| | - Nadine Waldschmitt
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Paul Régnier
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3) Laboratory, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR-S 959, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Biotherapy Unit (CIC-BTi), Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Guillaume Darrasse-Jèze
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3) Laboratory, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR-S 959, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
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18
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Dixon CL, Wu A, Fairn GD. Multifaceted roles and regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing proteins. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242659. [PMID: 37869013 PMCID: PMC10585062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins, NOD1 and NOD2, are cytosolic receptors that recognize dipeptides and tripeptides derived from the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan (PGN). During the past two decades, studies have revealed several roles for NODs beyond detecting PGN fragments, including activation of an innate immune anti-viral response, NOD-mediated autophagy, and ER stress induced inflammation. Recent studies have also clarified the dynamic regulation of NODs at cellular membranes to generate specific and balanced immune responses. This review will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 detect microbes and cellular stress and detail the molecular mechanisms that regulate activation and signaling while highlighting new evidence and the impact on inflammatory disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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19
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Baisya R, Manthri R, Tyagi M, Uppin SG, Rajasekhar L. Distinct NOD2 mutations reported in three families with Blau syndrome (BS) from a single center in India - Case series and review of literature. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109743. [PMID: 37604356 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blau syndrome (BS), considered a rare pediatric autoinflammatory disease, is characterised by a triad of granulomatous arthritis, dermatitis and uveitis. Here we present a tale of three families visited in our outpatient department in the last two years (2020-2022) where more than one member was affected with either skin, ophthalmological and joint involvement with either biopsy-proven granuloma or genetic mutation at NOD2 gene suggesting the diagnosis of BS. CASE SERIES The first family had three affected members where the mother and her two children had skin changes, polyarthritis and a pathogenic mutation in NOD2 gene (exon 4, c.1000C > T, p.Arg334Trp) suggesting BS. The second family had two affected members where both mother and her son had uveitis, skin changes with NOD2 mutation at exon 4 with c.1147G > A (p Glu 383 Lys) variant. The son also had polyarthritis and his skin biopsy was suggestive of granulomatous inflammation. In the third family with two affected members, we found a mutation in NOD2 on exon 4 (c 1324C > T, p.Lys 442 Phe) which was described as pathogenic with only one report published till date. CONCLUSION These three cases presented to us within the last two years and led to a diagnosis of BS in three other family members with discrete mutations (commonest to rarest) on the NOD2 gene in the three families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritasman Baisya
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Manthri
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- L V Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shantveer G Uppin
- Department Pathology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | - Liza Rajasekhar
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India.
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20
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Jang KK, Heaney T, London M, Ding Y, Putzel G, Yeung F, Ercelen D, Chen YH, Axelrad J, Gurunathan S, Zhou C, Podkowik M, Arguelles N, Srivastava A, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Keestra-Gounder AM, Pironti A, Griffin ME, Hang HC, Cadwell K. Antimicrobial overproduction sustains intestinal inflammation by inhibiting Enterococcus colonization. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1450-1468.e8. [PMID: 37652008 PMCID: PMC10502928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Loss of antimicrobial proteins such as REG3 family members compromises the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Here, we demonstrate that overproduction of REG3 proteins can also be detrimental by reducing a protective species in the microbiota. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experiencing flares displayed heightened levels of secreted REG3 proteins that mediated depletion of Enterococcus faecium (Efm) from the gut microbiota. Efm inoculation of mice ameliorated intestinal inflammation through activation of the innate immune receptor NOD2, which was associated with the bacterial DL-endopeptidase SagA that generates NOD2-stimulating muropeptides. NOD2 activation in myeloid cells induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion to increase the proportion of IL-22-producing CD4+ T helper cells and innate lymphoid cells that promote tissue repair. Finally, Efm was unable to protect mice carrying a NOD2 gene variant commonly found in IBD patients. Our findings demonstrate that inflammation self-perpetuates by causing aberrant antimicrobial activity that disrupts symbiotic relationships with gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ku Jang
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas Heaney
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mariya London
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Gregory Putzel
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Frank Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Defne Ercelen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying-Han Chen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jordan Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sakteesh Gurunathan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Chaoting Zhou
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Natalia Arguelles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anusha Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - A Marijke Keestra-Gounder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matthew E Griffin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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21
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Mahen KK, Markley L, Bogart J, Klatka H, Krishna V, Maytin EV, Stark GR, McDonald C. Topical N-phosphonacetyl-l-aspartate is a dual action candidate for treating non-melanoma skin cancer. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1485-1497. [PMID: 37309615 PMCID: PMC10527533 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Each year, 3.3 million Americans are diagnosed with non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) and an additional 40 million individuals undergo treatment of precancerous actinic keratosis lesions. The most effective treatments of NMSC (surgical excision and Mohs surgery) are invasive, expensive and require specialised training. More readily accessible topical therapies currently are 5-fluorouracil (a chemotherapeutic agent) and imiquimod (an immune modulator), but these can have significant side effects which limit their efficacy. Therefore, more effective and accessible treatments are needed for non-melanoma cancers and precancers. Our previous work demonstrated that the small molecule N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA) both inhibits pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis and activates pattern recognition receptor nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2. We propose that topical application of PALA would be an effective NMSC therapy, by combining the chemotherapeutic and immune modulatory features of 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod. Daily topical application of PALA to mouse skin was well tolerated and resulted in less irritation, fewer histopathological changes, and less inflammation than caused by either 5-fluorouracil or imiquimod. In an ultraviolet light-induced NMSC mouse model, topical PALA treatment substantially reduced the numbers, areas and grades of tumours, compared to vehicle controls. This anti-neoplastic activity was associated with increased expression of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin and increased recruitment of CD8+ T cells and F4/80+ macrophages to the tumours, demonstrating both immunomodulatory and anti-proliferative effects. These findings indicate that topical PALA is an excellent candidate as an effective alternative to current standard-of-care NMSC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala K. Mahen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Lilian Markley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jolie Bogart
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Hope Klatka
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Vijay Krishna
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Edward V. Maytin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - George R. Stark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Christine McDonald
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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22
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Masuta Y, Otsuka Y, Minaga K, Honjo H, Kudo M, Watanabe T. Regulation of type I IFN responses by deubiquitinating enzyme A in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 73:103-107. [PMID: 37700847 PMCID: PMC10493212 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is driven by excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-23. This notion is supported by the remarkable clinical success of biologics targeting these cytokines. Recognition of cell wall components derived from intestinal bacteria by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induces the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages and dendritic cells in human IBD and experimental colitis model. Although sensing of bacterial nucleic acids by endosomal TLRs, specifically TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 leads to robust production of type I IFNs, it remains debatable whether TLR-mediated type I IFN responses are pathogenic or protective in IBD patients. Additionally, recent studies identified deubiquitinating enzyme A (DUBA) as a novel negative regulator of TLR-mediated type I IFN responses. In light of these observations and their potential applications, in this review, we summarize recent findings on the roles of type I IFN responses and DUBA-mediated negative regulation of these responses in human IBD and experimental colitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Masuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuo Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hajime Honjo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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23
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Sun Z, Li X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Gong P, Zhang N, Zhang X, Wang X, Li J. Unfolded protein response is involved in resistance to Neospora caninum infection via IRE1α-XBP1s- NOD2 Axis. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2023-2036. [PMID: 37349656 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum, an intracellular protozoan parasite, causes neosporosis resulting in major losses in the livestock industry worldwide. However, no effective drugs or vaccines have been developed to control neosporosis. An in-depth study on the immune response against N. caninum could help to search for effective approaches to prevent and treat neosporosis. The host unfolded protein response (UPR) functions as a double-edged sword in several protozoan parasite infections, either to initiate immune responses or to help parasite survival. In this study, the roles of the UPR in N. caninum infection in vitro and in vivo were explored, and the mechanism of the UPR in resistance to N. caninum infection was analyzed. The results revealed that N. caninum triggered the UPR in mouse macrophages, such as the activation of the IRE1 and PERK branches, but not the ATF6 branch. Inhibition of the IRE1α-XBP1s branch increased the N. caninum number both in vitro and in vivo, while inhibition of the PERK branch did not affect the parasite number. Furthermore, inhibition of the IRE1α-XBP1s branch reduced the production of cytokines by inhibiting NOD2 signalling and its downstream NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the UPR is involved in the resistance of N. caninum infection via the IRE1α-XBP1s branch by regulating NOD2 and its downstream NF-κB and MAPK pathways to induce the production of inflammatory cytokines, which provides a new perspective for the research and development of anti-N. caninum drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Jianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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24
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Shehat MG, Miller MH, Calder AN, Gilbertson TA, Tigno-Aranjuez JT. Dietary fat differentially modulates the response of bone marrow-derived macrophages to TLR4 and NOD2 agonists. Innate Immun 2023; 29:122-131. [PMID: 37545346 PMCID: PMC10468623 DOI: 10.1177/17534259231193926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of diets high in fat has been linked to the development of obesity and related metabolic complications. Such associations originate from the enhanced, chronic, low-grade inflammation mediated by macrophages in response to translocated bacteria, bacterial products, or dietary constituents such as fatty acids (FAs). Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain 2 (NOD2) senses muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a component of bacterial peptidoglycan. The inability to sense peptidoglycan through NOD2 has been demonstrated to lead to dysbiosis, increased bacterial translocation, inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Currently, it is unknown how consumption of HFDs with different FA compositions might influence NOD2-dependent responses. In this study, we subjected WT mice to a control diet or to HFDs comprised of various ratios of unsaturated to saturated fats and determined the macrophage response to TLR4 and NOD2 agonists. A HFD with equal ratios of saturated and unsaturated fats enhanced subsequent responsiveness of macrophages to LPS but not to MDP. However, a high-unsaturated fat diet (HUFD) or a high-saturated fat diet (HSFD) both decreased the responsiveness to NOD2 agonists compared to that observed in control diet (CD) fed mice. These data suggest that dietary fatty acid composition can influence the subsequent macrophage responsiveness to bacterial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Shehat
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Madelyn H. Miller
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ashley N. Calder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Justine T. Tigno-Aranjuez
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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25
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Alula KM, Theiss AL. Autophagy in Crohn's Disease: Converging on Dysfunctional Innate Immunity. Cells 2023; 12:1779. [PMID: 37443813 PMCID: PMC10341259 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease marked by relapsing, transmural intestinal inflammation driven by innate and adaptive immune responses. Autophagy is a multi-step process that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by degrading intracellular components, such as damaged organelles and invading bacteria. Dysregulation of autophagy in CD is revealed by the identification of several susceptibility genes, including ATG16L1, IRGM, NOD2, LRRK2, ULK1, ATG4, and TCF4, that are involved in autophagy. In this review, the role of altered autophagy in the mucosal innate immune response in the context of CD is discussed, with a specific focus on dendritic cells, macrophages, Paneth cells, and goblet cells. Selective autophagy, such as xenophagy, ERphagy, and mitophagy, that play crucial roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis in these innate immune cells, are discussed. As our understanding of autophagy in CD pathogenesis evolves, the development of autophagy-targeted therapeutics may benefit subsets of patients harboring impaired autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianne L. Theiss
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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26
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Navetta-Modrov B, Nomani H, Yun M, Yang J, Salvemini J, Aroniadis O, Clark R, Gorevic PD, Yao Q. A novel nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 genetic marker for Yao syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 89:166-168. [PMID: 36858152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Navetta-Modrov
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Hafsa Nomani
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Mark Yun
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Joann Salvemini
- Department of Dematology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Olga Aroniadis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Richard Clark
- Department of Dematology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Peter D Gorevic
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Qingping Yao
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York.
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Ghareghani M, Rivest S. The Synergistic Potential of Combining PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors with NOD2 Agonists in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10905. [PMID: 37446081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our research over the past decade has compellingly demonstrated the potential of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) receptor agonists in Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. These agonists facilitate the conversation of pro-inflammatory monocytes into patrolling monocytes, leading to the efficient clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the AD-affected cerebrovascular system. This approach surpasses the efficacy of targeting Aβ formation, marking a significant shift in therapeutic strategies. Simultaneously, inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 immune check point or glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), which modulates PD-1, have emerged as potent AD treatment modalities. PD-1 inhibitor exhibits a profound potential in monocytes' recruitment to the AD-afflicted brain. Recent evidence suggests that an integrated approach, combining the modulation of NOD2 and PD-1, could yield superior outcomes. This innovative combinatorial therapeutic approach leverages the potential of MDP to act as a catalyst for the conversion of inflammatory monocytes into patrolling monocytes, with the subsequent recruitment of these patrolling monocytes into the brain being stimulated by the PD-1 inhibitor. These therapeutic interventions are currently under preclinical investigation by pharmaceutical entities, underscoring the promise they hold. This research advocates for the modulation, rather than suppression, of the innate immune system as a promising pharmacological strategy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghareghani
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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Akbari-Papkiadehi F, Saboor-Yaraghi AA, Farhadi E, Tahmasebi MN, Sharafat Vaziri A, Aghaghazvini L, Asgari M, Poursani S, Mansouri F, Jamshidi A, Mahmoudi M. Effect of curcumin on the expression of NOD2 receptor and pro-inflammatory cytokines in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Adv Rheumatol 2023; 63:27. [PMID: 37370181 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-023-00308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies has shown that nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) is expressed in Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients which is stimulated by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) present in the joint environment and induces inflammation via the NF-κB pathway. Also, other studies have shown that curcumin inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion, and Inflammation and on the other hand increases the apoptosis of RA FLSs. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effect of curcumin, a natural anti-inflammatory micronutrient, on the expression of NOD2 and inflammatory cytokines. METHODS Synovial membranes were collected from ten patients diagnosed with RA and ten individuals with traumatic injuries scheduled for knee surgery. The FLSs were isolated and treated with 40 μM curcumin alone or in combination with 20.3 μM MDP for 24 h. mRNA was extracted, and real-time PCR was performed to quantitatively measure gene expression levels of NOD2, p65, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. RESULTS The study findings indicate that administering MDP alone can significantly increase the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in the trauma group and TNF-α in the RA group. Conversely, administering curcumin alone or in combination whit MDP can significantly reduce mRNA expression levels of P65 and IL-6 in FLSs of both groups. Moreover, in FLSs of RA patients, a single curcumin treatment leads to a significant reduction in NOD2 gene expression. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary in vitro evidence of the potential benefits of curcumin as a nutritional supplement for RA patients. Despite the limitations of the study being an investigation of the FLSs of RA patients, the results demonstrate that curcumin has an anti-inflammatory effect on NOD2 and NF-κB genes. These findings suggest that curcumin could be a promising approach to relieve symptoms of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Akbari-Papkiadehi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kargar Ave., P.O. Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elham Farhadi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kargar Ave., P.O. Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
- Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naghi Tahmasebi
- Division of Knee Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Sharafat Vaziri
- Division of Knee Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Aghaghazvini
- Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Asgari
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kargar Ave., P.O. Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Poursani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kargar Ave., P.O. Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kargar Ave., P.O. Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kargar Ave., P.O. Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran.
- Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Chauvin C, Alvarez-Simon D, Radulovic K, Boulard O, Laine W, Delacre M, Waldschmitt N, Segura E, Kluza J, Chamaillard M, Poulin LF. NOD2 in monocytes negatively regulates macrophage development through TNFalpha. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181823. [PMID: 37415975 PMCID: PMC10320732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective It is believed that intestinal recruitment of monocytes from Crohn's Disease (CD) patients who carry NOD2 risk alleles may repeatedly give rise to recruitment of pathogenic macrophages. We investigated an alternative possibility that NOD2 may rather inhibit their differentiation from intravasating monocytes. Design The monocyte fate decision was examined by using germ-free mice, mixed bone marrow chimeras and a culture system yielding macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs). Results We observed a decrease in the frequency of mo-DCs in the colon of Nod2-deficient mice, despite a similar abundance of monocytes. This decrease was independent of the changes in the gut microbiota and dysbiosis caused by Nod2 deficiency. Similarly, the pool of mo-DCs was poorly reconstituted in a Nod2-deficient mixed bone marrow (BM) chimera. The use of pharmacological inhibitors revealed that activation of NOD2 during monocyte-derived cell development, dominantly inhibits mTOR-mediated macrophage differentiation in a TNFα-dependent manner. These observations were supported by the identification of a TNFα-dependent response to muramyl dipeptide (MDP) that is specifically lost when CD14-expressing blood cells bear a frameshift mutation in NOD2. Conclusion NOD2 negatively regulates a macrophage developmental program through a feed-forward loop that could be exploited for overcoming resistance to anti-TNF therapy in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Chauvin
- U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ. Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Centre Hospitalo- Universitaire Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Alvarez-Simon
- U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ. Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Centre Hospitalo- Universitaire Lille, Lille, France
| | - Katarina Radulovic
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier de Valenciennes, Valenciennes CEDEX, France
| | | | - William Laine
- UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Myriam Delacre
- U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ. Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Centre Hospitalo- Universitaire Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nadine Waldschmitt
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Elodie Segura
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Kluza
- UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, University Lille, Lille, France
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Ueki Y, Takimoto-Ito R, Saito MK, Tanizaki H, Kambe N. Tofacitinib, a suppressor of NOD2 expression, is a potential treatment for Blau syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1211240. [PMID: 37415984 PMCID: PMC10321295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1211240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Blau syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant autoinflammatory granulomatous disease caused by a mutation in the NOD2 gene. It is characterized by a clinical trial of granulomatous dermatitis, arthritis, and uveitis. Tofacitinib is a pan Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor used for treatment of Blau syndrome and idiopathic sarcoidosis. Here, we evaluated its effect on inflammatory pathways associated with Blau syndrome. The effect of tofacitinib on downstream pathways regulated by mutant NOD2 was analyzed using luciferase assays with overexpression of NOD2 mutants. Methods The effect of tofacitinib on the upstream pathway for the induction of NOD2 expression and proinflammatory cytokine production was assessed using monocytic cell lines differentiated from Blau syndrome patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Results Tofacitinib did not suppress the increased spontaneous transcriptional activity of NF-κB by mutant NOD2. In addition, mutant NOD2 was not involved in the transcription of ISRE and GAS, which are activated by type 1 and type 2 interferons (IFN), respectively. On the other hand, IFNγ induced the expression of NOD2, which led to the production of inflammatory cytokines by an autoinflammatory mechanism only in cells with mutant NOD2. Discussion Tofacitinib suppressed the induction of NOD2 by IFNγ, thereby inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, tofacitinib showed anti-inflammatory effects through suppression of NOD2 expression. The JAK inhibitor tofacitinib is a potential therapeutic agent for Blau syndrome because it suppresses the autoinflammation seen in Blau syndrome by inhibiting the expression of NOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ueki
- Department of Dermatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Riko Takimoto-Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumu K. Saito
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tanizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Naotomo Kambe
- Department of Dermatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Riquelme-Neira R, Walker-Vergara R, Fernández-Blanco JA, Vergara P. IL-10 Modulates the Expression and Activation of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Mast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9875. [PMID: 37373041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are involved in several immune-related responses, including those in bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and cancer, among others. MCs identify microorganisms by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), activating a secretory response. Interleukin (IL)-10 has been described as an important modulator of MC responses; however, its role in PRR-mediated activation of MC is not fully understood. We analyzed the activation of TLR2, TLR4, TLR7 and Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) in mucosal-like MCs (MLMCs) and peritoneum-derived cultured MCs (PCMCs) from IL-10-/- and wild-type (WT) mice. IL-10-/- mice showed a reduced expression of TLR4 and NOD2 at week 6 and TLR7 at week 20 in MLMC. In MLMC and PCMC, TLR2 activation induced a reduced secretion of IL-6 and TNFα in IL-10-/- MCs. TLR4- and TLR7-mediated secretion of IL-6 and TNFα was not detected in PCMCs. Finally, no cytokine release was induced by NOD2 ligand, and responses to TLR2 and TLR4 were lower in MCs at 20 weeks. These findings indicate that PRR activation in MCs depends on the phenotype, ligand, age, and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Riquelme-Neira
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Sede Concepción, Chacabuco 539, Concepción 4070254, Chile
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romina Walker-Vergara
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Sede Concepción, Chacabuco 539, Concepción 4070254, Chile
| | - Joan Antoni Fernández-Blanco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Vergara
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Zhai J, Sun S, Cheng J, Wang J, Jin G, Xu X, Liu X, Zhao J, Chen C, Zhong W, Wang B. Lactobacillus acidophilus supernatant alleviates osteoporosis by upregulating colonic SERT expression. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:581-593. [PMID: 37424511 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: To investigate the involvement of serotonin transporter (SERT) in colonic epithelial cells in the anti-osteoporosis role of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) supernatant (LAS). Methods: The abundance of fecal LA and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with osteoporosis (OP) or severe osteoporosis were assessed. The protective role of LA in osteoporosis and the expression of SERT and relative signaling were evaluated. Results: Abundance of fecal LA was decreased in patients with severe OP and was positively correlated with BMD. Supplementing LAS to mice alleviated senile osteoporosis. In vitro, NOD2/RIP2/NF-κB signaling was inhibited by LAS due to increased SERT expression. Conclusion: LAS alleviates OP in mice by producing protective metabolites and upregulating SERT expression and represents a promising therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhai
- Department of Emergency, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Orthointernal, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuxiu Xu
- Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weilong Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Jarmakiewicz-Czaja S, Sokal A, Ferenc K, Motyka E, Helma K, Filip R. The Role of Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation in Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Descending Process or a Programmed Consequence? Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1167. [PMID: 37372347 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a group of chronic diseases characterized by recurring periods of exacerbation and remission. Fibrosis of the intestine is one of the most common complications of IBD. Based on current analyses, it is evident that genetic factors and mechanisms, as well as epigenetic factors, play a role in the induction and progression of intestinal fibrosis in IBD. Key genetic factors and mechanisms that appear to be significant include NOD2, TGF-β, TLRs, Il23R, and ATG16L1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modification, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference are the primary epigenetic mechanisms. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, which seem to be important in the pathophysiology and progression of IBD, may potentially be used in targeted therapy in the future. Therefore, the aim of this study was to gather and discuss selected mechanisms and genetic factors, as well as epigenetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta Sokal
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ferenc
- Institute of Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Motyka
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Kacper Helma
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Rafał Filip
- Institute of Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Gastroenterology with IBD, Clinical Hospital No. 2 im. Św. Jadwigi Królowej, 35-301 Rzeszow, Poland
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Witte MB, Saupe J, Reiner J, Bannert K, Schafmayer C, Lamprecht G, Berlin P. Ileocolonic Healing after Small Ileocecal Resection in Mice: NOD2 Deficiency Impairs Anastomotic Healing by Local Mechanisms. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3601. [PMID: 37240707 PMCID: PMC10219437 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ileocecal resection (ICR) is frequently performed in Crohn's disease (CD). NOD2 mutations are risk factors for CD. Nod2 knockout (ko) mice show impaired anastomotic healing after extended ICR. We further investigated the role of NOD2 after limited ICR. C57B16/J (wt) and Nod2 ko littermates underwent limited ICR including 1-2 cm terminal ileum and were randomly assigned to vehicle or MDP treatment. Bursting pressure was measured on POD 5, and the anastomosis was analyzed for matrix turn-over and granulation tissue. Wound fibroblasts from subcutaneously implanted sponges were used for comparison. The M1/M2 macrophage plasma cytokines were analyzed. Mortality was not different between groups. Bursting pressure was significantly decreased in ko mice. This was associated with less granulation tissue but was not affected by MDP. However, anastomotic leak (AL) rate tended to be lower in MDP-treated ko mice (29% vs. 11%, p = 0.07). mRNA expression of collagen-1α (col1 α), collagen-3α (col3 α), matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)2 and mmp9 was increased in ko mice, indicating increased matrix turn-over, specifically in the anastomosis. Systemic TNF-α expression was significantly lower in ko mice. Ileocolonic healing is impaired in Nod2 ko mice after limited ICR by local mechanisms maybe including local dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B. Witte
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Saupe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Reiner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Karen Bannert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Georg Lamprecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peggy Berlin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Bauer S, Hezinger L, Rexhepi F, Ramanathan S, Kufer TA. NOD-like Receptors-Emerging Links to Obesity and Associated Morbidities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108595. [PMID: 37239938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated metabolic morbidities have been and still are on the rise, posing a major challenge to health care systems worldwide. It has become evident over the last decades that a low-grade inflammatory response, primarily proceeding from the adipose tissue (AT), essentially contributes to adiposity-associated comorbidities, most prominently insulin resistance (IR), atherosclerosis and liver diseases. In mouse models, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β and the imprinting of immune cells to a pro-inflammatory phenotype in AT play an important role. However, the underlying genetic and molecular determinants are not yet understood in detail. Recent evidence demonstrates that nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family proteins, a group of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRR), contribute to the development and control of obesity and obesity-associated inflammatory responses. In this article, we review the current state of research on the role of NLR proteins in obesity and discuss the possible mechanisms leading to and the outcomes of NLR activation in the obesity-associated morbidities IR, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and discuss emerging ideas about possibilities for NLR-based therapeutic interventions of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bauer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lucy Hezinger
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fjolla Rexhepi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Liu L, Liu Y, Zhao Y. Circular RNA circ_0008896 contributes to oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced aortic endothelial cell injury via targeting miR-188-3p/ NOD2 axis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:275-287. [PMID: 36940068 PMCID: PMC10167080 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01336-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of circ_0008896 in Atherosclerosis (AS) by using oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced human aortic endothelial cell (HAECs). Levels of genes and proteins were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. Functional experiments, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis, cell counting kit-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, tube formation assays and the detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) generation, were performed to investigate the role of circ_0008896 on ox-LDL-induced HAEC damage. Circ_0008896 was increased in AS patients and ox-LDL-stimulated HAECs. Functionally, circ_0008896 knockdown reversed ox-LDL-induced inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis as well as arrest of proliferation and angiogenesis in HAECs in vitro. Mechanistically, circ_0008896 functioned as a sponge for miR-188-3p to relieve the repression of miR-188-3p on its target NOD2. A series of rescue experiments showed that miR-188-3p inhibition attenuated the protective effects of circ_0008896 knockdown on ox-LDL-stimulated HAECs, and NOD2 overexpression abolished the beneficial action of miR-188-3p in the suppression of inflammatory response and oxidative stress, and the promotion of cell growth and angiogenesis in HAECs under ox-LDL treatment. Circ_0008896 silencing attenuates ox-LDL-induced inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and growth arrest in HAECs in vitro, adding further understanding for the pathogenesis of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- Heart Function Examination Room, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yueyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
- , Dalian City, China.
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Wolf AJ. Peptidoglycan-induced modulation of metabolic and inflammatory responses. Immunometabolism (Cobham) 2023; 5:e00024. [PMID: 37128291 PMCID: PMC10144284 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is composed of innate immune ligands and, due to its important structural role, also regulates access to many other innate immune ligands contained within the bacteria. There is a growing body of literature demonstrating how innate immune recognition impacts the metabolic functions of immune cells and how metabolic changes are not only important to inflammatory responses but are often essential. Peptidoglycan is primarily sensed in the context of the whole bacteria during lysosomal degradation; consequently, the innate immune receptors for peptidoglycan are primarily intracellular cytosolic innate immune sensors. However, during bacterial growth, peptidoglycan fragments are shed and can be found in the bloodstream of humans and mice, not only during infection but also derived from the abundant bacterial component of the gut microbiota. These peptidoglycan fragments influence cells throughout the body and are important for regulating inflammation and whole-body metabolic function. Therefore, it is important to understand how peptidoglycan-induced signals in innate immune cells and cells throughout the body interact to regulate how the body responds to both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. This mini-review will highlight key research regarding how cellular metabolism shifts in response to peptidoglycan and how systemic peptidoglycan sensing impacts whole-body metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Wolf
- The Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Andrea J. Wolf, E-mail:
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Mehto S, Kundu S, Chauhan S, Chauhan S. RIPosomes are targets of IRGM-SQSTM1-dependent autophagy. Autophagy 2023; 19:1045-1047. [PMID: 36628446 PMCID: PMC9980646 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2166724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOD1-NOD2-RIPK2-NFKB/NF-κB pro-inflammatory axis plays a significant role in regulating the immune response to bacterial infection. However, an excess of NFKB-dependent cytokine response can be detrimental and, thus, should be kept under control to maintain the innate immune balance. In our recent study, first, we showed that bacterial infection induces the biogenesis of RIPK2 oligomers (RIPosomes) that are recruited around the bacteria to enhance an NFKB-dependent pro-inflammatory response. Next, we showed that SQSTM1- and IRGM-dependent selective macroautophagy/autophagy degrades RIPosomes and their components to limit NOD1-NOD2-RIPK2-NFKB pro-inflammatory signaling. Consistently, depletion of IRGM results in an augmented RIPK2-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine response induced by Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhimurium. Further, bacterial infection- and DSS-induced gut inflammation in irgm1KO mice is dampened upon therapeutic inhibition of RIPK2. Taken together, we showed that autophagy selectively degrades RIPosomes to suppress inflammation and maintain innate immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Mehto
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soumya Kundu
- Cell and Stem Cell Biology, Microbes and Biology of Infection, CSIR-Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad
| | - Swati Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Cell and Stem Cell Biology, Microbes and Biology of Infection, CSIR-Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad
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Masuta Y, Minaga K, Kurimoto M, Sekai I, Hara A, Omaru N, Okai N, Otsuka Y, Takada R, Yoshikawa T, Masaki S, Kamata K, Honjo H, Arai Y, Yamashita K, Kudo M, Watanabe T. Activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 by muramyl dipeptide negatively regulates Toll-like receptor 9-mediated colonic inflammation through the induction of deubiquitinating enzyme A expression. Int Immunol 2023; 35:79-94. [PMID: 36171063 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) are associated with Crohn's disease (CD). Although NOD2 activation contributes to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis through the negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the effects of NOD2 activation on interferon (IFN)-α responses induced by TLR9 have been poorly defined. To explore the cross-talk between NOD2 and TLR9, human monocytes or dendritic cells (DCs) were stimulated with NOD2 and/or TLR9 ligands to measure IFN-α production. The severity of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis was compared in mice treated with NOD2 and/or TLR9 ligands. Expression of IFN-α and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) was examined in the colonic mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). NOD2 activation reduced TLR9-induced IFN-α production by monocytes and DCs in a deubiquitinating enzyme A (DUBA)-dependent manner. Activation of DUBA induced by the co-stimulation of TLR9 and NOD2 inhibited Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3 and suppressed TLR9-mediated IFN-α production. NOD2 activation in hematopoietic cells protected mice from TLR9-induced exacerbation of DSS-induced colitis by down-regulating IFN-α responses and up-regulating DUBA expression. Colonic mucosa of patients with active and remitted IBD phases was characterized by the enhanced and reduced expression of ISGs, respectively. Expression levels of IFN-α and IL-6 positively correlated in the active colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis and CD, whereas DUBA expression inversely correlated with that of IFN-α in patients with CD. Collectively, these data suggest that DUBA-dependent negative effect of NOD2 on TLR9-mediated IFN-α responses contributes to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Masuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ikue Sekai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Akane Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Naoya Omaru
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Natsuki Okai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuo Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Takada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoe Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Sho Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hajime Honjo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Arai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamashita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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Pang Y, Zhao L, Ji X, Guo K, Yin X. Analyses of Transcriptomics upon IL-1β-Stimulated Mouse Chondrocytes and the Protective Effect of Catalpol through the NOD2/NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041606. [PMID: 36838594 PMCID: PMC9962284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The overall objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of inflammation on chondrocyte injury and the protective effect of catalpol on chondrocytes in an inflammatory environment. Chondrocytes were isolated and cultured from the knee joints of three-day-old newborn mice. Alcian Blue staining and the immunocytochemistry staining of type II collagen were used to identify the purity of chondrocytes. Primary chondrocytes were stimulated by IL-1β (10 ng/mL) and subjected to transcriptome analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further analyzed based on Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. In this experimental study, we performed the viability assay to determine the effects of different concentrations of catalpol on the cell viability of chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were seeded in six-well plates and exposed to 10 μM catalpol 2 h prior to treatment with IL-1β (10 ng/mL). Quantitative real-time (qPCR) and Western blotting were performed to evaluate the RNA and protein expression, respectively. Based on the results of transcriptomics analysis, we found the NOD2 signaling pathway, the NF-kappa B signaling pathway, and the MAPK signaling pathway showed significant changes in chondrocyte damage caused by inflammation. Catalpol (10 μM and 100 μM) could significantly reduce NO, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in supernatant of chondrocytes. Catalpol significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12 in chondrocytes induced by IL-1β. Catalpol markedly inhibited MMP3, MMP13 mRNA, and protein levels. Catalpol could significantly reduce TNF-α mRNA levels in inflammatory chondrocytes. Inflammation causes significant increases in mRNA levels and protein levels of NOD2, mRNA levels, and protein levels were markedly suppressed by catalpol. In addition, catalpol could significantly increase IKBα protein levels and significantly lower intranuclear P65 levels. Catalpol significantly lowered the phosphorylation protein levels of ERK, p38, and JNK. Our transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that the activation of NOD2 and its downstream pathways, NF-κB and MAPK, is an important cause of the inflammatory injury to chondrocytes induced by IL-1β. Catalpol inhibited the activation of the NOD2 signaling pathway, which reduced the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK, inhibited the degradation of IκBα, inhibited p65 translocation into the nucleus, reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines, and attenuated the inflammatory damage to chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xueyan Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Kaijin Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (X.Y.)
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Topal J, Panchal N, Barroeta A, Roppelt A, Mudde A, Gaspar HB, Thrasher AJ, Houghton BC, Booth C. Lentiviral Gene Transfer Corrects Immune Abnormalities in XIAP Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:440-451. [PMID: 36329240 PMCID: PMC9892131 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) deficiency is a severe immunodeficiency with clinical features including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to defective NOD2 responses. Management includes immunomodulatory therapies and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). However, this cohort is particularly susceptible to the chemotherapeutic regimens and acutely affected by graft-vs-host disease (GvHD), driving poor long-term survival in transplanted patients. Autologous HSC gene therapy could offer an alternative treatment option and would abrogate the risks of alloreactivity. METHODS Hematopoietic progenitor (Lin-ve) cells from XIAPy/- mice were transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding human XIAP cDNA before transplantation into irradiated XIAP y/- recipients. After 12 weeks animals were challenged with the dectin-1 ligand curdlan and recovery of innate immune function was evaluated though analysis of inflammatory cytokines, body weight, and splenomegaly. XIAP patient-derived CD14+ monocytes were transduced with the same vector and functional recovery was demonstrated using in vitro L18-MDP/NOD2 assays. RESULTS In treated XIAPy/- mice, ~40% engraftment of gene-corrected Lin-ve cells led to significant recovery of weight loss, splenomegaly, and inflammatory cytokine responses to curdlan, comparable to wild-type mice. Serum IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, and TNF were significantly reduced 2-h post-curdlan administration in non-corrected XIAPy/- mice compared to wild-type and gene-corrected animals. Appropriate reduction of inflammatory responses was observed in gene-corrected mice, whereas non-corrected mice developed an inflammatory profile 9 days post-curdlan challenge. In gene-corrected patient CD14+ monocytes, TNF responses were restored following NOD2 activation with L18-MDP. CONCLUSION Gene correction of HSCs recovers XIAP-dependent immune defects and could offer a treatment option for patients with XIAP deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Topal
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Neelam Panchal
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Amairelys Barroeta
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Anna Roppelt
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Annelotte Mudde
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - H Bobby Gaspar
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Orchard Therapeutics, London, UK
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Benjamin C Houghton
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Secher T, Couturier A, Huot L, Bouscayrol H, Grandjean T, Boulard O, Hot D, Ryffel B, Chamaillard M. A Protective Role of NOD2 on Oxazolone-induced Intestinal Inflammation Through IL-1β-mediated Signalling Pathway. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17:111-122. [PMID: 35917251 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NOD2 has emerged as a critical player in the induction of both Th1 and Th2 responses for potentiation and polarisation of antigen-dependent immunity. Loss-of-function mutations in the NOD2-encoding gene and deregulation of its downstream signalling pathway have been linked to Crohn's disease. Although it is well documented that NOD2 is capable of sensing bacterial muramyl dipeptide, it remains counter-intuitive to link development of overt intestinal inflammation to a loss of bacterial-induced inflammatory response. We hypothesised that a T helper bias could also contribute to an autoimmune-like colitis different from inflammation that is fully fledged by Th1 type cells. METHODS An oedematous bowel wall with a mixed Th1/Th2 response was induced in mice by intrarectal instillation of the haptenating agent oxazolone. Survival and clinical scoring were evaluated. At several time points after instillation, colonic damage was assessed by macroscopic and microscopic observations. To evaluate the involvement of NOD2 in immunochemical phenomena, quantitative polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and flow cytometry analysis were performed. Bone marrow chimera experimentation allowed us to evaluate the role of haematopoietic/non-hematopoietic NOD2-expressing cells. RESULTS Herein, we identified a key regulatory circuit whereby NOD2-mediated sensing of a muramyl dipeptide [MDP] by radio-resistant cells improves colitis with a mixed Th1/Th2 response that is induced by oxazolone. Genetic ablation of either Nod2 or Ripk2 precipitated oxazolone colitis that is predominantly linked to a lack of interferon-gamma. Bone marrow chimera experiments revealed that inactivation of Nod2 signalling in non-haematopoietic cells is causing a biased M1-M2 polarisation of macrophages and a decreased frequency of splenic regulatory T cells that correlates with an impaired activation of CD4 + T cells within mesenteric lymph nodes. Mechanistically, mice were protected from oxazolone-induced colitis upon administration of MDP in an interleukin-1- and interleukin-23-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that Nod2 signalling may prevent pathological conversion of T helper cells for maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Secher
- INEM, Orléans University, CNRS UMR 7355, F-45071, Orléans, France.,CEPR, Tours University, INSERM U1100, F-37000, Tours, France
| | | | - Ludovic Huot
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Helene Bouscayrol
- Service d'oncologie-radiothérapie, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans, France
| | - Teddy Grandjean
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Boulard
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Inserm U1003, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Hot
- CEPR, Tours University, INSERM U1100, F-37000, Tours, France.,University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UAR 2014-PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- INEM, Orléans University, CNRS UMR 7355, F-45071, Orléans, France
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Inserm U1003, University of Lille, Lille, France
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Guryanova SV, Kataeva A. Inflammation Regulation by Bacterial Molecular Patterns. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010183. [PMID: 36672691 PMCID: PMC9855958 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of innate immunity by bacterial molecular patterns can induce an enhanced cellular immune response to pathogens that are associated with innate immune memory shaped by epigenetic changes. Immunological memory can be expressed in the acceleration/intensification of inflammation, as well as in the exact opposite-to maintain tolerance and non-response to a repeated stimulus. Tolerance is one of the central concepts of immunity and is ensured by the consistency of all parts of the immune response. The severe consequences of inflammation force researchers to study in detail all stages of the downstream pathways that are activated after exposure to a stimulus, while the formation of non-response to a pro-inflammatory stimulus has not yet received a detailed description. Elucidation of the mechanism of tolerance is an urgent task for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. The aim of this investigation was to study the dynamic changes in the gene expression of A20 and ATF3, the inflammation suppressors, against the background of the expression of the genes of the innate immunity receptors TLR4 and NOD2 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α under the influence of TLR4 and NOD2 agonists, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide (GMDP). The mechanism of inflammation regulation by bioregulators of bacterial origin-LPS and GMDP-was evaluated in vitro in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in vivo after i.p. administration of LPS and GMDP to mice. Gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR. Innate immune receptors and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α were found to develop early in response to LPS and GMDP, both in vitro and in vivo. Genes of cytosolic proteins controlling inflammation (A20 and ATF3) were expressed later. Prior exposure of the innate immune system to LPS and muramyl peptides may modulate host defense against acute inflammation. As a result of the study, new data were obtained on dynamic changes in deubiquitinase A20 and the transcription factor ATF3, which are involved in the limitation and suppression of inflammatory reactions caused by fragments of bacterial cell walls-LPS and GMDP. Thus, bioregulators of bacterial origin LPS and GMDP, along with pro-inflammatory factors, activate the expression of genes that suppress inflammation, which should be considered when analyzing data from studies of the pro-inflammatory properties of LPS and GMDP and when developing drugs based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Guryanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-9153150073
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Li X, Liu S, Jin L, Ma Y, Liu T. NOD2 inhibits the proliferation of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells through autophagy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:639-652. [PMID: 36316517 PMCID: PMC9931811 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the regulatory mechanism of NOD2 in the inhibition of esophageal adenocarcinoma cell proliferation. METHODS Cell experiments: after confirming the decrease in NOD2 expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma, we overexpressed NOD2 in esophageal adenocarcinoma cells via lentivirus, compared and verified the changes in esophageal adenocarcinoma cell proliferation before and after NOD2 overexpression, and compared the overexpression group with the control group by mRNA sequencing to identify pathways that may affect cell proliferation. Then, the autophagy level of multiple groups were assessed, and the results were verified by rescue experiments. In vivo experiments: we administered esophageal adenocarcinoma cells to nude mice to form tumors under their skin and then injected the tumors with NOD2 overexpression lentivirus and negative control lentivirus. After a period of time, the growth curve of the tumor was generated, and the tumor was removed to generate sections. Ki67 was labeled with immunohistochemistry to verify cell proliferation, and the protein was extracted from the tissue to detect the molecular indices of the corresponding pathway. RESULTS Upregulation of NOD2 expression inhibited the proliferation of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Upregulation of NOD2 expression increased the autophagy level of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells via ATG16L1. After ATG16L1 was inhibited, NOD2 had no significant effect on autophagy and proliferation of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Enhanced autophagy in esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines inhibited cell proliferation. In vivo, the upregulation of NOD2 expression improved the autophagy level of tumor tissue and inhibited cells proliferation. CONCLUSION NOD2 can activate autophagy in esophageal adenocarcinoma cells through the ATG16L1 pathway and inhibit cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Li
- grid.431010.7Emergency Department, The Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China
| | - Suo Liu
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Longyu Jin
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Yuchao Ma
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China
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45
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Ko HL, Zhuo N, Chang ZW, Santosa A, Kalimuddin S, Lim XR, Tan SY, Lye DC, Toh D, Young BE, Renia L, Lee HY, Ren EC. In vitro vaccine challenge of PBMCs from BNT162b2 anaphylaxis patients reveals HSP90α- NOD2-NLRP3 nexus. Allergy 2023; 78:304-307. [PMID: 36056775 DOI: 10.1111/all.15503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ling Ko
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Zhuo
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi Wei Chang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anindita Santosa
- Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shirin Kalimuddin
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - David Chien Lye
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dorothy Toh
- Health Sciences Authority, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barnaby Edward Young
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ee Chee Ren
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Schofield TS, Sup Lee C, Peppers BP, Mauger T. Corneal Ulcers with NOD2 Mutations Presenting with Mixed Syndromic Phenotype. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:119-122. [PMID: 34802386 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1993268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of corneal ulcers in a patient with NOD2 mutations unique to but phenotypically resembling well-characterized syndromic phenotypes like Blau syndrome. OBSERVATION A 25-year-old female with a medical history of type I diabetes mellitus, Asperger syndrome, and neuropathy presented with bilateral corneal ulcers. Her visual acuity was 20/200 OU. Macular edema was identified OS, and posterior synechiae OS suggested a history of anterior uveitis.Genetic testing confirmed NOD2 mutations, and her tear film was positive for matrix metallopeptidase 9. Recent intravenous immunoglobulin therapy improved her neuropathy, and an aggressive regimen of erythromycin ointment and lubrication has improved her ophthalmic symptoms. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE This case advances our understanding of NOD2's role in regulating inflammatory processes of the eye. In addition to precipitating uveitis, patients with these mutations may also be at increased risk of developing corneal pathology related to their reduced capacity to moderate inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Scott Schofield
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Chang Sup Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University Eye Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brian Patrick Peppers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, West Virginia University Health System, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Mauger
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University Eye Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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You Y, Xiao Y, Lu Y, Du J, Cai H, Cai W, Yan W. Postbiotic muramyl dipeptide alleviates colitis via activating autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1052644. [PMID: 36506547 PMCID: PMC9727138 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1052644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of IBD is complicated and still unclear. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) plays a significant role in regulating gut inflammation under the activation of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), which is used as a postbiotic. The study aimed to investigate the effect of MDP on the intestinal barrier in colitis and the mechanism involved. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were challenged with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for establishing a colitis model with the pre-treatment of MDP in vivo. Intestinal permeability was reflected by detecting the serum concentration of 4 kDa Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-Dextran. The expression of inflammation, barrier-related proteins, and autophagy was tested by Western Blotting. Proliferation and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells were detected by immunohistochemistry. Caco-2 cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide for imitating inflammation in vitro. The findings showed that administration of MDP ameliorated losses of body weight loss, gross injury, and histology score of the colon in the DSS-induced colitis mice. MDP significantly ameliorated the condition of gut permeability, and promoted intestinal barrier repair by increasing the expression of Zonula occludens-1 and E-cadherin. Meanwhile, MDP promoted proliferation and reduced apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. In the experiment group treated with MDP, LC3 was upregulated, and p62 was downregulated, respectively. These results suggested that MDP stimulation attenuates intestinal inflammation both in vivo and in vitro. Potentially, MDP reduced the intestinal barrier damage by regulating autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. Future trials investigating the effects of MDP-based postbiotics on IBD may be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaying You
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongtao Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Weihui Yan, ; Wei Cai,
| | - Weihui Yan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Weihui Yan, ; Wei Cai,
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48
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Moltzau Anderson J, Lachnit T, Lipinski S, Falk-Paulsen M, Rosenstiel P. Impact of antibiotic perturbation on fecal viral communities in mice. G3 (Bethesda) 2022; 13:6839982. [PMID: 36413074 PMCID: PMC9836353 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Viruses and bacteriophages have a strong impact on intestinal barrier function and the composition and functional properties of commensal bacterial communities. Shifts of the fecal virome might be involved in human diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Loss-of-function variants in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) gene are associated with an increased risk of developing Crohn's disease, a subtype of human chronic IBD, where specific changes in fecal viral communities have also been described. To improve our understanding of the dynamics of the enteric virome, we longitudinally characterized the virome in fecal samples from wild-type C57BL/6J and NOD2 knock-out mice in response to an antibiotic perturbation. Sequencing of virus-like particles demonstrated both a high diversity and high interindividual variation of the murine fecal virome composed of eukaryotic viruses and bacteriophages. Antibiotics had a significant impact on the fecal murine virome. Viral community composition only partially recovered in the observation period (10 weeks after cessation of antibiotics) irrespective of genotype. However, compositional shifts in the virome and bacteriome were highly correlated, suggesting that the loss of specific phages may contribute to prolonged dysregulation of the bacterial community composition. We suggest that therapeutic interference with the fecal virome may represent a novel approach in microbiota-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Moltzau Anderson
- Present address for Jacqueline Moltzau Anderson: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 94117 San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Simone Lipinski
- Present address for Simone Lipinski: University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein, University Medical Center Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maren Falk-Paulsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Corresponding author: Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian-Albrechts-University (CAU) Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel 24105, Germany.
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Gao J, Zhao X, Hu S, Huang Z, Hu M, Jin S, Lu B, Sun K, Wang Z, Fu J, Weersma RK, He X, Zhou H. Gut microbial DL-endopeptidase alleviates Crohn's disease via the NOD2 pathway. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1435-1449.e9. [PMID: 36049483 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pattern-recognition receptor NOD2 senses bacterial muropeptides to regulate host immunity and maintain homeostasis. Loss-of-function mutations in NOD2 are associated with Crohn's disease (CD), but how the variations in microbial factors influence NOD2 signaling and host pathology is elusive. We demonstrate that the Firmicutes peptidoglycan remodeling enzyme, DL-endopeptidase, increased the NOD2 ligand level in the gut and impacted colitis outcomes. Metagenomic analyses of global cohorts (n = 857) revealed that DL-endopeptidase gene abundance decreased globally in CD patients and negatively correlated with colitis. Fecal microbiota from CD patients with low DL-endopeptidase activity predisposed mice to colitis. Administering DL-endopeptidase, but not an active site mutant, alleviated colitis via the NOD2 pathway. Therapeutically restoring NOD2 ligands with a DL-endopeptidase-producing Lactobacillus salivarius strain or mifamurtide, a clinical analog of muramyl dipeptide, exerted potent anti-colitis effects. Our study suggests that the depletion of DL-endopeptidase contributes to CD pathogenesis through NOD2 signaling, providing a therapeutically modifiable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Xinmei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Shixian Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Zhenhe Huang
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Mengyao Hu
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Shaoqin Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Bingyun Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands.
| | - Xiaolong He
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China; Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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50
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Chen Q, Zhang Q, Cao P, Shi C, Zhang L, Wang L, Gong Z. NOD2-mediated HDAC6/NF-κb signalling pathway regulates ferroptosis induced by extracellular histone H3 in acute liver failure. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5528-5538. [PMID: 36226351 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is life-threatening and often associated with high mortality rates. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether extracellular histone H3 could induce ferroptosis in hepatic macrophages in ALF and explore its potential mechanism. RAW264.7 macrophages and C57BL/6 mice were used in this study. LPS, D-galactosamine (D-Gal), histone H3, histone H3 antibody, NOD2 agonist Muramyl Dipeptide (MDP) and HDAC6-siRNA were administered in this study. The key molecules of ferroptosis, NOD2, HDAC6 and the NF-κb pathway, were detected. In vitro, histone H3 was released into the extracellular environment from cell nucleus after LPS exposure. In addition, histone H3 could induce ferroptosis in RAW264.7 macrophages with increased level of Fe2+ and ROS and decreased levels of GPX4 and GSH. MDP further aggravated ferroptosis in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by histone H3, which was accompanied by elevated NOD2, HDAC6, p-P65 and IκBα. HDAC6-siRNA ameliorated ferroptosis in RAW264.7 macrophages induced by histone H3, which was accompanied by decreased levels of HDAC6, p-P65 and IκBα. However, HDAC6-siRNA did not alter NOD2 levels in RAW264.7 macrophages administered histone H3. In vivo, the levels of NOD2, HDAC6 the NF-κb pathway and ferroptosis were increased in ALF mice, which were downregulated by histone H3 antibody and upregulated by histone H3. Extracellular histone H3 could induce ferroptosis in hepatic macrophages in ALF by regulating theNOD2-mediated HDAC6/NF-κb signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxia Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luyi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luwen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuojiong Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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