1
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Podkowik M, Perault AI, Putzel G, Pountain A, Kim J, DuMont AL, Zwack EE, Ulrich RJ, Karagounis TK, Zhou C, Haag AF, Shenderovich J, Wasserman GA, Kwon J, Chen J, Richardson AR, Weiser JN, Nowosad CR, Lun DS, Parker D, Pironti A, Zhao X, Drlica K, Yanai I, Torres VJ, Shopsin B. Quorum-sensing agr system of Staphylococcus aureus primes gene expression for protection from lethal oxidative stress. eLife 2024; 12:RP89098. [PMID: 38687677 PMCID: PMC11060713 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The agr quorum-sensing system links Staphylococcus aureus metabolism to virulence, in part by increasing bacterial survival during exposure to lethal concentrations of H2O2, a crucial host defense against S. aureus. We now report that protection by agr surprisingly extends beyond post-exponential growth to the exit from stationary phase when the agr system is no longer turned on. Thus, agr can be considered a constitutive protective factor. Deletion of agr resulted in decreased ATP levels and growth, despite increased rates of respiration or fermentation at appropriate oxygen tensions, suggesting that Δagr cells undergo a shift towards a hyperactive metabolic state in response to diminished metabolic efficiency. As expected from increased respiratory gene expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated more in the agr mutant than in wild-type cells, thereby explaining elevated susceptibility of Δagr strains to lethal H2O2 doses. Increased survival of wild-type agr cells during H2O2 exposure required sodA, which detoxifies superoxide. Additionally, pretreatment of S. aureus with respiration-reducing menadione protected Δagr cells from killing by H2O2. Thus, genetic deletion and pharmacologic experiments indicate that agr helps control endogenous ROS, thereby providing resilience against exogenous ROS. The long-lived 'memory' of agr-mediated protection, which is uncoupled from agr activation kinetics, increased hematogenous dissemination to certain tissues during sepsis in ROS-producing, wild-type mice but not ROS-deficient (Cybb-/-) mice. These results demonstrate the importance of protection that anticipates impending ROS-mediated immune attack. The ubiquity of quorum sensing suggests that it protects many bacterial species from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Podkowik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Andrew I Perault
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gregory Putzel
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Andrew Pountain
- Institute for Systems Genetics; NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkUnited States
| | - Ashley L DuMont
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Erin E Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Robert J Ulrich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Theodora K Karagounis
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology; NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Andreas F Haag
- School of Medicine, University of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Julia Shenderovich
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gregory A Wasserman
- Department of Surgery, Northwell Health Lenox Hill HospitalNew YorkUnited States
| | - Junbeom Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - John Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Anthony R Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Jeffrey N Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Carla R Nowosad
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Desmond S Lun
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Department of Computer Science, Rutgers UniversityCamdenUnited States
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkUnited States
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Xilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Karl Drlica
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNew YprkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNewarkUnited States
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Systems Genetics; NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Victor J Torres
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
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2
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Ulrich RJ, Podkowik M, Tierce R, Irnov I, Putzel G, Samhadaneh N, Lacey KA, Boff D, Morales SM, Makita S, Karagounis TK, Zwack EE, Zhou C, Kim R, Drlica K, Pironti A, van Bakel H, Torres VJ, Shopsin B. Prophage-encoded methyltransferase drives adaptation of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.17.589803. [PMID: 38659881 PMCID: PMC11042277 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.17.589803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We recently described the evolution of a community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) USA300 variant responsible for an outbreak of skin and soft tissue infections. Acquisition of a mosaic version of the Φ11 prophage (mΦ11) that increases skin abscess size was an early step in CA-MRSA adaptation that primed the successful spread of the clone. The present report shows how prophage mΦ11 exerts its effect on virulence for skin infection without encoding a known toxin or fitness genes. Abscess size and skin inflammation were associated with DNA methylase activity of an mΦ11-encoded adenine methyltransferase (designated pamA). pamA increased expression of fibronectin-binding protein A (fnbA; FnBPA), and inactivation of fnbA eliminated the effect of pamA on abscess virulence without affecting strains lacking pamA. Thus, fnbA is a pamA-specific virulence factor. Mechanistically, pamA was shown to promote biofilm formation in vivo in skin abscesses, a phenotype linked to FnBPA's role in biofilm formation. Collectively, these data reveal a novel mechanism-epigenetic regulation of staphylococcal gene expression-by which phage can regulate virulence to drive adaptive leaps by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Ulrich
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Tierce
- Division of Comparative Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irnov Irnov
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Putzel
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nora Samhadaneh
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keenan A. Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daiane Boff
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina M. Morales
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sohei Makita
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theodora K. Karagounis
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin E. Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randie Kim
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karl Drlica
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Podkowik M, Perault AI, Putzel G, Pountain A, Kim J, Dumont A, Zwack E, Ulrich RJ, Karagounis TK, Zhou C, Haag AF, Shenderovich J, Wasserman GA, Kwon J, Chen J, Richardson AR, Weiser JN, Nowosad CR, Lun DS, Parker D, Pironti A, Zhao X, Drlica K, Yanai I, Torres VJ, Shopsin B. Quorum-sensing agr system of Staphylococcus aureus primes gene expression for protection from lethal oxidative stress. bioRxiv 2024:2023.06.08.544038. [PMID: 37333372 PMCID: PMC10274873 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The agr quorum-sensing system links Staphylococcus aureus metabolism to virulence, in part by increasing bacterial survival during exposure to lethal concentrations of H2O2, a crucial host defense against S. aureus. We now report that protection by agr surprisingly extends beyond post-exponential growth to the exit from stationary phase when the agr system is no longer turned on. Thus, agr can be considered a constitutive protective factor. Deletion of agr increased both respiration and fermentation but decreased ATP levels and growth, suggesting that Δagr cells assume a hyperactive metabolic state in response to reduced metabolic efficiency. As expected from increased respiratory gene expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated more in the agr mutant than in wild-type cells, thereby explaining elevated susceptibility of Δagr strains to lethal H2O2 doses. Increased survival of wild-type agr cells during H2O2 exposure required sodA, which detoxifies superoxide. Additionally, pretreatment of S. aureus with respiration-reducing menadione protected Δagr cells from killing by H2O2. Thus, genetic deletion and pharmacologic experiments indicate that agr helps control endogenous ROS, thereby providing resilience against exogenous ROS. The long-lived "memory" of agr-mediated protection, which is uncoupled from agr activation kinetics, increased hematogenous dissemination to certain tissues during sepsis in ROS-producing, wild-type mice but not ROS-deficient (Nox2-/-) mice. These results demonstrate the importance of protection that anticipates impending ROS-mediated immune attack. The ubiquity of quorum sensing suggests that it protects many bacterial species from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Podkowik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew I. Perault
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Putzel
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Pountain
- Institute for Systems Genetics; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ashley Dumont
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert J. Ulrich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theodora K. Karagounis
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andreas F. Haag
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Julia Shenderovich
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Junbeom Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony R. Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carla R. Nowosad
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Desmond S. Lun
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Karl Drlica
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Systems Genetics; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Savin A, Anderson EE, Dyzenhaus S, Podkowik M, Shopsin B, Pironti A, Torres VJ. Staphylococcus aureus senses human neutrophils via PerR to coordinate the expression of the toxin LukAB. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0052623. [PMID: 38235972 PMCID: PMC10863418 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00526-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive pathogen that poses a major health concern, in part due to its large array of virulence factors that allow infection and evasion of the immune system. One of these virulence factors is the bicomponent pore-forming leukocidin LukAB. The regulation of lukAB expression is not completely understood, especially in the presence of immune cells such as human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (hPMNs). Here, we screened for transcriptional regulators of lukAB during the infection of primary hPMNs. We uncovered that PerR, a peroxide sensor, is vital for hPMN-mediated induction of lukAB and that PerR upregulates cytotoxicity during the infection of hPMNs. Exposure of S. aureus to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) alone also results in increased lukAB promoter activity, a phenotype dependent on PerR. Collectively, our data suggest that S. aureus uses PerR to sense the H2O2 produced by hPMNs to stimulate the expression of lukAB, allowing the bacteria to withstand these critical innate immune cells.IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus utilizes a diverse set of virulence factors, such as leukocidins, to subvert human neutrophils, but how these toxins are regulated is incompletely defined. Here, we identified the peroxide-sensitive repressor, PerR, as a required protein involved in the induction of lukAB in the presence of primary human neutrophils, a phenotype directly linked to the ability of PerR to sense H2O2. Thus, we show that S. aureus coordinates sensing and resistance to oxidative stress with toxin production to promote pathogen survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Savin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Exene E. Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sophie Dyzenhaus
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Pountain AW, Jiang P, Yao T, Homaee E, Guan Y, McDonald KJC, Podkowik M, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Golding I, Yanai I. Transcription-replication interactions reveal bacterial genome regulation. Nature 2024; 626:661-669. [PMID: 38267581 PMCID: PMC10923101 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06974-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Organisms determine the transcription rates of thousands of genes through a few modes of regulation that recur across the genome1. In bacteria, the relationship between the regulatory architecture of a gene and its expression is well understood for individual model gene circuits2,3. However, a broader perspective of these dynamics at the genome scale is lacking, in part because bacterial transcriptomics has hitherto captured only a static snapshot of expression averaged across millions of cells4. As a result, the full diversity of gene expression dynamics and their relation to regulatory architecture remains unknown. Here we present a novel genome-wide classification of regulatory modes based on the transcriptional response of each gene to its own replication, which we term the transcription-replication interaction profile (TRIP). Analysing single-bacterium RNA-sequencing data, we found that the response to the universal perturbation of chromosomal replication integrates biological regulatory factors with biophysical molecular events on the chromosome to reveal the local regulatory context of a gene. Whereas the TRIPs of many genes conform to a gene dosage-dependent pattern, others diverge in distinct ways, and this is shaped by factors such as intra-operon position and repression state. By revealing the underlying mechanistic drivers of gene expression heterogeneity, this work provides a quantitative, biophysical framework for modelling replication-dependent expression dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Pountain
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peien Jiang
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tianyou Yao
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ehsan Homaee
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yichao Guan
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kevin J C McDonald
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ido Golding
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Gonzalez JJI, Hossain MF, Neef J, Zwack EE, Tsai CM, Raafat D, Fechtner K, Herzog L, Kohler TP, Schlüter R, Reder A, Holtfreter S, Liu GY, Hammerschmidt S, Völker U, Torres VJ, van Dijl JM, Lillig CH, Bröker BM, Darisipudi MN. TLR4 sensing of IsdB of Staphylococcus aureus induces a proinflammatory cytokine response via the NLRP3-caspase-1 inflammasome cascade. mBio 2024; 15:e0022523. [PMID: 38112465 PMCID: PMC10790753 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00225-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is of global concern, and vaccines are urgently needed. The iron-regulated surface determinant protein B (IsdB) of S. aureus was investigated as a vaccine candidate because of its essential role in bacterial iron acquisition but failed in clinical trials despite strong immunogenicity. Here, we reveal an unexpected second function for IsdB in pathogen-host interaction: the bacterial fitness factor IsdB triggers a strong inflammatory response in innate immune cells via Toll-like receptor 4 and the inflammasome, thus acting as a novel pathogen-associated molecular pattern of S. aureus. Our discovery contributes to a better understanding of how S. aureus modulates the immune response, which is necessary for vaccine development against the sophisticated pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Faruq Hossain
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jolanda Neef
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erin E. Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dina Raafat
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kevin Fechtner
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luise Herzog
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas P. Kohler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Reder
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - George Y. Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher H. Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Murty N. Darisipudi
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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7
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Anderson EE, Ilmain JK, Torres VJ. SarS and Rot are necessary for the repression of lukED and lukSF-PV in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0165623. [PMID: 37800956 PMCID: PMC10715151 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01656-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The leukocidins play an important role in disarming the host immune system and promoting infection. While both SarS and Rot have been established as repressors of leukocidins, the importance of each repressor in infection is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that repression by SarS and Rot is not additive and show that in addition to upregulating expression of each other, they are also able to bind concurrently to the leukocidin promoters. These findings suggest that both repressors are necessary for maximal repression of lukED and lukSF-PV and illuminate another complex relationship among Staphylococcus aureus virulence regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Exene E. Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juliana K. Ilmain
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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8
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Ilmain JK, Perelman SS, Panepinto MC, Irnov I, Coudray N, Samhadaneh N, Pironti A, Ueberheide B, Ekiert DC, Bhabha G, Torres VJ. Unlatching of the stem domains in the Staphylococcus aureus pore-forming leukocidin LukAB influences toxin oligomerization. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105321. [PMID: 37802313 PMCID: PMC10665946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a serious global pathogen that causes a diverse range of invasive diseases. S. aureus utilizes a family of pore-forming toxins, known as bi-component leukocidins, to evade the host immune response and promote infection. Among these is LukAB (leukocidin A/leukocidin B), a toxin that assembles into an octameric β-barrel pore in the target cell membrane, resulting in host cell death. The established cellular receptor for LukAB is CD11b of the Mac-1 complex. Here, we show that hydrogen voltage-gated channel 1 is also required for the cytotoxicity of all major LukAB variants. We demonstrate that while each receptor is sufficient to recruit LukAB to the plasma membrane, both receptors are required for maximal lytic activity. Why LukAB requires two receptors, and how each of these receptors contributes to pore-formation remains unknown. To begin to resolve this, we performed an alanine scanning mutagenesis screen to identify mutations that allow LukAB to maintain cytotoxicity without CD11b. We discovered 30 mutations primarily localized in the stem domains of LukA and LukB that enable LukAB to exhibit full cytotoxicity in the absence of CD11b. Using crosslinking, electron microscopy, and hydroxyl radical protein footprinting, we show these mutations increase the solvent accessibility of the stem domain, priming LukAB for oligomerization. Together, our data support a model in which CD11b binding unlatches the membrane penetrating stem domains of LukAB, and this change in flexibility promotes toxin oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana K Ilmain
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sofya S Perelman
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria C Panepinto
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Irnov Irnov
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicolas Coudray
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nora Samhadaneh
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Damian C Ekiert
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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9
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Jang KK, Heaney T, London M, Ding Y, Putzel G, Yeung F, Ercelen D, Chen YH, Axelrad J, Gurunathan S, Zhou C, Podkowik M, Arguelles N, Srivastava A, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Keestra-Gounder AM, Pironti A, Griffin ME, Hang HC, Cadwell K. Antimicrobial overproduction sustains intestinal inflammation by inhibiting Enterococcus colonization. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1450-1468.e8. [PMID: 37652008 PMCID: PMC10502928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Loss of antimicrobial proteins such as REG3 family members compromises the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Here, we demonstrate that overproduction of REG3 proteins can also be detrimental by reducing a protective species in the microbiota. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experiencing flares displayed heightened levels of secreted REG3 proteins that mediated depletion of Enterococcus faecium (Efm) from the gut microbiota. Efm inoculation of mice ameliorated intestinal inflammation through activation of the innate immune receptor NOD2, which was associated with the bacterial DL-endopeptidase SagA that generates NOD2-stimulating muropeptides. NOD2 activation in myeloid cells induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion to increase the proportion of IL-22-producing CD4+ T helper cells and innate lymphoid cells that promote tissue repair. Finally, Efm was unable to protect mice carrying a NOD2 gene variant commonly found in IBD patients. Our findings demonstrate that inflammation self-perpetuates by causing aberrant antimicrobial activity that disrupts symbiotic relationships with gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ku Jang
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas Heaney
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mariya London
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Gregory Putzel
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Frank Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Defne Ercelen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying-Han Chen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jordan Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sakteesh Gurunathan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Chaoting Zhou
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Natalia Arguelles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anusha Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - A Marijke Keestra-Gounder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matthew E Griffin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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Loredan DG, Devlin JC, Lacey KA, Howard N, Chen Z, Zwack EE, Lin JD, Ruggles KV, Khanna KM, Torres VJ, Loke P. Single-Cell Analysis of CX3CR1+ Cells Reveals a Pathogenic Role for BIRC5+ Myeloid Proliferating Cells Driven by Staphylococcus aureus Leukotoxins. J Immunol 2023; 211:836-843. [PMID: 37466391 PMCID: PMC10450158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies identified a population of stem cell-like proliferating myeloid cells within inflamed tissues that could serve as a reservoir for tissue macrophages to adopt different activation states depending on the microenvironment. By lineage-tracing cells derived from CX3CR1+ precursors in mice during infection and profiling by single-cell RNA sequencing, in this study, we identify a cluster of BIRC5+ myeloid cells that expanded in the liver during chronic infection with either the parasite Schistosoma mansoni or the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. In the absence of tissue-damaging toxins, S. aureus infection does not elicit these BIRC5+ cells. Moreover, deletion of BIRC5 from CX3CR1-expressing cells results in improved survival during S. aureus infection. Hence the combination of single-cell RNA sequencing and genetic fate-mapping CX3CR1+ cells revealed a toxin-dependent pathogenic role for BIRC5 in myeloid cells during S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis G. Loredan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Joseph C. Devlin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Keenan A. Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Nina Howard
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Erin E. Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jian-Da Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Center for Computational and Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kelly V. Ruggles
- Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Division of Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kamal M. Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - P’ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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11
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Robertson A, Sall J, Venzon M, Olivas JJ, Zheng X, Cammer M, Antao N, Zhou C, Devlin JC, Saes Thur R, Bethony J, Nejsum P, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Liang FX, Cadwell K. Bacterial contact induces polar plug disintegration to mediate whipworm egg hatching. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011647. [PMID: 37738244 PMCID: PMC10550136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial microbiota promotes the life cycle of the intestine-dwelling whipworm Trichuris by mediating hatching of parasite eggs ingested by the mammalian host. Despite the enormous disease burden associated with Trichuris colonization, the mechanisms underlying this transkingdom interaction have been obscure. Here, we used a multiscale microscopy approach to define the structural events associated with bacteria-mediated hatching of eggs for the murine model parasite Trichuris muris. Through the combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and serial block face SEM (SBFSEM), we visualized the outer surface morphology of the shell and generated 3D structures of the egg and larva during the hatching process. These images revealed that exposure to hatching-inducing bacteria catalyzed asymmetric degradation of the polar plugs prior to exit by the larva. Unrelated bacteria induced similar loss of electron density and dissolution of the structural integrity of the plugs. Egg hatching was most efficient when high densities of bacteria were bound to the poles. Consistent with the ability of taxonomically distant bacteria to induce hatching, additional results suggest chitinase released from larva within the eggs degrade the plugs from the inside instead of enzymes produced by bacteria in the external environment. These findings define at ultrastructure resolution the evolutionary adaptation of a parasite for the microbe-rich environment of the mammalian gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amicha Robertson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sall
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York New York, United States of America
| | - Mericien Venzon
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Janet J. Olivas
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xuhui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York New York, United States of America
| | - Noelle Antao
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York New York, United States of America
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph C. Devlin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rafaela Saes Thur
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York New York, United States of America
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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12
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Shahi I, Dongas SA, Ilmain JK, Torres VJ, Ratner AJ. Characterization of tigurilysin, a novel human CD59-specific cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, reveals a role for host specificity in augmenting toxin activity. Microbiology (Reading) 2023; 169:001393. [PMID: 37702594 PMCID: PMC10569062 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are a large family of pore-forming toxins, produced by numerous Gram-positive pathogens. CDCs depend on host membrane cholesterol for pore formation; some CDCs also require surface-associated human CD59 (hCD59) for binding, conferring specificity for human cells. We purified a recombinant version of a putative CDC encoded in the genome of Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus, tigurilysin (TGY), and used CRISPR/Cas9 to construct hCD59 knockout (KO) HeLa and JEG-3 cell lines. Cell viability assays with TGY on wild-type and hCD59 KO cells showed that TGY is a hCD59-dependent CDC. Two variants of TGY exist among S. oralis subsp. tigurinus genomes, only one of which is functional. We discovered that a single amino acid change between these two TGY variants determines its activity. Flow cytometry and oligomerization Western blots revealed that the single amino acid difference between the two TGY isoforms disrupts host cell binding and oligomerization. Furthermore, experiments with hCD59 KO cells and cholesterol-depleted cells demonstrated that TGY is fully dependent on both hCD59 and cholesterol for activity, unlike other known hCD59-dependent CDCs. Using full-length CDCs and toxin constructs differing only in the binding domain, we determined that having hCD59 dependence leads to increased lysis efficiency, conferring a potential advantage to organisms producing hCD59-dependent CDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Shahi
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophia A. Dongas
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juliana K. Ilmain
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam J. Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Shahi I, Dongas SA, Ilmain JK, Torres VJ, Ratner AJ. Characterization of Tigurilysin, a Novel Human CD59-Specific Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysin, Reveals a Role for Host Specificity in Augmenting Toxin Activity. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.21.545930. [PMID: 37546867 PMCID: PMC10401958 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.21.545930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are a large family of pore forming toxins, produced by numerous gram-positive pathogens. CDCs depend on host membrane cholesterol for pore formation; some CDCs also require surface associated human CD59 (hCD59) for binding, conferring specificity for human cells. We purified a recombinant version of a putative CDC encoded in the genome of Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus , tigurilysin (TGY), and used CRISPR/Cas9 to construct hCD59 knockout (KO) HeLa and JEG-3 cell lines. Cell viability assays with TGY on WT and hCD59 KO cells showed that TGY is a hCD59-dependent CDC. Two variants of TGY exist among S. oralis subsp. tigurinus genomes, only one of which is functional. We discovered that a single amino acid change between these two TGY variants determines its activity. Flow cytometry and oligomerization western blots revealed that the single amino acid difference between the two TGY isoforms disrupts host cell binding and oligomerization. Furthermore, experiments with hCD59 KO cells and cholesterol depleted cells demonstrated that TGY is fully dependent on both hCD59 and cholesterol for activity, unlike other known hCD59-dependent CDCs. Using full-length CDCs and toxin constructs differing only in the binding domain, we determined that having hCD59-dependence leads to increased lysis efficiency, conferring a potential advantage to organisms producing hCD59-dependent CDCs. IMPORTANCE Cholesterol dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are produced by a variety of disease-causing bacteria, and may play a significant role in pathogenesis. Understanding CDC mechanisms of action provides useful information for developing anti-virulence strategies against bacteria that utilize CDCs and other pore-forming toxins in pathogenesis. This study describes for the first time a novel human-specific CDC with an atypical pore forming mechanism compared to known CDCs. In addition, this study demonstrates that human-specificity potentially confers increased lytic efficiency to CDCs. These data provide a possible explanation for the selective advantage of developing hCD59-dependency in CDCs and the consequent host restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Shahi
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New York, NY
| | - Sophia A. Dongas
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New York, NY
| | - Juliana K. Ilmain
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY
| | - Victor J. Torres
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY
| | - Adam J. Ratner
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New York, NY
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY
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14
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Chen YH, Yeung F, Lacey KA, Zaldana K, Lin JD, Bee GCW, McCauley C, Barre RS, Liang SH, Hansen CB, Downie AE, Tio K, Weiser JN, Torres VJ, Bennett RJ, Loke P, Graham AL, Cadwell K. Rewilding of laboratory mice enhances granulopoiesis and immunity through intestinal fungal colonization. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadd6910. [PMID: 37352372 PMCID: PMC10350741 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add6910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The paucity of blood granulocyte populations such as neutrophils in laboratory mice is a notable difference between this model organism and humans, but the cause of this species-specific difference is unclear. We previously demonstrated that laboratory mice released into a seminatural environment, referred to as rewilding, display an increase in blood granulocytes that is associated with expansion of fungi in the gut microbiota. Here, we find that tonic signals from fungal colonization induce sustained granulopoiesis through a mechanism distinct from emergency granulopoiesis, leading to a prolonged expansion of circulating neutrophils that promotes immunity. Fungal colonization after either rewilding or oral inoculation of laboratory mice with Candida albicans induced persistent expansion of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow. This increase in granulopoiesis conferred greater long-term protection from bloodstream infection by gram-positive bacteria than by the trained immune response evoked by transient exposure to the fungal cell wall component β-glucan. Consequently, introducing fungi into laboratory mice may restore aspects of leukocyte development and provide a better model for humans and free-living mammals that are constantly exposed to environmental fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Han Chen
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute
| | - Frank Yeung
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute
| | - Keenan A. Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kimberly Zaldana
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute
| | - Jian-Da Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Gavyn Chern Wei Bee
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Caroline McCauley
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ramya S. Barre
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shen-Huan Liang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Christina B. Hansen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexander E Downie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kyle Tio
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute
| | - Jeffrey N. Weiser
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard J. Bennett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrea L. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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15
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Lacey KA, Serpas L, Makita S, Wang Y, Rashidfarrokhi A, Soni C, Gonzalez S, Moreira A, Torres VJ, Reizis B. Secreted mammalian DNases protect against systemic bacterial infection by digesting biofilms. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221086. [PMID: 36928522 PMCID: PMC10037111 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular DNase DNASE1L3 maintains tolerance to self-DNA in humans and mice, whereas the role of its homolog DNASE1 remains controversial, and the overall function of secreted DNases in immunity is unclear. We report that deletion of murine DNASE1 neither caused autoreactivity in isolation nor exacerbated lupus-like disease in DNASE1L3-deficient mice. However, combined deficiency of DNASE1 and DNASE1L3 rendered mice susceptible to bloodstream infection with Staphylococcus aureus. DNASE1/DNASE1L3 double-deficient mice mounted a normal innate response to S. aureus and did not accumulate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, their kidneys manifested severe pathology, increased bacterial burden, and biofilm-like bacterial lesions that contained bacterial DNA and excluded neutrophils. Furthermore, systemic administration of recombinant DNASE1 protein during S. aureus infection rescued the mortality of DNase-deficient mice and ameliorated the disease in wild-type mice. Thus, DNASE1 and DNASE1L3 jointly facilitate the control of bacterial infection by digesting extracellular microbial DNA in biofilms, suggesting the original evolutionary function of secreted DNases as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan A. Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lee Serpas
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sohei Makita
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yueyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ali Rashidfarrokhi
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chetna Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andre Moreira
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Ching KL, Torres VJ, Cadwell K. Defensosomes: a new role for autophagy proteins in innate immune defense. Autophagy 2023; 19:1887-1889. [PMID: 36409156 PMCID: PMC10262796 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2146894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the contribution of exosomes to immunity, inflammation and host-pathogen interaction have been appreciated. Exosomes are small secreted extracellular vesicles from endosomal origin that contain a myriad of cellular molecules (protein, nucleic acids), including surface receptors. We have reported a pathogen-induced and macroautophagy/autophagy-dependent class of exosomes coined as "defensosomes", which protect the host from membrane-targeting toxins. In a recent study, we found that defensosomes decorated with ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 cellular receptor, are produced in the lungs of patients with COVID-19, and that increased concentration of ACE2-loaded defensosomes is associated with decreased hospitalization length. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 induces the production of ACE2-coated defensosomes, a process requiring the autophagy machinery, which in turn binds and neutralizes the virus. We propose that defensosomes represent a new form of autophagy-mediated innate immunity that contributes to the host's armamentarium against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal L. Ching
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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17
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St. John A, Perault AI, Giacometti SI, Sommerfield AG, DuMont AL, Lacey KA, Zheng X, Sproch J, Petzold C, Dancel-Manning K, Gonzalez S, Annavajhala M, Beckford C, Zeitouni N, Liang FX, van Bakel H, Shopsin B, Uhlemann AC, Pironti A, Torres VJ. Capsular Polysaccharide Is Essential for the Virulence of the Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogen Enterobacter hormaechei. mBio 2023; 14:e0259022. [PMID: 36779722 PMCID: PMC10127600 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02590-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) pathogens are on the rise. However, the virulence strategies employed by these pathogens remain elusive. Here, we study the interaction of ECC clinical isolates with human serum to define how this pathogen evades the antimicrobial action of complement, one of the first lines of host-mediated immune defense. We identified a small number of serum-sensitive strains, including Enterobacter hormaechei strain NR3055, which we exploited for the in vitro selection of serum-resistant clones. Comparative genomics between the serum-sensitive NR3055 strain and the isolated serum-resistant clones revealed a premature stop codon in the wzy gene of the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis locus of NR3055. The complementation of wzy conferred serum resistance to NR3055, prevented the deposition of complement proteins on the bacterial surface, inhibited phagocytosis by human neutrophils, and rendered the bacteria virulent in a mouse model of peritonitis. Mice exposed to a nonlethal dose of encapsulated NR3055 were protected from subsequent lethal infections by encapsulated NR3055, whereas mice that were previously exposed to unencapsulated NR3055 succumbed to infection. Thus, capsule is a key immune evasion determinant for E. hormaechei, and it is a potential target for prophylactics and therapeutics to combat these increasingly MDR human pathogens. IMPORTANCE Infections caused by antimicrobial resistant bacteria are of increasing concern, especially those due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae pathogens. Included in this group are species of the Enterobacter cloacae complex, regarding which there is a paucity of knowledge on the infection biology of the pathogens, despite their clinical relevance. In this study, we combine techniques in comparative genomics, bacterial genetics, and diverse models of infection to establish capsule as an important mechanism of Enterobacter pathogens to resist the antibacterial activity of serum, a first line of host defense against bacterial infections. We also show that immune memory targeting the Enterobacter capsule protects against lethal infection. The further characterization of Enterobacter infection biology and the immune response to infection are needed for the development of therapies and preventative interventions targeting these highly antibiotic resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia St. John
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew I. Perault
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sabrina I. Giacometti
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexis G. Sommerfield
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley L. DuMont
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keenan A. Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xuhui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia Sproch
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chris Petzold
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristen Dancel-Manning
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandra Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Medini Annavajhala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Colleen Beckford
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nathalie Zeitouni
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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18
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Buckley PT, Chan R, Fernandez J, Luo J, Lacey KA, DuMont AL, O'Malley A, Brezski RJ, Zheng S, Malia T, Whitaker B, Zwolak A, Payne A, Clark D, Sigg M, Lacy ER, Kornilova A, Kwok D, McCarthy S, Wu B, Morrow B, Nemeth-Seay J, Petley T, Wu S, Strohl WR, Lynch AS, Torres VJ. Multivalent human antibody-centyrin fusion protein to prevent and treat Staphylococcus aureus infections. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:751-765.e11. [PMID: 37098341 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Treating and preventing infections by antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens is a worldwide problem. Pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus produce an array of virulence determinants, making it difficult to identify single targets for the development of vaccines or monoclonal therapies. We described a human-derived anti-S. aureus monoclonal antibody (mAb)-centyrin fusion protein ("mAbtyrin") that simultaneously targets multiple bacterial adhesins, resists proteolysis by bacterial protease GluV8, avoids Fc engagement by S. aureus IgG-binding proteins SpA and Sbi, and neutralizes pore-forming leukocidins via fusion with anti-toxin centyrins, while maintaining Fc- and complement-mediated functions. Compared with the parental mAb, mAbtyrin protected human phagocytes and boosted phagocyte-mediated killing. The mAbtyrin also reduced pathology, reduced bacterial burden, and protected from different types of infections in preclinical animal models. Finally, mAbtyrin synergized with vancomycin, enhancing pathogen clearance in an animal model of bacteremia. Altogether, these data establish the potential of multivalent mAbs for treating and preventing S. aureus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Buckley
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA.
| | - Rita Chan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jeffrey Fernandez
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Jinquan Luo
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Keenan A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ashley L DuMont
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aidan O'Malley
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Randall J Brezski
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Songmao Zheng
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Malia
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Brian Whitaker
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Adam Zwolak
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Angela Payne
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Desmond Clark
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Martin Sigg
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Eilyn R Lacy
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Anna Kornilova
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Debra Kwok
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Steve McCarthy
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Bingyuan Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Brian Morrow
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Ted Petley
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Sam Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - William R Strohl
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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19
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Anderson EE, Dyzenhaus S, Ilmain JK, Sullivan MJ, van Bakel H, Torres VJ. SarS Is a Repressor of Staphylococcus aureus Bicomponent Pore-Forming Leukocidins. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0053222. [PMID: 36939325 PMCID: PMC10112191 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00532-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a successful pathogen that produces a wide range of virulence factors that it uses to subvert and suppress the immune system. These include the bicomponent pore-forming leukocidins. How the expression of these toxins is regulated is not completely understood. Here, we describe a screen to identify transcription factors involved in the regulation of leukocidins. The most prominent discovery from this screen is that SarS, a known transcription factor which had previously been described as a repressor of alpha-toxin expression, was found to be a potent repressor of leukocidins LukED and LukSF-PV. We found that inactivating sarS resulted in increased virulence both in an ex vivo model using primary human neutrophils and in an in vivo infection model in mice. Further experimentation revealed that SarS represses leukocidins by serving as an activator of Rot, a critical repressor of toxins, as well as by directly binding and repressing the leukocidin promoters. By studying contemporary clinical isolates, we identified naturally occurring mutations in the sarS promoter that resulted in overexpression of sarS and increased repression of leukocidins in USA300 bloodstream clinical isolates. Overall, these data establish SarS as an important repressor of leukocidins and expand our understanding of how these virulence factors are being regulated in vitro and in vivo by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Exene E. Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sophie Dyzenhaus
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juliana K. Ilmain
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Sullivan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Yeo WS, Dyzenhaus S, Torres VJ, Brinsmade SR, Bae T. Regulation of Bacterial Two-Component Systems by Cardiolipin. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0004623. [PMID: 36975788 PMCID: PMC10112254 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00046-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of membrane protein activity for cellular functions is critically dependent on the composition of phospholipid membranes. Cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid found in bacterial membranes and mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotes, plays a crucial role in stabilizing membrane proteins and maintaining their function. In the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, the SaeRS two-component system (TCS) controls the expression of key virulence factors essential for the bacterium's virulence. The SaeS sensor kinase activates the SaeR response regulator via phosphoryl transfer to bind its gene target promoters. In this study, we report that cardiolipin is critical for sustaining the full activity of SaeRS and other TCSs in S. aureus. The sensor kinase protein SaeS binds directly to cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol, enabling SaeS activity. Elimination of cardiolipin from the membrane reduces SaeS kinase activity, indicating that bacterial cardiolipin is necessary for modulating the kinase activities of SaeS and other sensor kinases during infection. Moreover, the deletion of cardiolipin synthase genes cls1 and cls2 leads to reduced cytotoxicity to human neutrophils and lower virulence in a mouse model of infection. These findings suggest a model where cardiolipin modulates the kinase activity of SaeS and other sensor kinases after infection to adapt to the hostile environment of the host and expand our knowledge of how phospholipids contribute to membrane protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Yeo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest, Gary, Indiana, USA
| | - Sophie Dyzenhaus
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Taeok Bae
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest, Gary, Indiana, USA
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21
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Pountain AW, Jiang P, Yao T, Homaee E, Guan Y, Podkowik M, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Golding I, Yanai I. Transcription-replication interactions reveal principles of bacterial genome regulation. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2724389. [PMID: 37034646 PMCID: PMC10081379 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2724389/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Organisms determine the transcription rates of thousands of genes through a few modes of regulation that recur across the genome1. These modes interact with a changing cellular environment to yield highly dynamic expression patterns2. In bacteria, the relationship between a gene's regulatory architecture and its expression is well understood for individual model gene circuits3,4. However, a broader perspective of these dynamics at the genome-scale is lacking, in part because bacterial transcriptomics have hitherto captured only a static snapshot of expression averaged across millions of cells5. As a result, the full diversity of gene expression dynamics and their relation to regulatory architecture remains unknown. Here we present a novel genome-wide classification of regulatory modes based on each gene's transcriptional response to its own replication, which we term the Transcription-Replication Interaction Profile (TRIP). We found that the response to the universal perturbation of chromosomal replication integrates biological regulatory factors with biophysical molecular events on the chromosome to reveal a gene's local regulatory context. While the TRIPs of many genes conform to a gene dosage-dependent pattern, others diverge in distinct ways, including altered timing or amplitude of expression, and this is shaped by factors such as intra-operon position, repression state, or presence on mobile genetic elements. Our transcriptome analysis also simultaneously captures global properties, such as the rates of replication and transcription, as well as the nestedness of replication patterns. This work challenges previous notions of the drivers of expression heterogeneity within a population of cells, and unearths a previously unseen world of gene transcription dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Pountain
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Peien Jiang
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tianyou Yao
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Ehsan Homaee
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Yichao Guan
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Ido Golding
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana,IL USA
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Robertson A, Sall J, Venzon M, Olivas JJ, Zheng X, Cammer M, Antao N, Thur RS, Bethony J, Nejsum P, Torres VJ, Liang FX, Cadwell K. Bacterial contact induces polar plug disintegration to mediate whipworm egg hatching. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.13.532458. [PMID: 36993552 PMCID: PMC10054943 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial microbiota promotes the life cycle of the intestine-dwelling whipworm Trichuris by mediating hatching of parasite eggs ingested by the mammalian host. Despite the enormous disease burden associated with Trichuris colonization, the mechanisms underlying this transkingdom interaction have been obscure. Here, we used a multiscale microscopy approach to define the structural events associated with bacteria-mediated hatching of eggs for the murine model parasite Trichuris muris . Through the combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and serial block face SEM (SBFSEM), we visualized the outer surface morphology of the shell and generated 3D structures of the egg and larva during the hatching process. These images revealed that exposure to hatching-inducing bacteria catalyzed asymmetric degradation of the polar plugs prior to exit by the larva. Although unrelated bacteria induced similar loss of electron density and dissolution of the structural integrity of the plugs, egg hatching was most efficient in the presence of bacteria that bound poles with high density such as Staphylococcus aureus . Consistent with the ability of taxonomically distant bacteria to induce hatching, additional results suggest chitinase released from larva within the eggs degrade the plugs from the inside instead of enzymes produced by bacteria in the external environment. These findings define at ultrastructure resolution the evolutionary adaptation of a parasite for the microbe-rich environment of the mammalian gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amicha Robertson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph Sall
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mericien Venzon
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Janet J. Olivas
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xuhui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Noelle Antao
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rafaela Saes Thur
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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23
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Loredan DG, Devlin JC, Lacey KA, Howard N, Chen Z, Zwack EE, Lin JD, Ruggles KV, Khanna KM, Torres VJ, Loke PN. Single-cell analysis of CX3CR1 + cells reveal a pathogenic role for BIRC5 + myeloid proliferating cells driven by Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxins. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.27.529760. [PMID: 36909517 PMCID: PMC10002671 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.529760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies identified a population of stem cell-like proliferating myeloid cells within inflamed tissues that could serve as a reservoir for tissue macrophages to adopt different activation states depending on the microenvironment. By lineage tracing cells derived from CX3CR1 + precursors in mice during infection and profiling by scRNA-seq, here we identify a cluster of BIRC5 + myeloid cells that expanded in the liver during either chronic infection with the parasite Schistosoma mansoni or the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus . In the absence of tissue damaging toxins, S. aureus infection does not elicit these BIRC5 + cells. Moreover, deletion of BIRC5 from CX3CR1 expressing cells results in improved survival during S. aureus infection. Hence, the combination of scRNA-Seq and genetic fate mapping CX3CR1 + cells revealed a toxin dependent pathogenic role for BIRC5 in myeloid cells during S. aureus infection.
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24
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Dyzenhaus S, Sullivan MJ, Alburquerque B, Boff D, van de Guchte A, Chung M, Fulmer Y, Copin R, Ilmain JK, O'Keefe A, Altman DR, Stubbe FX, Podkowik M, Dupper AC, Shopsin B, van Bakel H, Torres VJ. MRSA lineage USA300 isolated from bloodstream infections exhibit altered virulence regulation. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:228-242.e8. [PMID: 36681080 PMCID: PMC9911362 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) USA300 lineage has recently become a leading cause of hospital-associated bloodstream infections (BSIs). Here, we leveraged this recent introduction into hospitals and the limited genetic variation across USA300 isolates to identify mutations that contribute to its success in a new environment. We found that USA300 BSI isolates exhibit altered virulence regulation. Using comparative genomics to delineate the genes involved in this phenotype, we discovered repeated and independent mutations in the transcriptional regulator sarZ. Mutations in sarZ resulted in increased virulence of USA300 BSI isolates in a murine model of BSI. The sarZ mutations derepressed the expression and production of the surface protein ClfB, which was critical for the pathogenesis of USA300 BSI isolates. Altogether, these findings highlight ongoing evolution of a major MRSA lineage and suggest USA300 strains can optimize their fitness through altered regulation of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dyzenhaus
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mitchell J Sullivan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bremy Alburquerque
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daiane Boff
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana van de Guchte
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marilyn Chung
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yi Fulmer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard Copin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juliana K Ilmain
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anna O'Keefe
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Deena R Altman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - François-Xavier Stubbe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Amy C Dupper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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25
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Yeo WS, Dyzenhaus S, Torres VJ, Brinsmade SR, Bae T. Regulation of Bacterial Two-Component Systems by Cardiolipin. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.01.526740. [PMID: 36778227 PMCID: PMC9915654 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The composition of phospholipid membranes is critical to regulating the activity of membrane proteins for cellular functions. Cardiolipin is a unique phospholipid present within the bacterial membrane and mitochondria of eukaryotes and plays a role in maintaining the function and stabilization of membrane proteins. Here, we report that, in the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, cardiolipin is required for full activity of the SaeRS two-component system (TCS). Deletion of the cardiolipin synthase genes, cls1 , and cls2 , reduces the basal activity of SaeRS and other TCSs. Cardiolipin is an indispensable requisite for Sae activation mediated by human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) in the stationary growth phase but not mandatory for Sae induction in the exponential growth phase. Ectopic expression with cls2 , but not with cls1 , in the cls1 cls2 double mutant fully restores Sae activity. Elimination of cardiolipin from the membranes results in decreased kinase activity of the sensor protein SaeS. Purified SaeS protein directly binds to cardiolipin as well as phosphatidylglycerol. A strain lacking cls2 or cls1cls2 renders S. aureus less cytotoxic to human neutrophils and less virulent in a mouse model of infection. Our findings suggest that cardiolipin enables a pathogen to confer virulence by modulating the kinase activity of SaeS and other sensor kinases upon infection.
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26
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Guo X, Khosraviani N, Raju S, Singh J, Farahani NZ, Abramian M, Torres VJ, Howe KL, Fish JE, Kapus A, Lee WL. Endothelial ACKR1 is induced by neutrophil contact and down-regulated by secretion in extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181016. [PMID: 37153544 PMCID: PMC10160463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptor-1 (ACKR1), previously known as the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines, is a widely conserved cell surface protein that is expressed on erythrocytes and the endothelium of post-capillary venules. In addition to being the receptor for the parasite causing malaria, ACKR1 has been postulated to regulate innate immunity by displaying and trafficking chemokines. Intriguingly, a common mutation in its promoter leads to loss of the erythrocyte protein but leaves endothelial expression unaffected. Study of endothelial ACKR1 has been limited by the rapid down-regulation of both transcript and protein when endothelial cells are extracted and cultured from tissue. Thus, to date the study of endothelial ACKR1 has been limited to heterologous over-expression models or the use of transgenic mice. Here we report that exposure to whole blood induces ACKR1 mRNA and protein expression in cultured primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells. We found that contact with neutrophils is required for this effect. We show that NF-κB regulates ACKR1 expression and that upon removal of blood, the protein is rapidly secreted by extracellular vesicles. Finally, we confirm that endogenous ACKR1 does not signal upon stimulation with IL-8 or CXCL1. Our observations define a simple method for inducing endogenous endothelial ACKR1 protein that will facilitate further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Guo
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Negar Khosraviani
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sneha Raju
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joshya Singh
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Madlene Abramian
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kathryn L. Howe
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason E. Fish
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andras Kapus
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Warren L. Lee
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Warren L. Lee, ;
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27
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Langouët-Astrié C, Oshima K, McMurtry SA, Yang Y, Kwiecinski JM, LaRivière WB, Kavanaugh JS, Zakharevich I, Hansen KC, Shi D, Zhang F, Boguslawski KM, Perelman SS, Su G, Torres VJ, Liu J, Horswill AR, Schmidt EP. The influenza-injured lung microenvironment promotes MRSA virulence, contributing to severe secondary bacterial pneumonia. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111721. [PMID: 36450248 PMCID: PMC10082619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection is substantially worsened by the onset of secondary pneumonia caused by bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The bidirectional interaction between the influenza-injured lung microenvironment and MRSA is poorly understood. By conditioning MRSA ex vivo in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected from mice at various time points of influenza infection, we found that the influenza-injured lung microenvironment dynamically induces MRSA to increase cytotoxin expression while decreasing metabolic pathways. LukAB, a SaeRS two-component system-dependent cytotoxin, is particularly important to the severity of post-influenza MRSA pneumonia. LukAB's activity is likely shaped by the post-influenza lung microenvironment, as LukAB binds to (and is activated by) heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharide sequences shed from the epithelial glycocalyx after influenza. Our findings indicate that post-influenza MRSA pneumonia is shaped by bidirectional host-pathogen interactions: host injury triggers changes in bacterial expression of toxins, the activity of which may be shaped by host-derived HS fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaori Oshima
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah A McMurtry
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yimu Yang
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jakub M Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30387, Poland
| | - Wells B LaRivière
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Kavanaugh
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Igor Zakharevich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Deling Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kristina M Boguslawski
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sofya S Perelman
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gouwei Su
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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28
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Sargsian S, Chen Z, Lee SC, Robertson A, Thur RS, Sproch J, Devlin JC, Tee MZ, Er YX, Copin R, Heguy A, Pironti A, Torres VJ, Ruggles KV, Lim YA, Bethony J, Loke P, Cadwell K. Clostridia isolated from helminth-colonized humans promote the life cycle of Trichuris species. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111725. [PMID: 36450245 PMCID: PMC9790084 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted intestinal worms known as helminths colonize over 1.5 billion people worldwide. Although helminth colonization has been associated with altered composition of the gut microbiota, such as increases in Clostridia, individual species have not been isolated and characterized. Here, we isolate and sequence the genome of 13 Clostridia from the Orang Asli, an indigenous population in Malaysia with a high prevalence of helminth infections. Metagenomic analysis of 650 fecal samples from urban and rural Malaysians confirm the prevalence of species corresponding to these isolates and reveal a specific association between Peptostreptococcaceae family members and helminth colonization. Remarkably, Peptostreptococcaceae isolated from the Orang Asli display superior capacity to promote the life cycle of whipworm species, including hatching of eggs from Trichuris muris and Trichuris trichiura. These findings support a model in which helminths select for gut colonization of microbes that support their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Sargsian
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Soo Ching Lee
- Type 2 Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amicha Robertson
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rafaela Saes Thur
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Julia Sproch
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph C. Devlin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mian Zi Tee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi Xian Er
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Richard Copin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, Office of Science and Research, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kelly V. Ruggles
- Institute for System Genetics, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Division of Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yvonne A.L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Type 2 Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Correspondence: (P.L.), (K.C.)
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence: (P.L.), (K.C.)
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29
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Bernard-Raichon L, Venzon M, Klein J, Axelrad JE, Zhang C, Sullivan AP, Hussey GA, Casanovas-Massana A, Noval MG, Valero-Jimenez AM, Gago J, Putzel G, Pironti A, Wilder E, Thorpe LE, Littman DR, Dittmann M, Stapleford KA, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Ko AI, Iwasaki A, Cadwell K, Schluter J. Gut microbiome dysbiosis in antibiotic-treated COVID-19 patients is associated with microbial translocation and bacteremia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5926. [PMID: 36319618 PMCID: PMC9626559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microbial populations in the gut microbiome are associated with COVID-19 severity, a causal impact on patient health has not been established. Here we provide evidence that gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with translocation of bacteria into the blood during COVID-19, causing life-threatening secondary infections. We first demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 infection induces gut microbiome dysbiosis in mice, which correlated with alterations to Paneth cells and goblet cells, and markers of barrier permeability. Samples collected from 96 COVID-19 patients at two different clinical sites also revealed substantial gut microbiome dysbiosis, including blooms of opportunistic pathogenic bacterial genera known to include antimicrobial-resistant species. Analysis of blood culture results testing for secondary microbial bloodstream infections with paired microbiome data indicates that bacteria may translocate from the gut into the systemic circulation of COVID-19 patients. These results are consistent with a direct role for gut microbiome dysbiosis in enabling dangerous secondary infections during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bernard-Raichon
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mericien Venzon
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jordan E Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chenzhen Zhang
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexis P Sullivan
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grant A Hussey
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria G Noval
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana M Valero-Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Gago
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Putzel
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evan Wilder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lorna E Thorpe
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan R Littman
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Meike Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth A Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jonas Schluter
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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30
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Avital G, Kuperwaser F, Pountain AW, Lacey KA, Zwack EE, Podkowik M, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Yanai I. The tempo and mode of gene regulatory programs during bacterial infection. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111477. [PMID: 36223751 PMCID: PMC9741813 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune recognition of bacterial pathogens is a key determinant of the ensuing systemic response, and host or pathogen heterogeneity in this early interaction can impact the course of infection. To gain insight into host response heterogeneity, we investigate macrophage inflammatory dynamics using primary human macrophages infected with Group B Streptococcus. Transcriptomic analysis reveals discrete cellular states within responding macrophages, one of which consists of four sub-states, reflecting inflammatory activation. Infection with six additional bacterial species-Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella enterica-recapitulates these states, though at different frequencies. We show that modulating the duration of infection and the presence of a toxin impacts inflammatory trajectory dynamics. We provide evidence for this trajectory in infected macrophages in an in vivo model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Our cell-state analysis defines a framework for understanding inflammatory activation dynamics in response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Avital
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Felicia Kuperwaser
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Andrew W. Pountain
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keenan A. Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin E. Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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31
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Spaan AN, Neehus AL, Laplantine E, Staels F, Ogishi M, Seeleuthner Y, Rapaport F, Lacey KA, Van Nieuwenhove E, Chrabieh M, Hum D, Migaud M, Izmiryan A, Lorenzo L, Kochetkov T, Heesterbeek DAC, Bardoel BW, DuMont AL, Dobbs K, Chardonnet S, Heissel S, Baslan T, Zhang P, Yang R, Bogunovic D, Wunderink HF, Haas PJA, Molina H, Van Buggenhout G, Lyonnet S, Notarangelo LD, Seppänen MRJ, Weil R, Seminario G, Gomez-Tello H, Wouters C, Mesdaghi M, Shahrooei M, Bossuyt X, Sag E, Topaloglu R, Ozen S, Leavis HL, van Eijk MMJ, Bezrodnik L, Blancas Galicia L, Hovnanian A, Nassif A, Bader-Meunier B, Neven B, Meyts I, Schrijvers R, Puel A, Bustamante J, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL, Torres VJ, Humblet-Baron S, Liston A, Abel L, Boisson B, Casanova JL. Human OTULIN haploinsufficiency impairs cell-intrinsic immunity to staphylococcal α-toxin. Science 2022; 376:eabm6380. [PMID: 35587511 PMCID: PMC9233084 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm6380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of interindividual clinical variability upon infection with Staphylococcus aureus is unclear. We describe patients with haploinsufficiency for the linear deubiquitinase OTULIN, encoded by a gene on chromosome 5p. Patients suffer from episodes of life-threatening necrosis, typically triggered by S. aureus infection. The disorder is phenocopied in patients with the 5p- (Cri-du-Chat) chromosomal deletion syndrome. OTULIN haploinsufficiency causes an accumulation of linear ubiquitin in dermal fibroblasts, but tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated nuclear factor κB signaling remains intact. Blood leukocyte subsets are unaffected. The OTULIN-dependent accumulation of caveolin-1 in dermal fibroblasts, but not leukocytes, facilitates the cytotoxic damage inflicted by the staphylococcal virulence factor α-toxin. Naturally elicited antibodies against α-toxin contribute to incomplete clinical penetrance. Human OTULIN haploinsufficiency underlies life-threatening staphylococcal disease by disrupting cell-intrinsic immunity to α-toxin in nonleukocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- András N Spaan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna-Lena Neehus
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Laplantine
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Sorbonne University, 75724 Paris, France
- Institut de Recherche St. Louis, Hôpital St. Louis, INSERM U944, CNRS U7212, Paris Cité University, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Frederik Staels
- Laboratory for Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yoann Seeleuthner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Franck Rapaport
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Keenan A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Erika Van Nieuwenhove
- Laboratory for Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maya Chrabieh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David Hum
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Araksya Izmiryan
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Kochetkov
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dani A C Heesterbeek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bart W Bardoel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ashley L DuMont
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Solenne Chardonnet
- Plateforme Post-génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, P3S, UMS Production et Analyse de données en Sciences de la vie et en Santé, PASS, INSERM, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Søren Heissel
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timour Baslan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Herman F Wunderink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter-Jan A Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Griet Van Buggenhout
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Mikko R J Seppänen
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Research Centers, Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, 00260 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Weil
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Sorbonne University, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Gisela Seminario
- Center for Clinical Immunology, Immunology Group Children's Hospital Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor Gomez-Tello
- Immunology Department, Poblano Children's Hospital, 72190 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Carine Wouters
- Laboratory for Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mehrnaz Mesdaghi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 15468-155514 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Specialized Immunology Laboratory of Dr. Shahrooei, Sina Medical Complex, 15468-155514 Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erdal Sag
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rezan Topaloglu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seza Ozen
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Helen L Leavis
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten M J van Eijk
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Liliana Bezrodnik
- Center for Clinical Immunology, Immunology Group Children's Hospital Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Alain Hovnanian
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aude Nassif
- Centre Médical, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Bader-Meunier
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmunity, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmunity, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Network Center, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Puel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stéphanie Humblet-Baron
- Laboratory for Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- Laboratory for Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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32
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Gago J, Filardo TD, Conderino S, Magaziner SJ, Dubrovskaya Y, Inglima K, Iturrate E, Pironti A, Schluter J, Cadwell K, Hochman S, Li H, Torres VJ, Thorpe LE, Shopsin B. Pathogen Species Is Associated With Mortality in Nosocomial Bloodstream Infection in Patients With COVID-19. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac083. [PMID: 35607701 PMCID: PMC8992347 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epidemiology of nosocomial bloodstream infections (NBSIs) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is poorly understood, due in part to substantial disease heterogeneity resulting from multiple potential pathogens. Methods We identified risk factors for NBSIs and examined the association between NBSIs and mortality in a retrospective cohort of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in 2 New York City hospitals during the height of the pandemic. We adjusted for the potential effects of factors likely to confound that association, including age, race, illness severity upon admission, and underlying health status. Results Between January 1 and October 1, 2020, 1403 patients had a positive blood culture, and 79 and 101 met the stringent criteria for NBSI among non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 patients, respectively. NBSIs occurred almost exclusively among patients who were severely ill with COVID-19 at hospital admission. NBSIs were associated with elevated mortality, even after adjusting for baseline differences in COVID-19 illness (55% cases vs 45% controls; P = .13). Mortality was concentrated in patients with early-onset pneumonia caused by S. aureus and gram-negative bacteria. Less virulent Candida (49%) and Enterococcus (12%) species were the predominant cause of NBSI in the latter stages of hospitalization, after antibiotic treatment and COVID-19 treatments that attenuate immune response. Most Enterococcus and Candida infections did not have an identifiable source and were not associated with common risk factors for infection by these organisms. Conclusions Pathogen species and mortality exhibited temporal differences. Early recognition of risk factors among COVID-19 patients could potentially decrease NBSI-associated mortality through early COVID-19 and antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gago
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas D Filardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Conderino
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel J Magaziner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yanina Dubrovskaya
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Tisch Hospital Department of Pharmacy, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth Inglima
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eduardo Iturrate
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonas Schluter
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Hochman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lorna E Thorpe
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
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33
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Venzon M, Bernard-Raichon L, Klein J, Axelrad JE, Zhang C, Hussey GA, Sullivan AP, Casanovas-Massana A, Noval MG, Valero-Jimenez AM, Gago J, Putzel G, Pironti A, Wilder E, Thorpe LE, Littman DR, Dittmann M, Stapleford KA, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Ko AI, Iwasaki A, Cadwell K, Schluter J. Gut microbiome dysbiosis during COVID-19 is associated with increased risk for bacteremia and microbial translocation. bioRxiv 2022. [PMID: 35262080 PMCID: PMC8902880 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.15.452246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The microbial populations in the gut microbiome have recently been associated with COVID-19 disease severity. However, a causal impact of the gut microbiome on COVID-19 patient health has not been established. Here we provide evidence that gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with translocation of bacteria into the blood during COVID-19, causing life-threatening secondary infections. Antibiotics and other treatments during COVID-19 can potentially confound microbiome associations. We therefore first demonstrate in a mouse model that SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce gut microbiome dysbiosis, which correlated with alterations to Paneth cells and goblet cells, and markers of barrier permeability. Comparison with stool samples collected from 96 COVID-19 patients at two different clinical sites also revealed substantial gut microbiome dysbiosis, paralleling our observations in the animal model. Specifically, we observed blooms of opportunistic pathogenic bacterial genera known to include antimicrobial-resistant species in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Analysis of blood culture results testing for secondary microbial bloodstream infections with paired microbiome data obtained from these patients indicates that bacteria may translocate from the gut into the systemic circulation of COVID-19 patients. These results are consistent with a direct role for gut microbiome dysbiosis in enabling dangerous secondary infections during COVID-19.
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34
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Shahi I, Llaneras CN, Perelman SS, Torres VJ, Ratner AJ. Genome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screen Does Not Identify Host Factors Modulating Streptococcus agalactiae β-Hemolysin/Cytolysin-Induced Cell Death. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0218621. [PMID: 35196804 PMCID: PMC8865549 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02186-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are commonly produced by pathogenic bacteria, and understanding them is key to the development of virulence-targeted therapies. Streptococcus agalactiae, or group B Streptococcus (GBS), produces several factors that enhance its pathogenicity, including the PFT β-hemolysin/cytolysin (βhc). Little is understood about the cellular factors involved in βhc pore formation. We conducted a whole-genome CRISPR-Cas9 forward genetic screen to identify host genes that might contribute to βhc pore formation and cell death. While the screen identified the established receptor, CD59, in control experiments using the toxin intermedilysin (ILY), no clear candidate genes were identified that were required for βhc-mediated lethality. Of the top targets from the screen, two genes involved in membrane remodeling and repair represented candidates that might modulate the kinetics of βhc-induced cell death. Upon attempted validation of the results using monoclonal cell lines with targeted disruption of these genes, no effect on βhc-mediated cell lysis was observed. The CRISPR-Cas9 screen results are consistent with the hypothesis that βhc does not require a single nonessential host factor to mediate target cell death. IMPORTANCE CRISPR-Cas9 forward genetic screens have been used to identify host cell targets required by bacterial toxins. They have been used successfully to both verify known targets and elucidate novel host factors required by toxins. Here, we show that this approach fails to identify host factors required for cell death due to βhc, a toxin required for GBS virulence. These data suggest that βhc may not require a host cell receptor for toxin function or may require a host receptor that is an essential gene and would not be identified using this screening strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Shahi
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cristina N. Llaneras
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sofya S. Perelman
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam J. Ratner
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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35
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Ching KL, de Vries M, Gago J, Dancel-Manning K, Sall J, Rice WJ, Barnett C, Liang FX, Thorpe LE, Shopsin B, Segal LN, Dittmann M, Torres VJ, Cadwell K. ACE2-containing defensosomes serve as decoys to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 34981050 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.17.473223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, exosomes, mediate intercellular communication by transporting substrates with a variety of functions related to tissue homeostasis and disease. Their diagnostic and therapeutic potential has been recognized for diseases such as cancer in which signaling defects are prominent. However, it is unclear to what extent exosomes and their cargo inform the progression of infectious diseases. We recently defined a subset of exosomes termed defensosomes that are mobilized during bacterial infection in a manner dependent on autophagy proteins. Through incorporating protein receptors on their surface, defensosomes mediated host defense by binding and inhibiting pore-forming toxins secreted by bacterial pathogens. Given this capacity to serve as decoys that interfere with surface protein interactions, we investigated the role of defensosomes during infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19. Consistent with a protective function, exosomes containing high levels of the viral receptor ACE2 in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid from critically ill COVID-19 patients was associated with reduced ICU and hospitalization times. We found ACE2+ exosomes were induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and activation of viral sensors in cell culture, which required the autophagy protein ATG16L1, defining these as defensosomes. We further demonstrate that ACE2+ defensosomes directly bind and block viral entry. These findings suggest that defensosomes may contribute to the antiviral response against SARS-CoV-2 and expand our knowledge on the regulation and effects of extracellular vesicles during infection.
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36
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Beavers WN, DuMont AL, Monteith AJ, Maloney KN, Tallman KA, Weiss A, Christian AH, Toste FD, Chang CJ, Porter NA, Torres VJ, Skaar EP. Staphylococcus aureus Peptide Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases Protect from Human Whole-Blood Killing. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0014621. [PMID: 34001560 PMCID: PMC8281210 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00146-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of oxidative stress is a host strategy used to control Staphylococcus aureus infections. Sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine, are particularly susceptible to oxidation because of the inherent reactivity of sulfur. Due to the constant threat of protein oxidation, many systems evolved to protect S. aureus from protein oxidation or to repair protein oxidation after it occurs. The S. aureus peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) system reduces methionine sulfoxide to methionine. Staphylococci have four Msr enzymes, which all perform this reaction. Deleting all four msr genes in USA300 LAC (Δmsr) sensitizes S. aureus to hypochlorous acid (HOCl) killing; however, the Δmsr strain does not exhibit increased sensitivity to H2O2 stress or superoxide anion stress generated by paraquat or pyocyanin. Consistent with increased susceptibility to HOCl killing, the Δmsr strain is slower to recover following coculture with both murine and human neutrophils than USA300 wild type. The Δmsr strain is attenuated for dissemination to the spleen following murine intraperitoneal infection and exhibits reduced bacterial burdens in a murine skin infection model. Notably, no differences in bacterial burdens were observed in any organ following murine intravenous infection. Consistent with these observations, USA300 wild-type and Δmsr strains have similar survival phenotypes when incubated with murine whole blood. However, the Δmsr strain is killed more efficiently by human whole blood. These findings indicate that species-specific immune cell composition of the blood may influence the importance of Msr enzymes during S. aureus infection of the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N. Beavers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ashley L. DuMont
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew J. Monteith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - K. Nichole Maloney
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andy Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alec H. Christian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric P. Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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37
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Perelman SS, James DBA, Boguslawski KM, Nelson CW, Ilmain JK, Zwack EE, Prescott RA, Mohamed A, Tam K, Chan R, Narechania A, Pawline MB, Vozhilla N, Moustafa AM, Kim SY, Dittmann M, Ekiert DC, Bhabha G, Shopsin B, Planet PJ, Koralov SB, Torres VJ. Genetic variation of staphylococcal LukAB toxin determines receptor tropism. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:731-745. [PMID: 33875847 PMCID: PMC8597016 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has evolved into diverse lineages, known as clonal complexes (CCs), which exhibit differences in the coding sequences of core virulence factors. Whether these alterations affect functionality is poorly understood. Here, we studied the highly polymorphic pore-forming toxin LukAB. We discovered that the LukAB toxin variants produced by S. aureus CC30 and CC45 kill human phagocytes regardless of whether CD11b, the previously established LukAB receptor, is present, and instead target the human hydrogen voltage-gated channel 1 (HVCN1). Biochemical studies identified the domain within human HVCN1 that drives LukAB species specificity, enabling the generation of humanized HVCN1 mice with enhanced susceptibility to CC30 LukAB and to bloodstream infection caused by CC30 S. aureus strains. Together, this work advances our understanding of an important S. aureus toxin and underscores the importance of considering genetic variation in characterizing virulence factors and understanding the tug of war between pathogens and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya S Perelman
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David B A James
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristina M Boguslawski
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chase W Nelson
- Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juliana K Ilmain
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin E Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel A Prescott
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adil Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kayan Tam
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rita Chan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Apurva Narechania
- Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miranda B Pawline
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikollaq Vozhilla
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed M Moustafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sang Y Kim
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Office of Collaborative Sciences, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meike Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Damian C Ekiert
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul J Planet
- Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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38
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Fernandez J, Sanders H, Henn J, Wilson JM, Malone D, Buoninfante A, Willms M, Chan R, DuMont AL, McLahan C, Grubb K, Romanello A, van den Dobbelsteen G, Torres VJ, Poolman JT. Vaccination with Detoxified Leukocidin AB Reduces Bacterial Load in a Staphylococcus aureus Minipig Deep Surgical Wound Infection Model. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:1460-1470. [PMID: 33895843 PMCID: PMC9016470 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus have eluded researchers for >3 decades while the burden of staphylococcal diseases has increased. Early vaccine attempts mainly used rodents to characterize preclinical efficacy, and all subsequently failed in human clinical efficacy trials. More recently, leukocidin AB (LukAB) has gained interest as a vaccine antigen. We developed a minipig deep surgical wound infection model offering 3 independent efficacy readouts: bacterial load at the superficial and at the deep-seated surgical site, and dissemination of bacteria. Due to similarities with humans, minipigs are an attractive option to study novel vaccine candidates. With this model, we characterized the efficacy of a LukAB toxoid as vaccine candidate. Compared to control animals, a 3-log reduction of bacteria at the deep-seated surgical site was observed in LukAB-treated minipigs and dissemination of bacteria was dramatically reduced. Therefore, LukAB toxoids may be a useful addition to S. aureus vaccines and warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Sanders
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Henn
- Bacterial Vaccines, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - D Malone
- Bacterial Vaccines, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - A Buoninfante
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Willms
- Bacterial Vaccines, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - R Chan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A L DuMont
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - C McLahan
- In Vivo Sciences, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - K Grubb
- Bacterial Vaccines, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | | | - V J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J T Poolman
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
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39
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Tam K, Lacey KA, Devlin JC, Coffre M, Sommerfield A, Chan R, O'Malley A, Koralov SB, Loke P, Torres VJ. Targeting leukocidin-mediated immune evasion protects mice from Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151907. [PMID: 32602902 PMCID: PMC7478724 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for various diseases in humans, and recurrent infections are commonly observed. S. aureus produces an array of bicomponent pore-forming toxins that target and kill leukocytes, known collectively as the leukocidins. The contribution of these leukocidins to impair the development of anti–S. aureus adaptive immunity and facilitate reinfection is unclear. Using a murine model of recurrent bacteremia, we demonstrate that infection with a leukocidin mutant results in increased levels of anti–S. aureus antibodies compared with mice infected with the WT parental strain, indicating that leukocidins negatively impact the generation of anti–S. aureus antibodies in vivo. We hypothesized that neutralizing leukocidin-mediated immune subversion by vaccination may shift this host-pathogen interaction in favor of the host. Leukocidin-immunized mice produce potent leukocidin-neutralizing antibodies and robust Th1 and Th17 responses, which collectively protect against bloodstream infections. Altogether, these results demonstrate that blocking leukocidin-mediated immune evasion can promote host protection against S. aureus bloodstream infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayan Tam
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Keenan A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Joseph C Devlin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Maryaline Coffre
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alexis Sommerfield
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Rita Chan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Aidan O'Malley
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
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40
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Brawley DN, Sauer DB, Zheng X, Tate PM, Song J, Liu Z, Koide A, Koide S, Torres VJ, Wang DN, Traaseth NJ. Structure and Mechanism of the Multidrug Efflux Pump Nora. Biophys J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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41
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Vasquez MT, Lubkin A, Reyes-Robles T, Day CJ, Lacey KA, Jennings MP, Torres VJ. Identification of a domain critical for Staphylococcus aureus LukED receptor targeting and lysis of erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17241-17250. [PMID: 33051210 PMCID: PMC7863875 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocidin ED (LukED) is a pore-forming toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, which lyses host cells and promotes virulence of the bacteria. LukED enables S. aureus to acquire iron by lysing erythrocytes, which depends on targeting the host receptor Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC). The toxin also targets DARC on the endothelium, contributing to the lethality observed during bloodstream infection in mice. LukED is comprised of two monomers: LukE and LukD. LukE binds to DARC and facilitates hemolysis, but the closely related Panton-Valentine leukocidin S (LukS-PV) does not bind to DARC and is not hemolytic. The interaction of LukE with DARC and the role this plays in hemolysis are incompletely characterized. To determine the domain(s) of LukE that are critical for DARC binding, we studied the hemolytic function of LukE-LukS-PV chimeras, in which areas of sequence divergence (divergence regions, or DRs) were swapped between the toxins. We found that two regions of LukE's rim domain contribute to hemolysis, namely residues 57-75 (DR1) and residues 182-196 (DR4). Interestingly, LukE DR1 is sufficient to render LukS-PV capable of DARC binding and hemolysis. Further, LukE, by binding DARC through DR1, promotes the recruitment of LukD to erythrocytes, likely by facilitating LukED oligomer formation. Finally, we show that LukE targets murine Darc through DR1 in vivo to cause host lethality. These findings expand our biochemical understanding of the LukE-DARC interaction and the role that this toxin-receptor pair plays in S. aureus pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn T Vasquez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashira Lubkin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tamara Reyes-Robles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher J Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keenan A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael P Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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42
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Shewell LK, Day CJ, Jen FEC, Haselhorst T, Atack JM, Reijneveld JF, Everest-Dass A, James DBA, Boguslawski KM, Brouwer S, Gillen CM, Luo Z, Kobe B, Nizet V, von Itzstein M, Walker MJ, Paton AW, Paton JC, Torres VJ, Jennings MP. All major cholesterol-dependent cytolysins use glycans as cellular receptors. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz4926. [PMID: 32494740 PMCID: PMC7244308 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) form pores in cholesterol-rich membranes, but cholesterol alone is insufficient to explain their cell and host tropism. Here, we show that all eight major CDCs have high-affinity lectin activity that identifies glycans as candidate cellular receptors. Streptolysin O, vaginolysin, and perfringolysin O bind multiple glycans, while pneumolysin, lectinolysin, and listeriolysin O recognize a single glycan class. Addition of exogenous carbohydrate receptors for each CDC inhibits toxin activity. We present a structure for suilysin domain 4 in complex with two distinct glycan receptors, P1 antigen and αGal/Galili. We report a wide range of binding affinities for cholesterol and for the cholesterol analog pregnenolone sulfate and show that CDCs bind glycans and cholesterol independently. Intermedilysin binds to the sialyl-TF O-glycan on its erythrocyte receptor, CD59. Removing sialyl-TF from CD59 reduces intermedilysin binding. Glycan-lectin interactions underpin the cellular tropism of CDCs and provide molecular targets to block their cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy K. Shewell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Freda E.-C. Jen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - John M. Atack
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Arun Everest-Dass
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - David B. A. James
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Stephan Brouwer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christine M. Gillen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhenyao Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Adrienne W. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - James C. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael P. Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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43
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Liu J, Kozhaya L, Torres VJ, Unutmaz D, Lu M. Structure-based discovery of a small-molecule inhibitor of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus virulence. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5944-5959. [PMID: 32179646 PMCID: PMC7196633 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence and dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains poses a major threat to public health. MRSA possesses an arsenal of secreted host-damaging virulence factors that mediate pathogenicity and blunt immune defenses. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and α-toxin are exotoxins that create lytic pores in the host cell membrane. They are recognized as being important for the development of invasive MRSA infections and are thus potential targets for antivirulence therapies. Here, we report the high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of both PVL and α-toxin in their soluble, monomeric, and oligomeric membrane-inserted pore states in complex with n-tetradecylphosphocholine (C14PC). The structures revealed two evolutionarily conserved phosphatidylcholine-binding mechanisms and their roles in modulating host cell attachment, oligomer assembly, and membrane perforation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the soluble C14PC compound protects primary human immune cells in vitro against cytolysis by PVL and α-toxin and hence may serve as the basis for the development of an antivirulence agent for managing MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Lina Kozhaya
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032
| | - Min Lu
- Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Public Health Research Institute, Dept. of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103. Tel.:
973-854-3260; E-mail:
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44
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Devlin JC, Zwack EE, Tang MS, Li Z, Fenyo D, Torres VJ, Ruggles KV, Loke P. Distinct Features of Human Myeloid Cell Cytokine Response Profiles Identify Neutrophil Activation by Cytokines as a Prognostic Feature during Tuberculosis and Cancer. J Immunol 2020; 204:3389-3399. [PMID: 32350082 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are a vital component of innate immunity and comprise monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. How myeloid cell lineage affects activation states in response to cytokines remains poorly understood. The cytokine environment and cellular infiltrate during an inflammatory response may contain prognostic features that predict disease outcome. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptional responses of human monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils in response to stimulation by IFN-γ, IFN-β, IFN-λ, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 cytokines to better understand the heterogeneity of activation states in inflammatory conditions. This generated a myeloid cell-cytokine-specific response matrix that can infer representation of myeloid cells and the cytokine environment they encounter during infection, in tumors and in whole blood. Neutrophils were highly responsive to type 1 and type 2 cytokine stimulation but did not respond to IL-10. We identified transcripts specific to IFN-β stimulation, whereas other IFN signature genes were upregulated by both IFN-γ and IFN-β. When we used our matrix to deconvolute blood profiles from tuberculosis patients, the IFN-β-specific neutrophil signature was reduced in tuberculosis patients with active disease, whereas the shared response to IFN-γ and IFN-β in neutrophils was increased. When applied to glioma patients, transcripts of neutrophils exposed to IL-4/IL-13 and monocyte responses to IFN-γ or IFN-β emerged as opposing predictors of patient survival. Hence, by dissecting how different myeloid cells respond to cytokine activation, we can delineate biological roles for myeloid cells in different cytokine environments during disease processes, especially during infection and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Devlin
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Erin E Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Mei San Tang
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Zhi Li
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - David Fenyo
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
| | - Kelly V Ruggles
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; .,Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; .,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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45
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Keller MD, Ching KL, Liang FX, Dhabaria A, Tam K, Ueberheide BM, Unutmaz D, Torres VJ, Cadwell K. Decoy exosomes provide protection against bacterial toxins. Nature 2020; 579:260-264. [PMID: 32132711 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The production of pore-forming toxins that disrupt the plasma membrane of host cells is a common virulence strategy for bacterial pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)1-3. It is unclear, however, whether host species possess innate immune mechanisms that can neutralize pore-forming toxins during infection. We previously showed that the autophagy protein ATG16L1 is necessary for protection against MRSA strains encoding α-toxin4-a pore-forming toxin that binds the metalloprotease ADAM10 on the surface of a broad range of target cells and tissues2,5,6. Autophagy typically involves the targeting of cytosolic material to the lysosome for degradation. Here we demonstrate that ATG16L1 and other ATG proteins mediate protection against α-toxin through the release of ADAM10 on exosomes-extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin. Bacterial DNA and CpG DNA induce the secretion of ADAM10-bearing exosomes from human cells as well as in mice. Transferred exosomes protect host cells in vitro by serving as scavengers that can bind multiple toxins, and improve the survival of mice infected with MRSA in vivo. These findings indicate that ATG proteins mediate a previously unknown form of defence in response to infection, facilitating the release of exosomes that serve as decoys for bacterially produced toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Keller
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krystal L Ching
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,The Microscopy Labratory at New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Avantika Dhabaria
- Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,The Proteomics Labratory at New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kayan Tam
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beatrix M Ueberheide
- Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,The Proteomics Labratory at New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
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46
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Chan R, Buckley PT, O'Malley A, Sause WE, Alonzo F, Lubkin A, Boguslawski KM, Payne A, Fernandez J, Strohl WR, Whitaker B, Lynch AS, Torres VJ. Identification of biologic agents to neutralize the bicomponent leukocidins of Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/475/eaat0882. [PMID: 30651319 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A key aspect underlying the severity of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus is the abundance of virulence factors that the pathogen uses to thwart critical components of the human immune response. One such mechanism involves the destruction of host immune cells by cytolytic toxins secreted by S. aureus, including five bicomponent leukocidins: PVL, HlgAB, HlgCB, LukED, and LukAB. Purified leukocidins can lyse immune cells ex vivo, and systemic injections of purified LukED or HlgAB can acutely kill mice. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of centyrins that bind S. aureus leukocidins with high affinity and protect primary human immune cells from toxin-mediated cytolysis. Centyrins are small protein scaffolds derived from the fibronectin type III-binding domain of the human protein tenascin-C. Although centyrins are potent in tissue culture assays, their short serum half-lives limit their efficacies in vivo. By extending the serum half-lives of centyrins through their fusion to an albumin-binding consensus domain, we demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of these biologics in a murine intoxication model and in models of both prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of live S. aureus systemic infections. These biologics that target S. aureus virulence factors have potential for treating and preventing serious staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Chan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Peter T Buckley
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Aidan O'Malley
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - William E Sause
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ashira Lubkin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kristina M Boguslawski
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Angela Payne
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Jeffrey Fernandez
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - William R Strohl
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Brian Whitaker
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Anthony Simon Lynch
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA.
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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47
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Keller MD, Torres VJ, Cadwell K. Autophagy and microbial pathogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:872-886. [PMID: 31896796 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cell biological process that promotes resilience in the face of environmental perturbations. Given that infectious agents represent a major type of environmental threat, it follows that the autophagy pathway is central to the outcome of host-microbe interactions. Detailed molecular studies have revealed intricate ways in which autophagy suppresses or enhances the fitness of infectious agents, particularly intracellular pathogens such as viruses that require the host cell machinery for replication. Findings in animal models have reinforced the importance of these events that occur within individual cells and have extended the role of autophagy to extracellular microbes and immunity at the whole organism level. These functions impact adaptation to bacteria that are part of the gut microbiota, which has implications for the etiology of chronic disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. Despite major advances in how autophagy regulates inflammatory reactions toward microbes, many challenges remain, including distinguishing autophagy from closely related pathways such as LC3-associated phagocytosis. Here, we review the role of autophagy in microbial pathogenesis at the level of organismal biology. In addition to providing an overview of the prominent function of autophagy proteins in host-microbe interactions, we highlight how observations at the cellular level are informing pathogenesis studies and offer our perspective on the future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Keller
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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48
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Silva HM, Báfica A, Rodrigues-Luiz GF, Chi J, Santos PDA, Reis BS, Hoytema van Konijnenburg DP, Crane A, Arifa RDN, Martin P, Mendes DAGB, Mansur DS, Torres VJ, Cadwell K, Cohen P, Mucida D, Lafaille JJ. Vasculature-associated fat macrophages readily adapt to inflammatory and metabolic challenges. J Exp Med 2019; 216:786-806. [PMID: 30862706 PMCID: PMC6446877 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silva et al. describe and characterize a population of adipose tissue macrophages (VAMs) that are in close contact with the vasculature and powerfully uptake blood-borne macromolecules. VAMs harbor a repair/detoxifying gene signature and adapt quickly to infections and fasting. Tissue-resident macrophages are the most abundant immune cell population in healthy adipose tissue. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) change during metabolic stress and are thought to contribute to metabolic syndrome. Here, we studied ATM subpopulations in steady state and in response to nutritional and infectious challenges. We found that tissue-resident macrophages from healthy epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) tightly associate with blood vessels, displaying very high endocytic capacity. We refer to these cells as vasculature-associated ATMs (VAMs). Chronic high-fat diet (HFD) results in the accumulation of a monocyte-derived CD11c+CD64+ double-positive (DP) macrophage eWAT population with a predominant anti-inflammatory/detoxifying gene profile, but reduced endocytic function. In contrast, fasting rapidly and reversibly leads to VAM depletion, while acute inflammatory stress induced by pathogens transiently depletes VAMs and simultaneously boosts DP macrophage accumulation. Our results indicate that ATM populations dynamically adapt to metabolic stress and inflammation, suggesting an important role for these cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernandez Moura Silva
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - André Báfica
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Gabriela Flavia Rodrigues-Luiz
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jingyi Chi
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Patricia d'Emery Alves Santos
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Bernardo S Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Audrey Crane
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Raquel Duque Nascimento Arifa
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Patricia Martin
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Daniel Augusto G B Mendes
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniel Santos Mansur
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Juan J Lafaille
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY .,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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49
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable pathogen capable of causing infections in different sites of the body in a variety of vertebrate animals, including humans and livestock. A major contribution to the success of S. aureus as a pathogen is the plethora of virulence factors that manipulate the host's innate and adaptive immune responses. Many of these immune modulating virulence factors are secreted toxins, cofactors for activating host zymogens, and exoenzymes. Secreted toxins such as pore-forming toxins and superantigens are highly inflammatory and can cause leukocyte cell death by cytolysis and clonal deletion, respectively. Coagulases and staphylokinases are cofactors that hijack the host's coagulation system. Exoenzymes, including nucleases and proteases, cleave and inactivate various immune defense and surveillance molecules, such as complement factors, antimicrobial peptides, and surface receptors that are important for leukocyte chemotaxis. Additionally, some of these secreted toxins and exoenzymes can cause disruption of endothelial and epithelial barriers through cell lysis and cleavage of junction proteins. A unique feature when examining the repertoire of S. aureus secreted virulence factors is the apparent functional redundancy exhibited by the majority of the toxins and exoenzymes. However, closer examination of each virulence factor revealed that each has unique properties that have important functional consequences. This chapter provides a brief overview of our current understanding of the major secreted virulence factors critical for S. aureus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayan Tam
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York, NY 10016
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York, NY 10016
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50
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Lubkin A, Lee WL, Alonzo F, Wang C, Aligo J, Keller M, Girgis NM, Reyes-Robles T, Chan R, O'Malley A, Buckley P, Vozhilla N, Vasquez MT, Su J, Sugiyama M, Yeung ST, Coffre M, Bajwa S, Chen E, Martin P, Kim SY, Loomis C, Worthen GS, Shopsin B, Khanna KM, Weinstock D, Lynch AS, Koralov SB, Loke P, Cadwell K, Torres VJ. Staphylococcus aureus Leukocidins Target Endothelial DARC to Cause Lethality in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:463-470.e9. [PMID: 30799265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus is thought to depend on the production of pore-forming leukocidins that kill leukocytes and lyse erythrocytes. Two leukocidins, Leukocidin ED (LukED) and γ-Hemolysin AB (HlgAB), are necessary and sufficient to kill mice upon infection and toxin challenge. We demonstrate that LukED and HlgAB cause vascular congestion and derangements in vascular fluid distribution that rapidly cause death in mice. The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) on endothelial cells, rather than leukocytes or erythrocytes, is the critical target for lethality. Consistent with this, LukED and HlgAB injure primary human endothelial cells in a DARC-dependent manner, and mice with DARC-deficient endothelial cells are resistant to toxin-mediated lethality. During bloodstream infection in mice, DARC targeting by S. aureus causes increased tissue damage, organ dysfunction, and host death. The potential for S. aureus leukocidins to manipulate vascular integrity highlights the importance of these virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashira Lubkin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Warren L Lee
- Keenan Research Centre, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Changsen Wang
- Keenan Research Centre, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Jason Aligo
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Matthew Keller
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Natasha M Girgis
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tamara Reyes-Robles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rita Chan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aidan O'Malley
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Peter Buckley
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Nikollaq Vozhilla
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marilyn T Vasquez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Johnny Su
- Keenan Research Centre, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Michael Sugiyama
- Keenan Research Centre, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Maryaline Coffre
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sofia Bajwa
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Patricia Martin
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sang Y Kim
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Office of Collaborative Sciences, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia Loomis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Office of Collaborative Sciences, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Scott Worthen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel Weinstock
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Anthony Simon Lynch
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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