1
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Tan Z, Yang W, O'Brien NA, Pan X, Ramadan S, Marsh T, Hammer N, Cywes-Bentley C, Vinacur M, Pier GB, Gildersleeve JC, Huang X. A comprehensive synthetic library of poly-N-acetyl glucosamines enabled vaccine against lethal challenges of Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3420. [PMID: 38658531 PMCID: PMC11043332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly-β-(1-6)-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) is an important vaccine target, expressed on many pathogens. A critical hurdle in developing PNAG based vaccine is that the impacts of the number and the position of free amine vs N-acetylation on its antigenicity are not well understood. In this work, a divergent strategy is developed to synthesize a comprehensive library of 32 PNAG pentasaccharides. This library enables the identification of PNAG sequences with specific patterns of free amines as epitopes for vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), an important human pathogen. Active vaccination with the conjugate of discovered PNAG epitope with mutant bacteriophage Qβ as a vaccine carrier as well as passive vaccination with diluted rabbit antisera provides mice with near complete protection against infections by S. aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Thus, the comprehensive PNAG pentasaccharide library is an exciting tool to empower the design of next generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Weizhun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Nicholas A O'Brien
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Xingling Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sherif Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Qaliobiya, 13518, Egypt
| | - Terence Marsh
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Neal Hammer
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mariana Vinacur
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gerald B Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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2
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Gonzalez JJI, Hossain MF, Neef J, Zwack EE, Tsai CM, Raafat D, Fechtner K, Herzog L, Kohler TP, Schlüter R, Reder A, Holtfreter S, Liu GY, Hammerschmidt S, Völker U, Torres VJ, van Dijl JM, Lillig CH, Bröker BM, Darisipudi MN. TLR4 sensing of IsdB of Staphylococcus aureus induces a proinflammatory cytokine response via the NLRP3-caspase-1 inflammasome cascade. mBio 2024; 15:e0022523. [PMID: 38112465 PMCID: PMC10790753 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00225-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is of global concern, and vaccines are urgently needed. The iron-regulated surface determinant protein B (IsdB) of S. aureus was investigated as a vaccine candidate because of its essential role in bacterial iron acquisition but failed in clinical trials despite strong immunogenicity. Here, we reveal an unexpected second function for IsdB in pathogen-host interaction: the bacterial fitness factor IsdB triggers a strong inflammatory response in innate immune cells via Toll-like receptor 4 and the inflammasome, thus acting as a novel pathogen-associated molecular pattern of S. aureus. Our discovery contributes to a better understanding of how S. aureus modulates the immune response, which is necessary for vaccine development against the sophisticated pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Faruq Hossain
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jolanda Neef
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erin E. Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dina Raafat
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kevin Fechtner
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luise Herzog
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas P. Kohler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Reder
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - George Y. Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher H. Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Murty N. Darisipudi
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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3
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Xu W, Tian K, Hu S, Chen M, Zhang M. IL-9 promotes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia by regulating the polarization and phagocytosis of macrophages. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0016623. [PMID: 37768067 PMCID: PMC10580868 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00166-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effect of Il9 deletion on macrophages in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. MRSA-infected mice were employed for the in vivo experiments, and RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with MRSA for the in vitro experiments. Macrophage polarization was determined by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR; macrophage phagocytosis was assessed by flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscopy; cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry and western blotting. Il9 deletion markedly elevated macrophage phagocytosis and M2 macrophages in MRSA infection, which was accompanied by elevated expression of Il10 and Arg1 and reduced expression of Inos, tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnfα), and Il6. Il9 deletion also inhibited macrophage apoptosis in MRSA infection, which was manifested by elevated B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein level and reduced protein levels of cleaved cysteine protease 3 (CASPASE-3) and BCL2-Associated X (BAX). Both the in vivo and in vitro experiments further showed the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT (also known as protein kinase B, PKB) signaling pathway in MRSA infection and that the regulation of Il9 expression may be dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/PI3K pathway. The above results showed that Il9 deletion exhibited a protective role against MRSA infection by promoting M2 polarization and phagocytosis of macrophages and the regulation of Il9 partly owing to the activation of TLR2/PI3K pathway, proposing a novel therapeutic strategy for MRSA-infected pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Xu
- Department of Emergency, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Keyin Tian
- Department of Emergency, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shaowen Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mingxiao Chen
- Department of Emergency, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Mørch MGM, Møller KV, Hesselager MO, Harders RH, Kidmose CL, Buhl T, Fuursted K, Bendixen E, Shen C, Christensen LG, Poulsen CH, Olsen A. The TGF-β ligand DBL-1 is a key player in a multifaceted probiotic protection against MRSA in C. elegans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10717. [PMID: 34021197 PMCID: PMC8139972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide the increase in multi-resistant bacteria due to misuse of traditional antibiotics is a growing threat for our health. Finding alternatives to traditional antibiotics is thus timely. Probiotic bacteria have numerous beneficial effects and could offer safer alternatives to traditional antibiotics. Here, we use the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) to screen a library of different lactobacilli to identify potential probiotic bacteria and characterize their mechanisms of action. We show that pretreatment with the Lactobacillus spp. Lb21 increases lifespan of C. elegans and results in resistance towards pathogenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Using genetic analysis, we find that Lb21-mediated MRSA resistance is dependent on the DBL-1 ligand of the TGF-β signaling pathway in C. elegans. This response is evolutionarily conserved as we find that Lb21 also induces the TGF-β pathway in porcine epithelial cells. We further characterize the host responses in an unbiased proteome analysis and identify 474 proteins regulated in worms fed Lb21 compared to control food. These include fatty acid CoA synthetase ACS-22, aspartic protease ASP-6 and vitellogenin VIT-2 which are important for Lb21-mediated MRSA resistance. Thus, Lb21 exerts its probiotic effect on C. elegans in a multifactorial manner. In summary, our study establishes a mechanistic basis for the antimicrobial potential of lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G M Mørch
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Katrine V Møller
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke H Harders
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Caroline L Kidmose
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Therese Buhl
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Emøke Bendixen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Chong Shen
- Gut Immunology Lab, Health & Biosciences , IFF , Brabrand , Denmark
| | | | | | - Anders Olsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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5
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Klopfenstein N, Brandt SL, Castellanos S, Gunzer M, Blackman A, Serezani CH. SOCS-1 inhibition of type I interferon restrains Staphylococcus aureus skin host defense. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009387. [PMID: 33690673 PMCID: PMC7984627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin innate immune response to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) culminates in the formation of an abscess to prevent bacterial spread and tissue damage. Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) dictate the balance between microbial control and injury. Therefore, intracellular brakes are of fundamental importance to tune the appropriate host defense while inducing resolution. The intracellular inhibitor suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1), a known JAK/STAT inhibitor, prevents the expression and actions of PRR adaptors and downstream effectors. Whether SOCS-1 is a molecular component of skin host defense remains to be determined. We hypothesized that SOCS-1 decreases type I interferon production and IFNAR-mediated antimicrobial effector functions, limiting the inflammatory response during skin infection. Our data show that MRSA skin infection enhances SOCS-1 expression, and both SOCS-1 inhibitor peptide-treated and myeloid-specific SOCS-1 deficient mice display decreased lesion size, bacterial loads, and increased abscess thickness when compared to wild-type mice treated with the scrambled peptide control. SOCS-1 deletion/inhibition increases phagocytosis and bacterial killing, dependent on nitric oxide release. SOCS-1 inhibition also increases the levels of type I and type II interferon levels in vivo. IFNAR deletion and antibody blockage abolished the beneficial effects of SOCS-1 inhibition in vivo. Notably, we unveiled that hyperglycemia triggers aberrant SOCS-1 expression that correlates with decreased overall IFN signatures in the infected skin. SOCS-1 inhibition restores skin host defense in the highly susceptible hyperglycemic mice. Overall, these data demonstrate a role for SOCS-1-mediated type I interferon actions in host defense and inflammation during MRSA skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Klopfenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L Brandt
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sydney Castellanos
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse Essen, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS -e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Amondrea Blackman
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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6
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van Dijk B, Allen KJH, Helal M, Vogely HC, Lam MGEH, de Klerk JMH, Weinans H, van der Wal BCH, Dadachova E. Radioimmunotherapy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in planktonic state and biofilms. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233086. [PMID: 32407350 PMCID: PMC7224548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Implant associated infections such as periprosthetic joint infections are difficult to treat as the bacteria form a biofilm on the prosthetic material. This biofilm complicates surgical and antibiotic treatment. With rising antibiotic resistance, alternative treatment options are needed to treat these infections in the future. The aim of this article is to provide proof-of-principle data required for further development of radioimmunotherapy for non-invasive treatment of implant associated infections. Methods Planktonic cells and biofilms of Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus are grown and treated with radioimmunotherapy. The monoclonal antibodies used, target wall teichoic acids that are cell and biofilm specific. Three different radionuclides in different doses were used. Viability and metabolic activity of the bacterial cells and biofilms were measured by CFU dilution and XTT reduction. Results Alpha-RIT with Bismuth-213 showed significant and dose dependent killing in both planktonic MRSA and biofilm. When planktonic bacteria were treated with 370 kBq of 213Bi-RIT 99% of the bacteria were killed. Complete killing of the bacteria in the biofilm was seen at 185 kBq. Beta-RIT with Lutetium-177 and Actinium-225 showed little to no significant killing. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the ability of specific antibodies loaded with an alpha-emitter Bismuth-213 to selectively kill staphylococcus aureus cells in vitro in both planktonic and biofilm state. RIT could therefore be a potentially alternative treatment modality against planktonic and biofilm-related microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. van Dijk
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K. J. H. Allen
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - M. Helal
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - H. C. Vogely
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. G. E. H. Lam
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. M. H. de Klerk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Meander Medical Center Amersfoort, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - H. Weinans
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical engineering, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - B. C. H. van der Wal
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E. Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Zhang P, Zhao Q, Shi M, Yin C, Zhao Z, Shen K, Qiu Y, Xiao Y, Zhao Y, Yang X, Zhang Y. Fe 3O 4@TiO 2-Laden Neutrophils Activate Innate Immunity via Photosensitive Reactive Oxygen Species Release. Nano Lett 2020; 20:261-271. [PMID: 31786926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although a variety of advanced sterilization materials and treatments have emerged, the complete elimination of bacterial infection, especially drug-resistant bacterial infection, remains an immense challenge. Here, we demonstrate the use of neutrophils loaded with photocatalytic nanoparticles to reduce bacterial infection. This method activates the immune system to achieve an anti-infection response. We prepared the photocatalytic nanoparticle-laden neutrophils in vivo through neutrophil phagocytosis. The resulting loaded cells retained the cell membrane functionality of the source cell, as well as the complete immune cell function of neutrophils, particularly the ability to recruit macrophages to the target area. Photocatalytic nanoparticle-laden neutrophils can target infection sites and release reactive oxygen species to induce the secretion of chemokines, leading to the targeted recruitment of macrophages and enhancing a powerful immune cascade. In a severe mouse infection model induced by pathogenic bacteria, small doses of photocatalytic nanoparticle-laden neutrophils showed a remarkable therapeutic effect by enhancing macrophage recruitment and the immune cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Qin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Miusi Shi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Chengcheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Zifan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Kailun Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Yun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Queensland 4059 , Australia
| | - Yanbing Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine , Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China
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8
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Kumar S, Mahendran I, Athreya A, Ranjan R, Penmatsa A. Isolation and structural characterization of a Zn 2+-bound single-domain antibody against NorC, a putative multidrug efflux transporter in bacteria. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:55-68. [PMID: 31699895 PMCID: PMC6952597 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-chain antibodies from camelids have served as powerful tools ranging from diagnostics and therapeutics to crystallization chaperones meant to study protein structure and function. In this study, we isolated a single-chain antibody from an Indian dromedary camel (ICab) immunized against a bacterial 14TM helix transporter, NorC, from Staphylococcus aureus We identified this antibody in a yeast display screen built from mononuclear cells isolated from the immunized camel and purified the antibody from Escherichia coli after refolding it from inclusion bodies. The X-ray structure of the antibody at 2.15 Å resolution revealed a unique feature within its CDR3 loop, which harbors a Zn2+-binding site that substitutes for a loop-stabilizing disulfide bond. We performed mutagenesis to compromise the Zn2+-binding site and observed that this change severely hampered antibody stability and its ability to interact with the antigen. The lack of bound Zn2+ also made the CDR3 loop highly flexible, as observed in all-atom simulations. Using confocal imaging of NorC-expressing E. coli spheroplasts, we found that the ICab interacts with the extracellular surface of NorC. This suggests that the ICab could be a valuable tool for detecting methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains that express efflux transporters such as NorC in hospital and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Kumar
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Ithayaraja Mahendran
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Arunabh Athreya
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Rakesh Ranjan
- National Research Centre on Camel, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India
| | - Aravind Penmatsa
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru 560012, India.
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9
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Cihanoglu N, Adaleti R, Nakipoglu Y. Investigation of Fibronectin Binding Protein (FBP) and Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) Viulance Factors in Clinical Methicillin Sensitive and Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains. Clin Lab 2019; 65. [PMID: 30775902 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2018.180625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the frequency of fibronectin binding protein (FBP), which is part of the first step of adhesion, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin, which contributes to the destruction of host leukocytes and tissue necrosis, in clinical S. aureus strains. METHODS One hundred S. aureus strains were included in the study and distributed as follows; 33 from skinwound swabs and catheter tips (SWCT), 33 from body fluid and secretion specimens (BSFS) such as tracheal aspirate, sputum, and pleural effusion fluid, 18 from tissue biopsy specimens (TBS), 10 specimens from blood, and related specimens (BRS) such as bone marrow, and cerebral spinal fluid, and six specimens from mucosal membrane of pharynx, nose, and vagina (MMS). Methicillin resistance was tested by disk diffusion method. mecA (methicillin resistance coded gene), pvl and fnbA genes were investigated by using a PCR method. RESULTS Thirty-seven strains (37.0%) were identified as methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 63 (63.0%) as methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains. fnbA was more frequent in S. aureus isolates of MMSs (100.0%); followed by BRSs (80.0%), SWCTs (78.8%), TBS (72.3%), and BSFs (66.7%), whereas pvl gene was more frequent in isolates of BRS (60.0%), followed by TBSs (50.0%), SWCTs (33.4%), BSFs (30.3%), and MMSs (16.7%). fnbA existed in 85.7% of MSSA and 56.8% of MRSA in contrast to pvl, which was more frequent in MRSA (70.3%) than those of MSSA strains (17.4%). These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our different clinical specimens contained a high rate of fnbA (75.0%) and low-moderate frequency of pvl (37.0%). fnbA was most frequent in S. aureus of MMSs, followed by BRSs, and SWCTs, whereas pvl was ex-isted in high proportion in S. aureus of BRSs, followed by TBSs, and SWCTs. Presence of PVL in a high proportion in MRSA strains of superfical specimens such SWCT (24.4%) and deeper serious specimens such as BRS (16.3%) compared to MSSA strains from the same specimens, 3.2% and 0%, respectively, have shown that MRSA infections still threatens patients' lives and control of their spread is urgently needed.
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Martínez-Colón GJ, Warheit-Niemi H, Gurczynski SJ, Taylor QM, Wilke CA, Podsiad AB, Crespo J, Bhan U, Moore BB. Influenza-induced immune suppression to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by TLR9. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007560. [PMID: 30682165 PMCID: PMC6364947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung infections, particularly with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), increase mortality following influenza infection, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that expression of TLR9, a microbial DNA sensor, is increased in murine lung macrophages, dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells and epithelial cells post-influenza infection. TLR9-/- mice did not show differences in handling influenza nor MRSA infection alone. However, TLR9-/- mice have improved survival and bacterial clearance in the lung post-influenza and MRSA dual infection, with no difference in viral load during dual infection. We demonstrate that TLR9 is upregulated on macrophages even when they are not themselves infected, suggesting that TLR9 upregulation is related to soluble mediators. We rule out a role for elevations in interferon-γ (IFNγ) in mediating the beneficial MRSA clearance in TLR9-/- mice. While macrophages from WT and TLR9-/- mice show similar phagocytosis and bacterial killing to MRSA alone, following influenza infection, there is a marked upregulation of scavenger receptor A and MRSA phagocytosis as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (Inos) and improved bacterial killing that is specific to TLR9-deficient cells. Bone marrow transplant chimera experiments and in vitro experiments using TLR9 antagonists suggest TLR9 expression on non-hematopoietic cells, rather than the macrophages themselves, is important for regulating myeloid cell function. Interestingly, improved bacterial clearance post-dual infection was restricted to MRSA, as there was no difference in the clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Taken together these data show a surprising inhibitory role for TLR9 signaling in mediating clearance of MRSA that manifests following influenza infection. Influenza-associated secondary bacterial infections, particularly with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and better therapeutic strategies are needed. Stimulation of TLR2 has shown promise for improving health in influenza-bacteria dual-infected animals. However, nothing is known about the role of other TLRs, including TLR9, in influenza-bacteria dual infection pathology. This is the first study of TLR9 regulation of influenza-bacterial superinfection and it highlights an unexpected pathologic role for TLR9 in regulating clearance of MRSA post-H1N1. It also highlights the important observation that TLR9 signaling has very different outcomes in the setting of influenza infection than in naïve mice and shows important distinctions in the mechanisms for susceptibility to MRSA vs. S. pneumoniae post-influenza. Our results also suggest that TLR9 expression on non-hematopoietic cells regulates macrophage function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Warheit-Niemi
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Gurczynski
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Quincy M. Taylor
- Literature, Sciences and the Arts, Microbiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Carol A. Wilke
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Amy B. Podsiad
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Joel Crespo
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Urvashi Bhan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Kalali Y, Haghighat S, Mahdavi M. Passive immunotherapy with specific IgG fraction against autolysin: Analogous protectivity in the MRSA infection with antibiotic therapy. Immunol Lett 2018; 212:125-131. [PMID: 30496765 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading infectious cause of life-threatening diseases in human beings, with no effective vaccine available to date against this bacterium. Treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections has become increasingly difficult because of the emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates. Immunotherapy represents a potential approach to prevent S. aureus-related infections. Autolysin is one of the virulence factors, which controls the growth, cell lysis, daughter-cell separation, and biofilm formation. Our study focused on passive immunization against MRSA infection. Herein, rabbit polyclonal IgG was produced following the preparation of r-autolysin. Specificity of IgG against r-autolysin was investigated by ELISA and western blotting assays. IgG fraction was prepared using sulfate ammonium precipitation, and the ability of antiserum to promote phagocytosis of bacteria was assessed by opsonophagocytosis assay. Then, passive immunization of mice was carried out with polyclonal IgG fraction and, mice were sacrificed three days after challenge and their kidneys, liver, and spleen were collected. Results exhibited that the passive immunization with rabbit polyclonal anti-IgG fraction tremendously improved survival rates of mice challenged by S. aureus as well as vancomycin treatment compared with the negative control groups. In addition, a remarkable decrease in bacterial numbers was observed in mice treated with rabbit polyclonal anti-IgG. Importantly, our findings demonstrated that passive immunotherapy and antibiotic therapy lead to decreased histopathological damage in mice infected by S. aureus as compared with control groups. Our results suggested that the passive immunization may result in the introduction of excellent strategies to control infections caused by MRSA, like antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Kalali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Kim TH, Kim D, Gautam A, Lee H, Kwak MH, Park MC, Park S, Wu G, Lee BL, Lee Y, Kwon HJ. CpG-DNA exerts antibacterial effects by protecting immune cells and producing bacteria-reactive antibodies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16236. [PMID: 30390012 PMCID: PMC6214913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG-DNA activates various immune cells, contributing to the host defense against bacteria. Here, we examined the biological function of CpG-DNA in the production of bacteria-reactive antibodies. The administration of CpG-DNA increased survival in mice following infection with methicillin-resistant S. aureus and protected immune cell populations in the peritoneal cavity, bone marrow, and spleen. CpG-DNA injection likewise increased bacteria-reactive antibodies in the mouse peritoneal fluid and serum, which was dependent on TLR9. B cells isolated from the peritoneal cavity produced bacteria-reactive antibodies in vitro following CpG-DNA administration that enhanced the phagocytic activity of the peritoneal cells. The bacteria-reactive monoclonal antibody enhanced phagocytosis in vitro and protected mice after S. aureus infection. Therefore, we suggest that CpG-DNA enhances the antibacterial activity of the immune system by protecting immune cells and triggering the production of bacteria-reactive antibodies. Consequently, we believe that monoclonal antibodies could aid in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Staphylococcal Infections/blood
- Staphylococcal Infections/immunology
- Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
- Staphylococcal Infections/therapy
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongbum Kim
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Avishekh Gautam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesu Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hyung Kwak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Chul Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Guang Wu
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok Luel Lee
- Global Research Laboratory of Insect Symbiosis, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Brandt SL, Klopfenstein N, Wang S, Winfree S, McCarthy BP, Territo PR, Miller L, Serezani CH. Macrophage-derived LTB4 promotes abscess formation and clearance of Staphylococcus aureus skin infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007244. [PMID: 30102746 PMCID: PMC6107286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The early events that shape the innate immune response to restrain pathogens during skin infections remain elusive. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection engages phagocyte chemotaxis, abscess formation, and microbial clearance. Upon infection, neutrophils and monocytes find a gradient of chemoattractants that influence both phagocyte direction and microbial clearance. The bioactive lipid leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is quickly (seconds to minutes) produced by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and signals through the G protein-coupled receptors LTB4R1 (BLT1) or BLT2 in phagocytes and structural cells. Although it is known that LTB4 enhances antimicrobial effector functions in vitro, whether prompt LTB4 production is required for bacterial clearance and development of an inflammatory milieu necessary for abscess formation to restrain pathogen dissemination is unknown. We found that LTB4 is produced in areas near the abscess and BLT1 deficient mice are unable to form an abscess, elicit neutrophil chemotaxis, generation of neutrophil and monocyte chemokines, as well as reactive oxygen species-dependent bacterial clearance. We also found that an ointment containing LTB4 synergizes with antibiotics to eliminate MRSA potently. Here, we uncovered a heretofore unknown role of macrophage-derived LTB4 in orchestrating the chemoattractant gradient required for abscess formation, while amplifying antimicrobial effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Brandt
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nathan Klopfenstein
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Soujuan Wang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Seth Winfree
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brian P. McCarthy
- Indiana Institute for Biomedical Imaging Sciences, Department of Radiology, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Territo
- Indiana Institute for Biomedical Imaging Sciences, Department of Radiology, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lloyd Miller
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - C. Henrique Serezani
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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14
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Kane TL, Carothers KE, Lee SW. Virulence Factor Targeting of the Bacterial Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus for Vaccine and Therapeutics. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 19:111-127. [PMID: 27894236 PMCID: PMC5957279 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666161128123536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen capable of causing a range of infections in humans from gastrointestinal disease, skin and soft tissue infections, to severe outcomes such as sepsis. Staphylococcal infections in humans can be frequent and recurring, with treatments becoming less effective due to the growing persistence of antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains. Due to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, and the current limitations on antibiotic development, an active and highly promising avenue of research has been to develop strategies to specifically inhibit the activity of virulence factors produced S. aureus as an alternative means to treat disease. OBJECTIVE In this review we specifically highlight several major virulence factors produced by S. aureus for which recent advances in antivirulence approaches may hold promise as an alternative means to treating diseases caused by this pathogen. Strategies to inhibit virulence factors can range from small molecule inhibitors, to antibodies, to mutant and toxoid forms of the virulence proteins. CONCLUSION The major prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains of S. aureus combined with the lack of new antibiotic discoveries highlight the need for vigorous research into alternative strategies to combat diseases caused by this highly successful pathogen. Current efforts to develop specific antivirulence strategies, vaccine approaches, and alternative therapies for treating severe disease caused by S. aureus have the potential to stem the tide against the limitations that we face in the post-antibiotic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor L. Kane
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Katelyn E. Carothers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Shaun W. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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15
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Kim TM, Park H, Lee KW, Choi EW, Moon SH, Lee YS, Cho K, Park WJ, Park JB, Kim SJ. A Simple Way to Eradicate Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). Comp Med 2017; 67:356-359. [PMID: 28830583 PMCID: PMC5557208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our investigation of indoor-housed cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) by using automated identification followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed 1 of 7 immunocompetent animals and 2 of 9 immunosuppressed monkeys as carriers of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Follow-up management involving mupirocin treatment resulted in the conversion of the 3 MRSA carriers into MRSA-negative cases. Prospective assessment of newly imported monkeys involving 24-h culture of nasal swabs on chromogenic agar revealed that 22% (18 of 82 animals) were MRSA-positive. Mupirocin treatment successfully converted all of the MRSA-positive macaques into non-carriers, suggesting the feasibility of this simple, one-step screening procedure for rapidly identifying MRSA carriers in large cohorts. In addition, 8 animals that had been diagnosed MRSA-positive and subsequently treated with mupirocin demonstrated no recolonization during follow-up, even under immunosuppressive conditions. We propose rapid screening using chromogenic agar followed by mupirocin treatment as a time- and cost-effective regimen for managing MRSA in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae M Kim
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyojun Park
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyo W Lee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun W Choi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sang H Moon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong S Lee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kahee Cho
- Genia Inc., 143-1, Sangdaewon-Dong, Jungwon-Gu, Sungnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Wan J Park
- Genia Inc., 143-1, Sangdaewon-Dong, Jungwon-Gu, Sungnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Jae B Park
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung J Kim
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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16
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Nian S, Wu T, Ye Y, Wang X, Xu W, Yuan Q. Development and identification of fully human scFv-Fcs against Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:8. [PMID: 27129873 PMCID: PMC4850644 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive pathogen, causes many human infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is the most common drug-resistance bacteria. Nearly all MRSA bacteria are resistant to several drugs. Specific antibodies are the main components of the host's humoral immunity, and play a significant role in the process of the host's resistance to bacterial infection. RESULTS A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) library was constructed using mRNA from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of S. aureus infected volunteers. After the scFv library DNA was transformed into Escherichia coli TG1, ~1.7 × 10(7) independent clones with full-length scFv inserts. The scFv library was screened by phage display for three rounds using S. aureus as an antigen. The single clones were chosen at random and the scFvs were expressed for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assessment. Approximately 50 % of the clones were positive with good binding activity to S. aureus. To improve the stability of scFvs, scFv-fragment crystallizable regions (-Fcs) were constructed and expressed in E. coli DH5α. The expressed scFv-Fcs were purified and identified by western blot. These antibodies were further characterized and analyzed for bioactivity. The results showed that the expression level and folding of scFv-Fcs induced at 25 °C without isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) were higher than that induced at 32 °C with 1.0 mmol/L IPTG. scFv-Fcs had good bioactivity and could specifically bind with S. aureus. CONCLUSION scFv-Fcs against S. aureus were successfully constructed and are good candidates for the development of future adjunctive therapy for severe S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siji Nian
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Sichuan medical university, Room 218, Hanguang building, No 319, Zhongshan road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Tong Wu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Sichuan medical university, Room 218, Hanguang building, No 319, Zhongshan road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yingchun Ye
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Sichuan medical university, Room 218, Hanguang building, No 319, Zhongshan road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xu Wang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Sichuan medical university, Room 218, Hanguang building, No 319, Zhongshan road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Wenfeng Xu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Sichuan medical university, Room 218, Hanguang building, No 319, Zhongshan road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Sichuan medical university, Room 218, Hanguang building, No 319, Zhongshan road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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Lee BY, Bartsch SM, Wong KF, McKinnell JA, Cui E, Cao C, Kim DS, Miller LG, Huang SS. Beyond the Intensive Care Unit (ICU): Countywide Impact of Universal ICU Staphylococcus aureus Decolonization. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:480-9. [PMID: 26872710 PMCID: PMC4772440 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent trial showed that universal decolonization in adult intensive care units (ICUs) resulted in greater reductions in all bloodstream infections and clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) than either targeted decolonization or screening and isolation. Since regional health-care facilities are highly interconnected through patient-sharing, focusing on individual ICUs may miss the broader impact of decolonization. Using our Regional Healthcare Ecosystem Analyst simulation model of all health-care facilities in Orange County, California, we evaluated the impact of chlorhexidine baths and mupirocin on all ICU admissions when universal decolonization was implemented for 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of ICU beds countywide (compared with screening and contact precautions). Direct benefits were substantial in ICUs implementing decolonization (a median 60% relative reduction in MRSA prevalence). When 100% of countywide ICU beds were decolonized, there were spillover effects in general wards, long-term acute-care facilities, and nursing homes resulting in median 8.0%, 3.0%, and 1.9% relative MRSA reductions at 1 year, respectively. MRSA prevalence decreased by a relative 3.2% countywide, with similar effects for methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. We showed that a large proportion of decolonization's benefits are missed when accounting only for ICU impact. Approximately 70% of the countywide cases of MRSA carriage averted after 1 year of universal ICU decolonization were outside the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Y. Lee
- Correspondence to Dr. Bruce Y. Lee, Public
Health Computational and Operations Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of
Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 (e-mail:
)
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18
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Yang Y, Qian M, Yi S, Liu S, Li B, Yu R, Guo Q, Zhang X, Yu C, Li J, Xu J, Chen W. Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Staphylococcus aureus Surface Protein A (SasA) Protect Against Staphylococcus aureus Sepsis and Peritonitis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149460. [PMID: 26926145 PMCID: PMC4771200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) imposes an increasing impact on public health. Due to multi-antibiotics resistance in MRSA strains, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutics such as effective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MRSA infections. Staphylococcus aureus surface protein A (SasA), a large surface-located protein (~240 kDa), is one of MSCRAMMs (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules) and a potential target for immunotherapeutic approaches against S. aureus infections. In the present study, we analyzed the sequence of SasA with bioinformatics tools and generated a protective monoclonal antibody (2H7) targeting the conserved domain of SasA. 2H7 was shown to recognize wild-type S. aureus and promote opsonophagocytic killing of S. aureus. In both sepsis and peritoneal infection models, prophylactic administration of 2H7 improved the survival of BALB/c mice challenged by S. aureus strain USA300 and ST239 (prevalent MRSA clones in North America and Asian countries, respectively) and enhanced bacterial clearance in kidneys. Additionally, 2H7 prophylaxis prevented the formation of intraperitoneal abscess in a murine model of peritoneal infection and therapeutic administration of 2H7 showed protective efficacy in a murine sepsis model. Our results presented here provide supporting evidences that an anti-SasA mAb might be a potential component in an antibody-based immunotherapeutic treatment of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Yang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengying Qian
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shaoqiong Yi
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuling Liu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 306 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rui Yu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changming Yu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Yang HJ, Zhang JY, Wei C, Yang LY, Zuo QF, Zhuang Y, Feng YJ, Srinivas S, Zeng H, Zou QM. Immunisation With Immunodominant Linear B Cell Epitopes Vaccine of Manganese Transport Protein C Confers Protection against Staphylococcus aureus Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149638. [PMID: 26895191 PMCID: PMC4764517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination strategies for Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections have attracted much research attention. Recent efforts have been made to select manganese transport protein C, or manganese binding surface lipoprotein C (MntC), which is a metal ion associated with pathogen nutrition uptake, as potential candidates for an S. aureus vaccine. Although protective humoral immune responses to MntC are well-characterised, much less is known about detailed MntC-specific B cell epitope mapping and particularly epitope vaccines, which are less-time consuming and more convenient. In this study, we generated a recombinant protein rMntC which induced strong antibody response when used for immunisation with CFA/IFA adjuvant. On the basis of the results, linear B cell epitopes within MntC were finely mapped using a series of overlapping synthetic peptides. Further studies indicate that MntC113-136, MntC209-232, and MntC263-286 might be the original linear B-cell immune dominant epitope of MntC, furthermore, three-dimensional (3-d) crystal structure results indicate that the three immunodominant epitopes were displayed on the surface of the MntC antigen. On the basis of immunodominant MntC113-136, MntC209-232, and MntC263-286 peptides, the epitope vaccine for S. aureus induces a high antibody level which is biased to TH2 and provides effective immune protection and strong opsonophagocytic killing activity in vitro against MRSA infection. In summary, the study provides strong proof of the optimisation of MRSA B cell epitope vaccine designs and their use, which was based on the MntC antigen in the development of an MRSA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Yang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jin-Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Chao Wei
- National Engineering Research Centre for Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Liu-Yang Yang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Qian-Fei Zuo
- National Engineering Research Centre for Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - You-Jun Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Swaminath Srinivas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Centre for Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QMZ)
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Centre for Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QMZ)
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20
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Tranchemontagne ZR, Camire RB, O'Donnell VJ, Baugh J, Burkholder KM. Staphylococcus aureus Strain USA300 Perturbs Acquisition of Lysosomal Enzymes and Requires Phagosomal Acidification for Survival inside Macrophages. Infect Immun 2016; 84:241-53. [PMID: 26502911 PMCID: PMC4694005 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00704-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes invasive, drug-resistant skin and soft tissue infections. Reports that S. aureus bacteria survive inside macrophages suggest that the intramacrophage environment may be a niche for persistent infection; however, mechanisms by which the bacteria might evade macrophage phagosomal defenses are unclear. We examined the fate of the S. aureus-containing phagosome in THP-1 macrophages by evaluating bacterial intracellular survival and phagosomal acidification and maturation and by testing the impact of phagosomal conditions on bacterial viability. Multiple strains of S. aureus survived inside macrophages, and in studies using the MRSA USA300 clone, the USA300-containing phagosome acidified rapidly and acquired the late endosome and lysosome protein LAMP1. However, fewer phagosomes containing live USA300 bacteria than those containing dead bacteria associated with the lysosomal hydrolases cathepsin D and β-glucuronidase. Inhibiting lysosomal hydrolase activity had no impact on intracellular survival of USA300 or other S. aureus strains, suggesting that S. aureus perturbs acquisition of lysosomal enzymes. We examined the impact of acidification on S. aureus intramacrophage viability and found that inhibitors of phagosomal acidification significantly impaired USA300 intracellular survival. Inhibition of macrophage phagosomal acidification resulted in a 30-fold reduction in USA300 expression of the staphylococcal virulence regulator agr but had little effect on expression of sarA, saeR, or sigB. Bacterial exposure to acidic pH in vitro increased agr expression. Together, these results suggest that S. aureus survives inside macrophages by perturbing normal phagolysosome formation and that USA300 may sense phagosomal conditions and upregulate expression of a key virulence regulator that enables its intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan B Camire
- Department of Nursing, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | | | - Jessfor Baugh
- Department of Biology, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
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21
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Chan LC, Chaili S, Filler SG, Barr K, Wang H, Kupferwasser D, Edwards JE, Xiong YQ, Ibrahim AS, Miller LS, Schmidt CS, Hennessey JP, Yeaman MR. Nonredundant Roles of Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-22 in Murine Host Defense against Cutaneous and Hematogenous Infection Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4427-37. [PMID: 26351278 PMCID: PMC4598415 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01061-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and skin structure infections (SSSI) in humans. Moreover, the high frequency of recurring SSSI due to S. aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, suggests that infection induces suboptimal anamnestic defenses. The present study addresses the hypothesis that interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-22 play distinct roles in immunity to cutaneous and invasive MRSA infection in a mouse model of SSSI. Mice were treated with specific neutralizing antibodies against IL-17A and/or IL-22 and infected with MRSA, after which the severity of infection and host immune response were determined. Neutralization of either IL-17A or IL-22 reduced T cell and neutrophil infiltration and host defense peptide elaboration in lesions. These events corresponded with increased abscess severity, MRSA viability, and CFU density in skin. Interestingly, combined inhibition of IL-17A and IL-22 did not worsen abscesses but did increase gamma interferon (IFN-γ) expression at these sites. The inhibition of IL-22 led to a reduction in IL-17A expression, but not vice versa. These results suggest that the expression of IL-17A is at least partially dependent on IL-22 in this model. Inhibition of IL-17A but not IL-22 led to hematogenous dissemination to kidneys, which correlated with decreased T cell infiltration in renal tissue. Collectively, these findings indicate that IL-17A and IL-22 have complementary but nonredundant roles in host defense against cutaneous versus hematogenous infection. These insights may support targeted immune enhancement or other novel approaches to address the challenge of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana C Chan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Siyang Chaili
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Scott G Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin Barr
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Deborah Kupferwasser
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - John E Edwards
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yan Q Xiong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashraf S Ibrahim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Michael R Yeaman
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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22
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Berlon NR, Qi R, Sharma-Kuinkel BK, Joo HS, Park LP, George D, Thaden JT, Messina JA, Maskarinec SA, Mueller-Premru M, Athan E, Tattevin P, Pericas JM, Woods CW, Otto M, Fowler VG. Clinical MRSA isolates from skin and soft tissue infections show increased in vitro production of phenol soluble modulins. J Infect 2015; 71:447-57. [PMID: 26079275 PMCID: PMC4816458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) are amphipathic, pro-inflammatory proteins secreted by most Staphylococcus aureus isolates. This study tested the hypothesis that in vitro PSM production levels are associated with specific clinical phenotypes. METHODS 177 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates from infective endocarditis (IE), skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), and hospital-acquired/ventilator-associated pneumonia (HAP) were matched by geographic origin, then genotyped using spa-typing. In vitro PSM production was measured by high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-squared or Kruskal-Wallis tests as appropriate. RESULTS Spa type 1 was significantly more common in SSTI isolates (62.7% SSTI; 1.7% IE; 16.9% HAP; p < 0.0001) while HAP and IE isolates were more commonly spa type 2 (0% SSTI; 37.3% IE; 40.7% HAP; p < 0.0001). USA300 isolates produced the highest levels of PSMs in vitro. SSTI isolates produced significantly higher quantities of PSMα1-4, PSMβ1, and δ-toxin than other isolates (p < 0.001). These findings persisted when USA300 isolates were excluded from analysis. CONCLUSIONS Increased in vitro production of PSMs is associated with an SSTI clinical source. This significant association persisted after exclusion of USA300 genotype isolates from analysis, suggesting that PSMs play a particularly important role in the pathogenesis of SSTI as compared to other infection types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eugene Athan
- Barwon Health, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
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23
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Park SI, Kim JW, Yoe SM. Purification and characterization of a novel antibacterial peptide from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 52:98-106. [PMID: 25956195 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we induced and purified a novel antimicrobial peptide exhibiting activity against Gram-positive bacteria from the immunized hemolymph of Hermetia illucens larvae. The immunized hemolymph was extracted, and the novel defensin-like peptide 4 (DLP4) was purified using solid-phase extraction and reverse-phase chromatography. The purified DLP4 demonstrated a molecular weight of 4267 Da, as determined using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) method. From analysis of DLP4 by N-terminal amino acid sequencing using Edman degradation, combined with MALDI-TOF and rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR), the amino acid sequence of the mature peptide was determined to be ATCDLLSPFKVGHAACAAHCIARGKRGGWCDKRAVCNCRK. In NCBI BLAST, the amino acid sequence of DPL4 was found to be 75% identical to the Phlebotomus duboscqi defensin. Analysis of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) revealed that DLP4 have antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The expression of DLP4 transcripts in several tissues after bacterial challenge was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of the DLP4 gene hardly occurred throughout the body before immunization, but was mostly evident in the fat body after immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ik Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University Graduate School, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Moon Yoe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Pincus NB, Reckhow JD, Saleem D, Jammeh ML, Datta SK, Myles IA. Strain Specific Phage Treatment for Staphylococcus aureus Infection Is Influenced by Host Immunity and Site of Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124280. [PMID: 25909449 PMCID: PMC4409319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The response to multi-drug resistant bacterial infections must be a global priority. While mounting resistance threatens to create what the World Health Organization has termed a “post-antibiotic era”, the recent discovery that antibiotic use may adversely impact the microbiome adds further urgency to the need for new developmental approaches for anti-pathogen treatments. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in particular, has declared itself a serious threat within the United States and abroad. A potential solution to the problem of antibiotic resistance may not entail looking to the future for completely novel treatments, but instead looking into our history of bacteriophage therapy. This study aimed to test the efficacy, safety, and commercial viability of the use of phages to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections using the commercially available phage SATA-8505. We found that SATA-8505 effectively controls S. aureus growth and reduces bacterial viability both in vitro and in a skin infection mouse model. However, this killing effect was not observed when phage was cultured in the presence of human whole blood. SATA-8505 did not induce inflammatory responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cultures. However, phage did induce IFN gamma production in primary human keratinocyte cultures and induced inflammatory responses in our mouse models, particularly in a mouse model of chronic granulomatous disease. Our findings support the potential efficacy of phage therapy, although regulatory and market factors may limit its wider investigation and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B. Pincus
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jensen D. Reckhow
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Danial Saleem
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Momodou L. Jammeh
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandip K. Datta
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Myles
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Kim HK, Missiakas D, Schneewind O. Mouse models for infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus. J Immunol Methods 2014; 410:88-99. [PMID: 24769066 PMCID: PMC6211302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus - a commensal of the human skin, nares and gastrointestinal tract - is also a leading cause of bacterial skin and soft tissue infection (SSTIs), bacteremia, sepsis, peritonitis, pneumonia and endocarditis. Antibiotic-resistant strains, designated MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus), are common and represent a therapeutic challenge. Current research and development efforts seek to address the challenge of MRSA infections through vaccines and immune therapeutics. Mice have been used as experimental models for S. aureus SSTI, bacteremia, sepsis, peritonitis and endocarditis. This work led to the identification of key virulence factors, candidate vaccine antigens or immune-therapeutics that still require human clinical testing to establish efficacy. Past failures of human clinical trials raised skepticism whether the mouse is an appropriate model for S. aureus disease in humans. S. aureus causes chronic-persistent infections that, even with antibiotic or surgical intervention, reoccur in humans and in mice. Determinants of S. aureus evasion from human innate and adaptive immune responses have been identified, however only some of these are relevant in mice. Future research must integrate these insights and refine the experimental mouse models for specific S. aureus diseases to accurately predict the failure or success for candidate vaccines and immune-therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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26
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Zuo QF, Cai CZ, Ding HL, Wu Y, Yang LY, Feng Q, Yang HJ, Wei ZB, Zeng H, Zou QM. Identification of the immunodominant regions of Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin-binding protein A. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95338. [PMID: 24736634 PMCID: PMC3988184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen responsible for a diverse spectrum of human diseases and a leading cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Development of a vaccine against this pathogen is an important goal. The fibronectin binding protein A (FnBPA) of S. aureus is one of multifunctional ‘microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules' (MSCRAMMs). It is one of the most important adhesin molecules involved in the initial adhesion steps of S. aureus infection. It has been studied as potential vaccine candidates. However, FnBPA is a high-molecular-weight protein of 106 kDa and difficulties in achieving its high-level expression in vitro limit its vaccine application in S. aureus infection diseases control. Therefore, mapping the immunodominant regions of FnBPA is important for developing polyvalent subunit fusion vaccines against S. aureus infections. In the present study, we cloned and expressed the N-terminal and C-terminal of FnBPA. We evaluated the immunogenicity of the two sections of FnBPA and the protective efficacy of the two truncated fragments vaccines in a murine model of systemic S. aureus infection. The results showed recombinant truncated fragment F130-500 had a strong immunogenicity property and survival rates significantly increased in the group of mice immunized with F130-500 than the control group. We futher identified the immunodominant regions of FnBPA. The mouse antisera reactions suggest that the region covering residues 110 to 263 (F1B110-263) is highly immunogenic and is the immunodominant regions of FnBPA. Moreover, vaccination with F1B110-263 can generate partial protection against lethal challenge with two different S. aureus strains and reduced bacterial burdens against non-lethal challenge as well as that immunization with F130-500. This information will be important for further developing anti- S. aureus polyvalent subunit fusion vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Fei Zuo
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chang-Zhi Cai
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hong-Lei Ding
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yi Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liu-Yang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Biological Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hui-Jie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhen-Bo Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QMZ)
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QMZ)
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27
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Kaur S, Harjai K, Chhibber S. Bacteriophage-aided intracellular killing of engulfed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by murine macrophages. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4653-61. [PMID: 24633444 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phages are known to effectively kill extracellularly multiplying bacteria as they do not have the ability of intracellular penetration within the animal cells. However, the present manuscript focuses on studying the impact of surface-adsorbed phage particles on the killing of engulfed Staphylococcus aureus inside phagocytic cells. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were isolated and cultured, followed by evaluation of their ability of bacterial uptake and killing. The intracellular killing potential of macrophages in the presence of unadsorbed free phage as well as phage adsorbed onto S. aureus 43300 was studied. Phage added alone to macrophage preparation did not influence intracellular killing of engulfed S. aureus by macrophages. However, phage adsorbed onto host bacterial cells (utilizing host bacteria as a vehicle to carry the lytic phage into the phagocytic compartment) brought about time-dependent and titre-dependent significant reduction in the number of viable intracellular cocci. Phage particles that shuttled inside the macrophage along with bacteria also significantly reduced cytotoxic damage caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). This in turn enhanced the bactericidal killing potential of phagocytic cells. In earlier studies the inability of phages to kill intracellular bacteria has been thought to be a major drawback of phage therapy. For the first time results of this study confirm the killing ability of the broad host range lytic phage MR-5 of both extracellular as well as intracellular engulfed S. aureus inside macrophages. This approach shall not only restrict intracellular proliferation of staphylococci within the myeloid cells but also protect the host from further relapse of infection and treatment failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Zhao Z, Li B, Sun HQ, Zhang JY, Wang YL, Chen L, Hu J, He YF, Zeng H, Zou QM, Wu C. Fine-mapping of immunodominant linear B-cell epitopes of the Staphylococcus aureus SEB antigen using short overlapping peptides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90445. [PMID: 24599257 PMCID: PMC3943954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is one of the most potent Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins (SEs). Due to its conserved sequence and stable structure, SEB might be a good candidate antigen for MRSA vaccines. Although cellular immune responses to SEB are well-characterized, much less is known regarding SEB-specific humoral immune responses, particularly regarding detailed epitope mapping. In this study, we utilized a recombinant nontoxic mutant of SEB (rSEB) and an AlPO4 adjuvant to immunize BALB/c mice and confirmed that rSEB can induce a high antibody level and effective immune protection against MRSA infection. Next, the antisera of immunized mice were collected, and linear B cell epitopes within SEB were finely mapped using a series of overlapping synthetic peptides. Three immunodominant B cell epitopes of SEB were screened by ELISA, including a novel epitope, SEB205-222, and two known epitopes, SEB97–114 and SEB247-261. Using truncated peptides, an ELISA was performed with peptide-KLH antisera, and the core sequence of the three immunodominant B cell epitopes were verified as SEB97-112, SEB207-222, and SEB247-257. In vitro, all of the immunodominant epitope-specific antisera (anti-SEB97-112, anti-SEB207-222 and anti-SEB247-257) were observed to inhibit SEB-induced T cell mitogenesis and cytokine production from splenic lymphocytes of BALB/c mice. The homology analysis indicated that SEB97–112 and SEB207-222 were well-conserved among different Staphylococcus aureus strains. The 3D crystal structure of SEB indicated that SEB97–112 was in the loop region inside SEB, whereas SEB207-222 and SEB247-257 were in the β-slice region outside SEB. In summary, the fine-mapping of linear B-cell epitopes of the SEB antigen in this study will be useful to understand anti-SEB immunity against MRSA infection further and will be helpful to optimize MRSA vaccine designs that are based on the SEB antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - He-Qiang Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jin-Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ya-Fei He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- * E-mail: (CW); (Q-MZ)
| | - Chao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- * E-mail: (CW); (Q-MZ)
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Myles IA, Pincus NB, Fontecilla NM, Datta SK. Effects of parental omega-3 fatty acid intake on offspring microbiome and immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87181. [PMID: 24489864 PMCID: PMC3906117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The "Western diet" is characterized by increased intake of saturated and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids with a relative reduction in omega-3 (n-3) consumption. These fatty acids can directly and indirectly modulate the gut microbiome, resulting in altered host immunity. Omega-3 fatty acids can also directly modulate immunity through alterations in the phospholipid membranes of immune cells, inhibition of n-6 induced inflammation, down-regulation of inflammatory transcription factors, and by serving as pre-cursors to anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as resolvins and protectins. We have previously shown that consumption by breeder mice of diets high in saturated and n-6 fatty acids have inflammatory and immune-modulating effects on offspring that are at least partially driven by vertical transmission of altered gut microbiota. To determine if parental diets high in n-3 fatty acids could also affect offspring microbiome and immunity, we fed breeding mice an n-3-rich diet with 40% calories from fat and measured immune outcomes in their offspring. We found offspring from mice fed diets high in n-3 had altered gut microbiomes and modestly enhanced anti-inflammatory IL-10 from both colonic and splenic tissue. Omega-3 pups were protected during peanut oral allergy challenge with small but measurable alterations in peanut-related serologies. However, n-3 pups displayed a tendency toward worsened responses during E. coli sepsis and had significantly worse outcomes during Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Our results indicate excess parental n-3 fatty acid intake alters microbiome and immune response in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Myles
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathan B. Pincus
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natalia M. Fontecilla
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandip K. Datta
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Zuo QF, Yang LY, Feng Q, Lu DS, Dong YD, Cai CZ, Wu Y, Guo Y, Gu J, Zeng H, Zou QM. Evaluation of the protective immunity of a novel subunit fusion vaccine in a murine model of systemic MRSA infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81212. [PMID: 24324681 PMCID: PMC3852261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common commensal organism in humans and a major cause of bacteremia and hospital acquired infection. Because of the spread of strains resistant to antibiotics, these infections are becoming more difficult to treat. Therefore, exploration of anti-staphylococcal vaccines is currently a high priority. Iron surface determinant B (IsdB) is an iron-regulated cell wall-anchored surface protein of S. aureus. Alpha-toxin (Hla) is a secreted cytolytic pore-forming toxin. Previous studies reported that immunization with IsdB or Hla protected animals against S. aureus infection. To develop a broadly protective vaccine, we constructed chimeric vaccines based on IsdB and Hla. Immunization with the chimeric bivalent vaccine induced strong antibody and T cell responses. When the protective efficacy of the chimeric bivalent vaccine was compared to that of individual proteins in a murine model of systemic S. aureus infection, the bivalent vaccine showed a stronger protective immune response than the individual proteins (IsdB or Hla). Based on the results presented here, the chimeric bivalent vaccine affords higher levels of protection against S. aureus and has potential as a more effective candidate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Fei Zuo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu-Yang Yang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Shui Lu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Dong Dong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Zhi Cai
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QMZ)
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QMZ)
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Takahashi K, Kurokawa K, Moyo P, Jung DJ, An JH, Chigweshe L, Paul E, Lee BL. Intradermal immunization with wall teichoic acid (WTA) elicits and augments an anti-WTA IgG response that protects mice from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection independent of mannose-binding lectin status. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69739. [PMID: 23936347 PMCID: PMC3732247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the immune response to intradermal immunization with wall teichoic acid (WTA) and the effect of MBL deficiency in a murine model of infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). WTA is a bacterial cell wall component that is implicated in invasive infection. We tested susceptibility to MRSA infection in wild type (WT) and MBL deficient mice using two strains of MRSA: MW2, a community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA); and COL, a healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). We also performed in vitro assays to investigate the effects of anti-WTA IgG containing murine serum on complement activation and bacterial growth in whole blood. We found that MBL knockout (KO) mice are relatively resistant to a specific MRSA strain, MW2 CA-MRSA, compared to WT mice, while both strains of mice had similar susceptibility to a different strain, COL HA-MRSA. Intradermal immunization with WTA elicited and augmented an anti-WTA IgG response in both WT and MBL KO mice. WTA immunization significantly reduced susceptibility to both MW2 CA-MRSA and COL HA-MRSA, independent of the presence of MBL. The protective mechanisms of anti-WTA IgG are mediated at least in part by complement activation and clearance of bacteria from blood. The significance of these findings is that 1) Intradermal immunization with WTA induces production of anti-WTA IgG; and 2) This anti-WTA IgG response protects from infection with both MW2 CA-MRSA and COL HA-MRSA even in the absence of MBL, the deficiency of which is common in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Wongboot W, Chomvarin C, Engchanil C, Chaimanee P. Multiplex PCR for detection of superantigenic toxin genes in methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients and carriers of a hospital in northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2013; 44:660-671. [PMID: 24050101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to develop multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of five superantigenic toxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed and tst-1) in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 149 clinical samples and nasal swabs from 201 healthy subjects in Thailand, and to compare prevalence and expression of those genes between methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). The sensitivity of multiplex PCR was 10(3) CFU/ml (60 CFU/PCR reaction) for DNA templates extracted by both boiling and extraction methods. S. aureus strains from patients (65%) harbored more superantigenic toxin genes than healthy subjects (54%). MRSA (80%) isolated from patients harbored more superantigenic toxin genes than MSSA (52%). Sea was the most frequently found gene in S. aureus strains from patients and carriers. MRSAisolates harbored sea and produced SEA more frequently than MSSA isolates (p <0.05) and MRSA isolates (59%) from blood samples consisted of a higher number of superantigenic toxin producers than MSSA (9%) (p < 0.05). More S. aureus strains isolated from patients with severe septicemia contained superantigenic toxin genes (94%) and produced toxins (82%) than those from non-severe patients (64% and 57%, respectively). The multiplex PCR method described here offers a reliable tool for simultaneous detection of various staphylococcal toxin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warawan Wongboot
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Mattis D, Spaulding A, Chuang-Smith O, Sundberg E, Schlievert P, Kranz D. Engineering a soluble high-affinity receptor domain that neutralizes staphylococcal enterotoxin C in rabbit models of disease. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:133-42. [PMID: 23161916 PMCID: PMC3542526 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of immunostimulatory exotoxins that activate large numbers of T cells, leading to overproduction of cytokines and subsequent inflammatory reactions and systemic toxicity. Staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC), a SAg secreted by Staphylococcus aureus, has been implicated in various illnesses including non-menstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and necrotizing pneumonia. SEC has been shown to cause TSS illness in rabbits and the toxin contributes to lethality associated with methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) in a rabbit model of pneumonia. With the goal of reducing morbidity and mortality associated with SEC, a high-affinity variant of the extracellular variable domain of the T-cell receptor beta-chain for SEC (~14 kDa) was generated by directed evolution using yeast display. This protein was characterized biochemically and shown to cross-react with the homologous (65% identical) SAg staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). The soluble, high-affinity T-cell receptor protein neutralized SEC and SEB in vitro and also significantly reduced the bacterial burden of an SEC-positive strain of MRSA (USA400 MW2) in an infective endocarditis model. The neutralizing agent also prevented lethality due to MW2 in a necrotizing pneumonia rabbit model. These studies characterize a soluble high-affinity neutralizing agent against SEC, which is cross-reactive with SEB, and that has potential to be used intravenously with antibiotics to manage staphylococcal diseases that involve these SAgs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/biosynthesis
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
- Cell Line
- Cell Surface Display Techniques
- Directed Molecular Evolution
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endocarditis, Bacterial/drug therapy
- Endocarditis, Bacterial/immunology
- Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology
- Enterotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Staphylococcal/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Staphylococcal/immunology
- Pneumonia, Staphylococcal/microbiology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Engineering
- Rabbits
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy
- Staphylococcal Infections/immunology
- Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
- Superantigens/metabolism
- Superantigens/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- D.M. Mattis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - A.R. Spaulding
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Present address: Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - O.N. Chuang-Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - E.J. Sundberg
- Boston Biomedical Research Institute, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
- Present address: Institute of Human Virology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - P.M. Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Present address: Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - D.M. Kranz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Tekle YI, Nielsen KM, Liu J, Pettigrew MM, Meyers LA, Galvani AP, Townsend JP. Controlling antimicrobial resistance through targeted, vaccine-induced replacement of strains. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50688. [PMID: 23227198 PMCID: PMC3515573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has proven effective in controlling many infectious diseases. However, differential effectiveness with regard to pathogen genotype is a frequent reason for failures in vaccine development. Often, insufficient immune response is induced to prevent infection by the diversity of existing serotypes present in pathogenic populations of bacteria. These vaccines that target a too narrow spectrum of serotypes do not offer sufficient prevention of infections, and can also lead to undesirable strain replacements. Here, we examine a novel idea to specifically exploit the narrow spectrum coverage of some vaccines to combat specific, emerging multi- and pan-resistant strains of pathogens. Application of a narrow-spectrum vaccine could serve to prevent infections by some strains that are hard to treat, rather than offer the vaccinated individual protection against infections by the pathogenic species as such. We suggest that vaccines targeted to resistant serotypes have the potential to become important public health tools, and would represent a new approach toward reducing the burden of particular multi-resistant strains occurring in hospitals. Vaccines targeting drug-resistant serotypes would also be the first clinical intervention with the potential to drive the evolution of pathogenic populations toward drug-sensitivity. We illustrate the feasibility of this approach by modeling a hypothetical vaccine that targets a subset of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) genotypes, in combination with drug treatment targeted at drug-sensitive genotypes. We find that a combined intervention strategy can limit nosocomial outbreaks, even when vaccine efficacy is imperfect. The broader utility of vaccine-based resistance control strategies should be further explored taking into account population structure, and the resistance and transmission patterns of the pathogen considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas I Tekle
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
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Riedmann EM. Three MRSA vaccines in early clincial trials. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1742. [PMID: 23980264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
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Tian X, Xu F, Lung WY, Meyerson C, Ghaffari AA, Cheng G, Deng JC. Poly I:C enhances susceptibility to secondary pulmonary infections by gram-positive bacteria. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41879. [PMID: 22962579 PMCID: PMC3433467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial pneumonias are a frequent complication of influenza and other respiratory viral infections, but the mechanisms underlying viral-induced susceptibility to bacterial infections are poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear whether the host's response against the viral infection, independent of the injury caused by the virus, results in impairment of antibacterial host defense. Here, we sought to determine whether the induction of an “antiviral” immune state using various viral recognition receptor ligands was sufficient to result in decreased ability to combat common bacterial pathogens of the lung. Using a mouse model, animals were administered polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) or Toll-like 7 ligand (imiquimod or gardiquimod) intranasally, followed by intratracheal challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae. We found that animals pre-exposed to poly I:C displayed impaired bacterial clearance and increased mortality. Poly I:C-exposed animals also had decreased ability to clear methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, we showed that activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 and Retinoic acid inducible gene (RIG-I)/Cardif pathways, which recognize viral nucleic acids in the form of dsRNA, both contribute to poly I:C mediated impairment of bacterial clearance. Finally, we determined that poly I:C administration resulted in significant induction of type I interferons (IFNs), whereas the elimination of type I IFN signaling improved clearance and survival following secondary bacterial pneumonia. Collectively, these results indicate that in the lung, poly I:C administration is sufficient to impair pulmonary host defense against clinically important gram-positive bacterial pathogens, which appears to be mediated by type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Tian
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wing Yi Lung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Cherise Meyerson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amir Ali Ghaffari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jane C. Deng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rabbat JC, Lin MY, Moy JN. Induction of tolerance in a patient with a history of exfoliative dermatitis to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 109:360-1. [PMID: 23062394 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tseng CW, Kyme PA, Arruda A, Ramanujan VK, Tawackoli W, Liu GY. Innate immune dysfunctions in aged mice facilitate the systemic dissemination of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41454. [PMID: 22844481 PMCID: PMC3406035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly humans show increased susceptibility to invasive staphylococcal disease after skin and soft tissue infection. However, it is not understood how host immunity changes with aging, and how that predisposes to invasive disease. In a model of severe skin infection, we showed that aged mice (16- to 20-month-old) exhibit dramatic bacterial dissemination compared with young adult mice (2-month-old). Bacterial dissemination was associated with significant reductions of CXCL1 (KC), polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), and extracellular DNA traps (NETs) at the infection site. PMNs and primary skin fibroblasts isolated from aged mice showed decreased secretion of CXCL2 (MIP-2) and KC in response to MRSA, and in vitro analyses of mitochondrial functions revealed that the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I plays a significant role in induction of chemokines in the cells isolated from young but not old mice. Additionally, PMNs isolated from aged mice have reduced ability to form NETs and to kill MRSA. Expression of nuclease by S. aureus led to increased bacterial systemic dissemination in young but not old mice, suggesting that defective NETs formation in elderly mice permitted nuclease and non-nuclease expressing S. aureus to disseminate equally well. Overall, these findings suggest that gross impairment of both skin barrier function and innate immunity contributes to the propensity for MRSA to disseminate in aged mice. Furthermore, the study indicates that contribution of bacterial factors to pathogenicity may vary with host age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Wen Tseng
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- The Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CWT); (GYL)
| | - Pierre A. Kyme
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- The Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea Arruda
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- The Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - V. Krishnan Ramanujan
- Department of Surgery & Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wafa Tawackoli
- Department of Surgery & Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - George Y. Liu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- The Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CWT); (GYL)
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Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE. [Staphylococcus and its counter-measures against epidermal antimicrobial peptides]. Rev Med Liege 2012; 67:191-194. [PMID: 22670446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococci are microorganisms often involved in a colonization process on muco-cutaneous sites. They are responsible for various nosocomial and community-associated skin infections. The methicillin-resistant staphylococci are particularly involved in various aspects of pathology. Epidermal antimicrobial peptides are part of the host defense mechanisms corresponding to the innate immunity. They may limit the extent in colonization. However, some staphylococci are able to bypass the antimicrobial peptides released by the host.
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Tong SYC, Chen LF, Fowler VG. Colonization, pathogenicity, host susceptibility, and therapeutics for Staphylococcus aureus: what is the clinical relevance? Semin Immunopathol 2011; 34:185-200. [PMID: 22160374 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human commensal that can also cause a broad spectrum of clinical disease. Factors associated with clinical disease are myriad and dynamic and include pathogen virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and host susceptibility. Additionally, infection control measures aimed at the environmental niches of S. aureus and therapeutic advances continue to impact upon the incidence and outcomes of staphylococcal infections. This review article focuses on the clinical relevance of advances in our understanding of staphylococcal colonization, virulence, host susceptibility, and therapeutics. Over the past decade key developments have arisen. First, rates of nosocomial methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections have significantly declined in many countries. Second, we have made great strides in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of S. aureus in general and community-associated MRSA in particular. Third, host risk factors for invasive staphylococcal infections, such as advancing age, increasing numbers of invasive medical interventions, and a growing proportion of patients with healthcare contact, remain dynamic. Finally, several new antimicrobial agents active against MRSA have become available for clinical use. Humans and S. aureus co-exist, and the dynamic interface between host, pathogen, and our attempts to influence these interactions will continue to rapidly change. Although progress has been made in the past decade, we are likely to face further surprises such as the recent waves of community-associated MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Y C Tong
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102359, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Wilson GJ, Seo KS, Cartwright RA, Connelley T, Chuang-Smith ON, Merriman JA, Guinane CM, Park JY, Bohach GA, Schlievert PM, Morrison WI, Fitzgerald JR. A novel core genome-encoded superantigen contributes to lethality of community-associated MRSA necrotizing pneumonia. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002271. [PMID: 22022262 PMCID: PMC3192841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial superantigens (SAg) stimulate T-cell hyper-activation resulting in immune modulation and severe systemic illnesses such as Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock syndrome. However, all known S. aureus SAgs are encoded by mobile genetic elements and are made by only a proportion of strains. Here, we report the discovery of a novel SAg staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxin X (SElX) encoded in the core genome of 95% of phylogenetically diverse S. aureus strains from human and animal infections, including the epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) USA300 clone. SElX has a unique predicted structure characterized by a truncated SAg B-domain, but exhibits the characteristic biological activities of a SAg including Vβ-specific T-cell mitogenicity, pyrogenicity and endotoxin enhancement. In addition, SElX is expressed by clinical isolates in vitro, and during human, bovine, and ovine infections, consistent with a broad role in S. aureus infections of multiple host species. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the selx gene was acquired horizontally by a progenitor of the S. aureus species, followed by allelic diversification by point mutation and assortative recombination resulting in at least 17 different alleles among the major pathogenic clones. Of note, SElX variants made by human- or ruminant-specific S. aureus clones demonstrated overlapping but distinct Vβ activation profiles for human and bovine lymphocytes, indicating functional diversification of SElX in different host species. Importantly, SElX made by CA-MRSA USA300 contributed to lethality in a rabbit model of necrotizing pneumonia revealing a novel virulence determinant of CA-MRSA disease pathogenesis. Taken together, we report the discovery and characterization of a unique core genome-encoded superantigen, providing new insights into the evolution of pathogenic S. aureus and the molecular basis for severe infections caused by the CA-MRSA USA300 epidemic clone. Staphylococcus aureus is a global pathogen, responsible for an array of different illnesses in humans and animals. In particular, community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) strains of the pandemic USA300 clone have the capacity to cause lethal human necrotizing pneumonia, but the molecular basis for the enhanced virulence remains unclear. Bacterial superantigens (SAg) stimulate T-cell hyper-activation resulting in severe systemic illnesses such as toxic shock syndrome (TSS). However, all S. aureus SAgs identified to date are encoded by mobile genetic elements found only in a proportion of clinical isolates. Here, we report the discovery of a unique core genome-encoded SAg (SElX) which was acquired by an ancestor of the S. aureus species and which has undergone genetic and functional diversification in pathogenic clones infecting humans and animals. Importantly, we report that SElX made by pandemic USA300 contributes to lethality in a rabbit model of human necrotizing pneumonia revealing a novel virulence determinant of severe CA-MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian J. Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Keun Seok Seo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Robyn A. Cartwright
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Connelley
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia N. Chuang-Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Merriman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Caitriona M. Guinane
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Joo Youn Park
- Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Bohach
- Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Patrick M. Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - W. Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - J. Ross Fitzgerald
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Lee SYC, Seong IW, Kim JS, Cheon KA, Gu SH, Kim HH, Park KH. Enhancement of cutaneous immune response to bacterial infection after low-level light therapy with 1072 nm infrared light: a preliminary study. J Photochem Photobiol B 2011; 105:175-82. [PMID: 21955546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the photobiomodulation effects of 1072 nm infrared light on the natural immune response involved in anti-bacterial and wound healing processes. Thirty mice infected with MRSA on the skin were divided into two groups. The experimental group was treated with 1072 nm infrared light (irradiance: 20 mW/cm(2), fluence: 12 J/cm(2) for 10 min) at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h, 3 and 5 days after inoculation and the control group with sham light. Serial changes of the mRNA levels of TLR2, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, MCP-1, TGF-β, bFGF and VEGF were studied by real time RT-PCR and those of the expression level of VEGF, bFGF, TGF-β and NF-κB by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA levels of the cytokines involved in the early phase of anti-bacterial immune response (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1) increased significantly in the 1072 nm group, peaking between 12 and 24 h post-inoculation. These levels normalized after 3-5 days. Immunohistochemistry revealed a notably stronger expression of VEGF in the 1072 nm group from 8-h post-inoculation to 5-day post-inoculation. We concluded that 1072 nm infrared light had a photobiomodulation effect which resulted in an enhanced biological immune response to the bacterial infection by MRSA and also increased the expression of VEGF to a significant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yoon Celine Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University Medical School, 126-1, 5-Ga, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-705, South Korea.
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Goncharov AE, Olsson-Liljequist B, Zueva LP, Kolodzhieva VV, Khoroshilov VI, Satosova NV. [Epidemic strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals of Saint-Petersburg]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2010:24-29. [PMID: 21061573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study genetic characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causing nosocomial infections in specialized inpatient clinics of Saint-Petersburg. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine cultures of S. aureus, which caused nosocomial infections in patients of 3 clinics in Saint-Petersburg, were studied by pulse-electrophoresis and spa-sequence typing. Identification of superantigens' genes pvl, sea, seb, sec, tst was performed by PCR. RESULTS Circulation of epidemic clone BT2007 attributed to spa-type t008 was revealed. According to pulse-electrotype, this epidemic clone was related with European epidemic clones of widespread cluster A. CONCLUSION Epidemiologic surveillance for MRSA should incorporate monitoring of clonal structure of the agent on both local (intra-clinic) and regional level.
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Kim HK, Cheng AG, Kim HY, Missiakas DM, Schneewind O. Nontoxigenic protein A vaccine for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice. J Exp Med 2010; 207:1863-70. [PMID: 20713595 PMCID: PMC2931167 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current epidemic of hospital- and community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections has caused significant human morbidity, but a protective vaccine is not yet available. Prior infection with S. aureus is not associated with protective immunity. This phenomenon involves staphylococcal protein A (SpA), an S. aureus surface molecule that binds to Fcgamma of immunoglobulin (Ig) and to the Fab portion of V(H)3-type B cell receptors, thereby interfering with opsonophagocytic clearance of the pathogen and ablating adaptive immune responses. We show that mutation of each of the five Ig-binding domains of SpA with amino acid substitutions abolished the ability of the resulting variant SpA(KKAA) to bind Fcgamma or Fab V(H)3 and promote B cell apoptosis. Immunization of mice with SpA(KKAA) raised antibodies that blocked the virulence of staphylococci, promoted opsonophagocytic clearance, and protected mice against challenge with highly virulent MRSA strains. Furthermore, SpA(KKAA) immunization enabled MRSA-challenged mice to mount antibody responses to many different staphylococcal antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Capparelli R, Nocerino N, Lanzetta R, Silipo A, Amoresano A, Giangrande C, Becker K, Blaiotta G, Evidente A, Cimmino A, Iannaccone M, Parlato M, Medaglia C, Roperto S, Roperto F, Ramunno L, Iannelli D. Bacteriophage-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mutant confers broad immunity against staphylococcal infection in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11720. [PMID: 20661301 PMCID: PMC2908692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of a bacteriophage (a bacteria-attacking virus) resistance is clearly beneficial to the bacteria. As expected in such conditions, resistant bacteria emerge rapidly. However, in the absence of the phage, resistant bacteria often display reduced fitness, compared to their sensitive counterparts. The present study explored the fitness cost associated with phage-resistance as an opportunity to isolate an attenuated strain of S. aureus. The phage-resistant strain A172 was isolated from the phage-sensitive strain A170 in the presence of the MSa phage. Acquisition of phage-resistance altered several properties of A172, causing reduced growth rate, under-expression of numerous genes and production of capsular polysaccharide. In vivo, A172 modulated the transcription of the TNF-α, IFN-γ and Il-1β genes and, given intramuscularly, protected mice from a lethal dose of A170 (18/20). The heat-killed vaccine also afforded protection from heterologous methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (8/10 mice) or vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) (9/10 mice). The same vaccine was also effective when administered as an aerosol. Anti-A172 mouse antibodies, in the dose of 10 µl/mouse, protected the animals (10/10, in two independent experiments) from a lethal dose of A170. Consisting predominantly of the sugars glucose and galactose, the capsular polysaccharide of A172, given in the dose of 25 µg/mouse, also protected the mice (20/20) from a lethal dose of A170. The above results demonstrate that selection for phage-resistance can facilitate bacterial vaccine preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nunzia Nocerino
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Giangrande
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Karsten Becker
- Universitätsklinikum Münster Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Antonio Evidente
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Iannaccone
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Parlato
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Medaglia
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Sante Roperto
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Franco Roperto
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Ramunno
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Iannelli
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Lee BY, Ufberg PJ, Bailey RR, Wiringa AE, Smith KJ, Nowalk AJ, Higgins C, Wateska AR, Muder RR. The potential economic value of a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine for neonates. Vaccine 2010; 28:4653-60. [PMID: 20472028 PMCID: PMC2896294 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The continuing morbidity and mortality associated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections, have motivated calls to make S. aureus vaccine development a research priority. We developed a decision analytic computer simulation model to determine the potential economic impact of a S. aureus vaccine for neonates. Our results suggest that a S. aureus vaccine for the neonatal population would be strongly cost-effective (and in many situations dominant) over a wide range of vaccine efficacies (down to 10%) for vaccine costs (or=1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Y Lee
- Applied Modeling, Public Health Computational and Operations Research (PHICOR), Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Harrison CJ. Innate immunity as a key element in host defense against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Minerva Pediatr 2009; 61:503-514. [PMID: 19794376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a frequent reason for healthcare visits. Both pathogen and host differences likely are factors in determining the frequency of recurrent MRSA infections in otherwise normal hosts. Among such host factors are altered innate immune responses in skin and soft tissues. This review examines four selected processes of the innate immune system by which the host may prevent MRSA skin or soft tissue infections. The first involves cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) found in skin, skin organs, and leukocytes. The second requires chemotactic molecules secreted by monocytes and their derivatives. The third is CRP, a primitive opsonin and activator of complement. And the fourth includes neutrophil defenses. These last include the traditional phagocytic bacterial killing by intact neutrophils. This is an intracellular killing accomplished by reactive oxygen species (ROS), CAMPs, and microbicidal enzymes. A second recently described neutrophil defense results in extracellular killing using neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), NETs are produced as neutrophils lyse by a process known as NETosis. The balance between these and similar innate immune responses and bacterial virulence factors likely determines whether MRSA colonization/exposure results in infection of skin or soft tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Harrison
- Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64060, USA.
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Schlievert PM. Cytolysins, superantigens, and pneumonia due to community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:676-8. [PMID: 19653828 DOI: 10.1086/605333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Javed N, Afzal N, Tahir R, Abbas A. In vitro phagocytosis of methicillin resistant and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2009; 21:49-52. [PMID: 20524468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacterium that causes a number of diseases such as abscesses, infective endocarditis, septic arthritis, etc. It is acquiring resistance against many antibiotics like methicillin; therefore its control is becoming increasingly difficult. Peripheral blood phagocytes particularly polymorphonuclear leucocytes play an important role in the protective mechanisms against these organisms. Phagocytes interact with bacteria and phagocytose these microorganisms to kill them. METHODS Phenotypically different isolates of Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) were collected from various hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. Fresh polymorphonuclaer leucocytes were obtained from healthy individuals by centrifugation using Ficol-Hypaque gradient combined with dextran sedimentation. Microbiological method was used for the determination of phagocytic index of phenotypic variants of Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS A significant difference was observed between the phagocytic index of both bacterial groups. MSSA group showed the Mean +/- SD of 79.46% +/- 3.9 while MRSA group showed 72.350% +/- 2.5. CONCLUSION Significant difference in phagocytic index indicates that it can be one of the mechanisms of MRSA to evade host immune system as compare to MSSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numan Javed
- Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Oliver A, Alarcón T, Caballero E, Cantón R. [Microbiological diagnosis of bronchopulmonary colonization-infection in cystic fibrosis]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2009; 27:89-104. [PMID: 19232782 PMCID: PMC7103330 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF), a condition produced by mutations in the gene that encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, is the most prevalent autosomal-recessive hereditary disease in caucasian populations. Among other repercussions, this defect leads to an alteration of respiratory secretions and determines a predisposition for chronic bronchopulmonary colonization-infection, which is the main driver of the high morbidity and early mortality of CF patients. Colonization by Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae is frequent in children younger than 10 years, but mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa is by far the most relevant pathogen in adults with CF and is responsible for the progressive bronchopulmonary deterioration. As a consequence of repeated, long-lasting antimicrobial treatments and deterioration of lung function, colonization by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli, such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter spp. and Burkholderia cepacia complex, is also frequent in adult CF patients. The special characteristics of the pathologic process and the microorganisms implicated in CF make it advisable to consider microbiological follow-up of chronic bronchopulmonary colonization-infection in these patients a specific diagnostic entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Oliver
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, España.
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