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黄 嘉, 方 金, 吴 芝, 吴 建, 方 颖, 林 蒋. [Neutrophil extracellular traps extrusion from neutrophils stably adhered to ICAM-1 by lipoteichoic acid stimulation]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2024; 41:304-312. [PMID: 38686411 PMCID: PMC11058506 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202401062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The effect of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) on promoting intravascular microthrombi formation and exacerbating the severity of sepsis in patients has gained extensive attention. However, in sepsis, the mechanisms and key signaling molecules mediating NET formation during direct interactions of endothelial cells and neutrophils still need further explored. Herein, we utilized lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a component shared by Gram-positive bacteria, to induce NET extrusion from neutrophils firmly adhered to the glass slides coated with intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1). We also used Sytox green to label NET-DNA and Flou-4 AM as the intracellular Ca 2+ signaling indicator to observe the NET formation and fluctuation of Ca 2+ signaling. Our results illustrated that LTA was able to induce NET release from neutrophils firmly attached to ICAM-1-coated glass slides, and the process was time-dependent. In addition, our study indicated that LTA-induced NET release by neutrophils stably adhered to ICAM-1 depended on Ca 2+ signaling but not intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study reveals NET formation mediated by direct interactions between endothelial ICAM-1 and neutrophils under LTA stimulation and key signaling molecules involved, providing the theoretical basis for medicine development and clinical treatment for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- 嘉祺 黄
- 华南理工大学 生物科学与工程学院(广州 510006)School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - 金花 方
- 华南理工大学 生物科学与工程学院(广州 510006)School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - 芝伟 吴
- 华南理工大学 生物科学与工程学院(广州 510006)School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - 建华 吴
- 华南理工大学 生物科学与工程学院(广州 510006)School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - 颖 方
- 华南理工大学 生物科学与工程学院(广州 510006)School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - 蒋国 林
- 华南理工大学 生物科学与工程学院(广州 510006)School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Brink AA, Weber WJ, Lippolis JD, Cole JB, Rendahl AK, Caixeta L, Godden SM, Seykora AJ, Crooker BA. Effect of Holstein genotype on ex-vivo interleukin-1β response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and heat-killed Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 258:110573. [PMID: 36840993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Effects of Holstein genotype on interleukin-1β response were assessed by ex-vivo stimulation of whole blood with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), or sonicated, heat-killed Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria. Holstein genotypes were unselected Holsteins (UH, n = 14) not subjected to selection pressures since the mid-1960s and contemporary Holsteins (CH, n = 13). Milk yield of UH and CH cows differ by more than 4500 kg/lactation. Whole blood was mixed with 0.01 µg LPS, 10 µg LTA or 2.5 × 106 CFU of sonicated, heat-killed E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, S. aureus, S. dysgalactiae, or S. uberis per mL of blood and incubated (4 h, 37 °C). Plasma IL-1β was quantified by ELISA and log10-transformed concentrations analyzed with a multivariate linear mixed effects model. Responses to bacteria were greater than responses to LPS or LTA. Responses to LPS, LTA and the Gram-negative stimulants were greater in UH than in CH cows while responses to the Gram-positive bacteria did not differ between Holstein genotypes. In both genotypes, strong correlations were detected among IL-1β responses to the Gram-negative stimulants and to LTA. There were strong correlations among IL-1β responses to the Gram-positive bacteria in CH cows but only between S. aureus and S. dysgalactiae in UH cows. The IL-1β response to S. uberis was highly correlated with responses to all of the Gram-negative stimulants in CH cows but only with E. coli in the UH cows. The reduced immune response could make contemporary cows more susceptible to infection by Gram-negative bacteria. Results confirm selection practices since the mid-1960s have altered immune response in the Holstein, at least to Gram-negative bacteria, and validate the need for additional studies to further evaluate the impacts of these selection practices on immune function in contemporary Holsteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber A Brink
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Wanda J Weber
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - John D Lippolis
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - John B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Aaron K Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Luciano Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sandra M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Anthony J Seykora
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Brian A Crooker
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Brink AA, Weber WJ, Lippolis JD, Cole JB, Godden SM, Seykora A, Crooker BA. Effect of Holstein genotype on ex-vivo cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) during the periparturient period. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 251:110463. [PMID: 35878562 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Effects of Holstein genotype on innate immune response were assessed with ex-vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) stimulation of whole blood from unselected (UH, n = 10) and contemporary (CH, n = 11) Holsteins that differ in production by more than 4,500 kg/lactation. Blood was collected at -14, 7, 28, and 49 days in milk (DIM), mixed with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecule (0.01 or 1.0 µg LPS or 10 or 100 µg LTA per mL blood) and incubated (4 h, 37 °C). Plasma cytokines were quantified by ELISA, log10-transformed and analyzed by repeated measures with DIM as the repeated effect. Cytokine responses increased with PAMP dose and decreased as DIM increased. There was a genotype by LPS dose interaction for IL-1β as response to the low dose was greater in UH but did not differ between genotypes for the high dose. The IL-1β response was greater while the IL-6 response to LTA tended to be greater in UH than in CH cows. The more negative energy balance of CH cows did not impact genotype difference in cytokine responses. Results indicate selection since the mid-1960s has decreased ex-vivo, whole blood cytokine response of CH cows to LPS and to LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber A Brink
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Wanda J Weber
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - John D Lippolis
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - John B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Sandra M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Anthony Seykora
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Brian A Crooker
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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杜 景, 吴 敏, 李 艺, 黄 珊, 江 山, 陈 帅, 黄 晓. [Effect of Lipoteichoic Acid Synthesis-Related Gene dltD on Acid Tolerance of Highly Cariogenic Strains of Streptococcus mutans]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 53:235-241. [PMID: 35332723 PMCID: PMC10409349 DOI: 10.12182/20220360102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective To study the role and possible mechanism of dltD in the acid tolerance of Streptococcus mutans 593 (SM593), and to provide a theoretical basis for the ecological prevention and control of dental caries by constructing the dltD gene deletion strain of SM593 (SM593-ΔdltD). Methods 1) SM593-Δ dltD was constructed by homologous recombination. 2) The growth curve of SM593 dltD and SM593-Δ dltD under different pH culture conditions was drawn by the automatic growth curve analyzer to compare their acid tolerance. Colony forming unit (CFU) at different time points was used to calculate the survival rate and to compare the acid tolerance response (ATR) of SM593 and SM593-Δ dltD. 3) Under different pH conditions, glycolysis experiments, proton permeability test and H +-ATPase activity test were conducted to make preliminary exploration into the mechanisms of how dltD gene deletion may affect acid tolerance. Results 1) PCR and sequencing results showed that the SM593-Δ dltD was constructed successfully. 2) With decreasing pH value of the culture medium, the growth of SM593-Δ dltD slowed down. When the pH value of the culture medium was 5.0, SM593-Δ dltD was not allowed to grow, and its acid tolerance was lower than that of SM593. Compared with SM593, the ATR capability of SM593-Δ dltD was decreased. 3) SM593 dltD and SM593-Δ dltD did not show obvious difference in their glycolysis ability under different pH conditions. Compared with SM593 dltD, the proton permeability of SM593-Δ dltD under different pH conditions was increased significantly (P<0.05), and H +-ATPase activity decreased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion Compared with SM593 dltD, SM593-Δ dltD showed obvious decrease in acid tolerance, which may be caused by the significant increase in proton permeability and significant decrease in the H +-ATPase activity induced by the deletion of the dltD gene, hence reducing its ability to maintain intracellular pH homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- 景云 杜
- 福建省口腔疾病研究重点实验室,福建省口腔生物材料工程技术研究中心,福建省高校口腔医学重点实验室,福建医科大学口腔医学院/附属口腔医院 牙体牙髓一科 (福州 350000)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, Key Lab of Stomatology for Higher Education Institutions in Fujian Province, and Cariology and Endodontics Department Ⅰ, School/Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China
| | - 敏婧 吴
- 福建省口腔疾病研究重点实验室,福建省口腔生物材料工程技术研究中心,福建省高校口腔医学重点实验室,福建医科大学口腔医学院/附属口腔医院 牙体牙髓一科 (福州 350000)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, Key Lab of Stomatology for Higher Education Institutions in Fujian Province, and Cariology and Endodontics Department Ⅰ, School/Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China
- 南方医科大学口腔医院 牙体牙髓科 (广州 510000)Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Southern Medical University Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - 艺君 李
- 福建省口腔疾病研究重点实验室,福建省口腔生物材料工程技术研究中心,福建省高校口腔医学重点实验室,福建医科大学口腔医学院/附属口腔医院 牙体牙髓一科 (福州 350000)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, Key Lab of Stomatology for Higher Education Institutions in Fujian Province, and Cariology and Endodontics Department Ⅰ, School/Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China
| | - 珊 黄
- 福建省口腔疾病研究重点实验室,福建省口腔生物材料工程技术研究中心,福建省高校口腔医学重点实验室,福建医科大学口腔医学院/附属口腔医院 牙体牙髓一科 (福州 350000)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, Key Lab of Stomatology for Higher Education Institutions in Fujian Province, and Cariology and Endodontics Department Ⅰ, School/Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China
| | - 山 江
- 福建省口腔疾病研究重点实验室,福建省口腔生物材料工程技术研究中心,福建省高校口腔医学重点实验室,福建医科大学口腔医学院/附属口腔医院 牙体牙髓一科 (福州 350000)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, Key Lab of Stomatology for Higher Education Institutions in Fujian Province, and Cariology and Endodontics Department Ⅰ, School/Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China
- 南方医科大学口腔医院 牙体牙髓科 (广州 510000)Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Southern Medical University Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - 帅 陈
- 福建省口腔疾病研究重点实验室,福建省口腔生物材料工程技术研究中心,福建省高校口腔医学重点实验室,福建医科大学口腔医学院/附属口腔医院 牙体牙髓一科 (福州 350000)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, Key Lab of Stomatology for Higher Education Institutions in Fujian Province, and Cariology and Endodontics Department Ⅰ, School/Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China
| | - 晓晶 黄
- 福建省口腔疾病研究重点实验室,福建省口腔生物材料工程技术研究中心,福建省高校口腔医学重点实验室,福建医科大学口腔医学院/附属口腔医院 牙体牙髓一科 (福州 350000)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, Key Lab of Stomatology for Higher Education Institutions in Fujian Province, and Cariology and Endodontics Department Ⅰ, School/Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China
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Tsai WH, Chou CH, Huang TY, Wang HL, Chien PJ, Chang WW, Lee HT. Heat-Killed Lactobacilli Preparations Promote Healing in the Experimental Cutaneous Wounds. Cells 2021; 10:3264. [PMID: 34831486 PMCID: PMC8625647 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as microorganisms with beneficial health effects when consumed by humans, being applied mainly to improve allergic or intestinal diseases. Due to the increasing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics, the abuse of antibiotics becomes inefficient in the skin and in systemic infections, and probiotics may also provide the protective effect for repairing the healing of infected cutaneous wounds. Here we selected two Lactobacillus strains, L. plantarum GMNL-6 and L. paracasei GMNL-653, in heat-killed format to examine the beneficial effect in skin wound repair through the selection by promoting collagen synthesis in Hs68 fibroblast cells. The coverage of gels containing heat-killed GMNL-6 or GMNL-653 on the mouse tail with experimental wounds displayed healing promoting effects with promoting of metalloproteinase-1 expression at the early phase and reduced excessive fibrosis accumulation and deposition in the later tail-skin recovery stage. More importantly, lipoteichoic acid, the major component of Lactobacillus cell wall, from GMNL-6/GMNL-653 could achieve the anti-fibrogenic benefit similar to the heat-killed bacteria cells in the TGF-β stimulated Hs68 fibroblast cell model. Our study offers a new therapeutic potential of the heat-killed format of Lactobacillus as an alternative approach to treating skin healing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hua Tsai
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan 741014, Taiwan; (W.-H.T.); (C.-H.C.); (T.-Y.H.)
| | - Chia-Hsuan Chou
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan 741014, Taiwan; (W.-H.T.); (C.-H.C.); (T.-Y.H.)
| | - Tsuei-Yin Huang
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan 741014, Taiwan; (W.-H.T.); (C.-H.C.); (T.-Y.H.)
| | - Hui-Ling Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan; (H.-L.W.); (P.-J.C.)
| | - Peng-Ju Chien
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan; (H.-L.W.); (P.-J.C.)
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan; (H.-L.W.); (P.-J.C.)
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Te Lee
- Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
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Uher O, Caisova V, Padoukova L, Kvardova K, Masakova K, Lencova R, Frejlachova A, Skalickova M, Venhauerova A, Chlastakova A, Hansen P, Chmelar J, Kopecky J, Zhuang Z, Pacak K, Zenka J. Mannan-BAM, TLR ligands, and anti-CD40 immunotherapy in established murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma: understanding therapeutic potentials and limitations. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3303-3312. [PMID: 33855601 PMCID: PMC9927628 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, and its therapy remains a challenge. Our proposed therapeutic approach is based on the intratumoral injections of mannan-BAM, toll-like receptor ligands, and anti-CD40 antibody (thus termed MBTA therapy), and has shown promising results in the elimination of subcutaneous murine melanoma, pheochromocytoma, colon carcinoma, and smaller pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Panc02). Here, we tested the short- and long-term effects of MBTA therapy in established subcutaneous Panc02 tumors two times larger than in previous study and bilateral Panc02 models as well as the roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in this therapy. The MBTA therapy resulted in eradication of 67% of Panc02 tumors with the development of long-term memory as evidenced by the rejection of Panc02 cells after subcutaneous and intracranial transplantations. The initial Panc02 tumor elimination is not dependent on the presence of CD4+ T lymphocytes, although these cells seem to be important in long-term survival and resistance against tumor retransplantation. The resistance was revealed to be antigen-specific due to its inability to reject B16-F10 melanoma cells. In the bilateral Panc02 model, MBTA therapy manifested a lower therapeutic response. Despite numerous combinations of MBTA therapy with other therapeutic approaches, our results show that only simultaneous application of MBTA therapy into both tumors has potential for the treatment of the bilateral Panc02 model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Uher
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Veronika Caisova
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Lucie Padoukova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Kvardova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Masakova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Lencova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Frejlachova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Skalickova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Venhauerova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Chlastakova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Per Hansen
- Immunoaction LLC, Charlotte, VT, 05445, USA
| | - Jindrich Chmelar
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological, Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Jan Zenka
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
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Hort M, Bertsche U, Nozinovic S, Dietrich A, Schrötter AS, Mildenberger L, Axtmann K, Berscheid A, Bierbaum G. The Role of β-Glycosylated Wall Teichoic Acids in the Reduction of Vancomycin Susceptibility in Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0052821. [PMID: 34668723 PMCID: PMC8528128 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00528-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide range of infections. Due to the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance that leads to treatment failure, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms. Here, the cell wall structures of several laboratory vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strains were analyzed. Among the VISA strains were S. aureus VC40, which accumulated 79 mutations, including most importantly 2 exchanges in the histidine-kinase VraS, and developed full resistance against vancomycin (MIC, 64 μg/ml); a revertant S. aureus VC40R, which has an additional mutation in vraR (MIC, 4 μg/ml); and S. aureus VraS(VC40), in which the 2 vraS mutations were reconstituted into a susceptible background (MIC, 4 μg/ml). A ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis showed that S. aureus VC40 had a significantly decreased cross-linking of the peptidoglycan. Both S. aureus VC40 and S. aureus VraS(VC40) displayed reduced autolysis and an altered autolysin profile in a zymogram. Most striking was the significant increase in d-alanine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) substitution of the wall teichoic acids (WTAs) in S. aureus VC40. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis revealed that this strain had mostly β-glycosylated WTAs in contrast to the other strains, which showed only the α-glycosylation peak. Salt stress induced the incorporation of β-GlcNAc anomers and drastically increased the vancomycin MIC for S. aureus VC40R. In addition, β-glycosylated WTAs decreased the binding affinity of AtlA, the major autolysin of S. aureus, to the cell wall, compared with α-glycosylated WTAs. In conclusion, there is a novel connection between wall teichoic acids, autolysis, and vancomycin susceptibility in S. aureus. IMPORTANCE Infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are commonly treated with vancomycin. This antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis by binding to the cell wall building block lipid II. We set out to characterize the mechanisms leading to decreased vancomycin susceptibility in a laboratory-generated strain, S. aureus VC40. This strain has an altered cell wall architecture with a thick cell wall with low cross-linking, which provides decoy binding sites for vancomycin. The low cross-linking, necessary for this resistance mechanism, decreases the stability of the cell wall against lytic enzymes, which separate the daughter cells. Protection against these enzymes is provided by another cell wall polymer, the teichoic acids, which contain an unusually high substitution with sugars in the β-conformation. By experimentally increasing the proportion of β-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine in a closely related isolate through the induction of salt stress, we could show that the β-conformation of the sugars plays a vital role in the resistance of S. aureus VC40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hort
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Bertsche
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Alina Dietrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Sophie Schrötter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Mildenberger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Axtmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Berscheid
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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8
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Zhu Q, Huo H, Fu Q, Yang N, Xue T, Zhuang C, Liu X, Wang B, Su B, Li C. Identification and characterization of a C-type lectin in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) which functioning as a pattern recognition receptor that binds and agglutinates various bacteria. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 115:104-111. [PMID: 34062237 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) are important pathogen pattern recognition receptors that recognize carbohydrate structures. In present study, a C-type lectin domain family 4 member E-like gene from turbot, which tentatively named SmCLEC4E-like (SmCLEC4EL), was identified, and the expressional and functional analyses were performed. In our results, SmCLEC4EL showed conserved synteny with CLEC4E-like genes from several fish species in genome, and possessed a typical type II transmembrane CTL architecture: an N-terminal intracellular region, a transmembrane domain and a C-terminal extracellular region which contained a predicted carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). In addition, SmCLEC4EL exhibited the highest expression level in spleen in healthy fish, and showed significantly induced expression in mucosal tissues, intestine and skin, under bacteria challenge. Finally, the recombinant SmCLEC4EL protein combined with LPS, PGN, LTA and five different kinds of bacteria in a dose-dependent manner, and agglutinated these bacteria strains in the presence of calcium. These findings collectively demonstrated that SmCLEC4EL, a calcium-dependent CTL, could function as a pattern recognition receptor in pathogen recognition and participate in host anti-bacteria immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Huijun Huo
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Changju Zhuang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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9
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Chen H, Liang Y, Han Y, Liu T, Chen S. Genome-wide analysis of Toll-like receptors in zebrafish and the effect of rearing temperature on the receptors in response to stimulated pathogen infection. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:337-349. [PMID: 33103274 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water temperature has a major influence on the host innate immune defence and the infectivity of pathogens in ectothermic teleosts. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the first and well-characterized innate immune receptors that are conserved in vertebrates. However, little is known about the effect of temperature variation on TLRs in fish species. In this study, we used adult zebrafish as a research model to investigate the effect of water temperature on TLRs. Whole genome searches identified 20 TLR homologue genes in zebrafish. Multiple sequence alignment and protein structure analysis revealed the conserved domains for these TLR proteins. To identify TLR genes related to temperature variation, TLR family genes from 12 species with different body temperatures were assigned to conduct phylogenetic analyses. Based on the phylogenetic relationships, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR20~21 were selected as candidate genes. Immunostimulation data indicated that TLR3, TLR5, and TLR21 were more sensitive to temperature variation and their expression levels were affected in response to pathogen stimulation. Taken together, our results provide a new opportunity to understand the roles of temperature on host innate immune response in fishes and have broader implications for disease prevention in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yawen Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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10
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Cui ZW, Kong LL, Zhao F, Tan AP, Deng YT, Jiang L. Two types of TNF-α and their receptors in snakehead (Channa argus): Functions in antibacterial innate immunity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 104:470-477. [PMID: 32585357 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pluripotent mediator of pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial defense mechanisms and a regulator of lymphoid organ development. Although two types of TNF-α have been identified in several teleost species, their functions in pathogen infection remain largely unexplored, especially in pathogen clearance. Herein, we cloned and characterized two types of TNF-α, termed shTNF-α1 and shTNF-α2, and their receptors, shTNFR1 and shTNFR2, from snakehead (Channa argus). These genes were constitutively expressed in all tested tissues, and were induced by Aeromonas schubertii and Nocardia seriolae in head kidney and spleen in vivo, and by lipoteichoic acid (LTA), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [Poly (I:C)] in head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) in vitro. Moreover, recombinant shTNF-α1 and shTNF-α2 upregulated the expression of endogenous shTNF-α1, shTNF-α2, shTNFR1, and shTNFR2, and enhanced intracellular bactericidal activity, with shTNF-α1 having a greater effect than shTNF-α2. These findings suggest important roles of fish TNFα1, TNFα2, and their receptors in bacterial infection and pathogen clearance, and provide a new insight into their function in antibacterial innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Lu Kong
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ai-Ping Tan
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ting Deng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Wu Y, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Chen J, Dong G. Effects of Peptidoglycan, Lipoteichoic Acid and Lipopolysaccharide on Inflammation, Proliferation and Milk Fat Synthesis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080497. [PMID: 32748871 PMCID: PMC7472015 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland of the cow is particularly susceptible to infections of a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The endotoxins of these pathogenic bacteria include peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and they are the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to induce mastitis. LPS can directly inhibit proliferation and milk fat synthesis of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) while inducing mastitis, but it is unclear whether PGN and LTA also have such effects. Furthermore, since the three PAMPs usually appear simultaneously in the udder of cows with mastitis, their synergistic effects on proliferation and milk fat synthesis of BMECs are worth investigating. The immortalized BMECs (MAC-T cells) were stimulated for 24 h using various concentrations of PGN, LTA and LPS, respectively, to determine the doses that could effectively cause inflammatory responses. Next, the cells were stimulated for 24 h with no endotoxins (CON), PGN, LTA, LPS, PGN + LTA, and PGN + LTA + LPS, respectively, with the predetermined doses to analyze their effects on proliferation and milk fat synthesis of BMECs. PGN, LTA and LPS successfully induced inflammatory responses of BMECs with doses of 30, 30 and 0.1 μg/mL, respectively. Although the proliferation of BMECs was significantly inhibited in the following order: LTA < PGN + LTA < PGN + LTA + LPS, there was no change in cell morphology and cell death. LTA significantly promoted the expression of fatty acid synthesis-related genes but did not change the content of intracellular triglyceride (TG), compared with the CON group. The mRNA expression of fatty acid synthesis-related genes in the LPS group was the lowest among all the groups. Meanwhile, LPS significantly decreased the content of intracellular non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and TG, compared with the CON group. PGN had no effects on milk fat synthesis. Co-stimulation with PGN, LTA and LPS significantly increased the expression of fat acid synthesis-related genes and the intracellular NEFAs, but decreased intracellular TG, compared with sole LPS stimulation. Collectively, PGN, LTA and LPS showed an additive effect on inhibiting proliferation of BMECs. The promoting role of LTA in fatty acid synthesis might offset the negative effects of LPS in this regard, but co-stimulation with PGN, LTA and LPS significantly decreased intracellular TG content.
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12
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Yin W, Liu S, Dong M, Liu Q, Shi C, Bai H, Wang Q, Yang X, Niu W, Wang L. A New NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor, Dioscin, Promotes Osteogenesis. Small 2020; 16:e1905977. [PMID: 31814281 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Refractory periapical periodontitis, which is a persistent infection after root canal treatment, still has no effective treatment. Its most common pathogen is Enterococcus faecalis. Here, the precursor of phytosteroids, dioscin, is introduced to fight against the inflammation induced by Enterococcus faecalis. The findings suggest that dioscin inhibits the nuclear transport of NF-κB and the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by lipoteichoic acid from the Enterococcus faecalis. The decrease in mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1β is observed in dioscin treated mouse macrophages. In the MC3T3-E1 cells, dioscin also promotes the expression of osteogenic-related factors, ALP, Runx2, and OCN. The increased formation of mineralized nodules after the application of dioscin further indicates that dioscin has the potential to promote osteogenesis. The above results suggest dioscin can be a potential root canal irrigation or root canal sealant for the treatment of refractory apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Blvd., Wuhan, 430079, China
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Blvd., Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ming Dong
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Blvd., Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Qicheng Liu
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Blvd., Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Chun Shi
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Blvd., Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Hua Bai
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Blvd., Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Blvd., Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Blvd., Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Weidong Niu
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Blvd., Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Lina Wang
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Blvd., Dalian, 116044, China
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13
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Qin Z, Sarath Babu V, Lin H, Dai Y, Kou H, Chen L, Li J, Zhao L, Lin L. The immune function of prophenoloxidase from red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in response to bacterial infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 92:83-90. [PMID: 31059813 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prophenoloxidase (proPO) is the zymogen form of phenoloxidase (PO), a key enzyme in melanization cascade that has been co-opted in invertebrate immune reactions. There have been reported that proPO plays many essential roles in the crustacean immune system. However, little is known about the function of proPO from red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) which is an important cultured species worldwide. Here, we cloned and expressed proPO gene from red swamp crayfish (PcproPO). Subsequently, specific antibody against PcproPO was generated. The immune function of PcproPO was further characterized in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the expression of PcproPO mRNA could be significantly up-regulated during the challenge of Gram-positive-negative (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and Gram-positive-positive bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus). Furthermore, the purified recombinant PcproPO protein had a strong affinity binding to both bacteria and polysaccharides. In vivo knockdown of PcproPO could significantly reduce the crayfish bacterial clearance ability, resulting in the higher mortality of the crayfish during V. parahaemolyticus infection. In addition, in vitro knockdown of PcproPO in the hemocytes significantly reduced the phenoloxidase (PO) activity and the bacterial clearance ability, indicating that PcproPO might involve in hemocyte-mediated melanization. Our results will shed a new light on the immune function of PcproPO in the crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510225, China
| | - V Sarath Babu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510225, China
| | - Hanzuo Lin
- Faculty of Arts, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1W9, Canada
| | - Yunjia Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Kou
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510225, China
| | - Liehuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510225, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510225, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong province, 266071, PR China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510225, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510225, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong province, 266071, PR China.
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14
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Senghoi W, Thongsoi R, Yu XQ, Runsaeng P, Utarabhand P. A unique lectin composing of fibrinogen-like domain from Fenneropenaeus merguiensis contributed in shrimp immune defense and firstly found to mediate encapsulation. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 92:276-287. [PMID: 31181341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In invertebrates, both fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) and C-type lectins are acknowledged to act as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to participate particularly in an innate immunity. Hereby, a unique C-type lectin designated as FmLFd was isolated from the hemocytes of Fenneropenaeus merguiensis. FmLFd contained one open reading frame which encoding a peptide of 312 amino acid residues and a signal peptide of 18 amino acids. The primary sequence of FmLFd was composed of a fibrinogen-like domain (Fd) with a Ca2+-binding site and possessing specificity to bind N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc). The FmLFd transcripts were detected mainly in hemocytes of healthy shrimp. The expression of FmLFd was significantly up-regulated upon challenge shrimp with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi which more potent than by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The knocking down shrimp with FmLFd double-stranded RNA caused dramatical gene down-regulation. The gene silencing with co-injection of pathogens resulted in reduction of the shrimp survival rate. Recombinant protein of FmLFd (rFmLFd) could agglutinate and bind directly to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in a Ca2+-dependent manner and showed the sugar specificity to GlcNAc and bacterial saccharides; peptidoglycan (PGN), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Recombinant protein of Fd domain (rFd) displayed the lower activity and specificity only to PGN. The binding between recombinant proteins of FmLFd and its domain confirming by ELISA demonstrated that both rFmLFd and rFd could bind to PGN, LPS and LTA with the highest affinity respected to PGN including a less extent of rFd. Besides, rFmLFd but not rFd could bind to WSSV proteins with the highest binding affinity to capsid VP15 and decreasing in order to envelope VP28 and tegument VP39A, respectively. It was presumed that entire molecule of FmLFd exhibited the antimicrobial ability by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus and this action was not affected by GlcNAc. Otherwise, FmLFd, a lectin containing fibrinogen-like domain, was firstly reported to be capable of promoting encapsulation by hemocytes. Altogether, we concluded that FmLFd belonged to a FREP family indentified by the existence of a conserved fibrinogen-like domain with possessing an ability to bind GlcNAc. It was a new C-type lectin existed in F. merguiensis and might presumably act as a kind of PRRs to participate in the shrimp immune defense towards bacterial and viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilaiwan Senghoi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ratiporn Thongsoi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
| | - Phanthipha Runsaeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
| | - Prapaporn Utarabhand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
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Yang HL, Sun YZ, Hu X, Ye JD, Lu KL, Hu LH, Zhang JJ. Bacillus pumilus SE5 originated PG and LTA tuned the intestinal TLRs/MyD88 signaling and microbiota in grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 88:266-271. [PMID: 30849499 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The normal microbiota plays a key role in the health of host, but little is known of how the fish immune system recognizes and responds to indigenous bacteria/probiotics. Our previous studies have showed that heat-inactivated indigenous Bacillus pumilus SE5 activate the TLR2 signaling pathways and modulate the intestinal microbiota in grouper (Epinephelus coioides), suggesting microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) involved. In this study, whole cell wall (CW) and two possible MAMPs, peptidoglycan (PG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) have been extracted from B. pumilus SE5 and their effects on intestinal immune related genes expression and microbiota were evaluated in a 60 days feeding trial. Significantly elevated expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR5 and MyD88 was observed in fish fed the CW, PG and LTA containing diets, and the highest expression was observed in groups PG and LTA. At the same time, significantly upregulated expression of antimicrobial effectors, such as antimicrobial peptides (epinecidin-1, hepcidin-1 and β-defensin), C-type Lectin and IgM was observed in fish fed PG and LTA containing diets. This induced activation of intestinal immunity was consistent with the microbiota data showing that CW, PG and LTA originated from SE5 modulated the overall structure of intestinal microbiota, and the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic Vibrio decreased significantly while beneficial Lactobacillus increased significantly in fish fed PG and LTA. In conclusion, both the PG and LTA originated from B. pumilus SE5 could activate TLRs/MyD88 signaling and expression of wide-ranging antibacterial effectors, and therefore shape the intestinal microbiota in grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ling Yang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; The Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yun-Zhang Sun
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; The Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Xi Hu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ji-Dan Ye
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; The Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Kang-Le Lu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ling-Hao Hu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jiao-Jing Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
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16
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Li Y, Niu D, Bai Y, Lan T, Peng M, Dong Z, Li J. Identification of a novel C1q complement component in razor clam Sinonovacula constricta and its role in antibacterial activity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 87:193-201. [PMID: 30639866 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The serum complement component C1q mediates a variety of immune regulatory functions. Herein, we identified a globular head C1q (ghC1q) gene in razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. The complete Sc-ghC1q gene was 872 bp long included an 81 bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 95 bp 3'-UTR with a poly(A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 696 bp. The mRNA expression of Sc-ghC1q was upregulated in hepatopancreas and hemocytes. After Staphylococcus aureus or Vibrio anguillarum challenge, Sc-ghC1q mRNA transcript abundance was significantly upregulated in hemolymph. Recombinant Sc-ghC1q protein could bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and it could agglutinate both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, flow cytometry revealed that Sc-ghC1q strongly promoted phagocytosis in hemocytes. Together, these results demonstrated that Sc-ghC1q played an important role in innate immunity in S. constricta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Donghong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Yuqi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Tianyi Lan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Maoxiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhiguo Dong
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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17
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Pandur E, Varga E, Tamási K, Pap R, Nagy J, Sipos K. Effect of Inflammatory Mediators Lipopolysaccharide and Lipoteichoic Acid on Iron Metabolism of Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells Alters in the Presence of BV-2 Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010017. [PMID: 30577543 PMCID: PMC6337407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), the Gram-negative and the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components are important mediators of neuroinflammation in sepsis. LPS and LTA are potent activators of microglial cells which induce the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines. It has been demonstrated that disturbance of iron homeostasis of the brain is one of the underlying causes of neuronal cell death but the mechanisms contributing to this process are still questionable. In the present study, we established monocultures of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and co-cultures of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and BV-2 microglia as neuronal model systems to selectively examine the effect of inflammatory mediators LPS and LTA on iron homeostasis of SH-SY5Y cells both in mono- and co-cultures. We monitored the IL-6 and TNFα secretions of the treated cells and determined the mRNA and protein levels of iron importers (transferrin receptor-1 and divalent metal transporter-1), and iron storing genes (ferritin heavy chain and mitochondrial ferritin). Moreover, we examined the relation between hepcidin secretion and intracellular iron content. Our data revealed that LPS and LTA triggered distinct responses in SH-SY5Y cells by differently changing the expressions of iron uptake, as well as cytosolic and mitochondrial iron storage proteins. Moreover, they increased the total iron contents of the cells but at different rates. The presence of BV-2 microglial cells influenced the reactions of SH-SY5Y cells on both LPS and LTA treatments: iron uptake and iron storage, as well as the neuronal cytokine production have been modulated. Our results demonstrate that BV-2 cells alter the iron metabolism of SH-SY5Y cells, they contribute to the iron accumulation of SH-SY5Y cells by manipulating the effects of LTA and LPS proving that microglia are important regulators of neuronal iron metabolism at neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Pandur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Edit Varga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Kitti Tamási
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Ramóna Pap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Judit Nagy
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 13., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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18
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Maekawa T, Fukaya R, Takamatsu S, Itoyama S, Fukuoka T, Yamada M, Hata T, Nagaoka S, Kawamoto K, Eguchi H, Murata K, Kumada T, Ito T, Tanemura M, Fujimoto K, Tomita Y, Tobe T, Kamada Y, Miyoshi E. Possible involvement of Enterococcus infection in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis and cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:962-969. [PMID: 30401562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
(Aim) Bacterial infection underlies the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including acute and chronic inflammation. Here, we investigated a possible role for bacterial infection in the progression of chronic pancreatitis. (Materials and Methods) Pancreatic juice was obtained from patients with pancreatic cancer (n = 20) or duodenal cancer/bile duct cancer (n = 16) and subjected to PCR using universal primers for the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Bacterial species were identified by PCR using bile samples from four pancreatic cancer patients. PCR products were subcloned into T-vectors, and the sequences were then analyzed. Immunohistochemical and serologic analyses for Enterococcus faecalis infection were performed on a large cohort of healthy volunteers and patients with chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer and on mice with caerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis. The effect of E. faecalis antigens on cytokine secretion by pancreatic cancer cells was also investigated. (Results) We found that 29 of 36 pancreatic juice samples were positive for bacterial DNA. Enterococcus and Enterobacter species were detected primarily in bile, which is thought to be a pathway for bacterial infection of the pancreas. Enterococcus faecalis was also detected in pancreatic tissue from chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer patients; antibodies to E. faecalis capsular polysaccharide were elevated in serum from chronic pancreatitis patients. Enterococcus-specific antibodies and pancreatic tissue-associated E. faecalis were detected in mice with caerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis. Addition of Enterococcus lipoteichoic acid and heat-killed bacteria induced expression of pro-fibrotic cytokines by pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. (Conclusion) Infection with E. faecalis may be involved in chronic pancreatitis progression, ultimately leading to development of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Maekawa
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Risako Fukaya
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Takamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saki Itoyama
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Fukuoka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Tomoki Hata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagaoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Murata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kansai-Rosai Hospital, Amagasaki, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kumada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan Community Health Care Organization Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiko Tomita
- Department of Pathology, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toru Tobe
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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19
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Yang Q, Wang P, Wang S, Wang Y, Feng S, Zhang S, Li H. The hepatic lectin of zebrafish binds a wide range of bacteria and participates in immune defense. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 82:267-278. [PMID: 30120977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) have a diverse range of functions including cell-cell adhesion, immune response to pathogens and apoptosis. Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), also known as hepatic lectin, a member of CTLs, was the first animal lectin identified, yet information regarding it remains rather limited in teleost. In this study, we identified a putative protein in zebrafish, named as the zebrafish hepatic lectin (Zhl). The zhl encoded a typical Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate-binding protein, and was mainly expressed in the liver in a tissue specific fashion. Challenge with LPS and LTA resulted in significant up-regulation of zhl expression, suggesting involvement in immune response. Actually, recombinant C-type lectin domain (rCTLD) of Zhl was found to be capable of agglutinating and binding to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and enhancing the phagocytosis of the bacteria by macrophages. Moreover, rCTLD specifically bound to insoluble lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN), which were inhibited by galactose. Interestingly, Zhl was located in the membrane, and its overexpression could inhibit the production of pre-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results indicate that Zhl has immune activity capable of defending invading pathogens, enriching our understanding of the function of ASGPR/hepatic lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Yang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Su Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yashuo Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuoqi Feng
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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20
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Gao Q, Yue Y, Min M, Peng S, Shi Z, Sheng W, Zhang T. Characterization of TLR5 and TLR9 from silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) and expression profiling in response to bacterial components. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 80:241-249. [PMID: 29890218 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptor (TLR) 5 and 9 are important members of the TLR family that play key roles in innate immunity in all vertebrates. In this study, paTLR5 and paTLR9 were identified in silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus), a marine teleost of great economic value. Open reading frames (ORFs) of paTLR5 and paTLR9 are 2646 and 3225 bp, encoding polypeptides of 881 and 1074 amino acids, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed several conserved characteristic features, including signal peptides, leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs, and a Toll/interleukin-I receptor (TIR) domain. Sequence, phylogenetic and synteny analysis revealed high sequence identity with counterparts in other teleosts, confirming their correct nomenclature and conservation during evolution. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the that both TLRs were ubiquitously expressed in all investigated tissues, most abundantly in liver, kidney, spleen, intestine and gill, but lower in muscle and skin. In vitro immunostimulation experiments revealed that Aeromonas hydrophila lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Vibrio anguillarum flagellin induced higher levels of paTLR9 and paTLR5 mRNA expression in isolated fish intestinal epithelial cells (FIECs) than Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid (LTA), but all increased the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α and induced cell apoptosis and necrosis. Together, these results indicate that paTLR5 and paTLR9 may function in the response to bacterial pathogens. Our findings enhance our understanding of the function of TLRs in the innate immune system of silver pomfret and other teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Min
- Key Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaohong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenquan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Aquatic Technology Promoting Station of Meijiang District, Meizhou, 514000, People's Republic of China
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21
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Gisch N, Auger JP, Thomsen S, Roy D, Xu J, Schwudke D, Gottschalk M. Structural analysis and immunostimulatory potency of lipoteichoic acids isolated from three Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12011-12025. [PMID: 29884769 PMCID: PMC6078451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine and human pathogen. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from S. suis has been suggested to contribute to its virulence, and absence of d-alanylation from the S. suis LTA is associated with increased susceptibility to cationic antimicrobial peptides. Here, using high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and MS analyses, we characterized the LTA structures from three S. suis serotype 2 strains differing in virulence, sequence type (ST), and geographical origin. Our analyses revealed that these strains possess-in addition to the typical type I LTA present in other streptococci-a second, mixed-type series of LTA molecules of high complexity. We observed a ST-specific difference in the incorporation of glycosyl residues into these mixed-type LTAs. We found that strains P1/7 (ST1, high virulence) and SC84 (ST7, very high virulence) can attach a 1,2-linked α-d-Glcp residue as branching substituent to an α-d-Glcp that is 1,3-linked to glycerol phosphate moieties and that is not present in strain 89-1591 (ST25, intermediate virulence). In contrast, the latter strain could glycosylate its LTA at the glycerol O-2 position, which was not observed in the other two strains. Using LTA preparations from WT strains and from mutants with an inactivated prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase, resulting in deficient lipoprotein acylation, we show that S. suis LTAs alone do not induce Toll-like receptor 2-dependent pro-inflammatory mediator production from dendritic cells. In summary, our study reveals an unexpected complexity of LTAs present in three S. suis serotype 2 strains differing in genetic background and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Simone Thomsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - David Roy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
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22
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Heipertz EL, Harper J, Lopez CA, Fikrig E, Hughes ME, Walker WE. Circadian Rhythms Influence the Severity of Sepsis in Mice via a TLR2-Dependent, Leukocyte-Intrinsic Mechanism. J I 2018; 201:193-201. [PMID: 29760192 PMCID: PMC9351006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms coordinate an organism's activities and biological processes to the optimal time in the 24-h daylight cycle. We previously demonstrated that male C57BL/6 mice develop sepsis more rapidly when the disease is induced in the nighttime versus the daytime. In this report, we elucidate the mechanism of this diurnal difference. Sepsis was induced via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) at zeitgeber time (ZT)-19 (2 am) or ZT-7 (2 pm). Like the males used in our prior study, female C57BL/6 mice had a worse outcome when CLP was induced at ZT-19 versus ZT-7, and these effects persisted when we pooled the data from both sexes. In contrast, mice with a mutated Period 2 (Per2) gene had a similar outcome when CLP was induced at ZT-19 versus ZT-7. Bone marrow chimeras reconstituted with C57BL/6 immune cells exhibited a worse outcome when sepsis was induced at ZT-19 versus ZT-7, whereas chimeras with Per2-mutated immune cells did not. Next, murine macrophages were subjected to serum shock to synchronize circadian rhythms and exposed to bacteria cultured from the mouse cecum at 4-h intervals for 48 h. We observed that IL-6 production oscillated with a 24-h period in C57BL/6 cells exposed to cecal bacteria. Interestingly, we observed a similar pattern when cells were exposed to the TLR2 agonist lipoteichoic acid. Furthermore, TLR2-knockout mice exhibited a similar sepsis phenotype when CLP was induced at ZT-19 versus ZT-7. Together, these data suggest that circadian rhythms in immune cells mediate diurnal variations in murine sepsis severity via a TLR2-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Heipertz
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905
| | - Jourdan Harper
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905
| | - Charlie A Lopez
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Michael E Hughes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Wendy E Walker
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905;
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905
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23
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Qin Z, Babu VS, Wan Q, Muhammad A, Li J, Lan J, Lin L. Antibacterial activity of hemocyanin from red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 75:391-399. [PMID: 29427719 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyanins (HMC): the copper-containing respiratory proteins present in invertebrate hemolymph, which plays many essential roles in the immune system. Currently, little is known about the HMC domains of Procambarus clarkii (P. clarkii) and their function in antimicrobial immune response. In this present study, we comparatively studied the expression pattern of native PcHMC with the three recombinant proteins of variable domains of crayfish hemocyanin (PcHMC-N, N-terminal domain of hemocyanin; PcHMC-T, tyrosinase domain of hemocyanin; PcHMC-C, C-terminal domain of hemocyanin). The results showed that three purified recombinant proteins had a strong binding to various bacteria and lipopolysaccharides that further highly agglutinated. The HMCs recombinant proteins showed strong antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and S. aureus by bacterial growth inhibition, phenoloxidase (PO) and phagocytosis assays. Specifically, rPcHMC1-T and rPcHMC1-C inhibited both the bacteria efficiently, rPcHMC1-T was highly upregulated the PO activity than the other recombinant proteins. Whereas, recombinant proteins pretreated crayfish hemocytes participated in phagocytosis activity, rPcHMC1-N and rPcHMC1-C proteins had a profound effect than the rPcHMC1-T on S. aureus and V. parahaemolyticus phagocytosis. The crayfish hemocyanin domains clearly exhibited antibacterial and phagocytic activities against both the bacteria, suggesting that its variable domains of hemocyanin have the different function on specific pathogen during the assault of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Qin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - V Sarath Babu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Quanyuan Wan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Asim Muhammad
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Jun Li
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783, USA
| | - Jiangfeng Lan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Li Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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24
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Fei D, Meng X, Yu W, Yang S, Song N, Cao Y, Jin S, Dong L, Pan S, Zhao M. Fibronectin (FN) cooperated with TLR2/TLR4 receptor to promote innate immune responses of macrophages via binding to integrin β1. Virulence 2018; 9:1588-1600. [PMID: 30272511 PMCID: PMC7000207 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1528841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages could adhere to extracellular matrix molecules(ECM) to induce the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and phagocytosis that contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary infection diseases. Fibronectin (FN) is a large glycoprotein capable of interacting with various ECM molecules produced by a variety of cell types and involved in cell attachment and chemotaxis. However, it is unknown whether FN regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and phagocytosis of macrophages in the injured lung tissue. Here, we investigated the interaction between FN and integrin β1 in macrophages, which promotes toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/TLR4) signaling pathways to enhance expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and phagocytosis by macrophages. Our results show that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN) significantly increase FN expression of macrophages; FN substantially enhances interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1/2 (Rac1/2), and cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42) expression and phagocytosis of macrophages. However, FN could not enhance pro-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis of macrophages induced by LPS and PGN in integrin β1-/- macrophages. Furthermore, applied integrin β1 blocking peptide abrogated the effects that FN promotes innate immune responses of macrophages to LPS and PGN. Those data indicated that the enhanced pro-inflammatory mediators and phagocytosis of macrophages by FN-integrin β1 signal was through co-operating with TLR2/TLR4 signaling. This study suggests that FN play an essential role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary infection disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Fei
- Department of ICU, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xianglin Meng
- Department of ICU, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of ICU, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Songlin Yang
- Department of ICU, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of ICU, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanhui Cao
- Department of ICU, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Songgen Jin
- Department of ICU, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lina Dong
- Department of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shangha Pan
- The Key Hepatosplenic Surgery Laboratory, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyan Zhao
- Department of ICU, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Medel-Matus JS, Reynolds A, Shin D, Sankar R, Mazarati A. Regulation of kindling epileptogenesis by hippocampal Toll-like receptors 2. Epilepsia 2017; 58:e122-e126. [PMID: 28632301 PMCID: PMC5554076 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) contribute to rapid kindling epileptogenesis. A TLR2 agonist, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), LTA antibody (LTA-A), or normal saline (control) was administered daily over 3 consecutive days, unilaterally into ventral hippocampus of adult male Wistar rats. Thirty minutes after the last injection, the animals were subjected to a rapid kindling procedure. The ictogenesis was gauged by comparing afterdischarge threshold (ADT) and afterdischarge duration (ADD) before the treatments, after the treatments prior to kindling, and 24 h after kindling. Kindling progression and retention were analyzed using video recording. The results showed that before kindling, LTA produced an ADT reduction. Neither LTA nor LTA-A affected baseline ADD. On kindling progression, LTA accelerated occurrence of generalized seizures, whereas LTA-A delayed this effect. Treatment with LTA-A reduced the number of secondary generalized complex partial seizures. Twenty-four hours after kindling, the rats of both the saline and LTA groups showed increased hippocampal excitability as compared with prekindling parameters. Administration of LTA-A prevented kindling-induced increase of hippocampal excitability. Immunostaining revealed that LTA-A attenuated the inflammatory response produced by seizures. These findings suggest that the activation of TLR2 in the hippocampus may facilitate limbic epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley Reynolds
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Don Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Raman Sankar
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
- UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Andrey Mazarati
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
- UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
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Mayerhofer R, Fröhlich EE, Reichmann F, Farzi A, Kogelnik N, Fröhlich E, Sattler W, Holzer P. Diverse action of lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide on neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and anxiety in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:174-187. [PMID: 27751870 PMCID: PMC5419569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial metabolites are known to affect immune system, brain, and behavior via activation of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Unlike the effect of the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the role of other TLR agonists in immune-brain communication is insufficiently understood. We therefore hypothesized that the TLR2 agonist lipoteichoic acid (LTA) causes immune activation in the periphery and brain, stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and has an adverse effect on blood-brain barrier (BBB) and emotional behavior. Since LTA preparations may be contaminated by LPS, an extract of LTA (LTAextract), purified LTA (LTApure), and pure LPS (LPSultrapure) were compared with each other in their effects on molecular and behavioral parameters 3h after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to male C57BL/6N mice. The LTAextract (20mg/kg) induced anxiety-related behavior in the open field test, enhanced the circulating levels of particular cytokines and the cerebral expression of cytokine mRNA, and blunted the cerebral expression of tight junction protein mRNA. A dose of LPSultrapure matching the amount of endotoxin/LPS contaminating the LTAextract reproduced several of the molecular and behavioral effects of LTAextract. LTApure (20mg/kg) increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 and interferon-γ, and enhanced the transcription of TNF-α, interleukin-1β and other cytokines in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. These neuroinflammatory effects of LTApure were associated with transcriptional down-regulation of tight junction-associated proteins (claudin 5, occludin) in the brain. LTApure also enhanced circulating corticosterone, but failed to alter locomotor and anxiety-related behavior in the open field test. These data disclose that TLR2 agonism by LTA causes peripheral immune activation and initiates neuroinflammatory processes in the brain that are associated with down-regulation of BBB components and activation of the HPA axis, although emotional behavior (anxiety) is not affected. The results obtained with an LTA preparation contaminated with LPS hint at a facilitatory interaction between TLR2 and TLR4, the adverse impact of which on long-term neuroinflammation, disruption of the BBB and mental health warrants further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Mayerhofer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Esther E Fröhlich
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nora Kogelnik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Chaosomboon A, Phupet B, Rattanaporn O, Runsaeng P, Utarabhand P. Lipopolysaccharide- and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein from Fenneropenaeus merguiensis functions as a pattern recognition receptor with a broad specificity for diverse pathogens in the defense against microorganisms. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 67:434-444. [PMID: 27431930 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In crustaceans, lipopolysaccharide- and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP) plays an important role in innate immunity by mediating the recognition of pathogens to host cells. Hereby, LGBP was cloned from Fenneropenaeus merguiensis hepatopancreas. Its full-length cDNA (1280 bp) had an open reading frame of 1101 bp, encoding a peptide of 366 amino acids. The LGBP primary structure comprises a recognition motif for β-1,3-linkage of polysaccharides, two integrin binding motifs, a kinase C phosphorylation site and a bacterial glucanase motif. The LGBP mRNA was strongly expressed in hepatopancreas and significantly up-regulated to get the maximum at 12 h upon Vibrio harveyi challenge. Recombinant LGBP (rLGBP) could agglutinate Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including yeast with Ca2+-dependence. V. harveyi agglutination induced by rLGBP was intensively inhibited by lipoteichoic acid, less in order were lipopolysaccharide, β-1,3-glucan and N-acetyl neuraminic acid. Western blotting revealed that rLGBP bound widely to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and also yeast. By ELISA quantification, rLGBP could bind to β-1,3-glucan better than to lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. These findings suggest that LGBP may function as a receptor which recognizes invading diverse pathogens and contribute in F. merguiensis immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areerat Chaosomboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand
| | - Benjaporn Phupet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand
| | - Onnicha Rattanaporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand
| | - Phanthipha Runsaeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Utarabhand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand.
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Haught JC, Xie S, Circello B, Tansky CS, Khambe D, Sun Y, Lin Y, Sreekrishna K, Klukowska M, Huggins T, White DJ. Lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid binding by antimicrobials used in oral care formulations. Am J Dent 2016; 29:328-332. [PMID: 29178720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the reactivity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) with the cationically charged agents cetylpyridinium chloride, stannous fluoride, and the non-cationic agent triclosan. We also assessed the effect of these agents to inhibit LPS and LTA binding to cellular Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) in vitro. METHODS The ability of these antimicrobials to bind with LPS and/or LTA was assessed in both the Limulus amebocyte lysate and BODIPY-TR-cadaverine dye assays. Mass spectroscopy was then used to confirm that stannous fluoride directly binds with LPS and to determine stoichiometry. Lastly, we looked for possible inhibitory effects of these antimicrobial agents on the ability of fluorescently conjugated LPS to bind to TLR4 expressed on HEK 293 cells. RESULTS Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and stannous salts including stannous fluoride interfered with LPS and LTA reactivity in both dye assays, while triclosan had no effect. Mass spectroscopy revealed direct binding of stannous fluoride with E. Coli LPS at 1:1 stoichiometric ratios. In the cellular assay, cetylpyridinium chloride and stannous fluoride, but not triclosan, inhibited LPS binding to TLR4. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results support a potential mechanism of action for stannous fluoride and CPC formulated in oral products in which these ingredients bind bacterial toxins and potentially render them less toxic to the host. These results may influence home care recommendations for patients at risk for plaque-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sancai Xie
- The Procter $ Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yiping Sun
- The Procter $ Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - Yakang Lin
- The Procter $ Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Tom Huggins
- The Procter $ Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio, USA
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29
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Lee KJ, Lee MA, Hwang W, Park H, Lee KH. Deacylated lipopolysaccharides inhibit biofilm formation by Gram-negative bacteria. Biofouling 2016; 32:711-723. [PMID: 27294580 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1193595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular polysaccharides of Vibrio vulnificus play different roles during biofilm development. Among them, the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is crucial for bacterial adherence to surfaces during the initial stage of biofilm formation, on the formation process was examined using various types of LPS extracts. Exogenously added LPS strongly inhibited biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the exogenous addition of a deacylated form of LPS (dLPS) also inhibited biofilm formation. However, an LPS fraction extracted from a mutant not able to produce O-antigen polysaccharides (O-Ag) did not have an inhibitory effect. Furthermore, biofilm formation by several Gram-negative bacteria was inhibited by dLPS addition. In contrast, biofilm formation by Gram-positive bacteria was not influenced by dLPS but was affected by lipoteichoic acid. Therefore, this study demonstrates that O-Ag in LPS is important for inhibiting biofilm formation and may serve an efficient anti-biofilm agent specific for Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jo Lee
- a Department of Life Science , Sogang University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Lee
- a Department of Life Science , Sogang University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hwang
- a Department of Life Science , Sogang University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Park
- a Department of Life Science , Sogang University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Lee
- a Department of Life Science , Sogang University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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30
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Gao Q, Gao Q, Min M, Zhang C, Peng S, Shi Z. Ability of Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid to inhibit Vibrio anguillarum-induced inflammation and apoptosis in silvery pomfret (Pampus argenteus) intestinal epithelial cells. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 54:573-579. [PMID: 27179425 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a major constituent of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. The structure and immunomodulation of LTA vary greatly between different species. LTA from Lactobacillus plantarum has been shown to exert anti-pathogenic effects. Vibrio anguillarum is a major causative agent of vibriosis, one of the most prevalent fish diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of L. plantarum LTA on V. anguillarum growth, adhesion, and induced inflammation and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells of silvery pomfret (Pampus argenteus). Our results showed that L. plantarum LTA was unable to inhibit V. anguillarum growth; however, it significantly inhibited adhesion of V. anguillarum. It also showed significant inhibitory effects on EHEC-induced inflammation and apoptosis by modulating the expression of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB), Bcl2 (B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2), BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein), IL-8 (interleukin 8) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), and via inhibition of caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. These data extend our understanding of the beneficial effects of L. plantarum LTA, which is related to the inhibition of V. anguillarum, and suggest that L. plantarum LTA has potential as a new therapeutic agent against V. anguillarum-caused vibriosis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Gao
- Shibo High-Tech Hospital, Zibo 255086, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Min
- Key Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaohong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
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Herzmann N, Salamon A, Fiedler T, Peters K. Analysis of migration rate and chemotaxis of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in response to LPS and LTA in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:95-103. [PMID: 26997527 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are able to stimulate the regeneration of injured tissue. Since bacterial infections are common complications in wound healing, bacterial pathogens and their components come into direct contact with MSC. The interaction with bacterial structures influences the proliferation, differentiation and migratory activity of the MSC, which might be of relevance during regeneration. Studies on MSC migration in response to bacterial components have shown different results depending on the cell type. Here, we analyzed the migration rate and chemotaxis of human adipose-derived MSC (adMSC) in response to the basic cell-wall components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Gram-positive bacteria in vitro. To this end, we used transwell and scratch assays, as well as a specific chemotaxis assay combined with live-cell imaging. We found no significant influence of LPS or LTA on the migration rate of adMSC in transwell or scratch assays. Furthermore, in the µ-slide chemotaxis assay, the stimulation with LPS did not exert any chemotactic effect on adMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Herzmann
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Achim Salamon
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tomas Fiedler
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 70, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kirsten Peters
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69, D-18057 Rostock, Germany.
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32
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Xia X, Li Z, Liu K, Wu Y, Jiang D, Lai Y. Staphylococcal LTA-Induced miR-143 Inhibits Propionibacterium acnes-Mediated Inflammatory Response in Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:621-630. [PMID: 26739093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) plays a critical role in modulating cutaneous inflammatory responses in skin. Although S. epidermidis has been shown to co-colonize with Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) in acne lesions, it is unclear whether S. epidermidis is involved in the regulation of P. acnes-induced inflammatory responses. In this study, we demonstrated that S. epidermidis inhibited P. acnes-induced inflammation in skin. P. acnes induced the expression of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α via the activation of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 in both keratinocytes and mouse ears. Staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid activated TLR2 to induce miR-143 in keratinocytes, and miR-143, in turn, directly targeted 3' UTR of TLR2 to decrease the stability of TLR2 mRNA and then decreased TLR2 protein, thus inhibiting P. acnes-induced proinflammatory cytokines. The inhibitory effect of miR-143 was further confirmed in vivo as the administration of miR-143 antagomir into mouse ears abrogated the inhibitory effect of lipoteichoic acid on P. acnes-induced inflammation in skin. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid inhibits P. acnes-induced inflammation via the induction of miR-143, and suggest that local modulation of inflammatory responses by S. epidermidis at the site of acne vulgaris might be a beneficial therapeutic strategy for management of P. acnes-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yelin Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deming Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuping Lai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Ryu S, Johnson A, Park Y, Kim B, Norris D, Armstrong CA, Song PI. The Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Suppresses TLR2-Mediated Functional Responses through IRAK-M in Normal Human Keratinocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136887. [PMID: 26309029 PMCID: PMC4550463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a highly conserved 13-aa neuropeptide derived from pro-opiomelanocortin by post-translational processing, which has been reported to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity and a wide range of immunosuppressive activities in the skin. However, the regulatory effect of α-MSH is not completely clear in cutaneous innate immunity. In this study, we investigate the functional regulation of α-MSH in TLR2-mediated inflammatory responses in normal human keratinocytes (HKs). α-MSH pretreatment down-regulated the Staphylococcus aureus LTA-induced expression of both TLR2 and IL-8 as well as NF-κB nuclear translocation in HK cells. The inhibitory effect of α-MSH was blocked by agouti signaling protein (ASP), an α-MSH receptor-1 antagonist. To investigate the mechanism of this response in more detail, siRNA of IRAK-M, a negative regulator of TLR signaling, was utilized in these studies. The α-MSH suppressive effect on IL-8 production and NF-κB transactivation was inhibited by IRAK-M siRNA transfection in HK cells. These results indicate that α-MSH is capable of suppressing keratinocyte TLR2-mediated inflammatory responses induced by S. aureus-LTA, thus demonstrating another novel immunomodulatory activity of α-MSH in normal human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhyo Ryu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Andrew Johnson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yoonkyung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Beomjoon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - David Norris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Armstrong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Dermatology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PIS); (CAA)
| | - Peter I. Song
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PIS); (CAA)
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Ferdous F, Scott T. Bacterial and viral induction of chicken thrombocyte inflammatory responses. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 49:225-230. [PMID: 25475960 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thrombocytes express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that detect bacterial or viral pathogens to signal the release of cytokines and mediators. We examined inflammatory responses when thrombocytes were exposed to four TLR ligands. Treatment of thrombocytes with TLR ligands demonstrates differential effects on gene expression of interleukin (IL)-6. Among the TLR ligands examined, lipopolysaccharide stimulation led to the most significant up-regulation of the IL-6 gene and a significant amount of active IL-6 in thrombocyte culture media. Lipoteichoic acid stimulation led to only marginal up-regulation of IL-6 gene expression. Although gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) did not increase due to different ligand exposure, a low level constitutive expression of iNOS was observed in all cases. Only thrombocytes treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and thymidine homopolymer phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides induced rapid, significant production of nitric oxide. We also observed that thrombocytes are able to respond faster upon TLR ligand exposure compared to MQ.NCSU macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ferdous
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0311, USA
| | - T Scott
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0311, USA.
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Li F, Zhu L, Wang L, Zhan Y. Gene expression of an arthrobacter in surfactant-enhanced biodegradation of a hydrophobic organic compound. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:3698-3704. [PMID: 25680000 DOI: 10.1021/es504673j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants can affect the biodegradation process and the fate of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the environment. Previous studies have shown that surfactants can enhance the biodegradation of HOCs by increasing cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) and membrane fluidity. In this study, we took this work one step further by investigating the expression levels of three genes of Arthrobacter sp. SA02 in the biodegradation of phenanthrene as a typical HOC at different concentrations of sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS), which is a widely used surfactant. The Δ9 fatty acid desaturase gene codes for Δ9 fatty acid desaturase, which can convert saturated fatty acid to its unsaturated form. The ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase (RHDase) and the 1-hydroxyl-2-naphthoate dioxygenase (1H2Nase) genes code for the RHDase and 1H2Nase enzymes, respectively, which play a key role in decomposing doubly hydroxylated aromatic compounds. The results show that these three genes were upregulated in the presence of SDBS. On the basis of the genetic and physiological changes, we proposed a pathway that links the gene expression with the physiological phenomena, including CSH, membrane fluidity, and intracellular degradation. This study advances our understanding of the surfactant-enhanced biodegradation of HOCs at the gene level, and the proposed pathway should be further validated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- †Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- ‡Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
- §Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- †Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- ‡Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingwen Wang
- †Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- ‡Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- †Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- ‡Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Kim HR, Kim H, Jung BJ, You GE, Jang S, Chung DK. Lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Mol Cells 2015; 38:163-70. [PMID: 26021887 PMCID: PMC4332035 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Its effects on living organisms are different from those of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in Gram-negative bacteria. LTA contributes to immune regulatory effects including anti-aging. In this study, we showed that LTA isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum (pLTA) inhibited melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. pLTA reduced the cellular activity of tyrosinase and the expression of tyrosinase family members in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a key factor in the synthesis of melanin, was also decreased by pLTA. Further, we showed that pLTA activated melanogenesis signaling, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinse (PI3K)/AKT. In addition, the expression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) and HuR, which are important RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), was reduced. pLTA likely degrades MITF via regulation of melanogenic signaling and RNA stability of melanogenic proteins, resulting in the reduction of melanin. Thus, our data suggest that pLTA has therapeutic potential for treating hyperpigmentation disorders and can also be used as a cosmetic whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Rim Kim
- School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Yongin 449-701, Korea
| | - Hangeun Kim
- School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Yongin 449-701, Korea
- RNA Inc., College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, Korea
| | - Bong Jun Jung
- School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Yongin 449-701, Korea
| | - Ga Eun You
- School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Yongin 449-701, Korea
| | - Soojin Jang
- Institute Pasteur Korea, Seongnam 463-400, Korea
| | - Dae Kyun Chung
- School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Yongin 449-701, Korea
- RNA Inc., College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, Korea
- Skin Biotechnology Center, Gyeonggi Biocenter, Suwon 443-766, Korea
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Haddadi S, Thapa S, Kameka AM, Hui J, Czub M, Nagy E, Muench G, Abdul-Careem MF. Toll-like receptor 2 ligand, lipoteichoic acid is inhibitory against infectious laryngotracheitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 48:22-32. [PMID: 25195716 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is one of the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that activates toll-like receptor (TLR)2-cluster of differentiation (CD)14 signalling pathway. This recognition elicits antiviral responses that have been recorded against viruses of mammals although such responses have not been characterized adequately against avian viruses. In this investigation, we characterized the LTA induced antiviral responses against infectious laryntotracheitis virus (ILTV) infection in vitro and in vivo. We found that LTA is capable of up regulating mRNA expression of innate proteins in macrophages such as MyD88, iNOS and IL-1β and reduces the ILTV plaques in vitro. Similarly, we found that LTA treatment of embryonic day 18 (ED18) eggs can lead to the antiviral response against pre-hatch ILTV infection in vivo and is associated with expansion of macrophage populations and expression of IL-1β and MyD88 in the lung. The data highlight that LTA can be a potential innate immune stimulant that can be used against ILTV infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haddadi
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C64, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 2Z6
| | - S Thapa
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C64, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 2Z6
| | - A M Kameka
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C64, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 2Z6
| | - J Hui
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C64, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 2Z6
| | - M Czub
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C64, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 2Z6
| | - E Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - G Muench
- Veterinary Science Research Station, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - M F Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C64, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 2Z6.
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Nieto JC, Sánchez E, Román E, Vidal S, Oliva L, Guarner-Argente C, Poca M, Torras X, Juárez C, Guarner C, Soriano G. Cytokine production in patients with cirrhosis and TLR4 polymorphisms. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:17516-17524. [PMID: 25516666 PMCID: PMC4265613 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i46.17516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the cytokine production by peripheral blood cells from cirrhotic patients with and without TLR4 D299G and/or T399I polymorphisms.
METHODS: The study included nine patients with cirrhosis and TLR4 D299G and/or T399I polymorphisms, and 10 wild-type patients matched for age, sex and degree of liver failure. TLR4 polymorphisms were determined by sequence-based genotyping. Cytokine production by peripheral blood cells was assessed spontaneously and also after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) stimulation.
RESULTS: Patients with TLR4 polymorphisms had a higher incidence of previous hepatic encephalopathy than wild-type patients (78% vs 20%, P = 0.02). Spontaneous production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 was lower in patients with TLR4 polymorphisms than in wild-type patients [IL-6: 888.7 (172.0-2119.3) pg/mL vs 5540.4 (1159.2-26053.9) pg/mL, P < 0.001; IL-10: 28.7 (6.5-177.1) pg/mL vs 117.8 (6.5-318.1) pg/mL, P = 0.02]. However, the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6 and IL-10 after LPS and LTA stimulation was similar in the two groups.
CONCLUSION: TLR4 polymorphisms were associated with a distinctive pattern of cytokine production in cirrhotic patients, suggesting that they play a role in the development of cirrhosis complications.
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Wobser D, Ali L, Grohmann E, Huebner J, Sakinc T. A novel role for D-alanylation of lipoteichoic acid of enterococcus faecalis in urinary tract infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107827. [PMID: 25296179 PMCID: PMC4189791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococci are the third most common cause of healthcare-associated infections, which include urinary tract infections, bacteremia and endocarditis. Cell-surface structures such as lipoteichoic acid (LTA) have been poorly examined in E. faecalis, especially with respect to urinary tract infections (UTIs). The dlt operon is responsible for the D-alanylation of LTA and includes the gene dltA, which encodes the D-alanyl carrier protein ligase (Dcl). The involvement of LTA in UTI infection by E. faecalis has not been studied so far. Here, we examined the role of teichoic acid alanylation in the adhesion of enterococci to uroepithelial cells. Results In a mouse model of urinary tract infection, we showed that E. faecalis 12030ΔdltA mutant colonizes uroepithelial surfaces more efficiently than wild type bacteria. We also demonstrated that this mutant adhered four fold better to human bladder carcinoma cell line T24 compared to the wild type strain. Bacterial adherence could be significantly inhibited by purified lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and inhibition was specific. Conclusion In contrast to bacteraemia model and adherence to colon surfaces, E. faecalis 12030ΔdltA mutant colonized uroepithelial surfaces more efficiently than wild-type bacteria. In the case of the uroepithelial surface the adherence to specific host cells could be prevented by purified LTA. Our results therefore suggest a novel function of alanylation of LTA in E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Wobser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Grohmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Huebner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Türkan Sakinc
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Dai L, DeFee MR, Cao Y, Wen J, Wen X, Noverr MC, Qin Z. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from periodontal pathogenic bacteria facilitate oncogenic herpesvirus infection within primary oral cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101326. [PMID: 24971655 PMCID: PMC4074159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) remains the most common tumor arising in patients with HIV/AIDS, and involvement of the oral cavity represents one of the most common clinical manifestations of this tumor. HIV infection incurs an increased risk for periodontal diseases and oral carriage of a variety of bacteria. Whether interactions involving pathogenic bacteria and oncogenic viruses in the local environment facilitate replication or maintenance of these viruses in the oral cavity remains unknown. In the current study, our data indicate that pretreatment of primary human oral fibroblasts with two prototypical pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) produced by oral pathogenic bacteria-lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), increase KSHV entry and subsequent viral latent gene expression during de novo infection. Further experiments demonstrate that the underlying mechanisms induced by LTA and/or LPS include upregulation of cellular receptor, increasing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activating intracellular signaling pathways such as MAPK and NF-κB, and all of which are closely associated with KSHV entry or gene expression within oral cells. Based on these findings, we hope to provide the framework of developing novel targeted approaches for treatment and prevention of oral KSHV infection and KS development in high-risk HIV-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Dai
- Research Center for Translational Medicine and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias. East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michael R. DeFee
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yueyu Cao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias. East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiling Wen
- Department of Urology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Wen
- Department of Urology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mairi C. Noverr
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias. East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology/Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Diederich AK, Wobser D, Spiess M, Sava IG, Huebner J, Sakιnç T. Role of glycolipids in the pathogenesis of Enterococcus faecalis urinary tract infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96295. [PMID: 24806450 PMCID: PMC4012979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background After uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), Enterococcus faecalis is the second most common pathogen causing urinary tract infections. Monoglucosyl-diacylglycerol (MGlcDAG) and diglucosyl-diacylglycerol (DGlcDAG) are the main glycolipids of the E. faecalis cell membrane. Examination of two mutants in genes bgsB and bgsA (both glycosyltransferases) showed that these genes are involved in cell membrane glycolipid biosynthesis, and that their inactivation leads to loss of glycolipids DGlcDAG (bgsA) or both MGlcDAG and DGlcDAG (bgsB). Here we investigate the function of bgsB and bgsA regarding their role in the pathogenesis in a mouse model of urinary tract infection and in bacterial adhesion to T24 bladder epithelial cells. Results In a mouse model of urinary tract infection, we showed that E. faecalis 12030ΔbgsB and E. faecalis 12030ΔbgsA mutants, colonize uroepithelial surfaces more efficiently than wild-type bacteria. We also demonstrated that these mutants showed a more than three-fold increased binding to human bladder carcinoma cells line T24 compared to the wild-type strain. Bacterial binding could be specifically inhibited by purified glycolipids. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), wall-teichoic acid (WTA), and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were not significantly involved in binding of E. faecalis to the bladder epithelial cell line. Conclusions Our data show that the deletion of bgsB and bgsA and the absence of the major glycolipid diglucosyl-diacylglycerol increases colonization and binding to uroepithelial cells. We hypothesize that secreted diglucosyl-diacylglycerol blocks host binding sites, thereby preventing bacterial adhesion. Further experiments will be needed to clarify the exact mechanism underlying the adhesion through glycolipids and their cognate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique Wobser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Meike Spiess
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irina G. Sava
- Nutrition and Immunology, Research Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Huebner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Türkân Sakιnç
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Svahn KS, Göransson U, Chryssanthou E, Olsen B, Sjölin J, Strömstedt AA. Induction of gliotoxin secretion in Aspergillus fumigatus by bacteria-associated molecules. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93685. [PMID: 24705440 PMCID: PMC3976306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common causative agent of mold diseases in humans, giving rise to life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. One of its secreted metabolites is gliotoxin, a toxic antimicrobial agent. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in broth cultures of A. fumigatus could induce gliotoxin production. Gliotoxin levels were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The presence of a bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, or lipoteichoic acid in the growth media at a concentration of 5 μg/ml increased the gliotoxin concentration in the media by 37%, 65%, and 35%, respectively. The findings reveal a correlation between the concentrations of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and gliotoxin secretion. This shows that there is a yet uncharacterized detection system for such compounds within fungi. Inducing secondary metabolite production by such means in fungi is potentially relevant for drug discovery research. Our results also give a possible explanation for the increased virulence of A. fumigatus during bacterial co-infection, one that is important for the transition from colonization to invasiveness in this pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Stefan Svahn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erja Chryssanthou
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital & Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Sjölin
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam A. Strömstedt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Gutiérrez-Venegas G, Luna OA, Arreguín-Cano JA, Hernández-Bermúdez C. Myricetin blocks lipoteichoic acid-induced COX-2 expression in human gingival fibroblasts. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2014; 19:126-39. [PMID: 24569980 PMCID: PMC6276007 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-014-0186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious disease caused by microorganisms present in dental bacterial plaque. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a component of the external membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. It causes septic shock. Ingested flavonoids have been reported to directly affect the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced by bacterial toxins. In this study, we examined the effects of four flavonoids (luteolin, fisetin, morin and myricetin) on the activation of ERK1/2, p38 and AKT, and on the synthesis of COX-2 in human gingival fibroblasts treated with LTA from Streptococcus sanguinis. We found that luteolin and myricetin blocked AKT and p38 activation and that myricetin blocked LTA-induced COX-2 expression. The results of our study are important for elucidating the mechanism of action of flavonoid regulation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Gutiérrez-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México,
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Abstract
We present a primary example of a cell surface modified with a synergistic combination of agonists to tune immune stimulation. A model cell line, Lewis Lung Carcinoma, was covalently modified with CpG-oligonucleotides and lipoteichoic acid, both Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. The immune-stimulating constructs provided greater stimulation of NF-κB in a model cell line and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells than the components unconjugated in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine K Tom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Mutig N, Geers-Knoerr C, Piep B, Pahuja A, Vogt PM, Brenner B, Niederbichler AD, Kraft T. Lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus directly affects cardiomyocyte contractility and calcium transients. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:720-8. [PMID: 23933512 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is the key pathogenic factor of gram-positive bacteria and contributes significantly to organ dysfunction in sepsis, a frequent complication in critical care patients. We hypothesized that LTA directly affects cardiomyocyte function, thus contributing to cardiac failure in sepsis. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of LTA on contractile properties and calcium-transients of isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes. When myocytes were exposed to LTA for 1h prior to analysis, the amplitudes of calcium-transients as well as sarcomere shortening increased to 130% and 142% at 1 Hz stimulation frequency. Relengthening of sarcomeres as well as decay of calcium-transients was accelerated after LTA incubation. Exposure to LTA for 24 h resulted in significant depression of calcium-transients as well as of sarcomere shortening compared to controls. One of the major findings of our experiments is that LTA most likely affects calcium-handling of the cardiomyocytes. The effect is exacerbated by reduced extracellular calcium, which resembles the clinical situation in septic patients. Functionally, an early stimulating effect of LTA with increased contractility of the cardiomyocytes may be an in vitro reflection of early hyperdynamic phases in clinical sepsis. Septic disorders have been shown to induce late hypodynamic states of the contractile myocardium, which is also supported at the single-cell level in vitro by results of our 24h-exposure to LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mutig
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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Takahashi K, Kurokawa K, Moyo P, Jung DJ, An JH, Chigweshe L, Paul E, Lee BL. Intradermal immunization with wall teichoic acid (WTA) elicits and augments an anti-WTA IgG response that protects mice from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection independent of mannose-binding lectin status. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69739. [PMID: 23936347 PMCID: PMC3732247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the immune response to intradermal immunization with wall teichoic acid (WTA) and the effect of MBL deficiency in a murine model of infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). WTA is a bacterial cell wall component that is implicated in invasive infection. We tested susceptibility to MRSA infection in wild type (WT) and MBL deficient mice using two strains of MRSA: MW2, a community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA); and COL, a healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). We also performed in vitro assays to investigate the effects of anti-WTA IgG containing murine serum on complement activation and bacterial growth in whole blood. We found that MBL knockout (KO) mice are relatively resistant to a specific MRSA strain, MW2 CA-MRSA, compared to WT mice, while both strains of mice had similar susceptibility to a different strain, COL HA-MRSA. Intradermal immunization with WTA elicited and augmented an anti-WTA IgG response in both WT and MBL KO mice. WTA immunization significantly reduced susceptibility to both MW2 CA-MRSA and COL HA-MRSA, independent of the presence of MBL. The protective mechanisms of anti-WTA IgG are mediated at least in part by complement activation and clearance of bacteria from blood. The significance of these findings is that 1) Intradermal immunization with WTA induces production of anti-WTA IgG; and 2) This anti-WTA IgG response protects from infection with both MW2 CA-MRSA and COL HA-MRSA even in the absence of MBL, the deficiency of which is common in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Li JH, Chang MX, Xue NN, Nie P. Functional characterization of a short peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP5 in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 35:221-230. [PMID: 23659995 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), which are evolutionarily conserved from insects to mammals, recognize bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) and function in antibacterial innate immunity. In this study, a short-form PGRP, designated as gcPGRP5 was identified from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. The deduced amino acid sequence of gcPGRP5 is composed of 180 residues with a conserved PGRP domain at the C-terminus. The gcPGRP5 gene consists of four exons and three introns, spacing approximately 2.3 kb in genomic sequence. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the gcPGRP5 is clustered with other PGRP-S identified in teleost fish. The gcPGRP5 is constitutively expressed in all organs/tissues examined, and its expression was significantly induced in CIK cells treated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA), polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and PGN. Fluorescence analysis showed that gcPGRP5 is distributed in cytoplasm of CIK cells, and cell lysates from CIK cells transfected with pTurbo-gcPGRP5-GFP and ptGFP1-gcPGRP5 plasmids display the binding activity and peptidoglycan-lytic amidase activity toward Lys-PGN from Staphylococcus aureus and Dap-PGN from Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, heat-shock protein70 (Hsp70), and MyD88, an adaptor molecule in Toll-like receptor pathway, had an increased expression in CIK cells overexpressed with gcPGRP5. It is thus indicated that gcPGRP5 exhibits amidase activity, and also possesses roles in anti-stress, and in Toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
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Kim JY, Kim H, Jung BJ, Kim NR, Park JE, Chung DK. Lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum suppresses LPS-mediated atherosclerotic plaque inflammation. Mol Cells 2013; 35:115-24. [PMID: 23456333 PMCID: PMC3887899 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays an important role in atherogenesis. Experimental studies have demonstrated the accumulation of monocytes/macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques caused by inflammation. Here, we report the inhibitory effects of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Lactobacillus plantarum (pLTA) on atherosclerotic inflammation. pLTA inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells and alleviated THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVEC by down-regulation of adhesion molecules such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-I), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin. The inhibitory effect of pLTA was mediated by inhibition of NF-κB and activation of MAP kinases. Inhibition of monocyte/macrophage infiltration to the arterial lumen was shown in pLTA-injected ApoE(-/-) mice, which was concurrent with inhibition of MMP-9 and preservation of CD31 production. The antiinflammatory effect mediated by pLTA decreased expression of atherosclerotic markers such as COX-2, Bax, and HSP27 and also cell surface receptors such as TLR4 and CCR7. Together, these results underscore the role of pLTA in suppressing atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and will help in identifying targets with therapeutic potential against pathogen-mediated atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yun Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701,
Korea
| | - Hangeun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104,
USA
| | - Bong Jun Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701,
Korea
| | - Na-Ra Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701,
Korea
| | - Jeong Euy Park
- Division of Cardiology, Samsung Medical Center and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710,
Korea
| | - Dae Kyun Chung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701,
Korea
- Skin Biotechnology Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701,
Korea
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Zhang M, Xu Y, Li L, Wei S, Zhang S, Liu Z. Identification, evolution and expression of a CD36 homolog in the basal chordate amphioxus Branchiostoma japonicum. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 34:546-555. [PMID: 23261503 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CD36, as one member of scavenger receptor class B (SRB) family, is a transmembrane glycoprotein and has been associated with diverse normal physiological processes and pathological conditions. However, little is known about it in amphioxus, a model organism for insights into the origin and evolution of vertebrates. In this paper, CD36 homologs in amphioxus were identified. Evolutionary analysis suggested that amphioxus BfCD36F-a/b, which were more similar to vertebrate CD36, might represent the primitive form before the splitting of CD36, SRB1 and SRB2 genes during evolution. Then the BjCD36F-a cDNA was cloned from Branchiostoma japonicum using RACE technology. Real-time PCR and in situ hybridization revealed the expression of BjCD36F-a in all the tissues detected with the highest expression in the hepatic caecum. The BjCD36F-a expression was obviously up-regulated after feeding and down-regulated during fasting, indicating a role of BjCD36F-a in feeding regulation. Besides, the up-regulation expression of BjCD36F-a transcripts was also found after either Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) treatment in the BjCD36F-a-transfected FG cells or Escherichia coli (E. coli) challenge in vivo, implying an immune-related function for BjCD36F-a. Collectively, we identify and characterize a conserved gene that is important in the fundamental process of immune and nutritional regulation. These are the first such data in amphioxus, laying a foundation for further study of their physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Paustian C, Taylor P, Johnson T, Xu M, Ramirez N, Rosenthal KS, Shu S, Cohen PA, Czerniecki BJ, Koski GK. Extracellular ATP and Toll-like receptor 2 agonists trigger in human monocytes an activation program that favors T helper 17. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54804. [PMID: 23382974 PMCID: PMC3561418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategically-paired Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands induce a unique dendritic cell (DC) phenotype that polarizes Th1 responses. We therefore investigated pairing single TLR ligands with a non TLR-mediated danger signal to cooperatively induce distinct DC properties from cultured human monocytes. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the TLR2 ligand lipoteichoic acid (LTA) selectively and synergistically induced expression of IL-23 and IL-1β from cultured monocytes as determined by ELISA assays. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that a sizable sub-population of treated cells acquired DC-like properties including activated surface phenotype with trans-well assays showing enhanced migration towards CCR7 ligands. Such activated cells also preferentially deviated, in an IL-23 and IL-1-dependent manner, CD4pos T lymphocyte responses toward the IL-22hi, IL-17hi/IFN-γlo Th17 phenotype in standard in vitro allogeneic sensitization assays. Although pharmacological activation of either ionotropic or cAMP-dependent pathways acted in synergy with LTA to enhance IL-23, only inhibition of the cAMP-dependent pathway antagonized ATP-enhanced cytokine production. ATP plus atypical lipopolysaccharide from P. gingivalis (signaling through TLR2) was slightly superior to E. coli-derived LPS (TLR4 ligand) for inducing the high IL-23-secreting DC-like phenotype, but greatly inferior for inducing IL-12 p70 production when paired with IFN-γ, a distinction reflected in activated DCs’ ability to deviate lymphocytes toward Th1. Collectively, our data suggest TLR2 ligands encountered by innate immune cells in an environment with physiologically-relevant levels of extracellular ATP can induce a distinct activation state favoring IL-23- and IL-1β-dependent Th17 type response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Paustian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Patricia Taylor
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Terrence Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Min Xu
- Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nancy Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. Rosenthal
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Suyu Shu
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Czerniecki
- Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gary K. Koski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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