1
|
Amarasekare P. Temperature-dependent dispersal and ectotherm species' distributions in a warming world. J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:428-446. [PMID: 38406823 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Dispersal is a crucial component of species' responses to climate warming. Warming-induced changes in species' distributions are the outcome of how temperature affects dispersal at the individual level. Yet, there is little or no theory that considers the temperature dependence of dispersal when investigating the impacts of warming on species' distributions. Here I take a first step towards filling this key gap in our knowledge. I focus on ectotherms, species whose body temperature depends on the environmental temperature, not least because they constitute the majority of biodiversity on the planet. I develop a mathematical model of spatial population dynamics that explicitly incorporates mechanistic descriptions of ectotherm life history trait responses to temperature. A novel feature of this framework is the explicit temperature dependence of all phases of dispersal: emigration, transfer and settlement. I report three key findings. First, dispersal, regardless of whether it is random or temperature-dependent, allows both tropical and temperate ectotherms to track warming-induced changes in their thermal environments and to expand their distributions beyond the lower and upper thermal limits of their respective climate envelopes. In the absence of dispersal mortality, warming does not alter these new distributional limits. Second, an analysis based solely on trait response data predicts that tropical ectotherms should be able to expand their distributions polewards to a greater degree than temperate ectotherms. Analysis of the dynamical model confirms this prediction. Tropical ectotherms have an advantage when moving to cooler climates because they experience lower within-patch and dispersal mortality, and their higher thermal optima and maximal birth rates allow them to take advantage of the warmer parts of the year. Previous theory has shown that tropical ectotherms are more successful in invading and adapting the temperate climates than vice versa. This study provides the key missing piece, by showing how temperature-dependent dispersal could facilitate both invasion and adaptation. Third, dispersal mortality does not affect the poleward expansion of ectotherm distributions. But, it prevents both tropical and temperate ectotherms from maintaining sink populations in localities that are too warm to be viable in the absence of dispersal. Dispersal mortality also affects species' abundance patterns, causing a larger decline in abundance throughout the range when species disperse randomly rather than in response to thermal habitat suitability. In this way, dispersal mortality can facilitate the evolution of dispersal modes that maximize fitness in warmer thermal environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Amarasekare
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mhalhel K, Arena R, Rizzo M, Piccione G, Aragona M, Levanti M, Aragona F, Arfuso F. Potential Implications of Acid-Sensing Ion Channels ASIC2 and ASIC4 in Gonadal Differentiation of Dicentrarchus labrax Subjected to Water Temperature Increase during Gonadal Development. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1024. [PMID: 38612263 PMCID: PMC11010900 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the expression and implication of acid-sensing ion channels 2 and 4 (ASIC2 and ASIC4) in the gonadal sex differentiation of Dicentrarchus labrax (D. labrax), subjected to increasing water temperatures during gonadal development, were evaluated. Two groups were selected: a control group (CG), in which the average water temperature was maintained at 15 °C and increased to 20 °C in 20 days until weaning; and an experimental group (EG), in which the water temperature was retained at 15 °C for 60 days; thereafter, the temperature was increased daily by 0.5 °C until it reached 20 °C up to the weaning time. Ten fish from the CG and 13 fish from the EG were sampled randomly on the 335th day after hatching (dph). A higher percentage of gonad differentiation in ovaries rather than in testes was observed in the EG compared to the CG (p = 0.01). ASIC2 and ASIC4 were detected for the first time in D. labrax ovaries by indirect immunofluorescence. Both ASIC2 and ASIC4 were expressed in previtellogenic oocytes of ovaries and in scattered cells within some testes, and were most likely intratesticular previtellogenic oocytes in both the CG and EG groups. The CG group showed a higher expression of ASIC4 than the EG cohort (p < 0.05). The results gathered in this study revealed the capacity of water temperature to influence both gonadal differentiation and growth in this gonochoristic fish species, and suggests the possible role of ASIC2 and ASIC4 in gonad differentiation and gamete development in D. labrax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Mhalhel
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci SNC, 98168 Messina, Italy; (K.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.); (M.L.); (F.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Rosaria Arena
- Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Science, University of Palermo, Via Barlotta 4, 91100 Trapani, Italy;
| | - Maria Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci SNC, 98168 Messina, Italy; (K.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.); (M.L.); (F.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci SNC, 98168 Messina, Italy; (K.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.); (M.L.); (F.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci SNC, 98168 Messina, Italy; (K.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.); (M.L.); (F.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Maria Levanti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci SNC, 98168 Messina, Italy; (K.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.); (M.L.); (F.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesca Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci SNC, 98168 Messina, Italy; (K.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.); (M.L.); (F.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci SNC, 98168 Messina, Italy; (K.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.); (M.L.); (F.A.); (F.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han X, Xue L, Xu J. Influence mechanism of polycrystalline diamond compact bit temperature rise based on thermo-fluid-solid coupling. Sci Prog 2023; 106:368504231214704. [PMID: 38105497 PMCID: PMC10729637 DOI: 10.1177/00368504231214704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the drilling performance of polycrystalline diamond compact bit and prolong its service life during drilling in coal rock under the action of wind cycle, the theoretical calculation model of polycrystalline diamond compact bit cutting teeth temperature was derived based on the theory of tribology and heat transfer. The theoretical temperature field of polycrystalline diamond compact bit-cutting teeth was analyzed. Using the joint simulation of EDEM-FLUENT, the temperature variation law of polycrystalline diamond compact bit cutting teeth under the thermo-fluid-solid coupling was analyzed to verify the validity of the theoretical calculation model of polycrystalline diamond compact bit cutting teeth temperature. By building a rotary drilling test platform and conducting drilling experiments on polycrystalline diamond compact bit under different drilling parameters respectively, the correctness of the theoretical model and the simulation data were verified. In addition, a response surface analysis model was established to study the influence of different drilling parameters on the polycrystalline diamond compact bit cutting teeth temperature during drilling in coal rock. The analysis results show that the influence degree of various drilling parameters on the polycrystalline diamond compact bit cutting teeth temperature from large to small is drilling pressure, drilling speed, coal rock properties, and wind speed. Compared with the working condition without wind cycle, the drilling efficiency of polycrystalline diamond compact bit can be increased by 14.38% and the temperature is reduced by 8% when it drills in coal. The drilling efficiency of polycrystalline diamond compact bit can be increased by 17.79% and the temperature is reduced by 10.5% when it drills in coal gangue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Han
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, China
| | - Liubing Xue
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, China
- Henan Pinggao Electric Co Ltd, Pingdingshan, Henan, China
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Spring DL, Williams GJ. Influence of upwelling on coral reef benthic communities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230023. [PMID: 36946114 PMCID: PMC10031406 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly competitive coral reef benthic communities are acutely sensitive to changes in environmental parameters such as temperature and nutrient concentrations. Physical oceanographic processes that induce upwelling therefore act as drivers of community structure on tropical reefs. How upwelling impacts coral communities, however, is not fully understood; upwelling may provide a natural buffer against climate impacts and could potentially enhance the efficacy of spatial management and reef conservation efforts. This study employed a systematic review to assess existing literature linking upwelling with reef community structure, and a meta-analysis to quantify upwelling impact on the percentage cover of coral reef benthic groups. We show that upwelling has context-dependant effects on the cover of hard coral and fleshy macroalgae, with effect size and direction varying with depth, region and remoteness. Fleshy macroalgae were found to increase by 110% on inhabited reefs yet decrease by 56% around one well-studied remote island in response to upwelling. Hard coral cover was not significantly impacted by upwelling on inhabited reefs but increased by 150% when direct local human pressures were absent. By synthesizing existing evidence, this review facilitates adaptive and nuanced reef management which considers the influence of upwelling on reef assemblages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Spring
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Gareth J. Williams
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li H, Zhang H, Ding Y, Zhang J, Cai Y. Contributions of Support Point Number to Mirror Assembly Thermal Sensitivity Control. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1951. [PMID: 36850548 PMCID: PMC9960580 DOI: 10.3390/s23041951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extreme environmental temperature variations, solutions that enable ultra-low thermal sensitivity in a mirror assembly are crucial for high-performance aerial optical imaging sensors (AOIS). Strategies such as the elimination of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch and the employment of a flexure connection at the interface cannot be simply duplicated for the application involved, demanding specific design constraints. The contributions of support point number to the surface thermal sensitivity reduction and support stiffness improvement have been studied. A synthetic six-point support system that integrates equally spaced multiple ultra-low radial stiffness mirror flexure units and assembly external interface flexure units has been demonstrated on a 260 mm apertured annular mirror that involves significant CTE mismatch and demanding support stiffness constraint. The surface deformation RMS, due to the 35 °C temperature variation, is 16.7 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixing Li
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Hongwen Zhang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yalin Ding
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jichao Zhang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yuqi Cai
- Department of Basic Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wolfe E, Cerini F, Besson M, O'Brien D, Clements CF. Spatiotemporal thermal variation drives diversity trends in experimental landscapes. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:430-441. [PMID: 36494717 PMCID: PMC10108128 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is a fundamental driver of species' vital rates and thus coexistence, extinctions and community composition. While temperature is neither static in space nor in time, little work has incorporated spatiotemporal dynamics into community-level investigations of thermal variation. We conducted a microcosm experiment using ciliate protozoa to test the effects of temperatures fluctuating synchronously or asynchronously on communities in two-patch landscapes connected by short or long corridors. We monitored the abundance of each species for 4 weeks-equivalent to ~28 generations-measuring the effects of four temperature regimes and two corridor lengths on community diversity and composition. While corridor length significantly altered the trajectory of diversity change in the communities, this did not result in different community structures at the end of the experiment. The type of thermal variation significantly affected both the temporal dynamics of diversity change and final community composition, with synchronous fluctuation causing deterministic extinctions that were consistent across replicates and spatial variation causing the greatest diversity declines. Our results suggest that the presence and type of thermal variation can play an important role in structuring ecological communities, especially when it interacts with dispersal between habitat patches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Wolfe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Francesco Cerini
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marc Besson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Sorbonne Université CNRS UMR Biologie des organismes marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Duncan O'Brien
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yue K, Yang C, You Y, Wang X, Zhang X. Experimental Investigation of Temperature Influence on Nanoparticle Adhesion in an Artificial Blood Vessel. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:425-436. [PMID: 36711003 PMCID: PMC9879045 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s397721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A good understanding of the adhesion behaviors of the nanocarriers in microvessels in chemo-hyperthermia synergistic therapy is conducive to nanocarrier design for targeted drug delivery. Methods In this study, we constructed an artificial blood vessel system using gelatins with a complete endothelial monolayer formed on the inner vessel wall. The numbers of adhered NPs under different conditions were measured, as well as the interaction forces between the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) ligands and endothelial cells. Results The experimental results on the adhesion of ligand-coated nanoparticles (NPs) with different sizes and morphologies in the blood vessel verified that the gelatin-based artificial vessel possessed good cytocompatibility and mechanical properties, which are suitable for the investigation on NP adhesion characteristics in microvessels. When the temperature deviated from 37 °C, an increase or decrease in temperature resulted in a decrease in the number of adhered NPs, but the margination probability of NP adhesion increased at high temperatures due to the enhanced Brownian movement and flow disturbance. It is found that the effect of cooling was less than that of heating according to the observed changes in cell morphology and a decrease in cell activity under the static and perfusion culture conditions within the temperature range of 25 °C-43 °C. Furthermore, the measurement results of change in the RGD ligand-cell interaction with temperature showed good agreement with those in the number of adhered NPs. Conclusion The Findings suggest that designing ligands that can bind to the receptor and are least susceptible to temperature variation can be an effective means to enhance drug retention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yue
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China,Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Shunde, Guangdong Province, 528399, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Kai Yue, Email
| | - Chao Yang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu You
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China,Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Shunde, Guangdong Province, 528399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueying Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Valdés A, Helmutsdóttir VF, Marteinsdottir B, Ehrlén J. Selection against early flowering in geothermally heated soils is associated with pollen but not prey availability in a carnivorous plant. Am J Bot 2022; 109:1693-1701. [PMID: 35971628 PMCID: PMC9826420 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE In high-latitude environments, plastic responses of phenology to increasing spring temperatures allow plants to extend growing seasons while avoiding late frosts. However, evolved plasticity might become maladaptive if climatic conditions change and spring temperatures no longer provide reliable cues for conditions important for fitness. Maladaptative phenological responses might be related to both abiotic factors and mismatches with interacting species. When mismatches arise, we expect selection to favor changes in phenology. METHODS We combined observations along a soil temperature gradient in a geothermally heated area with pollen and prey supplementation experiments and examined how phenotypic selection on flowering time in the carnivorous plant Pinguicula vulgaris depends on soil temperature, and pollen and prey availability. RESULTS Flowering advanced and fitness decreased with increasing soil temperature. However, in pollen-supplemented plants, fitness instead increased with soil temperature. In heated soils, there was selection favoring later flowering, while earlier flowering was favored in unheated soils. This pattern remained also after artificially increasing pollen and prey availability. CONCLUSIONS Plant-pollinator mismatches can be an important reason why evolved plastic responses of flowering time to increasing spring temperatures become maladaptive under novel environmental conditions, and why there is selection to delay flowering. In our study, selection for later flowering remained after artificially increasing pollen availability, suggesting that abiotic factors also contribute to the observed selection. Identifying the factors that make evolved phenological responses maladaptive under novel conditions is fundamental for understanding and predicting evolutionary responses to climate warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Valdés
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversitySE‐106 91StockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Vigdís F. Helmutsdóttir
- The Soil Conservation Service of Iceland851 HellaIceland
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Iceland102 ReykjavíkIceland
| | | | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversitySE‐106 91StockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Peng M, Li X, Peng J, Cui J, Li J, Wei Y, Wei X, Li J. Early Summer Temperature Variation Recorded by Earlywood Width in the Northern Boundary of Pinus taiwanensis Hayata in Central China and Its Linkages to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:biology11071077. [PMID: 36101456 PMCID: PMC9312438 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Tongbai Mountains are an ecologically sensitive region to climate change, where there lies a climatic transitional zone from a subtropical to a warm−temperate monsoon climate. The northern boundary of Pinus taiwanensis Hayata is here; thus, climate information is well recorded in its tree rings. Based on developed earlywood width (EWW), latewood width (LWW) and total ring width (RW) chronologies (time period: 1887−2014 year) of Pinus taiwanensis Hayata in the Tongbai Mountains in central China, this paper analyzed characteristics of these chronologies and correlations between these chronologies and climate factors. The correlation results showed that earlywood width chronology contains more climate information than latewood width chronology and total ring width chronology, and mean temperature and mean maximum temperature in May−June were the main limiting factors for radial growth of Pinus taiwanensis Hayata. The highest significant value in all correlation analyses is −0.669 (p < 0.05) between earlywood width chronology and May−June mean temperature (TMJ) in the pre-mutation period (1958−2005) based on mutating in 2006. Thus, this paper reconstructed May−June mean temperature using earlywood width chronology from 1901 to 2005 (reliable period of earlywood width chronology is 1901−2014). The reconstructed May−June mean temperature experienced eight warmer periods and eight colder periods and also showed 2−3a cycle change over the past 105 years. The spatial correlation showed that the reconstructed series was representative of the May−June mean temperature variation in central and eastern China and significant positive/negative correlation with the sea surface temperature (SST) of the subtropical Pacific Ocean and the tropical Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean from the previous October to the current June. This also indicated that May−June mean temperature periodic fluctuations might be related to the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the tropical Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. The results of this study have extended and supplemented the meteorological records of the Tongbai Mountains and have a guiding significance for forest tending and management in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Peng
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (M.P.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (M.P.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianfeng Peng
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (M.P.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
- The Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Simulation of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jiayue Cui
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (M.P.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jingru Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (M.P.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Yafei Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (M.P.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
- The Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Simulation of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xiaoxu Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (M.P.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinkuan Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (M.P.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Das AA, Ratnam J. The thermal niche and phylogenetic assembly of evergreen tree metacommunities in a mid-to-upper tropical montane zone. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220038. [PMID: 35765839 PMCID: PMC9240684 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Frost and freezing temperatures have posed an obstacle to tropical woody evergreen plants over evolutionary time scales. Thus, along tropical elevation gradients, frost may influence woody plant community structure by filtering out lowland tropical clades and allowing extra-tropical lineages to establish at higher elevations. Here we assess the extent to which frost and freezing temperatures influence the taxonomic and phylogenetic structure of naturally patchy evergreen forests (locally known as shola) along a mid-upper montane elevation gradient in the Western Ghats, India. Specifically, we examine the role of large-scale macroclimate and factors affecting local microclimates, including shola patch size and distance from shola edge, in driving shola metacommunity structure. We find that the shola metacommunity shows phylogenetic overdispersion with elevation, with greater representation of extra-tropical lineages above 2000 m, and marked turnover in taxonomic composition of shola woody communities near the frost-affected forest edge above 2000 m, from those below 2000 m. Both minimum winter temperature and patch size were equally important in determining metacommunity structure, with plots inside very large sholas dominated by older tropical lineages, with many endemics. Phylogenetic overdispersion in the upper montane shola metacommunity thus resulted from tropical lineages persisting in the interiors of large closed frost-free sholas, where their regeneration niche has been preserved over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Abin Das
- Wildlife Biology and Conservation Program, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Jayashree Ratnam
- Wildlife Biology and Conservation Program, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen CC, Kirana N, Puspita DF, Patra J, Hsieh CT, Gandomi YA, Lai HZ, Chang TL, Tseng CJ, Majumder SB, Wang CY, Chang JK. Hierarchical Carbon Composites for High-Energy/Power-Density and High-Reliability Supercapacitors with Low Aging Rate. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202200345. [PMID: 35293144 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A facile method for preparing hierarchical carbon composites that contain activated carbon (AC), carbon nanospheres (CNSs), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for use as the electrode material in supercapacitors (SCs) was developed. The CNS/CNT network enabled the formation of three-dimensional conducting pathways within the highly porous AC matrix, effectively reducing the internal resistance of an SC electrode. The specific capacitance, cyclability, voltage window, temperature profile during charging/discharging, leakage current, gas evolution, and self-discharge of the fabricated SCs were systematically investigated and the optimal CNS/CNT ratio was determined. A 2.5 V floating aging test at 70 °C was performed on SCs made with various hierarchical carbon electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, postmortem electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses were conducted to examine the electrode aging behavior. A hierarchical carbon architecture with an appropriate AC/CNS/CNT constituent ratio could significantly improve charge-discharge performance, increase cell reliability, and decrease the aging-related degradation rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Nindita Kirana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Fajar Puspita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jagabandhu Patra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
- Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Te Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Yasser Ashraf Gandomi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | | | | | - Chung-Jen Tseng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320317, Taiwan
| | - Subhasish Basu Majumder
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Kuei Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
- Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Noer NK, Sørensen MH, Colinet H, Renault D, Bahrndorff S, Kristensen TN. Rapid Adjustments in Thermal Tolerance and the Metabolome to Daily Environmental Changes - A Field Study on the Arctic Seed Bug Nysius groenlandicus. Front Physiol 2022; 13:818485. [PMID: 35250620 PMCID: PMC8889080 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.818485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory investigations on terrestrial model-species, typically of temperate origin, have demonstrated that terrestrial ectotherms can cope with daily temperature variations through rapid hardening responses. However, few studies have investigated this ability and its physiological basis in the field. Especially in polar regions, where the temporal and spatial temperature variations can be extreme, are hardening responses expected to be important. Here, we examined diurnal adjustments in heat and cold tolerance in the Greenlandic seed bug Nysius groenlandicus by collecting individuals for thermal assessment at different time points within and across days. We found a significant correlation between observed heat or cold tolerance and the ambient microhabitat temperatures at the time of capture, indicating that N. groenlandicus continuously and within short time-windows respond physiologically to thermal changes and/or other environmental variables in their microhabitats. Secondly, we assessed underlying metabolomic fingerprints using GC-MS metabolomics in a subset of individuals collected during days with either low or high temperature variation. Concentrations of metabolites, including sugars, polyols, and free amino acids varied significantly with time of collection. For instance, we detected elevated sugar levels in animals caught at the lowest daily field temperatures. Polyol concentrations were lower in individuals collected in the morning and evening and higher at midday and afternoon, possibly reflecting changes in temperature. Additionally, changes in concentrations of metabolites associated with energetic metabolism were observed across collection times. Our findings suggest that in these extreme polar environments hardening responses are marked and likely play a crucial role for coping with microhabitat temperature variation on a daily scale, and that metabolite levels are actively altered on a daily basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Krog Noer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Hervé Colinet
- UMR 6553, CNRS, Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - David Renault
- UMR 6553, CNRS, Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Simon Bahrndorff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kunze C, Luijckx P, Jackson AL, Donohue I. Alternate patterns of temperature variation bring about very different disease outcomes at different mean temperatures. eLife 2022; 11:72861. [PMID: 35164901 PMCID: PMC8846586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of host-parasite interactions are highly temperature-dependent and may be modified by increasing frequency and intensity of climate-driven heat events. Here, we show that altered patterns of temperature variance lead to an almost order-of-magnitude shift in thermal performance of host and pathogen life-history traits over and above the effects of mean temperature and, moreover, that different temperature regimes affect these traits differently. We found that diurnal fluctuations of ±3°C lowered infection rates and reduced spore burden compared to constant temperatures in our focal host Daphnia magna exposed to the microsporidium parasite Ordospora colligata. In contrast, a 3-day heatwave (+6°C) did not affect infection rates, but increased spore burden (relative to constant temperatures with the same mean) at 16°C, while reducing burden at higher temperatures. We conclude that changing patterns of climate variation, superimposed on shifts in mean temperatures due to global warming, may have profound and unanticipated effects on disease dynamics. Global warming is increasing average temperatures and causing extreme temperature fluctuations and heatwaves. These changes may affect when, where, and how often infectious disease outbreaks occur. This could have profound impacts on agriculture, human health, and wildlife. Studying how extreme temperatures or temperature fluctuations alter infections in laboratory animals may help scientists to better understand the impact of climate change on disease. A small aquatic invertebrate, such as a water flea, is one good candidate for such studies. These tiny creatures can be grown in small glass jars in temperature-controlled aquariums. Kunze, Luijckx et al. show that temperature fluctuations and heat waves have complex effects on parasitic infections in water fleas. In the experiments, water fleas housed with a parasite that infects them were exposed to constant temperatures, fluctuating temperatures, or three-day heatwaves, while being kept at a broad range of mean water temperatures. Then, Kunze, Luijckx et al. measured how these conditions affected the water fleas’ longevity, reproduction, and parasite infections. This revealed that temperature variations had a unique effect on the life span, and reproduction and infection rates of the water fleas, depending on the average water temperature the animals were kept at. Heatwaves drastically increased the number of parasites in the water fleas at an average water temperature of 16 °C but had no effect at all or decreased the number of parasites at 19 °C and 22 °C, respectively. Similarly, at high average water temperatures (>24 °C), temperature fluctuations reduced the number of water fleas infected with parasites and the number of parasites in each infected flea. Moreover, the maximum temperature at which parasites were able to cause infections was 5 °C lower under fluctuating temperatures than under constant temperatures. Kunze and Luijckx et al. show that consistent high temperatures, temperature changes, extreme weather events, and mean water temperature affect disease outcomes in water fleas. More studies are needed to assess how temperature variations change the course of diseases in other organisms and to understand the underlying mechanisms. Learning more about disease-temperature interactions will help scientists predict climate change-driven disease outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kunze
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment [ICBM], Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pepijn Luijckx
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew L Jackson
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ian Donohue
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aidarov S, Nogales A, Reynvart I, Tošić N, de la Fuente A. Effects of Low Temperatures on Flexural Strength of Macro-Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Concrete: Experimental and Numerical Investigation. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15031153. [PMID: 35161100 PMCID: PMC8839562 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is an attractive alternative to traditional steel bar-reinforced concrete structures, as evidenced by the constantly increasing market consumption of structural fibers for this purpose. In spite of significant research dedicated to FRC, less attention has been given to the effects of low temperatures on the mechanical properties of FRC, which can be critical for a variety of structural typologies and regions. With this in mind, an experimental program was carried out to assess the flexural behavior of macro-synthetic fiber-reinforced concrete (MSFRC) at different temperatures (from 20 °C to -30 °C) by means of three-point bending notched beam tests. The tested MSFRCs were produced by varying the content of polypropylene fibers (4 and 8 kg/m3). The results proved that the flexural strength capacity of all MSFRCs improved with decreasing temperature. Finite element analyses were then used to calibrate constitutive models following fib Model Code 2010 guidelines and to formulate empirical adjustments for taking into account the effects of low temperatures. The outcomes of this research are the basis for future experimental and numerical efforts meant to improve the design of MSFRCs subjected to low temperatures during service conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Aidarov
- Smart Engineering Ltd., UPC Spin-Off, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.); (I.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alejandro Nogales
- Smart Engineering Ltd., UPC Spin-Off, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.); (I.R.)
| | - Igor Reynvart
- Smart Engineering Ltd., UPC Spin-Off, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.); (I.R.)
| | - Nikola Tošić
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (N.T.); (A.d.l.F.)
| | - Albert de la Fuente
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (N.T.); (A.d.l.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Potestad-Ordóñez FE, Tena-Sánchez E, Mora-Gutiérrez JM, Valencia-Barrero M, Jiménez-Fernández CJ. Experimental FIA Methodology Using Clock and Control Signal Modifications under Power Supply and Temperature Variations. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:7596. [PMID: 34833675 DOI: 10.3390/s21227596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The security of cryptocircuits is determined not only for their mathematical formulation, but for their physical implementation. The so-called fault injection attacks, where an attacker inserts faults during the operation of the cipher to obtain a malfunction to reveal secret information, pose a serious threat for security. These attacks are also used by designers as a vehicle to detect security flaws and then protect the circuits against these kinds of attacks. In this paper, two different attack methodologies are presented based on inserting faults through the clock signal or the control signal. The optimization of the attacks is evaluated under supply voltage and temperature variation, experimentally determining the feasibility through the evaluation of different Trivium versions in 90 nm ASIC technology implementations, also considering different routing alternatives. The results show that it is possible to inject effective faults with both methodologies, improving fault efficiency if the power supply voltage decreases, which requires only half the frequency of the short pulse inserted into the clock signal to obtain a fault. The clock signal modification methodology can be extended to other NLFSR-based cryptocircuits and the control signal-based methodology can be applied to both block and stream ciphers.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen H, Liang Y, Han Y, Liu T, Chen S. Genome-wide analysis of Toll-like receptors in zebrafish and the effect of rearing temperature on the receptors in response to stimulated pathogen infection. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:337-349. [PMID: 33103274 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water temperature has a major influence on the host innate immune defence and the infectivity of pathogens in ectothermic teleosts. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the first and well-characterized innate immune receptors that are conserved in vertebrates. However, little is known about the effect of temperature variation on TLRs in fish species. In this study, we used adult zebrafish as a research model to investigate the effect of water temperature on TLRs. Whole genome searches identified 20 TLR homologue genes in zebrafish. Multiple sequence alignment and protein structure analysis revealed the conserved domains for these TLR proteins. To identify TLR genes related to temperature variation, TLR family genes from 12 species with different body temperatures were assigned to conduct phylogenetic analyses. Based on the phylogenetic relationships, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR20~21 were selected as candidate genes. Immunostimulation data indicated that TLR3, TLR5, and TLR21 were more sensitive to temperature variation and their expression levels were affected in response to pathogen stimulation. Taken together, our results provide a new opportunity to understand the roles of temperature on host innate immune response in fishes and have broader implications for disease prevention in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yawen Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Casas Goncalves G, Amarasekare P. Persistence of tri-trophic interactions in seasonal environments. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:298-310. [PMID: 33095925 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between species interactions and environmental variation is well-understood for pairwise interactions but not for multi-trophic interactions. Understanding how such interactions persist in a thermally variable environment is particularly important given that most biodiversity on the planet consists of ectotherms whose body temperature depends on the environmental temperature. Here we present a trait-based mathematical framework for investigating how tri-trophic food chains persist in seasonal environments. We report two key findings. First, the persistence of the tri-trophic interaction is enhanced if species at upper trophic levels (e.g. top predators) are more cold-adapted than those at lower levels (e.g. basal resources) by virtue of lower thermal optima, wider response breadths and lower mortality within the favourable temperature range. The important implication is that the assembly and persistence of multi-trophic interactions requires that species at lower trophic levels be somewhat maladapted to their ambient thermal environment, as in the case of recent invasions. Second, differential sensitivity to thermally varying environments provides a mechanistic explanation for the conflict of interest between the intermediate consumer and top predator. The same cold-adaptations that increase the consumer's ability to increase when rare deter the predator's ability to do so. Thus, being well-adapted to its thermal environment makes the intermediate consumer better able to acquire resources and avoid predators. We predict that the hierarchy in cold-adaptation should constrain the number of trophic levels that can be supported in a given thermal environment, and that ectotherm food chain lengths should increase with increasing latitude because larger-amplitude seasonal fluctuations generate more opportunities for species to diverge in their thermal optima.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Casas Goncalves
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priyanga Amarasekare
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao Z, Zhang H, Fang B, Sun Y, Zhong Y, Shi T. Tensile Creep Model of Slab Concrete Based on Microprestress-Solidification Theory. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E3157. [PMID: 32679830 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tensile creep is an important factor affecting the early cracking resistance of concrete. The tensile creep model can effectively predict the development of tensile creep. In order to establish an appropriate tensile creep model, a temperature–stress testing machine (TSTM) was employed to test the development of temperature, deformation and restraint stress of benchmark concrete and concrete mixed with the MgO under different temperature curing modes. The development law of early age stress, strain and creep was analyzed via the test data of the TSTM. The early age tensile creep of concrete was predicted with the existing Kelvin creep model. The effect of variable temperature on creep was considered in this study, and an improved Kelvin creep model was proposed. The prediction accuracy of the two models was compared and analyzed. The results indicate that MgO has little influence on the creep and specific creep of concrete. The early age cracking resistance of MgO concrete is better than benchmark concrete. The improved Kelvin model based on the microprestress-solidification (MPS) theory predicts the early tensile creep of concrete more accurately in variable temperature conditions. These are significantly helpful for the application of the MgO expansion agent in dam engineering.
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang H, Fu Q, Wu J, Qu L, Xiong D, Liu Y. Experimental study of shear and hydraulic bonding strength between casing and cement under complex temperature and pressure conditions. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:192115. [PMID: 32431887 PMCID: PMC7211851 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cement sheath plays a vital role in preventing gas channelling. It is important to understand the interfacial bonding between the casing and cement sheath when the downhole temperature and pressure change. This paper demonstrates the results of an experimental study to investigate the effect of high temperature and high pressure and their variations on the cement sheath interfacial bonding strength (CSIBS). An experimental device was developed that is used to test the shear and hydraulic bonding strength with the method of uniaxial compression and gas channelling. The results show that both temperature and pressure have a significant influence on the CSIBS. As the curing temperature increases with a constant curing time or as the curing time increases with a constant curing temperature, the CSIBS first increases and then converges to a stable value. The casing roughness has a crucial effect on the shear bonding strength but little effect on the hydraulic bonding strength. Though the CSIBS decreases obviously with the decrease in temperature, it undergoes little change when the temperature first increases and then recovers to the initial value. When the internal casing pressure decreases to a certain value or first increases to a certain value followed by recovery to the initial state, the hydraulic bonding strength tends to be 0 MPa, which means that the interface undergoes debonding between the casing and cement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanqiang Yang
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Fu
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Wu
- China National Offshore Oil Corporation (China Limited), Zhanjiang Branch, Guangdong 524057, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Qu
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xiong
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
He J, Lu Z, Tan S, Ueda T, Pan Y, Xie J, Xian G. Effect of Temperature Variation and Pre-Sustained Loading on the Bond between Basalt FRP Sheets and Concrete. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E1530. [PMID: 32225065 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The coupled effects of temperature variation and pre-sustained loading on the bond between basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) sheets and a concrete substrate were studied. Single lap-shear test specimens were exposed to temperatures of 15, 30, 40, 50, and 60 °C for 3 h with pre-sustained loading at 35% of the ultimate load capacity (Fu). Compared with the case of 15 °C, the interfacial fracture energy of the specimens at 30 and 40 °C increased by 46% and 11%, respectively, whereas those reduced by 73% and 77% at 50 and 60 °C, respectively. The coupled effects of temperature and pre-sustained loading on the effective bond length are insignificant for the specimens at both 15 and 30 °C and the effective bond length increased to 300 mm when the temperature exceeded 40 °C. The failure crack still occurred in the concrete substrate at the temperatures of 15 and 30 °C, and changed to the debonding of the adhesive layer from the concrete substrate at the temperature above 30 °C.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
A striking pattern, seen in both fossil and extant taxa, is that tropical ectotherms are better at invading temperate habitats than vice versa. This is puzzling because tropical ectotherms, being thermal specialists, face a harsher abiotic environment and competition from temperate residents that are thermal generalists. We develop a mathematical framework to address this puzzle. We find that (i) tropical ectotherms can invade temperate habitats if they have higher consumption rates and lower mortality during warmer summers, (ii) stronger seasonal fluctuations at higher latitudes create more temporal niches, allowing coexistence of tropical invaders and temperate residents, and (iii) temperate ectotherms' failure to invade tropical habitats is due to greater mortality rather than lower competitive ability. Our framework yields predictions about population-level outcomes of invasion success based solely on species' trait responses to temperature. It provides a potential ecological explanation for why the tropics constitute both a cradle and a museum of biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Amarasekare
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu W, He Z, Chen W, Li C, Kan H, Weschler LB, Bai L, Zhang Y. Birth month is associated with learning capacity in childhood in Northeast China. Indoor Air 2020; 30:31-39. [PMID: 31541483 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to evaluate long-term ventilation and indoor-outdoor temperature variation on-site in the birth residence so as to investigate their associations with learning capacity from childhood through adolescence. Here, we conducted a questionnaire-based retrospective cohort study in ten schools from two northeast China cities with warm summers and severe cold winters when residences had very low air exchange rates. Scores for Chinese, Mathematics, and English in the final exams of the summer semester in June 2018 were collected to evaluate learning capacity. We surveyed 6238 students aged 14.7 (SD: 2.1) years old. Using the 2nd quarter (April-May-June) birth as reference, 4th quarter (October-November-December) birth consistently was significantly associated with lower scores in Chinese in bivariate (β, 95%CI: -3.2, -4.3 to -2.0) and multivariate (-1.8, -2.4 to -0.8) linear regression analyses. Stratified sub-analyses showed significant associations for male (-2.4, -3.7 to -1.1), urban (-2.4, -3.4 to -1.4), and primary students (-2.9, -4.5 to -1.4). Since household ventilation and indoor-outdoor temperature variation had great differences between the 2nd and 4th quarter of year, our results suggest that these two factors in the birth residence could be associated with learning capacity in childhood, especially for male and primary students in northeast China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Zijian He
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanyue Chen
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunhui Li
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Louise B Weschler
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Khelifa R, Blanckenhorn WU, Roy J, Rohner PT, Mahdjoub H. Usefulness and limitations of thermal performance curves in predicting ectotherm development under climatic variability. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1901-1912. [PMID: 31365760 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Thermal performance curves (TPCs) have been estimated in multiple ectotherm species to understand their thermal plasticity and adaptation and to predict the effect of global warming. However, TPCs are typically assessed under constant temperature regimes, so their reliability for predicting thermal responses in the wild where temperature fluctuates diurnally and seasonally remains poorly documented. Here, we use distant latitudinal populations of five species of sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae) from the temperate region (Europe, North Africa, North America) to compare estimates derived from constant TPCs with observed development rate under fluctuating temperatures in laboratory and field conditions. TPCs changed across gradients in that flies originating from higher latitudes showed accelerated development at higher temperatures, an adaptive response. TPCs were then used to predict development rates observed under fluctuating temperatures; these predictions were relatively accurate in the laboratory but not the field. Interestingly, the precision of TPC predictions depended not only on the resolution of temperature data, with daily and overall temperature summing performing better than hourly temperature summing, but also on the frequency of temperatures falling below the estimated critical minimum temperature. Hourly temperature resolution most strongly underestimated actual development rates, because flies apparently either did not stop growing when temperatures dropped below this threshold, or they sped up their growth when the temperature rose again, thus most severely reflecting this error. We conclude that when flies do not encounter cold temperatures, TPC predictions based on constant temperatures can accurately reflect performance under fluctuating temperatures if adequately adjusted for nonlinearities, but when encountering cold temperatures, this method is more error-prone. Our study emphasizes the importance of the resolution of temperature data and cold temperatures in shaping thermal reaction norms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rassim Khelifa
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Roy
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick T Rohner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hayat Mahdjoub
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chereches EI, Minea AA. Electrical Conductivity of New Nanoparticle Enhanced Fluids: An Experimental Study. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:nano9091228. [PMID: 31470653 PMCID: PMC6780881 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this research, the electrical conductivity of simple and hybrid nanofluids containing Al2O3, TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles and water as the base fluid was experimentally studied at ambient temperature and with temperature variation in the range of 20–60 °C. A comparison of the experimental data with existing theoretical models demonstrated that the theoretical models under-predict the experimental data. Consequently, several correlations were developed for nanofluid electrical conductivity estimation in relation to temperature and volume concentration. The electrical conductivity of both simple and hybrid nanofluids increased linearly with both volume concentration and temperature upsurge. More precisely, by adding nanoparticles to water, the electrical conductivity increased from 11 times up to 58 times for both simple and hybrid nanofluids, with the maximum values being attained for the 3% volume concentration. Plus, a three-dimensional regression analysis was performed to correlate the electrical conductivity with temperature and volume fraction of the titania and silica nanofluids. The thermo-electrical conductivity ratio has been calculated based on electrical conductivity experimental results and previously determined thermal conductivity. Very low figures were noticed. Concluding, one may affirm that further experimental work is needed to completely elucidate the behavior of nanofluids in terms of electrical conductivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ionela Chereches
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University "Gh. Asachi" of Iasi, Bd. D. Mangeron no. 63, Iasi 700050, Romania
| | - Alina Adriana Minea
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University "Gh. Asachi" of Iasi, Bd. D. Mangeron no. 63, Iasi 700050, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li B, Du C, Liu H, Yu W, Zheng J, Tan M, Jin Z, Li W, Wu J, Chen L, Yao R. Regulation of sensory nerve conduction velocity of human bodies responding to annual temperature variations in natural environments. Indoor Air 2019; 29:308-319. [PMID: 30506551 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The extensive research interests in environmental temperature can be linked to human productivity/performance as well as comfort and health; while the mechanisms of physiological indices responding to temperature variations remain incompletely understood. This study adopted a physiological sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV) as a temperature-sensitive biomarker to explore the thermoregulatory mechanisms of human responding to annual temperatures. The measurements of subjects' SCV (over 600 samples) were conducted in a naturally ventilated environment over all four seasons. The results showed a positive correlation between SCV and annual temperatures and a Boltzmann model was adopted to depict the S-shaped trend of SCV with operative temperatures from 5°C to 40°C. The SCV increased linearly with operative temperatures from 14.28°C to 20.5°C and responded sensitively for 10.19°C-24.59°C, while tended to be stable beyond that. The subjects' thermal sensations were linearly related to SCV, elaborating the relation between human physiological regulations and subjective thermal perception variations. The findings reveal the body SCV regulatory characteristics in different operative temperature intervals, thereby giving a deeper insight into human autonomic thermoregulation and benefiting for built environment designs, meantime minimizing the temperature-invoked risks to human health and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baizhan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenqiu Du
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meilan Tan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenxing Jin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Runming Yao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Denny M. Performance in a variable world: using Jensen's inequality to scale up from individuals to populations. Conserv Physiol 2019; 7:coz053. [PMID: 31528348 PMCID: PMC6736373 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Body temperature affects plants' and animals' performance, but these effects are complicated by thermal variation through time within an individual and variation through space among individuals in a population. This review and synthesis describes how the effects of thermal variation-in both time and space-can be estimated by applying a simple, nonlinear averaging scheme. The method is first applied to the temporal variation experienced by an individual, providing an estimate of the individual's average performance. The method is then applied to the scale-dependent thermal variation among individuals, which is modelled as a 1/f-noise phenomenon. For an individual, thermal variation reduces average performance, lowers the temperature of maximum performance (Topt ) and contracts the range of viable temperatures. Thermal variation among individuals similarly reduces performance and lowers Topt , but increases the viable range of average temperatures. These results must be viewed with caution, however, because they do not take into account the time-dependent interaction between body temperature and physiological plasticity. Quantifying these interactions is perhaps the largest challenge for ecological and conservation physiologists as they attempt to predict the effects of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Denny
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd., Pacific Grove, California, 93950 USA
- Corresponding author: Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd., Pacific Grove, California, 93950 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Du C, Kang J, Yu W, Chen M, Li B, Liu H, Wang H. Repeated exposure to temperature variation exacerbates airway inflammation through TRPA1 in a mouse model of asthma. Respirology 2018; 24:238-245. [PMID: 30440113 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Studies from epidemiology suggest that ambient temperature is one of the underlying triggers and potential causes of asthma. The aim of this study was to examine the impact and the molecular mechanism of temperature-invoked airway inflammation using an experimental model of asthma in BALB/c mice. METHODS Mice were exposed to different temperature conditions (steady 26°C, 26°C/18°C cycle, 26°C/10°C cycle) and received sensitization and challenge of ovalbumin (OVA) during a 21-day period. HC030031, a selective transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) channel blocker, was used to investigate the underlying mechanism of TRPA1 in 'asthmatic' airways. After the final OVA challenge, in vivo lung function was measured, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and pulmonary inflammation were assessed. RESULTS The temperature variations, especially the largest temperature difference (16°C), exacerbated airway inflammation in OVA-induced mice, increasing the levels of serum total-IgE (immunoglobulin E) and IgG1, inflammatory cells and cytokines in BALF. Analysis of histopathological changes and lung function verified that repeated exposure to very cold and changed temperatures aggravated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Significant upregulation of TRPA1 expression was revealed by immunohistochemistry in the presence of the largest temperature variation (26°C/10°C cycle), while administration of HC030031 successfully inhibited TRPA1 expression, thus attenuating the asthma-like pathological features. CONCLUSION Repeated exposure to temperature variation exacerbated experimental 'asthma' and TRPA1 mediated this temperature-dependent inflammatory effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenqiu Du
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,National Centre for International Research of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Kang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,National Centre for International Research of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,National Centre for International Research of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,National Centre for International Research of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,National Centre for International Research of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wu J, Qin N, Yuan B, Lin E, Bao D. Enhanced Pyroelectric Catalysis of BaTiO 3 Nanowires for Utilizing Waste Heat in Pollution Treatment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:37963-37973. [PMID: 30360057 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel catalytic effect of pyroelectric materials induced by a change in temperature, namely pyroelectric catalysis, was found to be attractive due to its ability to utilize waste heat in pollution treatment. In this work, the pyroelectric catalytic properties of BaTiO3 (BTO) nanowires synthesized by a template hydrothermal method have been thoroughly investigated. The nanowires with an elongated polar axis show a superior pyroelectric catalytic performance in comparison with the equiaxial nanoparticles. Our numerical simulation results with a finite element method indicate that the enhanced catalytic efficiency of BTO nanowires can be attributed to the higher pyroelectric potential. On the basis of the pyroelectric effect and our experimental results, a pyroelectric catalytic degradation mechanism has been proposed by taking into account the migration of charge carriers and the formation of reaction radicals. This study for enhancing the pyroelectric catalytic activity by using BTO nanowires may provide a facile, promising, and new reusable strategy for the catalytic degradation of organic dye pollutant by means of temperature variation. It is hoped that the present work gives a clear understanding of the mechanism of pyroelectric catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Ni Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Baowei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Enzhu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Dinghua Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim N, Jang K, An YK. Self-Sensing Nonlinear Ultrasonic Fatigue Crack Detection under Temperature Variation †. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18082527. [PMID: 30072637 PMCID: PMC6111550 DOI: 10.3390/s18082527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a self-sensing nonlinear ultrasonic technique for fatigue crack detection under temperature variations. Fatigue cracks are identified from linear (α) and nonlinear (β) ultrasonic parameters recorded by a self-sensing piezoelectric transducer (PZT). The self-sensing PZT scheme minimizes the data acquisition system’s inherent nonlinearity, which often prevents the identification of fatigue cracks. Also, temperature-dependent false alarms are prevented based on the different behaviors of α and β. The proposed technique was numerically pre-validated with finite element method simulations to confirm the trends of α and β with changing temperature, and then was experimentally validated using an aluminum plate with an artificially induced fatigue crack. These validation tests reveal that fatigue cracks can be detected successfully in realistic conditions of unpredictable temperature and that positive false alarms of 0.12% occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namgyu Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Keunyoung Jang
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Yun-Kyu An
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Treusch K, Schwaiger N, Schlackl K, Nagl R, Pucher P, Siebenhofer M. Temperature Dependence of Single Step Hydrodeoxygenation of Liquid Phase Pyrolysis Oil. Front Chem 2018; 6:297. [PMID: 30073163 PMCID: PMC6060690 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, continuous hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of liquid phase pyrolysis (LPP) oil in lab-scale is discussed. Pyrolysis oil is derived from the bioCRACK pilot plant from BDI - BioEnergy International GmbH at the OMV refinery in Vienna/Schwechat. Three hydrodeoxygenation temperature set points at 350, 375, and 400°C were investigated. Liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) was 0.5 h-1. Hydrodeoxygenation was performed with an in situ sulfided metal oxide catalyst. During HDO, three product phases were collected. A gaseous phase, an aqueous phase and a hydrocarbon phase. Experiment duration was 36 h at 350 and 375°C and 27.5 h at 400°C in steady state operation mode. Water content of the hydrocarbon phase was reduced to below 0.05 wt.%. The water content of the aqueous phase was between 96.9 and 99.9 wt.%, indicating effective hydrodeoxygenation. The most promising results, concerning the rate of hydrodeoxygenation, were achieved at 400°C. After 36/27.5 h of experiment, catalyst deactivation was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Treusch
- BDI - BioEnergy International GmbH, Research and Development, Raaba-Grambach, Austria.,Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Schwaiger
- BDI - BioEnergy International GmbH, Research and Development, Raaba-Grambach, Austria.,Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Schlackl
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Nagl
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Pucher
- BDI - BioEnergy International GmbH, Research and Development, Raaba-Grambach, Austria
| | - Matthäus Siebenhofer
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang CC, Hou ZY, You JC. A High-Precision CMOS Temperature Sensor with Thermistor Linear Calibration in the (-5 °C, 120 °C) Temperature Range. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18072165. [PMID: 29976882 PMCID: PMC6068705 DOI: 10.3390/s18072165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A high-precision Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) temperature sensor for (−5 °C, 120 °C) temperature range is designed and analyzed in this investigation. The proposed design is featured with a temperature range selection circuit so that the thermistor linear circuit automatically switches to a corresponding calibration loop in light of the temperature range besides the analysis of the calibration method. It resolves the problem that the temperature range of a single thermistor temperature sensor is too small. Notably, the output of the proposed design also attains a high linearity. The measurement results in a thermal chamber justifying that the output voltage is 1.96 V to 4.15 V, the maximum linearity error ≤1.4%, and the worst temperature error ≤1.1 °C in the temperature range of −5 °C to 120 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chua-Chin Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Zong-You Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Jhih-Cheng You
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shi Z, Xu X, Ma J, Zhen D, Zhang H. Quantitative Detection of Cracks in Steel Using Eddy Current Pulsed Thermography. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18041070. [PMID: 29614841 PMCID: PMC5948618 DOI: 10.3390/s18041070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small cracks are common defects in steel and often lead to catastrophic accidents in industrial applications. Various nondestructive testing methods have been investigated for crack detection; however, most current methods focus on qualitative crack identification and image processing. In this study, eddy current pulsed thermography (ECPT) was applied for quantitative crack detection based on derivative analysis of temperature variation. The effects of the incentive parameters on the temperature variation were analyzed in the simulation study. The crack profile and position are identified in the thermal image based on the Canny edge detection algorithm. Then, one or more trajectories are determined through the crack profile in order to determine the crack boundary through its temperature distribution. The slope curve along the trajectory is obtained. Finally, quantitative analysis of the crack sizes was performed by analyzing the features of the slope curves. The experimental verification showed that the crack sizes could be quantitatively detected with errors of less than 1%. Therefore, the proposed ECPT method was demonstrated to be a feasible and effective nondestructive approach for quantitative crack detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqun Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Dong Zhen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sotelo P, Kondo T. On the Biology of the Colombian Fluted Scale, Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae). Neotrop Entomol 2017; 46:433-441. [PMID: 27975194 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Colombian fluted scale Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) is a polyphagous insect pest native to continental Colombia and reported on 148 species, mainly palms (Arecaceae); mango, Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae); and leguminous trees and shrubs (Fabaceae). The biology and ecological parameters of C. multicicatrices were investigated using as a host plant Caesalpinia pluviosa var. peltophoroides (Fabaceae) under two environmental conditions: semifield (max temp., 31.5 ± 3.0°C; max. RH, 78.9 ± 6.0%) and a glass house (max. temp., 37.1 ± 5.1°C, max. RH, 67.0 ± 6.2%) in the premises of Corpoica, Palmira Research Station. The duration of the different developmental stages was highly different under both temperature conditions. First- and third-instar nymphs, the period of ovisac growth of the adult, and the duration of the life cycle were significantly higher in the semifield conditions compared to the glass house conditions. In contrast, the second-instar nymph stage was shorter in the semifield conditions. The duration of the fourth-instar stage (adult) and the reproductive period were the same in both environments. As for the evaluated ecological parameters, a great difference was found between the two environmental conditions, where the net reproductive rate (R o) and mean generation time (T) were significantly higher in the semifield conditions than in the glass house conditions. The obtained biological and ecological information is an essential tool for finding strategies to control this insect pest. This is the first detailed study on the biology of a species in the genus Crypticerya Cockerell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Sotelo
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Investigación Obonuco, Obonuco Research Station, Km. 5 via Pasto-Obonuco, Pasto, Nariño, Colombia.
| | - T Kondo
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Investigación Palmira, Calle 23, Carrera 37, Continuo al Penal, Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zander A, Bersier LF, Gray SM. Effects of temperature variability on community structure in a natural microbial food web. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:56-67. [PMID: 27234703 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Climate change research has demonstrated that changing temperatures will have an effect on community-level dynamics by altering species survival rates, shifting species distributions, and ultimately, creating mismatches in community interactions. However, most of this work has focused on increasing temperature, and still little is known about how the variation in temperature extremes will affect community dynamics. We used the model aquatic community held within the leaves of the carnivorous plant, Sarracenia purpurea, to test how food web dynamics will be affected by high temperature variation. We tested the community response of the first (bacterial density), second (protist diversity and composition), and third trophic level (predator mortality), and measured community respiration. We collected early and late successional stage inquiline communities from S. purpurea from two North American and two European sites with similar average July temperature. We then created a common garden experiment in which replicates of these communities underwent either high or normal daily temperature variation, with the average temperature equal among treatments. We found an impact of temperature variation on the first two, but not on the third trophic level. For bacteria in the high-variation treatment, density experienced an initial boost in growth but then decreased quickly through time. For protists in the high-variation treatment, alpha-diversity decreased faster than in the normal-variation treatment, beta-diversity increased only in the European sites, and protist community composition tended to diverge more in the late successional stage. The mortality of the predatory mosquito larvae was unaffected by temperature variation. Community respiration was lower in the high-variation treatment, indicating a lower ecosystem functioning. Our results highlight clear impacts of temperature variation. A more mechanistic understanding of the effects that temperature, and especially temperature variation, will have on community dynamics is still greatly needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Zander
- Department of Biology - Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Louis-Félix Bersier
- Department of Biology - Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Sarah M Gray
- Department of Biology - Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Larson WA, Lisi PJ, Seeb JE, Seeb LW, Schindler DE. Major histocompatibility complex diversity is positively associated with stream water temperatures in proximate populations of sockeye salmon. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1846-59. [PMID: 27341174 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Local adaptation to heterogeneous environments generates population diversity within species, significantly increasing ecosystem stability and flows of ecosystem services. However, few studies have isolated the specific mechanisms that create and maintain this diversity. Here, we examined the relationship between water temperature in streams used for spawning and genetic diversity at a gene involved in immune function [the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)] in 14 populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) sampled across the Wood River basin in south-western Alaska. The largest influence on MHC diversity was lake basin, but we also found a significant positive correlation between average water temperature and MHC diversity. This positive relationship between temperature and MHC diversity appears to have been produced by natural selection at very local scales rather than neutral processes, as no correlation was observed between temperature and genetic diversity at 90 neutral markers. Additionally, no significant relationship was observed between temperature variability and MHC diversity. Although lake basin was the largest driver of differences in MHC diversity, our results also demonstrate that fine-scale differences in water temperature may generate variable selection regimes in populations that spawn in habitats separated by as little as 1 km. Additionally, our results indicated that some populations may be reaching a maximum level of MHC diversity. We postulate that salmon from populations in warm streams may delay spawning until late summer to avoid thermal stress as well as the elevated levels of pathogen prevalence and virulence associated with warm temperatures earlier in the summer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W A Larson
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - P J Lisi
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J E Seeb
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L W Seeb
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D E Schindler
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Johnson CA, Coutinho RM, Berlin E, Dolphin KE, Heyer J, Kim B, Leung A, Sabellon JL, Amarasekare P. Effects of temperature and resource variation on insect population dynamics: the bordered plant bug as a case study. Funct Ecol 2016; 30:1122-1131. [PMID: 28824219 PMCID: PMC5560498 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In species with complex life cycles, population dynamics result from a combination of intrinsic cycles arising from delays in the operation of negative density-dependent processes (e.g., intraspecific competition) and extrinsic fluctuations arising from seasonal variation in the abiotic environment. Abiotic variation can affect species directly through their life history traits and indirectly by modulating the species' interactions with resources or natural enemies.We investigate how the interplay between density-dependent dynamics and abiotic variability affects population dynamics of the bordered plant bug (Largus californicus), a Hemipteran herbivore inhabiting the California coastal sage scrub community. Field data show a striking pattern in abundance: adults are extremely abundant or nearly absent during certain periods of the year, leading us to predict that seasonal forcing plays a role in driving observed dynamics.We develop a stage-structured population model with variable developmental delays, in which fecundity is affected by both intra-specific competition and temporal variation in resource availability and all life history traits (reproduction, development, mortality) are temperature-dependent. We parameterize the model with experimental data on temperature-responses of life history and competitive traits and validate the model with independent field census data.We find that intra-specific competition is strongest at temperatures optimal for reproduction, which theory predicts leads to more complex population dynamics. Our model predicts that while temperature or resource variability interact with development-induced delays in self-limitation to generate population fluctuations, it is the interplay between all three factors that drive the observed dynamics. Considering how multiple abiotic factors interact with density-dependent processes is important both for understanding how species persist in variable environments and predicting species' responses to perturbations in their typical environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Renato M. Coutinho
- Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erin Berlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Kimberly E. Dolphin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Johanna Heyer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Britney Kim
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Alice Leung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Jamie Lou Sabellon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Priyanga Amarasekare
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Siao AS, Chao CK, Hsiao CC. A Strip Cell in Pyroelectric Devices. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:E375. [PMID: 26999134 DOI: 10.3390/s16030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pyroelectric effect affords the opportunity to convert temporal temperature fluctuations into usable electrical energy in order to develop abundantly available waste heat. A strip pyroelectric cell, used to enhance temperature variation rates by lateral temperature gradients and to reduce cell capacitance to further promote the induced voltage, is described as a means of improving pyroelectric energy transformation. A precision dicing saw was successfully applied in fabricating the pyroelectric cell with a strip form. The strip pyroelectric cell with a high-narrow cross section is able to greatly absorb thermal energy via the side walls of the strips, thereby inducing lateral temperature gradients and increasing temperature variation rates in a thicker pyroelectric cell. Both simulation and experimentation show that the strip pyroelectric cell improves the electrical outputs of pyroelectric cells and enhances the efficiency of pyroelectric harvesters. The strip-type pyroelectric cell has a larger temperature variation when compared to the trenched electrode and the original type, by about 1.9 and 2.4 times, respectively. The measured electrical output of the strip type demonstrates a conspicuous increase in stored energy as compared to the trenched electrode and the original type, by of about 15.6 and 19.8 times, respectively.
Collapse
|
38
|
Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Forsberg B, Tobias A, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Armstrong B, Gasparrini A. Associations of Inter- and Intraday Temperature Change With Mortality. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:286-93. [PMID: 26811244 PMCID: PMC4753281 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the association between temperature variation and mortality and compared it with the contribution due to mean daily temperature in 6 cities with different climates. Quasi-Poisson time series regression models were applied to estimate the associations (relative risk and 95% confidence interval) of mean daily temperature (99th and 1st percentiles, with temperature of minimum mortality as the reference category), interday temperature variation (difference between the mean temperatures of 2 neighboring days) and intraday temperature variation (diurnal temperature range (DTR)) (referred to as median variation) with mortality in 6 cities: London, United Kingdom; Madrid, Spain; Stockholm, Sweden; New York, New York; Miami, Florida; and Houston, Texas (date range, 1985–2010). All cities showed a substantial increase in mortality risk associated with mean daily temperature, with relative risks reaching 1.428 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.329, 1.533) for heat in Madrid and 1.467 (95% CI: 1.385, 1.555) for cold in London. Inconsistent results for inter-/intraday change were obtained, except for some evidence of protective associations on hot and cold days (relative risk (RR) = 0.977 (95% CI: 0.955, 0.999) and RR = 0.981 (95% CI: 0.971, 0.991), respectively) in Madrid and on cold days in Stockholm (RR = 0.989, 95% CI: 0.980, 0.998). Our results indicate that the association between mortality and temperature variation is generally minimal compared with mean daily temperatures, although further research on intraday changes is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera
- Correspondence to Dr. Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box 4002, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland (e-mail: )
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chambers SM, Emery NC. Population differentiation and countergradient variation throughout the geographic range in the fern gametophyte Vittaria appalachiana. Am J Bot 2016; 103:86-98. [PMID: 26758887 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Theory predicts that limited gene flow between populations will promote population differentiation, and experimental studies have found that differentiation is often explained by local adaptation in sexually reproducing angiosperms. However, few experiments have examined the drivers of differentiation among populations in asexual land plants with limited dispersal potential. Here, we evaluated the role of temperature in driving population differentiation in an asexual, obligate gametophyte fern species. METHODS We reciprocally transplanted Vittaria appalachiana gametophytes among six populations that spanned the species' geographic range in the Appalachian Mountains and Plateau. Temperature, survival, and senescence rates were measured for 1 year. KEY RESULTS Populations had significantly different fitness responses to different sites, consistent with the hypothesis that populations have differentiated across the species' range. There was some evidence for local adaptation in marginal populations and for countergradient selection favoring particularly robust genotypes at the northern range edge. Most populations had relatively high fitness at the site with the most stable temperature conditions and were negatively affected by decreasing minimum temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Populations of Vittaria appalachiana exhibit highly variable responses to transplantation across the species' range, and only a small subset of these responses are due to local adaptation. Differences in daily minimum temperature explain some variation in fitness, but other site-specific factors also have significant impacts on transplant fitness. These results indicate that asexual, patchily distributed species with limited dispersal may exhibit population-specific responses to global climate change that have not been elucidated by empirical work focused on sexually reproducing angiosperms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally M Chambers
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, 47907
| | - Nancy C Emery
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, 47907 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0334 USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kumar B, Ishwar AK, Choudhary PK, Akhatar T. Effect of temperature variation on hormonal concentration at various gestation stages in black Bengal goat. Vet World 2015; 8:1137-42. [PMID: 27047210 PMCID: PMC4774784 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1137-1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of risingtemperature on the metabolic as well as the reproductive performance of the black Bengal goat. Materials and Methods: A total 27 numbers of non-pregnant black Bengal goats of the same parity comprised the experimental animals. The selected goats were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 9 each, maintaining uniformity in body weight (average 14-18 kg). Goats in Group-I were kept between the temperature ranges of 35-40°C, in Group-II between 20°Cand 27°C, and Group-III were kept under loose housing system and serve as a control. Goats in all the groups were bred naturally. Blood was collected prior to feeding in the morning on the day 1 (estrus), 20, 45, 90, and 135, expected day of parturition and also 2 days after parturition from goats of all the three groups. Results: It was observed that the level of plasma estrogen decreased (p<0.05) up to day 45 of gestation, then after increased up to 135 days of gestation and was maximum on expected day of parturition which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than all the values. Plasma progesterone level increased from day 20 and was the highest on day 90 and then decreased significantly (p<0.05) on expected date of parturition. The luteinizing hormone value decreased significantly (p<0.05) on expected day of parturition and day 2 after parturition in all the groups. Follicle stimulating hormone concentration showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease from day 1 to 2 days after parturition in all the groups. The plasma triiodothyronine (T3) level did not vary between and within the treatment groups at any stage of the experiment. The plasma thyroxine (T4) level varied significantly (p<0.01) within and (p<0.05) between groups at all stages of reproduction. A significant (p<0.05) variation in plasma cortisol concentration in all the groups increased significantly until the day of parturition and dropped significantly (p<0.01) in 2 days after parturition in all the groups. Conclusion: The present experiment revealed that rise in temperature has no any deleterious effect on the metabolic as well as the reproductive hormonal concentrationat variousstages of gestation inblack Bengal goat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science &Animal Husbandry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Ishwar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science &Animal Husbandry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tanveer Akhatar
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tobler R, Hermisson J, Schlötterer C. Parallel trait adaptation across opposing thermal environments in experimental Drosophila melanogaster populations. Evolution 2015; 69:1745-59. [PMID: 26080903 PMCID: PMC4755034 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Thermal stress is a pervasive selective agent in natural populations that impacts organismal growth, survival, and reproduction. Drosophila melanogaster exhibits a variety of putatively adaptive phenotypic responses to thermal stress in natural and experimental settings; however, accompanying assessments of fitness are typically lacking. Here, we quantify changes in fitness and known thermal tolerance traits in replicated experimental D. melanogaster populations following more than 40 generations of evolution to either cyclic cold or hot temperatures. By evaluating fitness for both evolved populations alongside a reconstituted starting population, we show that the evolved populations were the best adapted within their respective thermal environments. More strikingly, the evolved populations exhibited increased fitness in both environments and improved resistance to both acute heat and cold stress. This unexpected parallel response appeared to be an adaptation to the rapid temperature changes that drove the cycling thermal regimes, as parallel fitness changes were not observed when tested in a constant thermal environment. Our results add to a small, but growing group of studies that demonstrate the importance of fluctuating temperature changes for thermal adaptation and highlight the need for additional work in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ray Tobler
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
- Vienna Graduate School of Population Genetics, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | - Joachim Hermisson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Nordbergstrasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schlötterer
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lawson CR, Vindenes Y, Bailey L, van de Pol M. Environmental variation and population responses to global change. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:724-36. [PMID: 25900148 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Species' responses to environmental changes such as global warming are affected not only by trends in mean conditions, but also by natural and human-induced environmental fluctuations. Methods are needed to predict how such environmental variation affects ecological and evolutionary processes, in order to design effective strategies to conserve biodiversity under global change. Here, we review recent theoretical and empirical studies to assess: (1) how populations respond to changes in environmental variance, and (2) how environmental variance affects population responses to changes in mean conditions. Contrary to frequent claims, empirical studies show that increases in environmental variance can increase as well as decrease long-term population growth rates. Moreover, environmental variance can alter and even reverse the effects of changes in the mean environment, such that even if environmental variance remains constant, omitting it from population models compromises their ability to predict species' responses to changes in mean conditions. Drawing on theory relating these effects of environmental variance to the curvatures of population growth responses to the environment, we outline how species' traits such as phylogenetic history and body mass could be used to predict their responses to global change under future environmental variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Callum R Lawson
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yngvild Vindenes
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0371 , Oslo, Norway
| | - Liam Bailey
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Martijn van de Pol
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Understanding how temperature variation influences the negative (e.g. self-limitation) and positive (e.g. saturating functional responses) feedback processes that characterize consumer-resource interactions is an important research priority. Previous work on this topic has yielded conflicting outcomes with some studies predicting that warming should increase consumer-resource oscillations and others predicting that warming should decrease consumer-resource oscillations. Here, I develop a consumer-resource model that both synthesizes previous findings in a common framework and yields novel insights about temperature effects on consumer-resource dynamics. I report three key findings. First, when the resource species' birth rate exhibits a unimodal temperature response, as demonstrated by a large number of empirical studies, the temperature range over which the consumer-resource interaction can persist is determined by the lower and upper temperature limits to the resource species' reproduction. This contrasts with the predictions of previous studies, which assume that the birth rate exhibits a monotonic temperature response, that consumer extinction is determined by temperature effects on consumer species' traits, rather than the resource species' traits. Secondly, the comparative analysis I have conducted shows that whether warming leads to an increase or decrease in consumer-resource oscillations depends on the manner in which temperature affects intraspecific competition. When the strength of self-limitation increases monotonically with temperature, warming causes a decrease in consumer-resource oscillations. However, if self-limitation is strongest at temperatures physiologically optimal for reproduction, a scenario previously unanalysed by theory but amply substantiated by empirical data, warming can cause an increase in consumer-resource oscillations. Thirdly, the model yields testable comparative predictions about consumer-resource dynamics under alternative hypotheses for how temperature affects competitive and resource acquisition traits. Importantly, it does so through empirically quantifiable metrics for predicting temperature effects on consumer viability and consumer-resource oscillations, which obviates the need for parameterizing complex dynamical models. Tests of these metrics with empirical data on a host-parasitoid interaction yield realistic estimates of temperature limits for consumer persistence and the propensity for consumer-resource oscillations, highlighting their utility in predicting temperature effects, particularly warming, on consumer-resource interactions in both natural and agricultural settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Amarasekare
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kauthale RR, Dadarkar SS, Husain R, Karande VV, Gatne MM. Assessment of temperature-induced hERG channel blockade variation by drugs. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:799-805. [PMID: 25348819 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced QT prolongation has been reported in humans and animals. This potentially lethal effect can be induced by drugs interacting with a cardiac potassium channel, namely hERG (human ether-a go-go-related gene) leading to arrhythmia or torsade de pointes (TdP). Hence, in vitro evaluation of therapeutics for their effects on the rapid delayed rectifier current (IKr) mediated by the K(+) ion channel encoded by hERG is a valuable tool for identifying potential arrhythmic side effects during drug safety testing. Our objective was to evaluate the temperature-induced hERG channel blockade variation by human and veterinary drugs using the IonFlux 16 system. A panel of eight drugs was tested for IKr inhibition at both ambient (23 °C) and physiological (37 °C) temperatures at various concentrations using IonFlux 16, an automated patch clamp system. Our results established that both amiodarone (IC(50) = 0.56 μM at 23 °C and 0.30 μM at 37 °C) and β-estradiol (IC(50) = 24.72 μM at 23 °C and 8.17 μM at 37 °C) showed a dose-dependent IKr blockade with a higher blockade at 37 °C. Whereas, blockade of IKr by both ivermectin (IC(50) = 12.52 μM at 23 °C and 24.41 μM at 37 °C) and frusemide (IC(50) = 12.58 μM at 23 °C and 25.55 μM at 37 °C) showed a dose-dependent IKr blockade with a lower blockade at 37 °C. Gentamicin, enrofloxacin, xylazine and albendazole did not block IKr at both the assessed temperatures. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the effect of temperature variation should be taken into consideration during the evaluation of test drugs for their hERG channel blockade potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul R Kauthale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shruta S Dadarkar
- Department of Toxicology, Piramal Enterprises Limited, Mumbai, 400063, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raghib Husain
- Department of Toxicology, Piramal Enterprises Limited, Mumbai, 400063, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikas V Karande
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhumanjiri M Gatne
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yuan-Gao L, Xiao W, Kexian X, Dan L. [ Temperature variation at the external root surface during Nd: YAG laser irradiation in the root canal in vitro]. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2014; 32:480-483. [PMID: 25490827 PMCID: PMC7041012 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the temperature variation of the root surface using Nd: YAG laser irradiation in the root canal with different power and to evaluate the safety of laser application on the periodontal region. METHODS Thirty extracted human teeth with single-roots were collected. The teeth were cross-sectioned in the cervical portion, standardizing the roots at a 12-mm length. The roots were used as specimen. The roots were radiographed in the buccal-lingual direction to measure the thickness of the proximal walls, by means of a digital radiographic system. The specimens were divided into three groups according to the laser potency (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 W). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to laser frequency (15 and 30 Hz). With the Nd: YAG laser irradiation for 20 s, the temperature variation of the root surface was monitored by thermocouples located at different parts of the root external wall and recorded by digital thermometers. RESULTS The groups irradiated with 4.5 W presented the greatest temperature variation (above 10°C), followed by 3.0 and 1.5 W. The temperatures were statistically different (P < 0.01). The groups irradiated in the same potency, regardless of whether 15 Hz or 30 Hz was used, presented with no statistical difference (P > 0.05). The apical half of the root presented statistically higher temperature rises than the cervical half of the root (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The temperature variation of the root surface was associated with laser power, irradiation time, and the thickness of dentin. Application of Nd: YAG laser in the root at 1.5 W for 20 s can safely be used in endodontic treatment.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the seasonal variation and the effect of cold temperature on heart failure (HF) morbidity have been well documented, it is unknown whether the temperature variation within a day, that is, diurnal temperature range (DTR), is an independent risk factor for HF. We hypothesized that large DTR might be a source of additional environmental stress and, therefore, a risk factor for HF exacerbation. We aimed to test the association between DTR and HF hospitalization and to examine the effect modifiers, such as age, sex, and season. METHODS AND RESULTS We collected daily meteorologic data and emergency HF hospital admissions from 2000 to 2007 in Hong Kong. We used Poisson regression models to fit the relationship between daily DTR and emergency HF hospitalizations, after adjusting for the time trend, seasonality, mean temperature, humidity, and levels of outdoor air pollution. We confirmed the seasonal variation of HF with peak hospital admissions in winter in Hong Kong. The adverse effects of DTR on emergency HF admissions were observed on the current day and lasted for the following several days. Every 1°C increase of DTR at lag0 corresponded to 0.86% (95% confidence interval, 0.31%-1.43%) increment of emergency hospital admissions for HF. DTR exhibited significantly greater effect in the cool season, and on female and elderly patients. CONCLUSIONS Greater temperature change within a day was associated with increased emergency hospital admissions for HF. Health policymakers and hospitals may want to take into account the increased demand of specific facilities for susceptive population in winter with greater daily temperature variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiu
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Amarasekare P, Coutinho RM. The intrinsic growth rate as a predictor of population viability under climate warming. J Anim Ecol 2013; 82:1240-53. [PMID: 23926903 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Lately, there has been interest in using the intrinsic growth rate (rm) to predict the effects of climate warming on ectotherm population viability. However, because rm is calculated using the Euler-Lotka equation, its reliability in predicting population persistence depends on whether ectotherm populations can achieve a stable age/stage distribution in thermally variable environments. Here, we investigate this issue using a mathematical framework that incorporates mechanistic descriptions of temperature effects on vital rates into a stage-structured population model that realistically captures the temperature-induced variability in developmental delays that characterize ectotherm life cycles. 2. We find that populations experiencing seasonal temperature variation converge to a stage distribution whose intra-annual pattern remains invariant across years. As a result, the mean annual per capita growth rate also remains constant between years. The key insight is the mechanism that allows populations converge to a stationary stage distribution. Temperature effects on the biochemical processes (e.g. enzyme kinetics, hormonal regulation) that underlie life-history traits (reproduction, development and mortality) exhibit well-defined thermodynamical properties (e.g. changes in entropy and enthalpy) that lead to predictable outcomes (e.g. reduction in reaction rates or hormonal action at temperature extremes). As a result, life-history traits exhibit a systematic and predictable response to seasonal temperature variation. This in turn leads to temporally predictable temperature responses of the stage distribution and the per capita growth rate. 3. When climate warming causes an increase in the mean annual temperature and/or the amplitude of seasonal fluctuations, the population model predicts the mean annual per capita growth rate to decline to zero within 100 years when warming is slow relative to the developmental period of the organism (0.03-0.05°C per year) and to become negative, causing population extinction, well before 100 years when warming is fast (e.g. 0.1°C per year). The Euler-Lotka equation predicts a slower decrease in rm when warming is slow and a longer persistence time when warming is fast, with the deviation between the two metrics increasing with increasing developmental period. These results suggest that predictions of ectotherm population viability based on rm may be valid only for species with short developmental delays, and even then, only over short time-scales and under slow warming regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Amarasekare
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|