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Biscetti F, Nardella E, Cecchini AL, Flex A, Landolfi R. Biomarkers of vascular disease in diabetes: the adipose-immune system cross talk. Intern Emerg Med 2020; 15:381-393. [PMID: 31919781 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-019-02270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies aimed at investigating the mechanism(s) underlying vascular complications of diabetes indicate that a great number of molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of these complications. Most of these molecules are inflammatory mediators or markers generated by immune or adipose tissue. Some of them, i.e. resistin and sortilin, have been shown to be involved in the cross talk between adipocytes and inflammatory cells. This interaction is an attractive area of research, particularly in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Other proteins, such as adiponectin and visfatin, appear to be more promising as possible vascular markers. In addition, some molecules involved in calcium/phosphorus metabolism, such as klotho and FGF23, have an involvement in the pathogenesis of diabetic vasculopathy, which appears to be dependent on the degree of vascular impairment. Inflammatory markers are a promising tool for treatment decisions while measuring plasma levels of adipokines, sortilin, Klotho and FGF23 in adequately sized longitudinal studies is expected to allow a more precise characterization of diabetic vascular disease and the optimal use of personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Biscetti
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Catholic University School of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Genetics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Nardella
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Catholic University School of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Leonardo Cecchini
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Catholic University School of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Flex
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Catholic University School of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- U.O.S.A Medicina delle Malattie Vascolari Periferiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Landolfi
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Catholic University School of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Wang RY, da Silva Franco JF, López-Valdez J, Martins E, Sutton VR, Whitley CB, Zhang L, Cimms T, Marsden D, Jurecka A, Harmatz P. The long-term safety and efficacy of vestronidase alfa, rhGUS enzyme replacement therapy, in subjects with mucopolysaccharidosis VII. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 129:219-227. [PMID: 32063397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vestronidase alfa (recombinant human beta-glucuronidase) is an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VII, a highly heterogeneous, ultra-rare disease. Twelve subjects, ages 8-25 years, completed a Phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled, blind-start, single crossover study (UX003-CL301; NCT02377921), receiving 24-48 weeks of vestronidase alfa 4 mg/kg IV. All 12 subjects completed the blind-start study, which showed significantly reduced urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and clinical improvement in a multi-domain responder index, and enrolled in a long-term, open-label, extension study (UX003-CL202; NCT02432144). Here, we report the final results of the extension study, up to an additional 144 weeks after completion of the blind-start study. Three subjects (25%) completed all 144 weeks of study, eight subjects (67%) ended study participation before Week 144 to switch to commercially available vestronidase alfa, and one subject discontinued due to non-compliance after receiving one infusion of vestronidase alfa in the extension study. The safety profile of vestronidase alfa in the extension study was consistent with observations in the preceding blind-start study, with most adverse events mild to moderate in severity. There were no treatment or study discontinuations due to AEs and no noteworthy changes in a standard safety chemistry panel. Out of the eleven subjects who tested positive for anti-drug antibodies at any time during the blind-start or extension study, including the baseline assessment in the blind-start study, seven subjects tested positive for neutralizing antibodies and all seven continued to demonstrate a reduction in urinary GAG levels. There was no association between antibody formation and infusion associated reactions. Subjects receiving continuous vestronidase alfa treatment showed a sustained urinary GAG reduction and clinical response evaluated using a multi-domain responder index that includes assessments in pulmonary function, motor function, range of motion, mobility, and visual acuity. Reduction in fatigue was also maintained in the overall population. As ERT is not expected to cross the blood brain barrier, limiting the impact on neurological signs of disease, and not all subjects presented with neurological symptoms, outcomes related to central nervous system pathology are not focused on in this report. Results from this study show the long-term safety and durability of clinical efficacy in subjects with MPS VII with long-term vestronidase alfa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Y Wang
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Children's Hospital of Orange County, 1201 W. La Veta Ave, Orange, CA 92868, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, United States.
| | - José Francisco da Silva Franco
- Hospital Sabara, Av. Angélica, 1987 Consolação, São Paulo, SP, 01227-200, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia /Instituto de Pesquisas de Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN/USP, Av 11 de junho 364, Casa 3, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, 04041-001, Brazil
| | - Jaime López-Valdez
- Centenario Hospital Miguel Hidalgo, Av. Gomez Morin S/N, La estación- La Alameda, Aguascalientes, Ags 20259, Mexico
| | - Esmeralda Martins
- Centro Hospitalar Do Porto, Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Largo do Prof. Abel Salazar, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vernon Reid Sutton
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine & Texas Children's Hospital, Mail Stop BCM225, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Chester B Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, East Building, 2450 Riverside Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., 60 Leveroni Ct, Novato, CA 94949, United States.
| | - Tricia Cimms
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., 60 Leveroni Ct, Novato, CA 94949, United States.
| | - Deborah Marsden
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., 60 Leveroni Ct, Novato, CA 94949, United States.
| | - Agnieszka Jurecka
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., 60 Leveroni Ct, Novato, CA 94949, United States.
| | - Paul Harmatz
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 744 52nd St, Oakland, CA 94609, United States.
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Poddighe D, Virginia E, Nedbal M, Soresina A, Bruni P. Postnatal cytomegalovirus infection in an infant with congenital thrombocytopenia: how it can support or mislead the diagnosis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Infez Med 2016; 24:237-240. [PMID: 27668906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A male newborn developed a post-natal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, arising in the clinical setting of congenital thrombocytopenia, which was diagnosed as being alloimmune. The evidence of active CMV infection in an infant showing slow-resolution lower airways infection, persistent neonatal and low platelet volume thrombocytopenia, and diffuse eczema (associated to very high levels of serum immunoglobulin E) led to the diagnosis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) before the third month of life, despite the presence of several confounding clinical factors. The correct interpretation of all clinical features supported the precocious diagnosis of WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Poddighe
- Department of Paediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera di Melegnano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Virginia
- 1Department of Paediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera di Melegnano, Milan, Italy 2Department of Paediatrics, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Nedbal
- Department of Paediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera di Melegnano, Milan, Italy
| | - Annarosa Soresina
- Department of Paediatrics, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Bruni
- Department of Paediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera di Melegnano, Milan, Italy
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Tranchemontagne ZR, Camire RB, O'Donnell VJ, Baugh J, Burkholder KM. Staphylococcus aureus Strain USA300 Perturbs Acquisition of Lysosomal Enzymes and Requires Phagosomal Acidification for Survival inside Macrophages. Infect Immun 2016; 84:241-53. [PMID: 26502911 PMCID: PMC4694005 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00704-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes invasive, drug-resistant skin and soft tissue infections. Reports that S. aureus bacteria survive inside macrophages suggest that the intramacrophage environment may be a niche for persistent infection; however, mechanisms by which the bacteria might evade macrophage phagosomal defenses are unclear. We examined the fate of the S. aureus-containing phagosome in THP-1 macrophages by evaluating bacterial intracellular survival and phagosomal acidification and maturation and by testing the impact of phagosomal conditions on bacterial viability. Multiple strains of S. aureus survived inside macrophages, and in studies using the MRSA USA300 clone, the USA300-containing phagosome acidified rapidly and acquired the late endosome and lysosome protein LAMP1. However, fewer phagosomes containing live USA300 bacteria than those containing dead bacteria associated with the lysosomal hydrolases cathepsin D and β-glucuronidase. Inhibiting lysosomal hydrolase activity had no impact on intracellular survival of USA300 or other S. aureus strains, suggesting that S. aureus perturbs acquisition of lysosomal enzymes. We examined the impact of acidification on S. aureus intramacrophage viability and found that inhibitors of phagosomal acidification significantly impaired USA300 intracellular survival. Inhibition of macrophage phagosomal acidification resulted in a 30-fold reduction in USA300 expression of the staphylococcal virulence regulator agr but had little effect on expression of sarA, saeR, or sigB. Bacterial exposure to acidic pH in vitro increased agr expression. Together, these results suggest that S. aureus survives inside macrophages by perturbing normal phagolysosome formation and that USA300 may sense phagosomal conditions and upregulate expression of a key virulence regulator that enables its intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan B Camire
- Department of Nursing, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | | | - Jessfor Baugh
- Department of Biology, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
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Zhang J, Yang JM, Wang HJ, Ru GQ, Fan DM. Synthesized multiple antigenic polypeptide vaccine based on B-cell epitopes of human heparanase could elicit a potent antimetastatic effect on human hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52940. [PMID: 23308126 PMCID: PMC3538634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the antimetastatic effect of multiple antigenic polypeptide (MAP) vaccine based on B-cell epitopes of heparanase (HPSE) on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vivo. Methods The antiserum against B-cell epitopes of HPSE was isolated, purified and characterized after immunizing white-hair-black-eye (WHBY) rabbit with freshly synthesized MAP vaccine. Tumor-bearing murine models of orthotopic implants using HCC-97H cell line were built in BALB/c nude mice. Anti-MAP polyclonal antibodies induced by MAP vaccine were administrated to the models. The impact on metastasis was assessed, the expressions of VEGF/bFGF in hepatoma tissues and in murine sera were evaluated, and the micro-vessel density (MVD) was counted as well. In addition, the possible impairments of the HPSE MAP vaccine on certain HPSE positive normal organs and blood cells were investigated. Results The antiserum was harvested, purified and identified. The antibodies induced by MAP vaccine could specifically react with the dominant epitopes of both precursor protein and large subunit monomer of HPSE, markedly decrease HPSE activity, suppress the expressions of both VEGF and bFGF, and reduce the MVD. Pulmonary metastasis was also attenuated significantly by the anti-MAP polyclonal antibodies. In addition, no obvious impairment could be observed in certain HPSE positive organs and cells. Conclusion MAP vaccine based on B-cell epitopes of HPSE is capable of alleviating HCC metastasis in vivo, mainly through inhibiting the HPSE activity and tumor associated angiogenesis, by virtue of the specific anti-MAP polyclonal antibodies. Furthermore, these HPSE-specific antibodies do not cause obvious abnormalities on certain HPSE positive blood cells and organs. Our study provides theoretical evidences for the clinical use of the synthesized MAP vaccine based on B-cell epitopes of HPSE in preventing HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-ju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-qing Ru
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dai-ming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Qin Q, Niu J, Wang Z, Xu W, Qiao Z, Gu Y. Astragalus embranaceus extract activates immune response in macrophages via heparanase. Molecules 2012; 17:7232-40. [PMID: 22695229 PMCID: PMC6268577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17067232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus (AM), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has immunoregulatory properties in many diseases. We investigated the effects and mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus extract (AME) in the macrophage migration and immune response mediator release. The viability of Ana-1 macrophages treated with AME was evaluated by the MTT method. The secretion and mRNA levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were measured by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. Macrophage migration was assayed by transwell assay. The activity of heparanase (HPA) was determined by a heparin-degrading enzyme assay. Our results didn’t show any toxicity of AME in macrophages. AME increased the activity of HPA, cell migration, mRNA levels and secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in macrophages. Pretreatment with anti-HPA antibody reduced cell migration, secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α did not change the mRNA levels of IL-1β and TNF-α significantly in AME-treated macrophages. This suggests that AME may increase the release of immune response mediator and cell migration via HPA to activate immune response in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojing Qin
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.Q.); (J.N.)
| | - Jianying Niu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.Q.); (J.N.)
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (W.X.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Wangjie Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (W.X.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Zhongdong Qiao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (W.X.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.Q.); (J.N.)
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +86-021-2428-9005; Fax: +86-021-6430-0477
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Benhamron S, Reiner I, Zcharia E, Atallah M, Grau A, Vlodavsky I, Mevorach D. Dissociation between mature phenotype and impaired transmigration in dendritic cells from heparanase-deficient mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35602. [PMID: 22590508 PMCID: PMC3349677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To reach the lymphatics, migrating dendritic cells (DCs) need to interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Heparanase, a mammalian endo-β-D-glucuronidase, specifically degrades heparan sulfate proteoglycans ubiquitously associated with the cell surface and ECM. The role of heparanase in the physiology of bone marrow-derived DCs was studied in mutant heparanase knock-out (Hpse-KO) mice. Immature DCs from Hpse-KO mice exhibited a more mature phenotype; however their transmigration was significantly delayed, but not completely abolished, most probably due to the observed upregulation of MMP-14 and CCR7. Despite their mature phenotype, uptake of beads was comparable and uptake of apoptotic cells was more efficient in DCs from Hpse-KO mice. Heparanase is an important enzyme for DC transmigration. Together with CCR7 and its ligands, and probably MMP-14, heparanase controls DC trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Benhamron
- The Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inna Reiner
- The Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Zcharia
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mizhir Atallah
- The Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amir Grau
- The Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- The Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Tang XD, Wang GZ, Guo J, Lü MH, Li C, Li N, Chao YL, Li CZ, Wu YY, Hu CJ, Fang DC, Yang SM. Multiple Antigenic Peptides Based on H-2Kb–Restricted CTL Epitopes from Murine Heparanase Induce a Potent Antitumor Immune Response In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1183-92. [PMID: 22442309 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Tang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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Hermano E, Lerner I, Elkin M. Heparanase enzyme in chronic inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2501-13. [PMID: 22331282 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is the sole mammalian endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate, the key polysaccharide of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes. Enzymatic cleavage of heparan sulfate profoundly affects a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including morphogenesis, neovascularization, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Critical involvement of heparanase in colorectal tumor progression and metastatic spread is widely documented; however, until recently a role for heparanase in the initiation of colon carcinoma remained underappreciated. Interestingly, the emerging data that link heparanase to chronic inflammatory bowel conditions, also suggest contribution of the enzyme to colonic tumor initiation, at least in the setting of colitis-associated cancer. Highly coordinated interplay between intestinal heparanase and immune cells (i.e., macrophages) preserves chronic inflammatory conditions and creates a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Here we review the action of heparanase in colon tumorigenesis and discuss recent findings, pointing to a role for heparanase in sustaining immune cell-epithelial crosstalk that underlies intestinal inflammation and the associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hermano
- Tumor Biology Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Wang GZ, Tang XD, Lü MH, Gao JH, Liang GP, Li N, Li CZ, Wu YY, Chen L, Cao YL, Fang DC, Yang SM. Multiple antigenic peptides of human heparanase elicit a much more potent immune response against tumors. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1285-95. [PMID: 21505182 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptide vaccination for cancer immunotherapy requires an ideal immune response induced by epitope peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Heparanase is broadly expressed in various advanced tumors. Accumulating evidence suggests that heparanase can serve as a universal TAA for tumor immunotherapy. However, due to the low immunogenicity of peptide vaccines, an ideal immune response against tumors usually cannot be elicited in patients. To increase the immunogenicity of peptide vaccines, we designed three 4-branched multiple antigenic peptides (MAP) on the basis of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes of human heparanase that we identified previously as antigen carriers. Our results show that MAP vaccines based on the HLA-A2-restricted CLT epitopes of human heparanase were capable of inducing HLA-A2-restricted and heparanase-specific CTL in vitro and in mice. Moreover, compared with their corresponding linear peptides, heparanase MAP vaccines elicited much stronger lysis of tumor cells by activating CD8(+) T lymphocytes and increasing the releasing of IFN-γ. However, these heparanase-specific CTLs did not lyse heparanase-expressing autologous lymphocytes and dendritic cells, which confirm the safety of these MAP vaccines. Therefore, our findings indicate that MAP vaccines based on CTL epitopes of human heparanase can be used as potent immunogens for tumor immunotherapy because of advantages such as broad spectrum, high effectiveness, high specificity, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhen Wang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Bielicki J, McIntyre C, Anson DS. Comparison of ventricular and intravenous lentiviral-mediated gene therapy for murine MPS VII. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 101:370-82. [PMID: 20864369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) is caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase β-glucuronidase. Symptoms include intellectual impairment, growth retardation, visual and hearing deficits and organ malfunction. The MPS VII mouse displays most of the symptoms variously associated with the MPS disorders, and has been widely used as a developmental paradigm for gene therapy. In this study, a lentiviral vector expressing murine β-glucuronidase was delivered to 6-week-old MPS VII affected mice, either by intravenous injection, or by ventricular infusion. Therapeutic outcomes were assessed 7 months after gene transfer. Intravenous vector delivery restored liver β-glucuronidase to normal levels. Consequently, most somatic pathology was corrected, and brain pathology was reduced. In mice that received ventricular vector most brain regions appeared biochemically and histologically normal. These animals showed significantly improved behavioural performance within the open-field test. An additional positive outcome of ventricular vector delivery was the significant reduction of lysosomal storage within the eye. The blood-brain barrier is not completely impervious to lysosomal enzymes, therefore, therapeutic enzyme can be distributed widely throughout the brain via the extensive cerebral vasculature. However, improvements in somatic gene delivery and expression are required for this to be completely successful. Ventricular vector delivery cleared lysosomal storage within the CNS making this a reasonable, albeit more challenging, therapeutic option for the MPS. The best therapeutic outcomes, with possible synergistic effects within the CNS, might be expected to occur when vector delivery to the brain is used in combination with somatic gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bielicki
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
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12
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[Mononuclear phagocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: discordance of ingestion]. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 2010;:23-6. [PMID: 21395112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The following functions of mononuclear phagocytes of 24 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 24 their relatives, and 24 women, not hereditary tainted with autoimmune diseases (control) were compared: (1) engulfment and digestion (radioisotope method); (2) release of lysosomal glucuronidase during the interaction of cells with opsonized zymosan (fluorescent method). In rheumatoid arthritis the slowed down process of engulfment and preliminary extracellular digestion was combined with accelerated digestive potential. In relatives, the delayed and suppressed engulfment was associated with the decelerated digestive mononuclear phagocyte potential. The congenital peculiarity of the cell functioning was suggested, being due to the imperfect anti infectious defense in predisposed to the disease individuals, on one hand, and to the excessive damage of the surrounding tissues and to the provocation of autoimmune processes.
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Tang XD, Liang GP, Li C, Wan Y, Chen T, Chen L, Yu ST, Xiong Z, Fang DC, Wang GZ, Yang SM. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes from human heparanase can elicit a potent anti-tumor immune response in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1041-7. [PMID: 20182872 PMCID: PMC11030599 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is expressed in almost all advanced tumors, and therefore it may serve as a potential target for tumor therapy. Our previous study has shown that heparanase can serve as a potential universal tumor-associated antigen (TAA) for the immunotherapy of advanced tumors. Further study demonstrated that the HLA-A*0201-restricted Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes Hpa525 (PAFSYSFFV), Hpa277 (KMLKSFLKA) and Hpa405 (WLSLLFKKL) from human heparanase could induce a potent anti-tumor immune response in vitro. The present study was designed to investigate whether the above peptides could induce immune responses in mice. Our results demonstrated that the effectors from heparanase peptide-immunized mice could effectively lyse various tumor cells that were heparanase positive and HLA-A*0201 matched. We also found that these peptide-specific CTLs did not lyse autologous lymphocytes that had low heparanase activity. Further study revealed that Hpa525, Hpa277, and Hpa405 peptides increased the frequency of IFN-gamma-producing T cells as compared to a negative peptide. These results suggest that Hpa525, Hpa277, and Hpa405 peptides are novel HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL epitopes capable of inducing heparanase-specific CTLs in mice. Because heparanase is expressed in most advanced malignant tumors, Hpa525, Hpa277, and Hpa405 peptide-based vaccines may be useful for the immunotherapy of patients with advanced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Tang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-Ping Liang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Li
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wan
- Institute of Immunology, Medical College, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Chen
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song-Tao Yu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Xiong
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dian-Chun Fang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Zheng Wang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Yang JM, Wang HJ, Du L, Han XM, Ye ZY, Fang Y, Tao HQ, Zhao ZS, Zhou YL. Screening and identification of novel B cell epitopes in human heparanase and their anti-invasion property for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1387-96. [PMID: 19169879 PMCID: PMC11030199 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to screen and identify novel B cell epitopes within the human heparanase protein and to investigate the impact of self-developed anti-heparanase polypeptide antibodies on growth and invasion of HCCLM6 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. METHODS The flexible regions of secondary structure and the B cell epitopes of the human heparanase amino acid sequence were predicted by DNAStar and Bcepred software.The multiple antigenic peptides (MAP) of the epitopes were synthesized in eight-branched form. Rabbits were immunized with the eight-branched MAPs mixed with the universal T-helper epitope human IL-1beta peptide (VQGEESNDK, amino acid 163-171). The immunogenicity of the synthesized peptides was evaluated by ELISA, western blot and immunohistochemistry. The impact of the self-developed rabbit anti-heparanase polyclonal antibodies on growth and invasion ability of HCCMLM6 cells were analyzed in a cell culture model. The cells were first treated with one of the three antibodies, respectively, and then measured by using MTT, flow cytometry, plate clone formation, invasion assay and heparan sulfate degrading enzyme assay. RESULTS The three amino acid sequences 1-15 (MAP1), 279-293 (MAP2), and 175-189 (MAP3) in the large subunit of the human heparanase protein were predicted as its most potential epitopes. ELISA, western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that all three MAPs were capable to induce high titer of serum antibodies. Antibodies induced by MAP1 and MAP2 were high specific. Furthermore, anti-MAP2 antibodies showed the strongest avidity towards liver cancer tissues. Under the treatment with the three anti-heparanase antibodies, respectively, the growth, cell cycle and clone formation of the cells remained unchanged when compared with a treatment with normal rabbit IgG. However, an inhibition of cell invasiveness and heparanase activity could be detected under the treatment with anti-MAP1- or anti-MAP2-antibody (with a terminal concentration of 100 mug/ml). The cell invasiveness was decreased by 54 and 38%, respectively, the heparanase activity by 43 and 39%, respectively. CONCLUSION The multiple antigenic peptides MAP1 (AC 1-15) and MAP2 (AC 279-293) may be the dominant B cell epitopes in the human heparanase protein. The induced polypeptide antibodies can effectively inhibit the heparanase activity of HCCLM6 liver cancer cells and therefore influence their invasion ability, which provides a theoretic basis for the development of anti-heparanase antibodies and their clinical use as vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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15
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Han XM, Wang HJ, Yang JM, Zhou YL, Tao HQ, Gao H, Ye ZY. [Effects of anti-heparanase antibody on the growth and invasion of HCCLM6 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2009; 31:10-14. [PMID: 19538861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the self-developed anti-heparanase polypeptide antibodies on growth and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma HCCLM6 cells. METHODS Using MTT, flow cytometry, plate clone formation, transwell invasion and heparan degrading enzyme assay, the growth and invasion changes of human hepatocellular carcinoma HCCLM6 cells by co-culture with each of three self-developed rabbit anti-heparanase polyclonal antibodies were detected. RESULTS Compared with normal rabbit IgG, in the presence of each anti-heparanase polypeptide antibody, the growth, cell cycle and clone formation remained unchanged, and under the P1 or P2 anti-heparanase polypeptide antibody (with final concentration 100 microg/ml), the cell invasiveness was inhibited by 52.5% and 36.6%, respectively, and the heparanase activity was inhibited by 42.9% and 39.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION The P1 and P2 anti-heparanase polypeptide antibodies can effectively inhibit the invasion ability and heparanase activity of liver cancer HCCLM6 cells. However, All the three antibodies have no effects on its growth, cell cycle and clone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-mei Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Gastroenterology Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
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16
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Chen T, Tang XD, Wan Y, Chen L, Yu ST, Xiong Z, Fang DC, Liang GP, Yang SM. HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes from human heparanase as novel targets for broad-spectrum tumor immunotherapy. Neoplasia 2008; 10:977-86. [PMID: 18714399 PMCID: PMC2517643 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peptide vaccination for cancer immunotherapy requires identification of peptide epitopes derived from antigenic proteins associated with tumors. Heparanase (Hpa) is broadly expressed in various advanced tumors and seems to be an attractive new tumor-associated antigen. The present study was designed to predict and identify HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes in the protein of human Hpa. For this purpose, HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitopes were identified using the following four-step procedure: 1) a computer-based epitope prediction from the amino acid sequence of human Hpa, 2) a peptide-binding assay to determine the affinity of the predicted protein with the HLA-A2 molecule, 3) stimulation of the primary T-cell response against the predicted peptides in vitro, and 4) testing of the induced CTLs toward different kinds of carcinoma cells expressing Hpa antigens and/or HLA-A2. The results demonstrated that, of the tested peptides, effectors induced by peptides of human Hpa containing residues 525-533 (PAFSYSFFV, Hpa525), 277-285 (KMLKSFLKA, Hpa277), and 405-413 (WLSLLFKKL, Hpa405) could effectively lyse various tumor cell lines that were Hpa-positive and HLA-A2-matched. We also found that these peptide-specific CTLs could not lyse autologous lymphocytes with low Hpa activity. Further study revealed that Hpa525, Hpa277, and Hpa405 peptides increased the frequency of IFN-gamma-producing T cells compared to a negative peptide. Our results suggest that Hpa525, Hpa277, and Hpa405 peptides are new HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitopes capable of inducing Hpa-specific CTLs in vitro. Because Hpa is expressed in most advanced malignant tumors, Hpa525, Hpa277, and Hpa405 peptide-based vaccines may be useful for the immunotherapy for patients with advanced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xu-Dong Tang
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yin Wan
- Institute of Immunology of PLA, Medical College, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Song-Tao Yu
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Zhen Xiong
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Dian-Chun Fang
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Guang-Ping Liang
- Institute of Burn Research of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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Smahel M, Poláková I, Pokorná D, Ludvíková V, Dusková M, Vlasák J. Enhancement of T cell-mediated and humoral immunity of beta-glucuronidase-based DNA vaccines against HPV16 E7 oncoprotein. Int J Oncol 2008; 33:93-101. [PMID: 18575754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic DNA vaccines against oncogenic infection with human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) are mostly targeted against viral oncoproteins E7 and E6. To adapt the E7 oncoprotein for DNA immunization, we have previously reduced its oncogenicity by modification of the Rb-binding site and enhanced immunogenicity of the modified E7GGG gene by the fusion with the 5'-terminus of the gene encoding E. coli beta-glucuronidase (GUS). In this study, we attempted to improve immunogenicity of the GUS-based anti-E7 vaccines by increasing the steady-state level of fusion proteins. We fused deletion mutants of E7GGG and codon-optimized E7GGG with the 5'-terminus of GUS and unaltered E7GGG with the 3'-terminus of GUS. Furthermore, we mutated the initiation codon of the GUS gene in the E7GGG.GUS construct, as GUS alone was produced from this fusion gene. We found that only the fusion of E7GGG with the 3'-terminus of GUS (GUS.E7GGG) and deletion mutants of E7GGG with the 5'-terminus of GUS increased the steady-state level of fusion proteins in transfected human 293T cells. Analysis of immune reactions induced in mice by vaccination via a gene gun showed that the increased steady-state level of fusion proteins resulted in augmented production of E7-specific antibodies, but did not enhance cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Finally, we joined the signal sequence of the adenoviral E3 protein with GUS.E7GGG. This modification led to the predominant localization of the fusion protein in the endoplasmic reticulum and enhancement of CD8+ T-cell response, while antibody production was reduced. In conclusion, we found modifications of the E7GGG.GUS fusion gene that augmented either humoral or cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Smahel
- Department of Experimental Virology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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18
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Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), stored bound to heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the arterial media, may initiate smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation after coronary intervention, thus contributing to restenosis. bFGF mobilization from ECM stores after injury may be induced by platelet degranulation products such as heparanase. Therapies aimed at the inhibition of bFGF release and activation may assist in prevention of restenosis. To test this theory, we first examined the mobilization and activation of bFGF in the arterial media by platelet-derived heparanase. Heparanase, locally delivered to the rat carotid artery, was found to release bFGF and induce substantial SMC proliferation in the absence of actual vascular injury. An antibody that neutralizes heparanase was then developed and evaluated in a rat carotid balloon injury model. Local delivery of anti-heparanase IgG was found to inhibit bFGF release by approximately 60% ( p < 0.001) at 4 d; this correlated with the significant reduction in neointima formation observed at 14 d (intimal area/medial area: control 1.3 +/- 0.3, anti-heparanase 0.35 +/- 0.12, p < 0.0001). Platelet-derived heparanase is therefore likely to be important in initiating events leading to restenosis via bFGF mobilization. Furthermore, heparanase neutralization may assist in the prevention of restenosis following vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Myler
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Gingis-Velitski S, Ishai-Michaeli R, Vlodavsky I, Ilan N. Anti-heparanase monoclonal antibody enhances heparanase enzymatic activity and facilitates wound healing. FASEB J 2007; 21:3986-93. [PMID: 17628014 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8866com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is a mammalian endo-beta-D-glucuronidase capable of cleaving HS side chains at a limited number of sites, activity that is strongly implicated in tumor metastasis, neovascularization, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Clinically, up-regulation of heparanase mRNA and protein expression has been documented in a variety of primary human tumors, correlating with reduced postoperative survival and increased lymph node and distant metastasis, thus providing strong clinical support for the prometastatic feature of the enzyme and making it an attractive target for the development of anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs. Screening a panel of monoclonal antibodies for their ability to inhibit heparanase enzymatic activity, we noted that one hybridoma, 6F8, exhibited the opposite effect and significantly enhanced heparanase activity. Here, we provide evidence that antibody 6F8 enhances the activity of recombinant and cellular heparanase, facilitates invasion of tumor-derived cells in vitro, and improves wound healing in a mouse punch model in vivo. These results support a role of heparanase in the course of wound healing and, moreover, suggest that monoclonal antibodies can be applied clinically for the enhancement, rather than inhibition, of certain enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Gingis-Velitski
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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20
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van den Hoven MJ, Rops AL, Bakker MA, Aten J, Rutjes N, Roestenberg P, Goldschmeding R, Zcharia E, Vlodavsky I, van der Vlag J, Berden JH. Increased expression of heparanase in overt diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2006; 70:2100-8. [PMID: 17051139 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In overt diabetic nephropathy (DNP), an increase in the permeability of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) has been associated with a loss of negatively charged heparan sulfates (HS) in the GBM. Heparanase (HPSE), an endo-beta(1-4)-D-glucuronidase, can cleave HS and could be a potential candidate for the degradation of glomerular HS, leading to the development of proteinuria. We analyzed whether changes in HS expression are associated with HPSE expression in overt DNP. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to analyze HS, HPSE, and agrin core protein expression in kidney biopsies from patients with overt DNP and from rats and mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. We also investigated the effect of transgenic HPSE overexpression in mice on glomerular HS and agrin expression. We demonstrate that the loss of GBM HS (-50%) and tubular HS (-60%) is associated with a four-fold increased HPSE expression in overt DNP. In addition, glomerular HPSE expression is upregulated in rats (messenger RNA (mRNA) 2.5-fold, protein three-fold) and mice (mRNA seven-fold, protein 1.5-fold) with STZ-induced diabetes. Furthermore, transgenic HPSE overexpression results in disappearance of HS, whereas expression of the core protein agrin remains unaltered. Our observations suggest that HPSE is involved in the pathogenesis of proteinuria in overt DNP by degradation of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J van den Hoven
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Division of Nephrology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Sommerfeldt N, Beckhove P, Ge Y, Schütz F, Choi C, Bucur M, Domschke C, Sohn C, Schneeweis A, Rom J, Pollmann D, Leucht D, Vlodavsky I, Schirrmacher V. Heparanase: a new metastasis-associated antigen recognized in breast cancer patients by spontaneously induced memory T lymphocytes. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7716-23. [PMID: 16885374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression and secretion of heparanase (Hpa) by tumor cells promotes tumor invasion through extracellular matrices, tissue destruction, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Here, we show the existence in breast cancer patients of Hpa-specific T lymphocytes by fluorescence-activated cell sorting flow cytometry using Hpa peptide-MHC class I tetramers. We furthermore show memory T-cell responses in a high proportion of breast cancer patients to Hpa-derived HLA-A2-restricted peptides, leading to production of IFN-gamma and to generation of antitumor CTLs lysing breast cancer cells. Such CTLs recognized endogenously processed respective Hpa peptides on Hpa-transfected and Hpa-expressing untransfected breast carcinoma cells. According to these results and to the fact that such cells were not found in healthy people, Hpa seems to be an attractive new tumor-associated antigen and its HLA-A2-restricted peptides ought to be good candidates for peptide vaccination to reactivate memory immune responses to invasive and metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Sommerfeldt
- Department of Cellular Immunology, The German Cancer Research Center, D010 Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Shafat I, Zcharia E, Nisman B, Nadir Y, Nakhoul F, Vlodavsky I, Ilan N. An ELISA method for the detection and quantification of human heparanase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:958-63. [PMID: 16458254 PMCID: PMC1484501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is a mammalian endo-beta-D-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate side chains at a limited number of sites. Heparanase enzymatic activity is thought to participate in degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix and to facilitate cell invasion associated with tumor metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Traditionally, heparanase activity was well correlated with the metastatic potential of a large number of tumor-derived cell types. More recently, heparanase upregulation was detected in an increasing number of primary human tumors, correlating, in some cases, with poor postoperative survival and increased tumor vascularity. The present study was undertaken to develop a highly sensitive ELISA suitable for the determination and quantification of human heparanase in tissue extracts and body fluids. The assay preferentially detects the 8+50 kDa active heparanase heterodimer vs. the latent 65 kDa proenzyme and correlates with immunoblot analysis of heparanase containing samples. It detects heparanase at concentrations as low as 200 pg/ml and is suitable for quantification of heparanase in tissue extracts and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Shafat
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Zcharia E, Zilka R, Yaar A, Yacoby-Zeevi O, Zetser A, Metzger S, Sarid R, Naggi A, Casu B, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Abramovitch R. Heparanase accelerates wound angiogenesis and wound healing in mouse and rat models. FASEB J 2005; 19:211-21. [PMID: 15677344 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1970com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Orchestration of the rapid formation and reorganization of new tissue observed in wound healing involves not only cells and polypeptides but also the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment. The ability of heparan sulfate (HS) to interact with major components of the ECM suggests a key role for HS in maintaining the structural integrity of the ECM. Heparanase, an endoglycosidase-degrading HS in the ECM and cell surface, is involved in the enzymatic machinery that enables cellular invasion and release of HS-bound polypeptides residing in the ECM. Bioavailabilty and activation of multitude mediators capable of promoting cell migration, proliferation, and neovascularization are of particular importance in the complex setting of wound healing. We provide evidence that heparanase is normally expressed in skin and in the wound granulation tissue. Heparanase stimulated keratinocyte cell migration and wound closure in vitro. Topical application of recombinant heparanase significantly accelerated wound healing in a flap/punch model and markedly improved flap survival. These heparanase effects were associated with enhanced wound epithelialization and blood vessel maturation. Similarly, a marked elevation in wound angiogenesis, evaluated by MRI analysis and histological analyses, was observed in heparanase-overexpressing transgenic mice. This effect was blocked by a novel, newly developed, heparanase-inhibiting glycol-split fragment of heparin. These results clearly indicate that elevation of heparanase levels in healing wounds markedly accelerates tissue repair and skin survival that are mediated primarily by an enhanced angiogenic response.-Zcharia, E., Zilka, R., Yaar, A., Yacoby-Zeevi, O., Zetser, A., Metzger, S., Sarid, R., Naggi, A., Casu, B., Ilan, N., Vlodavsky, I., Abramovitch, R. Heparanase accelerates wound angiogenesis and wound healing in mouse and rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Zcharia
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Levidiotis V, Freeman C, Tikellis C, Cooper ME, Power DA. Heparanase inhibition reduces proteinuria in a model of accelerated anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2005; 10:167-73. [PMID: 15877677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2005.00388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The beta-d-endoglycosidase, heparanase, is emerging as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of proteinuria. The purpose of the present study therefore was to examine the role of heparanase in a model of accelerated anti-glomerular basement disease (anti-GBM). METHODS Accelerated anti-GBM disease was induced and animals sacrificed at day 10 to establish heparanase expression using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. In addition, cortex was isolated from normal and diseased glomeruli to determine if mRNA levels altered with disease. A previously validated anti-heparanase antibody associated with proteinuria reduction, in a model of membranous nephropathy, was administered prior to disease induction to establish its impact on protein excretion in this model. RESULTS At day 10 of anti-GBM disease, an increase in glomerular heparanase was shown using immunohistochemistry. Sequential staining studies revealed that this increase was associated with glomerular endothelial, epithelial cells and invading ED-1-positive inflammatory cells. RT-PCR revealed an insignificant 1.2-fold induction of mRNA at day 10 of disease. Western blot analysis of kidney cortex confirmed that the active 58-kDa heparanase species was restricted to diseased kidney at day 10. The inactive 65-kDa precursor, however, was found only in cortex derived from normal kidney. Proteinuria at day 10 of disease was significantly reduced, in the absence of altered rat anti-sheep antibody titres, after administration of a validated polyclonal anti-heparanase antibody (P < 0.05). Furthermore, sheep IgG deposition was not altered by administration of the anti-heparanase antibody. CONCLUSION These data suggest that heparanase contributes to the pathogenesis of proteinuria in a model of anti-GBM disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Levidiotis
- Austin Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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He X, Brenchley PEC, Jayson GC, Hampson L, Davies J, Hampson IN. Hypoxia Increases Heparanase-Dependent Tumor Cell Invasion, Which Can Be Inhibited by Antiheparanase Antibodies. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3928-33. [PMID: 15173004 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The β-endoglucuronidase heparanase plays an important role in tumor invasion, a process that is significantly enhanced by hypoxia. We have used a strategy of stable transfection with antisense to derive ovarian carcinoma cell lines that express different levels of heparanase and used these to demonstrate that invasion correlates with heparanase activity. Secreted heparanase activity was increased by reduction, hypoxia, and growth of cells under reduced oxygen (1%) augmented heparanase activity and invasion, both of which are inhibited by treatment with antiheparanase antibodies. This is the first demonstration that heparanase activity may be regulated by microenvironmental redox conditions, which influence invasion, and that invasion can be blocked with specific heparanase-neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong He
- University of Manchester Gynaecological Oncology Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Levidiotis V, Freeman C, Tikellis C, Cooper ME, Power DA. Heparanase Is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Proteinuria as a Result of Glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15:68-78. [PMID: 14694159 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000103229.25389.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta-D-endoglycosidase heparanase has been proposed to be important in the pathogenesis of proteinuria by selectively degrading the negatively charged side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans within the glomerular basement membrane. A loss of negatively charged heparan sulfate proteoglycans may result in alteration of the permselective properties of the glomerular basement membrane, loss of glomerular epithelial and endothelial cell anchor points, and liberation of growth factors. In this study, therefore, the role of heparanase in passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) was examined. Normal glomeruli showed low-level heparanase expression as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Days 5, 14, and 28 of PHN were associated with an increase in endothelial and glomerular epithelial cell heparanase. Reverse transcription-PCR confirmed a significant increase in mRNA at day 21 of disease (P < 0.0004). Furthermore, urinary and glomerular heparanase activities were significantly increased at days 5 and 21 of disease, respectively. Western blot analysis of isolated glomeruli separated into membrane- and cytosol-enriched protein fractions showed that the active 58-kD heparanase species was increased but restricted to the cytosol of diseased glomeruli at day 21. The inactive 65-kD precursor, however, was found in membrane and cytosol-diseased fractions, suggesting cell membrane processing. Complement depletion prevented glomerular heparanase expression; in addition, administration of a polyclonal anti-heparanase antibody significantly reduced urinary protein excretion at day 5 of disease to 62 +/- 11 mg/d compared with 203 +/- 43 and 159 +/- 18 mg/d in the normal rabbit serum- and normal saline-treated experimental groups, respectively (P < 0.002). Proteinuria was reduced in the absence of any altered glomerular C5b-9 activity, sheep IgG deposition, or rat anti-sheep antibody titers. These data suggest that heparanase contributes to the pathogenesis of proteinuria in PHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Levidiotis
- Department of Nephrology, Austin Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin & Repatriation Medical Center, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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Barker JE, Schuldt AJT, Lessard MD, Jude CD, Vogler CA, Soper BW. Donor cell replacement in mice transplanted in utero is limited by immune-independent mechanisms. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2003; 31:291-7. [PMID: 12972038 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-9796(03)00134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In utero transplantation (IUTx) therapy with allogeneic cells results in negligible peripheral blood (PBL) chimerism in nonablated humans with progressive diseases. IUTx has been successful only in immunocompromised fetuses. Because early treatment has great potential for halting disease progression, mechanisms preventing cell expansion must be identified and corrected. The hypothesis that factors in addition to allogenicity are responsible for low-level expansion is tested here by transplanting congenic cells into nonablated normal and mucopolycaccharidosis type VII (MPSVII) murine fetuses. MPSVII mice lack the enzyme beta-glucuronidase (GUSB-), accumulate glycosaminoglycans, and progressively develop severe storage disease. Low levels of enzyme can reverse storage. Evidence presented elsewhere showed that allogeneic donor cells overexpressing GUSB are negligible and their corrective effects are lost post-IUTx in MPSVII mice. We find that (1) congenic donor PBL cells, like allogeneic cells, are negligible in PBL of normal GUSB+ and MPSVII GUSB- hosts post-IUTx; (2) congenic, unlike allogeneic cells, are retained long term in both GUSB+ and GUSB- recipients; and (3) sufficient GUSB is produced to alleviate storage for up to 11.5 months in multiple tissues of GUSB- hosts. GUSB+ and GUSB- animals repopulate to a similar extent, indicating that donor GUSB enzyme does not initiate an immune response in the MPSVII null recipients. We conclude that the initial expansion of congenic and allogeneic cells is limited post-IUTx by non-immune-related mechanisms and the level of PBL cells is not necessarily indicative of graft failure following congenic IUTx. The mechanism limiting initial expansion may differ from that supporting long-term cell retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Barker
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.
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Ortutay Z, Polgár A, Gömör B, Géher P, Lakatos T, Glant TT, Gay RE, Gay S, Pállinger E, Farkas C, Farkas E, Tóthfalusi L, Kocsis K, Falus A, Buzás EI. Synovial fluid exoglycosidases are predictors of rheumatoid arthritis and are effective in cartilage glycosaminoglycan depletion. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:2163-72. [PMID: 12905469 DOI: 10.1002/art.11093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze enzymes involved in joint damage by simultaneous investigation of glycosidases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in patients with various joint diseases. METHODS Activities of glycosidases (beta-D-glucuronidase, beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, beta-D-N-acetyl-galactosaminidase, beta-D-galactosidase, and alpha-D-mannosidase) were tested at an acidic pH as well as at the original pH of the synovial fluid (SF) samples in parallel with activities of MMP-1 and MMP-9. RESULTS Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were characterized by significantly elevated activities of beta-D-glucuronidase and beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase in SF compared with patients with osteoarthritis, seronegative spondylarthritis, or acute sports injury. To select the best predictor for distinguishing among patient groups, a stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed; the strongest association was found to be between RA and beta-D-glucuronidase/beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities (measured at the pH of the SF). Further, a significant correlation was observed between the activity of SF beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and the level of rheumatoid factor. In vitro digestion of human hyaline cartilage samples revealed that the dominant glycosidases, alone or in combination with MMPs, proved to be effective in depleting glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from cartilage. CONCLUSION These results suggest that exoglycosidases, which are present in the SF of RA patients, may contribute to the depletion of GAGs from cartilage and thereby facilitate the invasion of synovial cells and their attachment to cartilage in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ortutay
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, 4 Nagyvárad tér, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
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Tomatsu S, Orii KO, Vogler C, Grubb JH, Snella EM, Gutierrez M, Dieter T, Holden CC, Sukegawa K, Orii T, Kondo N, Sly WS. Production of MPS VII mouse (Gus(tm(hE540A x mE536A)Sly)) doubly tolerant to human and mouse beta-glucuronidase. Hum Mol Genet 2003; 12:961-73. [PMID: 12700165 PMCID: PMC1567498 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddg119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII, Sly syndrome) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by beta-glucuronidase (GUS) deficiency. A naturally occurring mouse model of that disease has been very useful for studying experimental approaches to therapy. However, immune responses can complicate evaluation of the long-term benefits of enzyme replacement or gene therapy delivered to adult MPS VII mice. To make this model useful for studying the long-term effectiveness and side effects of experimental therapies delivered to adult mice, we developed a new MPS VII mouse model, which is tolerant to both human and murine GUS. To achieve this, we used homologous recombination to introduce simultaneously a human cDNA transgene expressing inactive human GUS into intron 9 of the murine Gus gene and a targeted active site mutation (E536A) into the adjacent exon 10. When the heterozygote products of germline transmission were bred to homozygosity, the homozygous mice expressed no GUS enzyme activity but expressed inactive human GUS protein highly and were tolerant to immune challenge with human enzyme. Expression of the mutant murine Gus gene was reduced to about 10% of normal levels, but the inactive murine GUS enzyme also conferred tolerance to murine GUS. This MPS VII mouse model should be useful to evaluate therapeutic responses in adult mice receiving repetitive doses of enzyme or mice receiving gene therapy as adults. Heterozygotes expressed only 9.5-26% of wild-type levels of murine GUS instead of the expected 50%, indicating a dominant-negative effect of the mutant enzyme monomers on the activity of GUS tetramers in different tissues. Corrective gene therapy in this model should provide high enough levels of expression of normal GUS monomers to overcome the dominant negative effect of mutant monomers on newly synthesized GUS tetramers in most tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 500, Japan
| | - Koji O. Orii
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 500, Japan
| | - Carole Vogler
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA and
| | - Jeffrey H. Grubb
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | - Monica Gutierrez
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Tatiana Dieter
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | - Kazuko Sukegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 500, Japan
| | - Tadao Orii
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 500, Japan
| | - Naomi Kondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 500, Japan
| | - William S. Sly
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA. Tel: +1 3145778131; Fax: +1 3147761183;
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de Graaf M, Boven E, Oosterhoff D, van der Meulen-Muileman IH, Huls GA, Gerritsen WR, Haisma HJ, Pinedo HM. A fully human anti-Ep-CAM scFv-beta-glucuronidase fusion protein for selective chemotherapy with a glucuronide prodrug. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:811-8. [PMID: 11875747 PMCID: PMC2375299 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2001] [Revised: 11/28/2001] [Accepted: 12/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against tumour-associated antigens could be useful to deliver enzymes selectively to the site of a tumour for activation of a non-toxic prodrug. A completely human fusion protein may be advantageous for repeated administration, as host immune responses may be avoided. We have constructed a fusion protein consisting of a human single chain Fv antibody, C28, against the epithelial cell adhesion molecule and the human enzyme beta-glucuronidase. The sequences encoding C28 and human enzyme beta-glucuronidase were joined by a sequence encoding a flexible linker, and were preceded by the IgGkappa signal sequence for secretion of the fusion protein. A CHO cell line was engineered to secrete C28-beta-glucuronidase fusion protein. Antibody specificity and enzyme activity were retained in the secreted fusion protein that had an apparent molecular mass of 100 kDa under denaturing conditions. The fusion protein was able to convert a non-toxic prodrug of doxorubicin, N-[4-doxorubicin-N-carbonyl(oxymethyl)phenyl]-O-beta-glucuronyl carbamate to doxorubicin, resulting in cytotoxicity. A bystander effect was demonstrated, as doxorubicin was detected in all cells after N-[4-doxorubicin-N-carbonyl(oxymethyl)phenyl]-O-beta-glucuronyl carbamate administration when only 10% of the cells expressed the fusion protein. This is the first fully human and functional fusion protein consisting of an scFv against epithelial cell adhesion molecule and human enzyme beta-glucuronidase for future use in tumour-specific activation of a non-toxic glucuronide prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Graaf
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Gene Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Caballero T, Alonso A, De Miguel S, Martín-Esteban M, Varga B, Pascual CY, López-Serrano MC. IgE-mediated anaphylaxis to Thiomucase, a mucopolyssacharidase: allergens and cross-reactivity. Allergy 2002; 57:254-7. [PMID: 11906341 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.03322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiomucase is a mucopolysaccharidase obtained from ovine tissues mainly used to facilitate the diffusion of local anaesthetics and in the treatment of cellulitis. A patient with an anaphylaxis in relation to the intramuscular administration of Thiomucase is reported. OBJECTIVE To investigate Thiomucase allergens and their possible relationship with dander allergens and animal albumins. MATERIAL AND METHODS Skin prick tests (SPT) and serum-specific IgE were performed with Thiomucase and danders. Thiomucase SDS-PAGE immunoblotting was performed in order to study allergens. RAST/CAP inhibition and SDS-PAGE immunoblotting inhibition were carried out to study the cross-reactivity. RESULTS Skin prick tests (SPT) were positive to Thiomucase, animal dander (cat, dog, sheep, other), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and echinococcus. Specific IgE was also positive to Thiomucase, animal dander (cat, dog, sheep, other), BSA and echinococcus. In the RAST-CAP inhibition assays BSA was nearly completely inhibited by Thiomucase, Thiomucase was partially inhibited by BSA and cat and Echinococcus granulosus was partially inhibited by sheep and Thiomucase. In the Thiomucase SDS-PAGE immunoblotting several proteins fixed IgE, ranging from 20 kDa to > 94 kDa, the strongest with 43 kDa. The IgE fixation to BSA, cat and sheep in the SDS-PAGE immunoblotting was completely inhibited by the preincubation of the serum with Thiomucase. CONCLUSIONS An IgE-mediated anaphylaxis to Thiomucase is documented. Multiple allergens are recognized in Thiomucase by the patient serum, the main with 43 kDa. Partial cross-reactivity with BSA, cat dander and sheep dander is documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Caballero
- Allergy Service, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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Alonso S, Sola I, Teifke JP, Reimann I, Izeta A, Balasch M, Plana-Durán J, Moormann RJM, Enjuanes L. In vitro and in vivo expression of foreign genes by transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus-derived minigenomes. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:567-579. [PMID: 11842252 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-3-567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A helper-dependent expression system based on transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) has been developed using a minigenome of 3.9 kb (M39). Expression of the reporter gene beta-glucuronidase (GUS) (2-8 microg per 10(6) cells) and the porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) ORF5 (1-2 microg per 10(6) cells) has been shown using a TGEV-derived minigenome. GUS expression levels increased about eightfold with the m.o.i. and were maintained for more than eight passages in cell culture. Nevertheless, instability of the GUS and ORF5 subgenomic mRNAs was observed from passages five and four, respectively. About a quarter of the cells in culture expressing the helper virus also produced the reporter gene as determined by studying GUS mRNA production by in situ hybridization or immunodetection to visualize the protein synthesized. Expression of GUS was detected in the lungs, but not in the gut, of swine immunized with the virus vector. Around a quarter of lung cells showing replication of the helper virus were also positive for the reporter gene. Interestingly, strong humoral immune responses to both GUS and PRRSV ORF5 were induced in swine with this virus vector. The large cloning capacity and the tissue specificity of the TGEV-derived minigenomes suggest that these virus vectors are very promising for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alonso
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain1
| | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain1
| | - Jens P Teifke
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Insel Riems, Germany2
| | - Ilona Reimann
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Insel Riems, Germany2
| | - Ander Izeta
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain1
| | | | | | - Rob J M Moormann
- Institute for Animal Science and Health, Lelystad, The Netherlands4
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain1
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Mikami S, Ohashi K, Usui Y, Nemoto T, Katsube K, Yanagishita M, Nakajima M, Nakamura K, Koike M. Loss of syndecan-1 and increased expression of heparanase in invasive esophageal carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:1062-73. [PMID: 11676857 PMCID: PMC5926620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans play important biological roles in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, and are closely associated with growth factor actions. Loss of syndecan-1, a cell surface-bound heparan sulfate proteoglycan, has been reported for advanced head and neck carcinomas, and expression of endoglycosidic heparanase, which cleaves heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HS-GAGs), is associated with invasion and metastatic potential of malignant tumors. Paraffin sections of 103 primary esophageal squamous cell carcinomas were immunohistochemically examined for the expression of syndecan-1 core protein, HS-GAGs and heparanase protein, and the results were compared with various clinicopathological parameters, such as invasion depth. For 16 cases, fresh tumor samples were quantitatively analyzed for heparanase and syndecan-1 mRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR in addition to the immunohistochemical studies. Syndecan-1 core protein and HS-GAGs expression was significantly decreased in pT2 and pT3 cases compared with their pTis and pT1 counterparts. Decreased expression of core protein and HS-GAGs was correlated with the incidence of lymphatic invasion, and venous involvement. Furthermore, decreased expression of HS-GAGs was correlated positively with the incidence of nodal metastasis and distant organ metastasis, and negatively with the grade of tumor cell differentiation. The percentage of cytoplasmic heparanase protein-positive cases increased significantly in pT2 and pT3 cases compared to that in pTis and pT1 cases, and this was associated with lymphatic invasion, and venous and lymph nodal involvement. The level of heparanase mRNA was inversely correlated with the degree of HS-GAGs expression rather than core protein. In conclusion, loss of syndecan-1 and heparanase overexpression in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas are closely associated with malignant potential. Regarding the mechanism of loss of HS-GAGs, heparanase upregulation appears to play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mikami
- Department of Human Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519.
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Lekube X, Cajaraville MP, Marigómez I. Use of polyclonal antibodies for the detection of changes induced by cadmium in lysosomes of aquatic organisms. Sci Total Environ 2000; 247:201-12. [PMID: 10803548 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal responses are widely accepted cellular effect biomarkers of general stress. Up to now, these biomarkers have been analysed by means of conventional techniques based on enzyme histochemical methods, where lysosomal enzymes such as acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase (beta-GUS) have been employed as markers of lysosomes. The aim of the present work was to develop more advanced and sensitive methods based on the use of polyclonal antibodies to measure lysosomal enzymes in different sentinel organisms. For this purpose, we have studied the cross-reactivity of two commercial polyclonal antibodies against the lysosomal enzymes acid phosphatase and beta-GUS with molluscan digestive gland by means of immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The antibody against acid phosphatase cross-reacted specifically with the lysosomal fraction of the digestive gland, while unspecific immunoreaction occurred with digestive gland whole homogenates and tissue sections. The antibody against beta-GUS cross-reacted specifically with digestive gland whole homogenates and tissue sections. The cross-reactivity of this antibody was tested also in crab hepatopancreas and mullet liver where the same successful results were obtained. The second aim of the present study was to test if the immuno-based approach was sensitive enough to detect lysosomal alterations provoked by contaminants. For this purpose two experiments were carried out with mussels treated with cadmium in two ways: in vivo treatment by injection and in vitro treatment using digestive gland explants. Afterwards immunoblotting studies with the antibody against beta-GUS were applied and immunoreactive bands were quantified by means of a gel analysis programme. We found that beta-GUS protein levels were higher in treated mussels when compared with controls in either in vivo or in vitro treatments. All these data suggest that the polyclonal antibody against beta-GUS is adequate to be used in immuno-based approaches to detect contaminant-induced lysosomal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Lekube
- Biologia Zelularra Atala, Zoologia eta Animali Zelulen Dinamika Saila, Zientzi Fakultatea, Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain
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Cheng TL, Chen BM, Chern JW, Wu MF, Roffler SR. Efficient clearance of poly(ethylene glycol)-modified immunoenzyme with anti-PEG monoclonal antibody for prodrug cancer therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2000; 11:258-66. [PMID: 10725103 DOI: 10.1021/bc990147j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The F(ab')(2) fragment of the anti-TAG-72 antibody, B72.3, was covalently linked to Escherichia coli-derived beta-glucuronidase that was modified with methoxypoly(ethylene glycol). The conjugate (B72.3-betaG-PEG) localized to a peak concentration in LS174T xenografts within 48 h after injection, but enzyme activity persisted in plasma such that prodrug administration had to be delayed for at least 4 days to avoid systemic prodrug activation and associated toxicity. Conjugate levels in tumors decreased to 36% of peak levels at this time. Intravenous administration of AGP3, an IgM mAb against methoxypoly(ethylene glycol), accelerated clearance of conjugate from serum and increased the tumor/blood ratio of B72. 3-betaG-PEG from 3.9 to 29.6 without significantly decreasing the accumulation of conjugate in tumors. Treatment of nude mice bearing established human colon adenocarcinoma xenografts with B72. 3-betaG-PEG followed 48 h later with AGP3 and a glucuronide prodrug of p-hydroxyaniline mustard significantly (p< or =0.0005) delayed tumor growth with minimal toxicity compared to therapy with a control conjugate or conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Vogler C, Levy B, Galvin NJ, Thorpe C, Sands MS, Barker JE, Baty J, Birkenmeier EH, Sly WS. Enzyme replacement in murine mucopolysaccharidosis type VII: neuronal and glial response to beta-glucuronidase requires early initiation of enzyme replacement therapy. Pediatr Res 1999; 45:838-44. [PMID: 10367775 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199906000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) mice receiving six weekly injections of recombinant beta-glucuronidase from birth had improved cognitive ability and reduced central nervous system lysosomal storage. However, a single beta-glucuronidase injection at 5 wk of age did not correct neuronal storage. We define the age at which central nervous system storage in MPS VII mice becomes resistant to beta-glucuronidase therapy and determine the effect of enzyme on other tissues by comparing the histology of mice begun on therapy at various times after birth. MPS VII mice received injections on the day of birth and then weekly for 5 wk with 16,000U/g beta-glucuronidase had reduced lysosomal storage in brain. The same therapy begun on d 14 of life or thereafter failed to correct neuronal storage, even when treatment was continued for six doses. Glial responsiveness or accessibility to enzyme also depended on early treatment. In contrast, leptomeningeal, osteoblast, and retinal pigment epithelial storage reduction depended on enzyme dose rather than age at initiation of therapy. Fixed tissue macrophage storage was reduced in all treated MPS VII mice, even those receiving a single dose. These observations indicate that fixed tissue macrophages in MPS VII mice remain sensitive to enzyme replacement therapy well into adulthood although neurons are responsive or accessible to enzyme therapy early in life. Because early initiation of enzyme replacement is important to achieve a central nervous system response, these studies emphasize the importance of newborn screening for lysosomal storage diseases so that early treatment can maximize the likelihood of a favorable therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vogler
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104, USA
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Watson GL, Sayles JN, Chen C, Elliger SS, Elliger CA, Raju NR, Kurtzman GJ, Podsakoff GM. Treatment of lysosomal storage disease in MPS VII mice using a recombinant adeno-associated virus. Gene Ther 1998; 5:1642-9. [PMID: 10023443 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a genetic deficiency of beta-glucuronidase (GUS). We used a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector (AAV-GUS) to deliver GUS cDNA to MPS VII mice. The route of vector administration had a dramatic effect on the extent and distribution of GUS activity. Intramuscular injection of AAV-GUS resulted in high, localized production of GUS, while intravenous administration produced low GUS activity in several tissues. This latter treatment of MPS VII mice reduced glycosaminoglycan levels in the liver to normal and reduced storage granules dramatically. We show that a single administration of AAV-GUS can provide sustained expression of GUS in a variety of cell types and is sufficient to reverse the disease phenotype at least in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Watson
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA 94609, USA
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Abstract
A modified immuno-polymerase chain reaction (immuno-PCR) for the detection of E. coli beta-glucuronidase (GUD) is described. Flexible polycarbonate microtiter plates (Biozyme, Landgraaf) with 96 V-bottomed wells were used throughout all steps including the antigen-antibody reaction and polymerase chain reaction. The plates were coated with anti-GUD antibodies to capture the antigen, which was then detected using biotinylated anti-GUD antibodies. Following this, avidin was used to bridge the biotinylated antibodies and biotinylated lamda phage DNA, which was amplified by PCR to produce a product of 500 nucleotides. Following optimization, the detection limit of the immuno-PCR for GUD was 1 x 10(-17) g/ml (or 5 x 10(-19) g/well); this is equivalent to two GUD molecules in a sample solution of 50 microliters. The method was used to detect GUD in a cell extract of E. coli, and it was found that the enzyme released from a single E. coli cell in a solution of 10 l could be detected. So far, this is the most sensitive method ever published for the detection of an antigen. In addition to high sensitivity, the present protocol is capable of automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Chang
- Department of Medical Technology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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39
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Houba PH, Boven E, Haisma HJ. Improved characteristics of a human beta-glucuronidase-antibody conjugate after deglycosylation for use in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Bioconjug Chem 1996; 7:606-11. [PMID: 8889024 DOI: 10.1021/bc960055j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) aims at the specific activation of relatively nontoxic prodrugs into active drugs at the tumor site. One of the enzymes described to be useful in ADEPT is human beta-glucuronidase (GUS), which is expected to have low immunogenicity in patients. A major obstacle for the use of GUS, however, is its rapid glycan-specific hepatic clearance. The carbohydrates of GUS have been modified by subsequent treatment with NaIO4 and NaBH4 to improve its retention in the circulation. The modification of GUS did not decrease the enzyme activity. In vitro it was demonstrated that a conjugate prepared with a pancarcinoma specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) 323/A3 and the modified enzyme (mGUS), when bound to tumor cells, was capable of complete prodrug activation. In vivo, the 323/A3-mGUS conjugate was cleared faster from the circulation of BALB/c mice (t1/2 = 9 h) than mAb 323/A3 (t1/2 = 32 h), but it was retained in the circulation much longer than an immunoconjugate prepared with native GUS (t1/2 = 24 min). In nude mice bearing subcutaneous OVCAR-3 tumors the distribution of 323/A3-mGUS was qualitatively comparable to that of mAb 323/A3. The 323/A3-mGUS conjugate showed specific localization in the tumor but to a lesser extent than mAb 323/A3 (2.7% vs 6.4% injected dose per gram at 1 day after iv injection). A favorable tumor-to-blood ratio of > 2 was observed for the conjugate at 7 days after administration, which is necessary for tumor-specific prodrug activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Houba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Pouwels PH, Leer RJ, Boersma WJ. The potential of Lactobacillus as a carrier for oral immunization: development and preliminary characterization of vector systems for targeted delivery of antigens. J Biotechnol 1996; 44:183-92. [PMID: 8717402 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(95)00140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration of lactobacilli evokes mucosal and systemic immune responses against epitopes associated with these organisms (Gerritse et al., 1990, 1991). The adjuvant function of different Lactobacillus species was investigated under the conditions of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection or oral administration. After i.p. injection of trinitrophenylated chicken gamma-globulin, high DTH responses were observed with Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum, but low responses with Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. In different experimental model systems L. casei and L. plantarum consistently showed significant adjuvanticity. A series of expression and expression-secretion vectors containing the strong constitutive promoter of the L. casei L-ldh gene or the regulatable promoter of the Lactobacillus amylovorus amy gene (Pouwels and Leer, 1995) was used for the intracellular, extracellular and surface-bound expression of an influenza virus antigenic determinant fused to Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase. Intracellular expression of the fusion protein amounted to 1-2% of total soluble protein. Lactobacilli synthesizing the fusion protein intracellularly evoked an oral immune response after subcutaneous priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Pouwels
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Molecular Genetics and Gene Technology, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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41
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Haisma HJ, Van Muijen M, Scheffer G, Scheper RJ, Pinedo HM, Boven E. A monoclonal antibody against human beta-glucuronidase for application in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1995; 14:377-82. [PMID: 8522350 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1995.14.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The selectivity of anticancer agents may be improved by antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). The immunogenicity of antibody-enzyme conjugates and the low tumor to normal tissue ratio calls for the use of a human enzyme and the development of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against that enzyme for rapid clearance of the conjugate from the circulation. We isolated beta-glucuronidase from human liver. BALB/c mice were immunized with the roughly purified human liver beta-glucuronidase and we obtained an MAb designated 105. Immunoblotting showed reactivity with native tetrameric human beta-glucuronidase. MAb 105 neither bound to enzyme from bovine liver, rat liver, or mouse liver nor reacted with other human lysosomal enzymes. The antibody appeared to be useful to further purify human beta-glucuronidase from human liver or human placenta to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. MAb 105 did not inhibit the activity of human beta-glucuronidase. When human beta-glucuronidase was injected i.v. into BALB/c mice, the newly generated MAb 105 could indeed accelerate the clearance of the enzyme with a 50% drop in its activity within 5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Haisma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) have recently been demonstrated in the sera of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS The presence of ANCA was studied in 107 sera obtained during 1 year from 48 patients with a first attack of IBD and in 33 such sera from 19 patients with infectious or infectious-type colitis (non-relapsing colitis (NRC)). RESULTS In 65% (31 of 48) of the IBD patients positive immunofluorescence reactivity against granulocytes was observed, compared with in 5% of the NRC patients. No significant difference in granulocyte reactivity was found either between patients with colonic Crohn's disease and those with ulcerative colitis or between active and inactive phases of the disease. Most of the sera showed a perinuclear immunofluorescence staining pattern (68%), in contrast to the classical cytoplasmic staining pattern seen in Wegener's granulomatosis. In sera obtained at the first visit from the 31 IBD patients with positive granulocyte reactivity a hitherto unknown antibody against beta-glucuronidase was found in 42%, whereas in 45% the specificity was not identified. Other antibodies, rarely seen, were directed against myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, elastase, and cathepsin G. No antibody directed against lysozyme was detected. CONCLUSIONS Positive granulocyte reactivity practically excluded NRC and was seen in more than half of IBD patients. Antibodies against beta-glucuronidase were common, but still almost half of the antibodies remained unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schumacher
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Sweden
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43
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Abstract
An enzyme capture assay (ECA) for rapid identification of Escherichia coli in blood cultures by using beta-D-glucuronidase as a marker was developed. Microdilution plates coated with antiglucuronidase were used to capture this enzyme from the cell lysates of blood cultures which showed growth of gram-negative bacteria. The assay, using 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide as a fluorogenic substrate, had a detection limit of 0.1 ng/ml (3 x 10(-13) M) for the enzyme; this was approximately equal to a cell concentration of 10(6) CFU of E. coli per ml. Among 212 blood cultures showing growth of gram-negative bacteria, 77 specimens were found to contain E. coli by conventional culture procedures and 73 samples were positive by ECA. Among the 135 blood cultures from which E. coli was not isolated, ECA gave one false-positive (Salmonella enteritidis) reaction. Thus, the sensitivity and specificity for the identification of E. coli in blood cultures by ECA were 94.8% (73/77) and 99.3% (134/135), respectively. From the finding of positive growth in the culture bottle, the assay can be completed within 4 h. In view of the high rate of isolation of E. coli from bacteremic patients, the test can be performed in parallel with conventional culture protocols; this may shorten the identification time for E. coli, and proper antimicrobial treatments may be started 24 h earlier than when results of conventional identification systems are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Huang
- Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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44
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46
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Ho KJ. Development and optimization of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay employing two murine monoclonal antibodies for absolute quantitation of human beta-glucuronidase. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1992; 16:1-10. [PMID: 1418687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed and optimized an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for absolute quantitation of human beta-glucuronidase. This is a double antibody sandwich system employing two murine monoclonal antibodies specific for human beta-glucuronidase developed in our laboratories. The method involves (a) coating of the high binding polystyrene microtitration plate with the first antibody (7B6 IgG), (b) blocking of remaining active sites with 3% bovine serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline, (c) application of samples, (d) addition of the biotinylated second antibody (6D2 IgG), (e) addition of streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase, and (f) development of color with o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride-H2O2 and reading in a microplate reader at a wavelength of 490 nm. The method is highly sensitive with an optimal range of 10 to 100 ng/ml of the enzyme and is reproducible with intraday and interday precisions of 3.2 and 4.1%, respectively. The enzyme contents of 20 urine and 20 bile samples quantitated by this ELISA method were, respectively, 148 +/- 101 and 6380 +/- 3780 ng/ml (means +/- SD) which correlated well with their enzyme activities. Such a method for absolute quantitation of human beta-glucuronidase is essential for studying its pathophysiologic roles in cholelithiasis and carcinogenesis and can also be used clinically as an indicator for tissue damage or malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Ho
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
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47
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48
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Ho KJ. A large-scale purification of beta-glucuronidase from human liver by immunoaffinity chromatography. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1991; 14:296-305. [PMID: 1777114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We intend to purify beta-glucuronidase from human liver in a large quantity in order to facilitate the study of its biochemical structure and pathophysiologic roles in cholelithiasis and carcinogenesis. The initial purification procedure involved: (1) liver homogenization, (2) 25-45% saturated ammonium sulfate fractionation, (3) heat denaturation of protein at 56 degrees C, (4) gel filtration with Bio-Gel P-300 gel, (5) anion exchange chromatography with DEAE agarose, (6) cation exchange chromatography with CM agarose, and (7) hydroxyapatite chromatography (overall yield, 1%; overall purification, 169X). The final product was used to immunize rabbits and BALB/c mice for production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, respectively. The antibodies, mainly IgG, were purified by using gamma-Protein A agarose column chromatography. The purified IgG, after periodate oxidation, was coupled to hydrazide gel by formation of a stable covalent hydrazone bond linkage. The new purification procedure involved the initial first three steps, followed by (4) polyclonal IgG immunoaffinity chromatography and (5) monoclonal IgG immunoaffinity chromatography (overall yield, 6.1%; overall purification, 3720X). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated minor contaminants in the final product which could be further purified by electroelution. It is concluded that beta-glucuronidase constitutes 0.016 mg per gram of wet liver tissue and can be obtained on a large scale in a highly purified form within a 2-day cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Ho
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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Diaz R, Colombo MI, Koval M, Mayorga L, Stahl P. Endosomal density shift is related to a decrease in fusion capacity. Eur J Cell Biol 1991; 56:223-32. [PMID: 1802709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinitrophenol (DNP)-beta-glucuronidase and mannosylated anti-DNP IgG, which are endocytosed by the mannose receptor and delivered to lysosomes, were previously developed as probes for examination of fusion between early endosomes in a cell-free system. In this study, these probes were found to be transported by intact cells to endocytic vesicles with heavy buoyant density at different rates, as determined by Percoll gradient fractionation of cell homogenates. There was a concomitant loss of in vitro fusion activity as the ligands moved to dense compartments. In monensin-treated cells, DNP-beta-glucuronidase was retained in a light compartment corresponding to intracellular vesicles capable of fusion in vitro. Pulse-chase studies using a DNP-derivatized transferrin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate showed that a recycling ligand was always found in light intracellular vesicles that were capable of fusion to early endosomes in vitro. In contrast to cell-free systems, intact cells sequentially labeled with DNP-beta-glucuronidase and then mannosylated anti-DNP IgG showed ligand mixing in both early and late endocytic compartments. Treatment with nocodazole or colchicine did not affect the rate of DNP-beta-glucuronidase transport to heavy vesicles in intact cells, however, the extent of ligand mixing in late endosomes was decreased by microtubule disruption. Using sequentially labeled cells split into two groups, we directly compared ligand mixing in vitro to mixing by intact cells. Fusion alone does not mediate increases in vesicle density, since DNP-beta-glucuronidase/anti-DNP IgG complexes formed in vitro were found in light vesicles, while intact cells showed immune complexes predominantly in heavy vesicles. These results suggest that the density shift is an initial step in targeting to lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Diaz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis 63110
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50
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Abstract
Anti-Fc gamma R IgM monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated spleen cells from tightskin (TSK) mice were found to be polyspecific, reacting with a wide variety of molecules, including double-stranded DNA, topoisomerase, RNA polymerase, and different collagen types. Approximately 60% of the polyspecific IgM mAbs have anti-Fc gamma R specificity. These anti-Fc gamma R mAbs induce the release of hydrolases from both azurophil and specific granules of human neutrophils. 25-45% of the total cellular content (determined in Nonidet P-40 lysates) of neutrophil elastase, 10-25% of beta-glucuronidase, and 30-50% of alkaline phosphatase was released after incubation with the mAbs. The degranulation process was accompanied by dramatic morphological changes shown by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The release of hydrolytic enzymes stimulated by the IgM anti-Fc gamma R mAbs was inhibited by preincubation of neutrophils with Fab fragments of either anti-human Fc gamma RII (IV.3) or anti-human Fc gamma RIII (3G8) mAbs. The binding of the anti-Fc gamma R TSK mAbs to human neutrophils was inhibited by Fab fragments of mAb 3G8. However, we found that the TSK anti-Fc gamma R mAbs do not bind to human Fc gamma RII expressed in either CHO cells or the P388D1 mouse macrophage cell line. Since the enzyme release could be inhibited by Fab fragments of mAb IV.3, we suggest that the signal transduction may require Fc gamma RII activation subsequent to crosslinking of the glycan phosphatidyl inositol-anchored Fc gamma RIII-1. These data demonstrate for the first time that polyspecific autoantibodies with Fc gamma R specificity can trigger neutrophil enzyme release via human Fc gamma RIII-1 in vitro and indicate a possible role for such autoantibodies in autoimmune inflammatory processes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Cell Degranulation
- Cloning, Molecular
- Glucuronidase/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microscopy, Electron
- Neutrophils/physiology
- Neutrophils/ultrastructure
- Pancreatic Elastase/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, IgG
- Species Specificity
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boros
- Department of Biochemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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