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Desai JV, Lionakis MS. Evaluation of murine renal phagocyte-fungal interactions using intravital confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102781. [PMID: 38113143 PMCID: PMC10770751 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid phagocytes are essential for antifungal host defense during systemic candidiasis. Here, we present a protocol for assessing phagocyte-fungal interactions in vivo in the kidney, the primary target organ of the murine systemic candidiasis model. We describe steps for intravital confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. We also detail a kidney tissue dissociation procedure to obtain highly pure functional phagocytes for utilization in downstream ex vivo fungal uptake and killing assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigar V Desai
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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2
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Sonnberger J, Kasper L, Lange T, Brunke S, Hube B. "We've got to get out"-Strategies of human pathogenic fungi to escape from phagocytes. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:341-358. [PMID: 37800630 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Human fungal pathogens are a deadly and underappreciated risk to global health that most severely affect immunocompromised individuals. A virulence attribute shared by some of the most clinically relevant fungal species is their ability to survive inside macrophages and escape from these immune cells. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms behind intracellular survival and elaborate how escape is mediated by lytic and non-lytic pathways as well as strategies to induce programmed host cell death. We also discuss persistence as an alternative to rapid host cell exit. In the end, we address the consequences of fungal escape for the host immune response and provide future perspectives for research and development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sonnberger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Theresa Lange
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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3
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de Carvalho TP, da Silva LA, Castanheira TLL, de Souza TD, da Paixão TA, Lazaro-Anton L, Tsolis RM, Santos RL. Cell and Tissue Tropism of Brucella spp. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0006223. [PMID: 37129522 PMCID: PMC10187126 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00062-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. are facultatively intracellular bacteria that can infect, survive, and multiply in various host cell types in vivo and/or in vitro. The genus Brucella has markedly expanded in recent years with the identification of novel species and hosts, which has revealed additional information about the cell and tissue tropism of these pathogens. Classically, Brucella spp. are considered to have tropism for organs that contain large populations of phagocytes such as lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, as well as for organs of the genital system, including the uterus, epididymis, testis, and placenta. However, experimental infections of several different cultured cell types indicate that Brucella may actually have a broader cell tropism than previously thought. Indeed, recent studies indicate that certain Brucella species in particular hosts may display a pantropic distribution in vivo. This review discusses the available knowledge on cell and tissue tropism of Brucella spp. in natural infections of various host species, as well as in experimental animal models and cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaynara Parente de Carvalho
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California – Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Laice Alves da Silva
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thaís Larissa Lourenço Castanheira
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas, Brazil
| | - Tayse Domingues de Souza
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tatiane Alves da Paixão
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leticia Lazaro-Anton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California – Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renee M. Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California – Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California – Davis, Davis, California, USA
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4
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Pidwill GR, Pyrah JF, Sutton JAF, Best A, Renshaw SA, Foster SJ. Clonal population expansion of Staphylococcus aureus occurs due to escape from a finite number of intraphagocyte niches. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1188. [PMID: 36681703 PMCID: PMC9867732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human commensal and also an opportunist pathogen causing life threatening infections. During S. aureus disease, the abscesses that characterise infection can be clonal, whereby a large bacterial population is founded by a single or few organisms. Our previous work has shown that macrophages are responsible for restricting bacterial growth such that a population bottleneck occurs and clonality can emerge. A subset of phagocytes fail to control S. aureus resulting in bacterial division, escape and founding of microabscesses that can seed other host niches. Here we investigate the basis for clonal microabscess formation, using in vitro and in silico models of S. aureus macrophage infection. Macrophages that fail to control S. aureus are characterised by formation of intracellular bacterial masses, followed by cell lysis. High-resolution microscopy reveals that most macrophages had internalised only a single S. aureus, providing a conceptual framework for clonal microabscess generation, which was supported by a stochastic individual-based, mathematical model. Once a threshold of masses was reached, increasing the number of infecting bacteria did not result in greater mass numbers, despite enhanced phagocytosis. This suggests a finite number of permissive, phagocyte niches determined by macrophage associated factors. Increased understanding of the parameters of infection dynamics provides avenues for development of rational control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace R Pidwill
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Josie F Pyrah
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Joshua A F Sutton
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alex Best
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK.
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Simon J Foster
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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5
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Krachler AM, Sirisaengtaksin N, Monteith P, Paine CET, Coates CJ, Lim J. Defective phagocyte association during infection of Galleria mellonella with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is detrimental to both insect host and microbe. Virulence 2021; 12:638-653. [PMID: 33550901 PMCID: PMC7889024 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1878672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesins facilitate bacterial colonization and invasion of host tissues and are considered virulence factors, but their impact on immune-mediated damage as a driver of pathogenesis remains unclear. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis encodes for a multivalent adhesion molecule (MAM), a mammalian cell entry (MCE) family protein and adhesin. MAMs are widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and enable enteric bacteria to colonize epithelial tissues. Their role in bacterial interactions with the host innate immune system and contribution to pathogenicity remains unclear. Here, we investigated howY. pseudotuberculosis MAM contributes to pathogenesis during infection of the Galleria mellonella insect model. We show that Y. pseudotuberculosis MAM is required for efficient bacterial binding and uptake by hemocytes, the host phagocytes. Y. pseudotuberculosis interactions with insect and mammalian phagocytes are determined by bacterial and host factors. Loss of MAM, and deficient microbe-phagocyte interaction, increased pathogenesis in G. mellonella. Diminished phagocyte association also led to increased bacterial clearance. Furthermore, Y. pseudotuberculosis that failed to engage phagocytes hyperactivated humoral immune responses, most notably melanin production. Despite clearing the pathogen, excessive melanization also increased phagocyte death and host mortality. Our findings provide a basis for further studies investigating how microbe- and host-factors integrate to drive pathogenesis in a tractable experimental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Krachler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalie Sirisaengtaksin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pauline Monteith
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - C. E. Timothy Paine
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales UK
| | - Jenson Lim
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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6
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Carrau T, Thümecke S, Silva LMR, Perez-Bravo D, Gärtner U, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Vilcinskas A, Lee KZ. The Cellular Innate Immune Response of the Invasive Pest Insect Drosophila suzukii against Pseudomonas entomophila Involves the Release of Extracellular Traps. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123320. [PMID: 34943828 PMCID: PMC8699444 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii is a neobiotic invasive pest that causes extensive damage to fruit crops worldwide. The biological control of this species has been unsuccessful thus far, in part because of its robust cellular innate immune system, including the activity of professional phagocytes known as hemocytes and plasmatocytes. The in vitro cultivation of primary hemocytes isolated from D. suzukii third-instar larvae is a valuable tool for the investigation of hemocyte-derived effector mechanisms against pathogens such as wasp parasitoid larvae, bacteria, fungi and viruses. Here, we describe the morphological characteristics of D. suzukii hemocytes and evaluate early innate immune responses, including extracellular traps released against the entomopathogen Pseudomonas entomophila and lipopolysaccharides. We show for the first time that D. suzukii plasmatocytes cast extracellular traps to combat P. entomophila, along with other cell-mediated reactions, such as phagocytosis and the formation of filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Carrau
- Department Pests and Vector Insect Control, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, D-35394 Giessen, Germany; (T.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Susanne Thümecke
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Liliana M. R. Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.T.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.R.S.); (K.-Z.L.)
| | - David Perez-Bravo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 123, D-35394 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, D-35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.T.); (C.H.)
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.T.); (C.H.)
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department Pests and Vector Insect Control, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, D-35394 Giessen, Germany; (T.C.); (A.V.)
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Kwang-Zin Lee
- Department Pests and Vector Insect Control, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, D-35394 Giessen, Germany; (T.C.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.R.S.); (K.-Z.L.)
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7
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Lefebvre MN, Surette FA, Anthony SM, Vijay R, Jensen IJ, Pewe LL, Hancox LS, Van Braeckel-Budimir N, van de Wall S, Urban SL, Mix MR, Kurup SP, Badovinac VP, Butler NS, Harty JT. Expeditious recruitment of circulating memory CD8 T cells to the liver facilitates control of malaria. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109956. [PMID: 34731605 PMCID: PMC8628427 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating memory CD8 T cell trafficking and protective capacity during liver-stage malaria infection remains undefined. We find that effector memory CD8 T cells (Tem) infiltrate the liver within 6 hours after malarial or bacterial infections and mediate pathogen clearance. Tem recruitment coincides with rapid transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory genes in Plasmodium-infected livers. Recruitment requires CD8 T cell-intrinsic LFA-1 expression and the presence of liver phagocytes. Rapid Tem liver infiltration is distinct from recruitment to other non-lymphoid tissues in that it occurs both in the absence of liver tissue resident memory "sensing-and-alarm" function and ∼42 hours earlier than in lung infection by influenza virus. These data demonstrate relevance for Tem in protection against malaria and provide generalizable mechanistic insights germane to control of liver infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell N Lefebvre
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Fionna A Surette
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Isaac J Jensen
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lisa S Hancox
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | | | - Stephanie van de Wall
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Stina L Urban
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Madison R Mix
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA.
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8
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Holubova J, Juhasz A, Masin J, Stanek O, Jurnecka D, Osickova A, Sebo P, Osicka R. Selective Enhancement of the Cell-Permeabilizing Activity of Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Does Not Increase Virulence of Bordetella pertussis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111655. [PMID: 34769101 PMCID: PMC8583748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The whooping cough agent, Bordetella pertussis, secretes an adenylate cyclase toxin–hemolysin (CyaA, ACT, or AC-Hly) that catalyzes the conversion of intracellular ATP to cAMP and through its signaling annihilates the bactericidal activities of host sentinel phagocytes. In parallel, CyaA permeabilizes host cells by the formation of cation-selective membrane pores that account for the hemolytic activity of CyaA. The pore-forming activity contributes to the overall cytotoxic effect of CyaA in vitro, and it has previously been proposed to synergize with the cAMP-elevating activity in conferring full virulence on B. pertussis in the mouse model of pneumonic infection. CyaA primarily targets myeloid phagocytes through binding of their complement receptor 3 (CR3, integrin αMβ2, or CD11b/CD18). However, with a reduced efficacy, the toxin can promiscuously penetrate and permeabilize the cell membrane of a variety of non-myeloid cells that lack CR3 on the cell surface, including airway epithelial cells or erythrocytes, and detectably intoxicates them by cAMP. Here, we used CyaA variants with strongly and selectively enhanced or reduced pore-forming activity that, at the same time, exhibited a full capacity to elevate cAMP concentrations in both CR3-expressing and CR3-non-expressing target cells. Using B. pertussis mutants secreting such CyaA variants, we show that a selective enhancement of the cell-permeabilizing activity of CyaA does not increase the overall virulence and lethality of pneumonic B. pertussis infection of mice any further. In turn, a reduction of the cell-permeabilizing activity of CyaA did not reduce B. pertussis virulence any importantly. These results suggest that the phagocyte-paralyzing cAMP-elevating capacity of CyaA prevails over the cell-permeabilizing activity of CyaA that appears to play an auxiliary role in the biological activity of the CyaA toxin in the course of B. pertussis infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Holubova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (A.J.); (J.M.); (O.S.); (D.J.); (A.O.); (P.S.)
| | - Attila Juhasz
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (A.J.); (J.M.); (O.S.); (D.J.); (A.O.); (P.S.)
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Masin
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (A.J.); (J.M.); (O.S.); (D.J.); (A.O.); (P.S.)
| | - Ondrej Stanek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (A.J.); (J.M.); (O.S.); (D.J.); (A.O.); (P.S.)
| | - David Jurnecka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (A.J.); (J.M.); (O.S.); (D.J.); (A.O.); (P.S.)
| | - Adriana Osickova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (A.J.); (J.M.); (O.S.); (D.J.); (A.O.); (P.S.)
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (A.J.); (J.M.); (O.S.); (D.J.); (A.O.); (P.S.)
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (A.J.); (J.M.); (O.S.); (D.J.); (A.O.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-241-062-770
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9
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Zhang BZ, Hu D, Dou Y, Xiong L, Wang X, Hu J, Xing SZ, Li W, Cai JP, Jin M, Zhang M, Lin Q, Li M, Yuen KY, Huang JD. Identification and Evaluation of Recombinant Outer Membrane Proteins as Vaccine Candidates Against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730116. [PMID: 34745099 PMCID: PMC8564470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae found in the normal flora of the human oral and intestinal tract mainly causes hospital-acquired infections but can also cause community-acquired infections. To date, most clinical trials of vaccines against K. pneumoniae have ended in failure. Furthermore, no single conserved protein has been identified as an antigen candidate to accelerate vaccine development. In this study, we identified five outer membrane proteins of K. pneumoniae, namely, Kpn_Omp001, Kpn_Omp002, Kpn_Omp003, Kpn_Omp004, and Kpn_Omp005, by using reliable second-generation proteomics and bioinformatics. Mice vaccinated with these five KOMPs elicited significantly higher antigen-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a. However, only Kpn_Omp001, Kpn_Omp002, and Kpn_Omp005 were able to induce a protective immune response with two K. pneumoniae infection models. These protective effects were accompanied by the involvement of different immune responses induced by KOMPs, which included KOMPs-specific IFN-γ-, IL4-, and IL17A-mediated immune responses. These findings indicate that Kpn_Omp001, Kpn_Omp002, and Kpn_Omp005 are three potential Th1, Th2, and Th17 candidate antigens, which could be developed into multivalent and serotype-independent vaccines against K. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danyu Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Dou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Lifeng Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Jingchu Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shao-Zhen Xing
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Meiling Jin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengya Zhang
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiubin Lin
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, China
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10
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Perelman SS, James DBA, Boguslawski KM, Nelson CW, Ilmain JK, Zwack EE, Prescott RA, Mohamed A, Tam K, Chan R, Narechania A, Pawline MB, Vozhilla N, Moustafa AM, Kim SY, Dittmann M, Ekiert DC, Bhabha G, Shopsin B, Planet PJ, Koralov SB, Torres VJ. Genetic variation of staphylococcal LukAB toxin determines receptor tropism. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:731-745. [PMID: 33875847 PMCID: PMC8597016 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has evolved into diverse lineages, known as clonal complexes (CCs), which exhibit differences in the coding sequences of core virulence factors. Whether these alterations affect functionality is poorly understood. Here, we studied the highly polymorphic pore-forming toxin LukAB. We discovered that the LukAB toxin variants produced by S. aureus CC30 and CC45 kill human phagocytes regardless of whether CD11b, the previously established LukAB receptor, is present, and instead target the human hydrogen voltage-gated channel 1 (HVCN1). Biochemical studies identified the domain within human HVCN1 that drives LukAB species specificity, enabling the generation of humanized HVCN1 mice with enhanced susceptibility to CC30 LukAB and to bloodstream infection caused by CC30 S. aureus strains. Together, this work advances our understanding of an important S. aureus toxin and underscores the importance of considering genetic variation in characterizing virulence factors and understanding the tug of war between pathogens and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya S Perelman
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David B A James
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristina M Boguslawski
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chase W Nelson
- Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juliana K Ilmain
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin E Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel A Prescott
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adil Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kayan Tam
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rita Chan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Apurva Narechania
- Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miranda B Pawline
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikollaq Vozhilla
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed M Moustafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sang Y Kim
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Office of Collaborative Sciences, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meike Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Damian C Ekiert
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul J Planet
- Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Gomes CN, Campioni F, Vilela FP, Duque SS, Falcão JP. Campylobacter coli strains from Brazil can invade phagocytic and epithelial cells and induce IL-8 secretion. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:859-867. [PMID: 33590448 PMCID: PMC8105435 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. have been a predominant cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide, causing substantial costs to public healthcare systems. This study aimed to assess the invasion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production capacity of Campylobacter coli strains isolated in Brazil. A total of 50 C. coli isolated from different sources in Brazil were analyzed for their capacity of invasion in Caco-2 and U-937 cell lines. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was quantitatively measured in response to C. coli. All the strains studied showed invasion percentage ≥ 40% in polarized Caco-2 cells. In U-937 cells assay, 35 of 50 C. coli strains studied showed invasion percentage ≥ 50%. A significant increase in IL-8 production by infected U-937 cells was observed for 17.5% of the C. coli isolates. The high percentages of invasion in Caco-2 and U-937 cells observed for all studied strains, plus the increased production of IL-8 by U-937 cells against some strains, highlighted the pathogenic potential of the C. coli studied and bring extremely relevant data since it has never been reported for strains isolated in Brazil and there are a few data for C. coli in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina N Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fábio Campioni
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Felipe P Vilela
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Sheila S Duque
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-IOC, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, sala 516, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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12
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential process for the uptake of large (>0.5 µm) particulate matter including microbes and dying cells. Specialized cells in the body perform phagocytosis which is enabled by cell surface receptors that recognize and bind target cells. Professional phagocytes play a prominent role in innate immunity and include macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. These cells display a repertoire of phagocytic receptors that engage the target cells directly, or indirectly via opsonins, to mediate binding and internalization of the target into a phagosome. Phagosome maturation then proceeds to cause destruction and recycling of the phagosome contents. Key subsequent events include antigen presentation and cytokine production to alert and recruit cells involved in the adaptive immune response. Bridging the innate and adaptive immunity, macrophages secrete a broad selection of inflammatory mediators to orchestrate the type and magnitude of an inflammatory response. This review will focus on cytokines produced by NF-κB signaling which is activated by extracellular ligands and serves a master regulator of the inflammatory response to microbes. Macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8 and IL12 which together increases vascular permeability and promotes recruitment of other immune cells. The major anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages include IL10 and TGFβ which act to suppress inflammatory gene expression in macrophages and other immune cells. Typically, macrophage cytokines are synthesized, trafficked intracellularly and released in response to activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) or inflammasomes. Direct evidence linking the event of phagocytosis to cytokine production in macrophages is lacking. This review will focus on cytokine output after engagement of macrophage phagocytic receptors by particulate microbial targets. Microbial receptors include the PRRs: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), scavenger receptors (SRs), C-type lectin and the opsonic receptors. Our current understanding of how macrophage receptor stimulation impacts cytokine production is largely based on work utilizing soluble ligands that are destined for endocytosis. We will instead focus this review on research examining receptor ligation during uptake of particulate microbes and how this complex internalization process may influence inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin Fu
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rene E. Harrison
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Fu MS, Liporagi-Lopes LC, Dos Santos SR, Tenor JL, Perfect JR, Cuomo CA, Casadevall A. Amoeba Predation of Cryptococcus neoformans Results in Pleiotropic Changes to Traits Associated with Virulence. mBio 2021; 12:e00567-21. [PMID: 33906924 PMCID: PMC8092252 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00567-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoeboid predators, such as amoebae, are proposed to select for survival traits in soil microbes such as Cryptococcus neoformans; these traits can also function in animal virulence by defeating phagocytic immune cells, such as macrophages. Consistent with this notion, incubation of various fungal species with amoebae enhanced their virulence, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. In this study, we exposed three strains of C. neoformans (1 clinical and 2 environmental) to predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii for prolonged times and then analyzed surviving colonies phenotypically and genetically. Surviving colonies comprised cells that expressed either pseudohyphal or yeast phenotypes, which demonstrated variable expression of traits associated with virulence, such as capsule size, urease production, and melanization. Phenotypic changes were associated with aneuploidy and DNA sequence mutations in some amoeba-passaged isolates, but not in others. Mutations in the gene encoding the oligopeptide transporter (CNAG_03013; OPT1) were observed among amoeba-passaged isolates from each of the three strains. Isolates derived from environmental strains gained the capacity for enhanced macrophage toxicity after amoeba selection and carried mutations on the CNAG_00570 gene encoding Pkr1 (AMP-dependent protein kinase regulator) but manifested reduced virulence in mice because they elicited more effective fungal-clearing immune responses. Our results indicate that C. neoformans survival under constant amoeba predation involves the generation of strains expressing pleiotropic phenotypic and genetic changes. Given the myriad potential predators in soils, the diversity observed among amoeba-selected strains suggests a bet-hedging strategy whereby variant diversity increases the likelihood that some will survive predation.IMPORTANCECryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous environmental fungus that is also a leading cause of fatal fungal infection in humans, especially among immunocompromised patients. A major question in the field is how an environmental yeast such as C. neoformans becomes a human pathogen when it has no need for an animal host in its life cycle. Previous studies showed that C. neoformans increases its pathogenicity after interacting with its environmental predator amoebae. Amoebae, like macrophages, are phagocytic cells that are considered an environmental training ground for pathogens to resist macrophages, but the mechanism by which C. neoformans changes its virulence through interactions with protozoa is unknown. Our study indicates that fungal survival in the face of amoeba predation is associated with the emergence of pleiotropic phenotypic and genomic changes that increase the chance of fungal survival, with this diversity suggesting a bet-hedging strategy to ensure that some forms survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Shun Fu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Livia C Liporagi-Lopes
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samuel R Dos Santos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jennifer L Tenor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John R Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christina A Cuomo
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Rankine-Wilson LI, Shapira T, Sao Emani C, Av-Gay Y. From infection niche to therapeutic target: the intracellular lifestyle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiology (Reading) 2021; 167:001041. [PMID: 33826491 PMCID: PMC8289223 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an obligate human pathogen killing millions of people annually. Treatment for tuberculosis is lengthy and complicated, involving multiple drugs and often resulting in serious side effects and non-compliance. Mtb has developed numerous complex mechanisms enabling it to not only survive but replicate inside professional phagocytes. These mechanisms include, among others, overcoming the phagosome maturation process, inhibiting the acidification of the phagosome and inhibiting apoptosis. Within the past decade, technologies have been developed that enable a more accurate understanding of Mtb physiology within its intracellular niche, paving the way for more clinically relevant drug-development programmes. Here we review the molecular biology of Mtb pathogenesis offering a unique perspective on the use and development of therapies that target Mtb during its intracellular life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tirosh Shapira
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carine Sao Emani
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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15
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Heesterbeek DAC, Muts RM, van Hensbergen VP, de Saint Aulaire P, Wennekes T, Bardoel BW, van Sorge NM, Rooijakkers SHM. Outer membrane permeabilization by the membrane attack complex sensitizes Gram-negative bacteria to antimicrobial proteins in serum and phagocytes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009227. [PMID: 33481964 PMCID: PMC7886145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Gram-negative bacteria form an increasing risk for human health due to antibiotic resistance. Our immune system contains various antimicrobial proteins that can degrade the bacterial cell envelope. However, many of these proteins do not function on Gram-negative bacteria, because the impermeable outer membrane of these bacteria prevents such components from reaching their targets. Here we show that complement-dependent formation of Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) pores permeabilizes this barrier, allowing antimicrobial proteins to cross the outer membrane and exert their antimicrobial function. Specifically, we demonstrate that MAC-dependent outer membrane damage enables human lysozyme to degrade the cell wall of E. coli. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we show that the combination of MAC pores and lysozyme triggers effective E. coli cell wall degradation in human serum, thereby altering the bacterial cell morphology from rod-shaped to spherical. Completely assembled MAC pores are required to sensitize E. coli to the antimicrobial actions of lysozyme and other immune factors, such as Human Group IIA-secreted Phospholipase A2. Next to these effects in a serum environment, we observed that the MAC also sensitizes E. coli to more efficient degradation and killing inside human neutrophils. Altogether, this study serves as a proof of principle on how different players of the human immune system can work together to degrade the complex cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. This knowledge may facilitate the development of new antimicrobials that could stimulate or work synergistically with the immune system. In this paper we identified how different players of the human immune system cooperate to degrade the complex cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria forms an impermeable barrier for various antimicrobial proteins of the immune system. Here we show that complement-dependent Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) formation permeabilizes this barrier, allowing otherwise impermeable antimicrobial proteins to reach their targets underneath the outer membrane. Specifically, we show that outer membrane damage by the MAC allows lysozyme to degrade the peptidoglycan layer, and secreted phospholipase A2-IIA to hydrolyze the bacterial inner membrane. MAC formation also sensitizes Gram-negative bacteria to more efficient degradation and killing inside human neutrophils. Altogether, this knowledge may guide the development of new antimicrobial strategies to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani A. C. Heesterbeek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remy M. Muts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent P. van Hensbergen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter de Saint Aulaire
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart W. Bardoel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M. van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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16
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Seifert A, Wozniak J, Düsterhöft S, Kasparek P, Sedlacek R, Dreschers S, Orlikowsky TW, Yildiz D, Ludwig A. The iRhom2/ADAM17 Axis Attenuates Bacterial Uptake by Phagocytes in a Cell Autonomous Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175978. [PMID: 32825187 PMCID: PMC7503280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Uptake of bacteria by phagocytes is a crucial step in innate immune defence. Members of the disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family critically control the immune response by limited proteolysis of surface expressed mediator molecules. Here, we investigated the significance of ADAM17 and its regulatory adapter molecule iRhom2 for bacterial uptake by phagocytes. Inhibition of metalloproteinase activity led to increased phagocytosis of pHrodo labelled Gram-negative and -positive bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus, respectively) by human and murine monocytic cell lines or primary phagocytes. Bone marrow-derived macrophages showed enhanced uptake of heat-inactivated and living E. coli when they lacked either ADAM17 or iRhom2 but not upon ADAM10-deficiency. In monocytic THP-1 cells, corresponding short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown confirmed that ADAM17, but not ADAM10, promoted phagocytosis of E. coli. The augmented bacterial uptake occurred in a cell autonomous manner and was accompanied by increased release of the chemokine CXCL8, less TNFα release and only minimal changes in the surface expression of the receptors TNFR1, TLR6 and CD36. Inhibition experiments indicated that the enhanced bacterial phagocytosis after ADAM17 knockdown was partially dependent on TNFα-activity but not on CXCL8. This novel role of ADAM17 in bacterial uptake needs to be considered in the development of ADAM17 inhibitors as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Seifert
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Justyna Wozniak
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Stephan Dreschers
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.D.); (T.W.O.)
| | - Thorsten W. Orlikowsky
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.D.); (T.W.O.)
| | - Daniela Yildiz
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, PZMS, ZHMB, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.Y.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-241-8035771 (A.L.); Fax: +49-241-8082433 (A.L.)
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (D.Y.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-241-8035771 (A.L.); Fax: +49-241-8082433 (A.L.)
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17
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Scherer AK, Blair BA, Park J, Seman BG, Kelley JB, Wheeler RT. Redundant Trojan horse and endothelial-circulatory mechanisms for host-mediated spread of Candida albicans yeast. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008414. [PMID: 32776983 PMCID: PMC7447064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The host innate immune system has developed elegant processes for the detection and clearance of invasive fungal pathogens. These strategies may also aid in the spread of pathogens in vivo, although technical limitations have previously hindered our ability to view the host innate immune and endothelial cells to probe their roles in spreading disease. Here, we have leveraged zebrafish larvae as a model to view the interactions of these host processes with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans in vivo. We examined three potential host-mediated mechanisms of fungal spread: movement inside phagocytes in a "Trojan Horse" mechanism, inflammation-assisted spread, and endothelial barrier passage. Utilizing both chemical and genetic tools, we systematically tested the loss of neutrophils and macrophages and the loss of blood flow on yeast cell spread. Both neutrophils and macrophages respond to yeast-locked and wild type C. albicans in our model and time-lapse imaging revealed that macrophages can support yeast spread in a "Trojan Horse" mechanism. Surprisingly, loss of immune cells or inflammation does not alter dissemination dynamics. On the other hand, when blood flow is blocked, yeast can cross into blood vessels but they are limited in how far they travel. Blockade of both phagocytes and circulation reduces rates of dissemination and significantly limits the distance of fungal spread from the infection site. Together, this data suggests a redundant two-step process whereby (1) yeast cross the endothelium inside phagocytes or via direct uptake, and then (2) they utilize blood flow or phagocytes to travel to distant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K. Scherer
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Bailey A. Blair
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Jieun Park
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brittany G. Seman
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Joshua B. Kelley
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Robert T. Wheeler
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
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18
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Kwiatkowski P, Wojciuk B, Wojciechowska-Koszko I, Łopusiewicz Ł, Grygorcewicz B, Pruss A, Sienkiewicz M, Fijałkowski K, Kowalczyk E, Dołęgowska B. Innate Immune Response against Staphylococcus aureus Preincubated with Subinhibitory Concentration of trans-Anethole. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114178. [PMID: 32545315 PMCID: PMC7312609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to analyze morphological and functional changes of Staphylococcus aureus cells due to trans-anethole (a terpenoid and the major constituent of fennel, anise, or star anise essential oils) exposition, and their consequences for human neutrophils phagocytic activity as well as IL-8 production (recognized as the major chemoattractant). The investigation included the evaluation of changes occurring in S. aureus cultures, i.e., staphyloxanthin production, antioxidant activities, cell size distribution, and cells composition as a result of incubation with trans-anethole. It was found that the presence of trans-anethole in the culture medium reduced the level of staphyloxanthin production, as well as decreased antioxidant activities. Furthermore, trans-anethole-treated cells were characterized by larger size and a tendency to diffuse in comparison to the non-treated cells. Several cell components, such as phospholipids and peptidoglycan, were found remarkably elevated in the cultures treated with trans-anethole. As a result of the aforementioned cellular changes, the bacteria were phagocytized by neutrophils more efficiently (ingestion and parameters associated with killing activity were at a higher level as compared to the control system). Additionally, IL-8 production was at a higher level for trans-anethole modified bacteria. Our results suggest that trans-anethole represents a promising measure in combating severe staphylococcal infections, which has an important translational potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.W.); (I.W.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-466-1659
| | - Bartosz Wojciuk
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.W.); (I.W.-K.)
| | - Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.W.); (I.W.-K.)
| | - Łukasz Łopusiewicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.G.); (A.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Agata Pruss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.G.); (A.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Medical University of Łódź, 90-752 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Karol Fijałkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Edward Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-752 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.G.); (A.P.); (B.D.)
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19
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Giraud-Gatineau A, Coya JM, Maure A, Biton A, Thomson M, Bernard EM, Marrec J, Gutierrez MG, Larrouy-Maumus G, Brosch R, Gicquel B, Tailleux L. The antibiotic bedaquiline activates host macrophage innate immune resistance to bacterial infection. eLife 2020; 9:e55692. [PMID: 32369020 PMCID: PMC7200153 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of bacterial infections. Although known for their microbicidal activity, antibiotics may also interfere with the host's immune system. Here, we analyzed the effects of bedaquiline (BDQ), an inhibitor of the mycobacterial ATP synthase, on human macrophages. Genome-wide gene expression analysis revealed that BDQ reprogramed cells into potent bactericidal phagocytes. We found that 579 and 1,495 genes were respectively differentially expressed in naive- and M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages incubated with the drug, with an over-representation of lysosome-associated genes. BDQ treatment triggered a variety of antimicrobial defense mechanisms, including phagosome-lysosome fusion, and autophagy. These effects were associated with activation of transcription factor EB, involved in the transcription of lysosomal genes, resulting in enhanced intracellular killing of different bacterial species that were naturally insensitive to BDQ. Thus, BDQ could be used as a host-directed therapy against a wide range of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Giraud-Gatineau
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule PasteurParisFrance
| | | | - Alexandra Maure
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule PasteurParisFrance
| | - Anne Biton
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Computational Biology, USR 3756 CNRS, Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Michael Thomson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elliott M Bernard
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jade Marrec
- Mycobacterial Genetics Unit, Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gérald Larrouy-Maumus
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Roland Brosch
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- Mycobacterial Genetics Unit, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease ControlShenzhenChina
| | - Ludovic Tailleux
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Mycobacterial Genetics Unit, Institut PasteurParisFrance
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20
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Ni T, Jiao F, Yu X, Aden S, Ginger L, Williams SI, Bai F, Pražák V, Karia D, Stansfeld P, Zhang P, Munson G, Anderluh G, Scheuring S, Gilbert RJC. Structure and mechanism of bactericidal mammalian perforin-2, an ancient agent of innate immunity. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaax8286. [PMID: 32064340 PMCID: PMC6989145 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax8286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perforin-2 (MPEG1) is thought to enable the killing of invading microbes engulfed by macrophages and other phagocytes, forming pores in their membranes. Loss of perforin-2 renders individual phagocytes and whole organisms significantly more susceptible to bacterial pathogens. Here, we reveal the mechanism of perforin-2 activation and activity using atomic structures of pre-pore and pore assemblies, high-speed atomic force microscopy, and functional assays. Perforin-2 forms a pre-pore assembly in which its pore-forming domain points in the opposite direction to its membrane-targeting domain. Acidification then triggers pore formation, via a 180° conformational change. This novel and unexpected mechanism prevents premature bactericidal attack and may have played a key role in the evolution of all perforin family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ni
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Fang Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xiulian Yu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AU, UK
| | - Saša Aden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucy Ginger
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sophie I. Williams
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Fangfang Bai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Vojtěch Pražák
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dimple Karia
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Phillip Stansfeld
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - George Munson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Scheuring
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
- Corresponding author. (S.S.); (R.J.C.G.)
| | - Robert J. C. Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AU, UK
- Corresponding author. (S.S.); (R.J.C.G.)
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21
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Dheer R, Davies JM, Quintero MA, Damas OM, Deshpande AR, Kerman DH, Sawyer WP, Pignac-Kobinger J, Ban Y, Fernandez I, Burgueno JF, Phillips MC, Abreu MT. Microbial Signatures and Innate Immune Gene Expression in Lamina Propria Phagocytes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:387-402. [PMID: 31740421 PMCID: PMC7015995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The interaction between intestinal microbiota and the immune system plays a vital role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although numerous deep-sequencing studies have suggested dysbiosis in IBD, identifying specific bacteria from the stool or mucosa that are responsible for disease susceptibility or severity has remained a challenge. Lamina propria phagocytes ideally are localized to interact with bacteria that are in close proximity to, or have invaded, the tissue. Thus, we examined the microbial populations associated with the lamina propria phagocytes in 20 Crohn's disease and 12 ulcerative colitis patients. Specifically, we aimed to address whether the phagocyte-associated microbiota differed from the mucosa-associated microbiota and whether this varied based on IBD type or the state of inflammation. METHODS 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and innate immune gene expression profiling was done on CD11b+ lamina propria phagocytes isolated from the biopsies obtained from IBD patients. RESULTS Phagocyte-associated microbiota was enriched in bacterial species belonging to phylum Proteobacteria, whereas species belonging to phylum Bacteroidetes were enriched in the mucosal microbiota of IBD patients. Disease type was the most influential factor in driving differences in the microbiota of both the mucosa and the lamina propria phagocytes, irrespective of inflammation state o`r anatomic location. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis specimens showed similar patterns of increased inflammatory gene expression in phagocytes isolated from inflamed areas compared with those isolated from uninflamed regions. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study shows the feasibility of using lamina propria phagocytes to characterize the microbiota in IBD patients. The approach used in this study can narrow the spectrum of potentially dysbiotic bacterial populations and clinically relevant gene expression signatures in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishu Dheer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Julie M Davies
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Maria A Quintero
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Oriana M Damas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Amar R Deshpande
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - David H Kerman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - William Peter Sawyer
- Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Judith Pignac-Kobinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core Shared Resource, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Irina Fernandez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Juan F Burgueno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Matthew C Phillips
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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22
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Gautam US, Mehra S, Kumari P, Alvarez X, Niu T, Tyagi JS, Kaushal D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensor kinase DosS modulates the autophagosome in a DosR-independent manner. Commun Biol 2019; 2:349. [PMID: 31552302 PMCID: PMC6754383 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dormancy is a key characteristic of the intracellular life-cycle of Mtb. The importance of sensor kinase DosS in mycobacteria are attributed in part to our current findings that DosS is required for both persistence and full virulence of Mtb. Here we show that DosS is also required for optimal replication in macrophages and involved in the suppression of TNF-α and autophagy pathways. Silencing of these pathways during the infection process restored full virulence in MtbΔdosS mutant. Notably, a mutant of the response regulator DosR did not exhibit the attenuation in macrophages, suggesting that DosS can function independently of DosR. We identified four DosS targets in Mtb genome; Rv0440, Rv2859c, Rv0994, and Rv0260c. These genes encode functions related to hypoxia adaptation, which are not directly controlled by DosR, e.g., protein recycling and chaperoning, biosynthesis of molybdenum cofactor and nitrogen metabolism. Our results strongly suggest a DosR-independent role for DosS in Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma S. Gautam
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433 USA
- Present Address: Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, 909 S. LaSalle St., Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433 USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
- Center for Experimental Infectious Diseases Research, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433 USA
| | - Tianhua Niu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, 70112 LA USA
| | - Jaya S. Tyagi
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
- Centre for Bio-design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute Faridabad, Haryana, 121001 India
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, 70112 LA USA
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23
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Hiyoshi H, Wangdi T, Lock G, Saechao C, Raffatellu M, Cobb BA, Bäumler AJ. Mechanisms to Evade the Phagocyte Respiratory Burst Arose by Convergent Evolution in Typhoidal Salmonella Serovars. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1787-1797. [PMID: 29444431 PMCID: PMC5826628 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar (S.) Typhi differs in its clinical presentation from gastroenteritis caused by S. Typhimurium and other non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars. The different clinical presentations are attributed in part to the virulence-associated capsular polysaccharide (Vi antigen) of S. Typhi, which prevents phagocytes from triggering a respiratory burst by preventing antibody-mediated complement activation. Paradoxically, the Vi antigen is absent from S. Paratyphi A, which causes a disease that is indistinguishable from typhoid fever. Here, we show that evasion of the phagocyte respiratory burst by S. Paratyphi A required very long O antigen chains containing the O2 antigen to inhibit antibody binding. We conclude that the ability to avoid the phagocyte respiratory burst is a property distinguishing typhoidal from non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars that was acquired by S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A independently through convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Hiyoshi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tamding Wangdi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Gabriel Lock
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cheng Saechao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Steele SP, Chamberlain Z, Park J, Kawula TH. Francisella tularensis enters a double membraned compartment following cell-cell transfer. eLife 2019; 8:e45252. [PMID: 31017571 PMCID: PMC6499538 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found that phagocytic cells ingest bacteria directly from the cytosol of infected cells without killing the initially infected cell (Steele et al., 2016). Here, we explored the events immediately following bacterial transfer. Francisella tularensis bacteria acquired from infected cells were found within double-membrane vesicles partially composed from the donor cell plasma membrane. As with phagosomal escape, the F. tularensis Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) was required for vacuole escape. We constructed a T6SS inducible strain and established conditions where this strain is trapped in vacuoles of cells infected through bacterial transfer. Using this strain we identified bacterial transfer events in the lungs of infected mice, demonstrating that this process occurs in infected animals. These data and electron microscopy analysis of the transfer event revealed that macrophages acquire cytoplasm and membrane components of other cells through a process that is distinct from, but related to phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun P Steele
- School of Global Animal HealthWashington State UniversityPullmanUnited States
| | - Zach Chamberlain
- School of Global Animal HealthWashington State UniversityPullmanUnited States
| | - Jason Park
- School of Global Animal HealthWashington State UniversityPullmanUnited States
| | - Thomas H Kawula
- School of Global Animal HealthWashington State UniversityPullmanUnited States
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25
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Waldrop SG, Sriranganathan N. Intracellular invasion and survival of Brucella neotomae, another possible zoonotic Brucella species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213601. [PMID: 30943213 PMCID: PMC6447175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1967, Brucella neotomae was first isolated from Neotoma lepida, the dessert wood rat, in Utah. With little infection data since its discovery, the zoonotic potential of this Brucella species is largely unknown. Recent reports of isolation from human cerebrospinal fluid, along with current literature suggest that B. neotomae has the ability to infect various hosts and cell types. In this report we extend the knowledge of B. neotomae ATCC 23459’s intracellular invasion and survival abilities to a variety of cell lines through gentamicin protection assays. Some of the phagocytic and epithelial cell lines from various mammalian species represent characteristics of some cell types that could be encountered by Brucella in potential hosts. It was found that B. neotomae ATCC 23459 exhibits generally lower intracellular bacterial CFUs compared to the mouse-passaged strain of B. neotomae ATCC 23459, B. suis 1330, and B. abortus 2308. Ultimately, these observations provide a small piece of the puzzle in the investigation of the breadth of B. neotomae’s pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Grant Waldrop
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Nammalwar Sriranganathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Falcón R, Mateo E, Oltra R, Giménez E, Albert E, Torres I, Navarro D. Vancomycin MICs and risk of complicated bacteremia by glycopeptide-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 38:903-912. [PMID: 30729396 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin (VAN) minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) at the upper end of the susceptible range for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), as measured by the Etest method, have been associated with poor clinical outcomes of S. aureus bloodstream infections, as has the isolate's genetic background. Here, we assessed the impact of VAN MICs, as determined by a broth microdilution method (BMD) that incorporates incremental VAN concentrations between the conventional log2 dilutions, isolate susceptibility to killing by human phagocytes, acting as a surrogate marker for bacterial cell wall thickness, and S. aureus genetic composition, on the development of complicated S. aureus bacteremia (SAB). We carried out a retrospective, observational single-center cohort study of 148 consecutive patients with SAB caused by methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) isolates (n = 113) or methicillin-resistant (MRSA) isolates (n = 35). S. aureus isolates were genotyped using a commercially available DNA microarray. Overall, VAN MICs of S. aureus isolates taken from complicated and uncomplicated SAB were comparable, irrespective of the testing method (P = 0.19 with BMD, and P = 0.94 with Etest). Likewise, S. aureus isolates in both comparison groups had the same susceptibility to killing by human phagocytes (P = 0.5). Among the genes screened by the S. aureus DNA array, only Sec and Sel were differentially present among S. aureus isolates in both groups (overrepresented in those causing complications) and their presence was associated independently with complicated SAB in multivariate models adjusted for potentially relevant clinical covariates. Separate analysis of MSSA SAB episodes yielded similar results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Falcón
- Microbiology Service, Fundación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Mateo
- Microbiology Service, Fundación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Oltra
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Fundación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estela Giménez
- Microbiology Service, Fundación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eliseo Albert
- Microbiology Service, Fundación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Torres
- Microbiology Service, Fundación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Fundación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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27
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Abstract
Legionella pneumophila resides in multispecies biofilms, where it infects and replicates in environmental protozoa such as Acanthamoeba castellanii. Studies on L. pneumophila physiology and host-pathogen interactions are frequently conducted using clonal bacterial populations and population level analysis, overlooking the remarkable differences in single cell behavior. The fastidious nutrient requirements of extracellular L. pneumophila and the extraordinary motility of Acanthamoeba castellanii hamper an analysis at single cell resolution. In this chapter, we describe a method to study L. pneumophila and its natural host A. castellanii at single cell level by using an agarose embedment assay. Agarose-embedded bacteria and infected cells can be monitored over several hours up to several days. Using properly adapted flow chambers, agarose-embedded specimens can be subjected to a wide range of fluctuating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Personnic
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Bianca Striednig
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential step in the innate immune response to invasive fungal infections. This process is carried out by a proverbial "village" of professional phagocytic cells, which have evolved efficient machinery to recognize and ingest pathogens, namely macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. These innate immune cells drive early cytokine production, fungicidal activity, antigen presentation and activation of the adaptive immune system. Despite the development of antifungal agents with potent activity, the biological activity of professional phagocytic innate immune cells has proven indispensable in protecting a host from invasive fungal infections. Additionally, an emerging body of evidence suggests non-professional phagocytes, such as airway epithelial cells, carry out phagocytosis and may play a critical role in the elimination of fungal pathogens. Here, we review recent advances of phagocytosis by both professional and non-professional phagocytes in response to fungal pathogens, with a focus on invasive aspergillosis as a model disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Feldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), present in all members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and in other pathogenic Mycobacterium spp, is a high molecular mass amphipathic lipoglycan with a defined critical role in mycobacterial survival during infection. In particular, ManLAM is well-characterized for its importance in providing M. tuberculosis a safe portal of entry to phagocytes, regulating the intracellular trafficking network, as well as immune responses of infected host cells. These ManLAM immunological characteristics are thought to be linked to the subtle but unique and well-defined structural characteristics of this molecule, including but not limited to the degree of acylation, the length of the D-mannan and D-arabinan cores, the length of the mannose caps, as well as the presence of other acidic constituents such as succinates, lactates and/or malates, and also the presence of 5-methylthioxylosyl. The impact of all these structural features on ManLAM spatial conformation and biological functions during M. tuberculosis infection is still uncertain. In this review, we dissect the relationship between ManLAM structure and biological function addressing how this relationship determines M. tuberculosis interactions with host cells, and how it aids this exceptional pathogen during the course of infection.
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MESH Headings
- Acylation
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Mannose/chemistry
- Mannose/immunology
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/immunology
- Microbial Viability
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/chemistry
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/immunology
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Phagocytes/microbiology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Complement/genetics
- Receptors, Complement/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Turner
- Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5301, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5301, USA
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30
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Lim J, Coates CJ, Seoane PI, Garelnabi M, Taylor-Smith LM, Monteith P, Macleod CL, Escaron CJ, Brown GD, Hall RA, May RC. Characterizing the Mechanisms of Nonopsonic Uptake of Cryptococci by Macrophages. J Immunol 2018; 200:3539-3546. [PMID: 29643192 PMCID: PMC5937213 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus enters the human host via inhalation into the lung and is able to reside in a niche environment that is serum- (opsonin) limiting. Little is known about the mechanism by which nonopsonic phagocytosis occurs via phagocytes in such situations. Using a combination of soluble inhibitors of phagocytic receptors and macrophages derived from knockout mice and human volunteers, we show that uptake of nonopsonized Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii via the mannose receptor is dependent on macrophage activation by cytokines. However, although uptake of C. neoformans is via both dectin-1 and dectin-2, C. gattii uptake occurs largely via dectin-1. Interestingly, dectin inhibitors also blocked phagocytosis of unopsonized Cryptococci in wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae and partially protected the larvae from infection by both fungi, supporting a key role for host phagocytes in augmenting early disease establishment. Finally, we demonstrated that internalization of nonopsonized Cryptococci is not accompanied by the nuclear translocation of NF-κB or its concomitant production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. Thus, nonopsonized Cryptococci are recognized by mammalian phagocytes in a manner that minimizes proinflammatory cytokine production and potentially facilitates fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenson Lim
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom;
| | - Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Paula I Seoane
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mariam Garelnabi
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne M Taylor-Smith
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline Monteith
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Camille L Macleod
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Claire J Escaron
- Protein Reference Unit, South West London Pathology, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SW17 0QT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Hall
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Robin C May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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31
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Chou HY, Lun CM, Smith LC. SpTransformer proteins from the purple sea urchin opsonize bacteria, augment phagocytosis, and retard bacterial growth. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196890. [PMID: 29738524 PMCID: PMC5940198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, has a complex and robust immune system that is mediated by a number of multi-gene families including the SpTransformer (SpTrf) gene family (formerly Sp185/333). In response to immune challenge from bacteria and various pathogen-associated molecular patterns, the SpTrf genes are up-regulated in sea urchin phagocytes and express a diverse array of SpTrf proteins. We show here that SpTrf proteins from coelomocytes and isolated by nickel affinity (cNi-SpTrf) bind to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and to Baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with saturable kinetics and specificity. cNi-SpTrf opsonization of the marine bacteria, Vibrio diazotrophicus, augments phagocytosis, however, opsonization by the recombinant protein, rSpTrf-E1, does not. Binding by cNi-SpTrf proteins retards growth rates significantly for several species of bacteria. SpTrf proteins, previously thought to be strictly membrane-associated, are secreted from phagocytes in short term cultures and bind V. diazotrophicus that are located both outside of and within phagocytes. Our results demonstrate anti-microbial activities of native SpTrf proteins and suggest variable functions among different SpTrf isoforms. Multiple isoforms may act synergistically to detect a wide array of pathogens and provide flexible and efficient host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yen Chou
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Cheng Man Lun
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - L. Courtney Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe H. Santiago-Tirado
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tamara L. Doering
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Novohradská S, Ferling I, Hillmann F. Exploring Virulence Determinants of Filamentous Fungal Pathogens through Interactions with Soil Amoebae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:497. [PMID: 29259922 PMCID: PMC5723301 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with filamentous fungi are common to all animals, but attention is rising especially due to the increasing incidence and high mortality rates observed in immunocompromised human individuals. Here, Aspergillus fumigatus and other members of its genus are the leading causative agents. Attributes like their saprophytic life-style in various ecological niches coupled with nutritional flexibility and a broad host range have fostered the hypothesis that environmental predators could have been the actual target for some of their virulence determinants. In this mini review, we have merged the recent findings focused on the potential dual-use of fungal defense strategies against innate immune cells and soil amoebae as natural phagocytes. Well-established virulence attributes like the melanized surface of fungal conidia or their capacity to produce toxic secondary metabolites have also been found to be protective against the model amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Some of the recent advances during interaction studies with human cells have further promoted the adaptation of other amoeba infection models, including the wide-spread generalist Acanthamoeba castellanii, or less prominent representatives like Vermamoeba vermiformis. We further highlight prospects and limits of these natural phagocyte models with regard to the infection biology of filamentous fungi and in comparison to the phagocytes of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Novohradská
- Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Iuliia Ferling
- Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Hillmann
- Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
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34
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Abnave P, Muracciole X, Ghigo E. Coxiella burnetii Lipopolysaccharide: What Do We Know? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122509. [PMID: 29168790 PMCID: PMC5751112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A small gram-negative bacterium, Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), is responsible for a zoonosis called Q fever. C. burnetii is an intracellular bacterium that can survive inside microbicidal cells like monocytes and macrophages by hijacking several functions of the immune system. Among several virulence factors, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of C. burnetii is one of the major factors involved in this immune hijacking because of its atypical composition and structure. Thus, the aim of this mini-review is to summarize the repressive effects of C. burnetii LPS on the antibacterial immunity of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Abnave
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Xavier Muracciole
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, CHU de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Eric Ghigo
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France.
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35
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Seemann F, Peterson DR, Chiang MWL, Au DWT. The development of cellular immune defence in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 199:81-89. [PMID: 28347744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally induced alterations of the immune system during sensitive developmental stages may manifest as abnormalities in immune organ configuration and/or immune cell differentiation. These not only render the early life stages more vulnerable to pathogens, but may also affect the adult immune competence. Knowledge of these sensitive periods in fish would provide an important prognostic/diagnostic tool for aquatic risk assessment of immunotoxicants. The marine medaka Oryzias melastigma is an emerging seawater fish model for immunotoxicology. Here, the presence and onset of four potentially sensitive periods during the development of innate and adaptive cellular immune defence were revealed in O. melastigma: 1.) initiation of phagocyte differentiation, 2.) migration and expansion of lymphoid progenitor cells, 3.) colonization of immune organs through lymphocyte progenitors and 4.) establishment of immune competence in the thymus. By using an established bacterial resistance assay for O. melastigma, larval immune competence (from newly hatched 1dph to 14dph) was found concomitantly increased with advanced thymus development and the presence of mature T-lymphocytes. A comparison between the marine O. melastigma and the freshwater counterpart Oryzias latipes disclosed a disparity in the T-lymphocyte maturation pattern, resulting in differences in the length of T-lymphocyte maturation. The results shed light on a potential difference between seawater and freshwater medaka in their sensitivity to environmental immunotoxicants. Further, medaka immune system development was compared and contrasted to economically important fish. The present study has provided a strong scientific basis for advanced investigation of critical windows for immune system development in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seemann
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Drew Ryan Peterson
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Michael Wai Lun Chiang
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Doris Wai Ting Au
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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36
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Morris JL, Fane A, Sarovich DS, Price EP, Rush CM, Govan BL, Parker E, Mayo M, Currie BJ, Ketheesan N. Increased Neurotropic Threat from Burkholderia pseudomallei Strains with a B. mallei-like Variation in the bimA Motility Gene, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23. [PMID: 28418830 PMCID: PMC5403032 DOI: 10.3201/eid2305.151417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
These strains have heightened pathogenic potential for rapid dissemination to multiple tissues, including the central nervous system. Neurologic melioidosis is a serious, potentially fatal form of Burkholderia pseudomallei infection. Recently, we reported that a subset of clinical isolates of B. pseudomallei from Australia have heightened virulence and potential for dissemination to the central nervous system. In this study, we demonstrate that this subset has a B. mallei–like sequence variation of the actin-based motility gene, bimA. Compared with B. pseudomallei isolates having typical bimA alleles, isolates that contain the B. mallei–like variation demonstrate increased persistence in phagocytic cells and increased virulence with rapid systemic dissemination and replication within multiple tissues, including the brain and spinal cord, in an experimental model. These findings highlight the implications of bimA variation on disease progression of B. pseudomallei infection and have considerable clinical and public health implications with respect to the degree of neurotropic threat posed to human health.
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37
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Walsh NM, Wuthrich M, Wang H, Klein B, Hull CM. Characterization of C-type lectins reveals an unexpectedly limited interaction between Cryptococcus neoformans spores and Dectin-1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173866. [PMID: 28282442 PMCID: PMC5345868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis by innate immune cells is an important process for protection against multiple pathologies and is particularly important for resistance to infection. However, phagocytosis has also been implicated in the progression of some diseases, including the dissemination of the human fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans. Previously, we identified Dectin-1 as a likely phagocytic receptor for C. neoformans spores through the use of soluble components in receptor-ligand blocking experiments. In this study, we used gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays with intact cells to evaluate the in vivo role of Dectin-1 and other C-type lectins in interactions with C. neoformans spores and discovered stark differences in outcome when compared with previous assays. First, we found that non-phagocytic cells expressing Dectin-1 were unable to bind spores and that highly sensitive reporter cells expressing Dectin-1 were not stimulated by spores. Second, we determined that some phagocytes from Dectin-1-/- mice interacted with spores differently than wild type (WT) cells, but the effects varied among assays and were modest overall. Third, while we detected small but statistically significant reductions in phagocytosis by primary alveolar macrophages from Dectin-1-/- mice compared to WT, we found no differences in survival between WT and Dectin-1-/- mice challenged with spores. Further analyses to assess the roles of other C-type lectins and their adapters revealed very weak stimulation of Dectin-2 reporter cells by spores and modest differences in binding and phagocytosis by Dectin-2-/- bone marrow-derived phagocytes. There were no discernable defects in binding or phagocytosis by phagocytes lacking Mannose Receptor, Mincle, Card-9, or FcRγ. Taken together, these results lead to the conclusion that Dectin-1 and other C-type lectins do not individually play a major roles in phagocytosis and innate defense by phagocytes against C. neoformans spores and highlight challenges in using soluble receptor/ligand blocking experiments to recapitulate biologically relevant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M. Walsh
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marcel Wuthrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bruce Klein
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Hull
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Li W, Hu Y. Assessment of Post-Vaccination Phagocytic Activation Using Candida albicans Killing Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1625:313-326. [PMID: 28584999 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7104-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen. It is now the fourth leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections and a great threat to the immuncompromised patients attributed to the disseminated candidiasis with the mortality up to 40%. Phagocytic cells are the first line of defense against Candida infections. Antibodies induced by vaccination can effectively enhance the capacities of phagocytosis and killing of neutrophils and macrophages. In this chapter, flow cytometric analysis (FACS) and killing assay by plate culture methods are introduced to evaluate the phagocytosis and killing of strains of Candida albicans opsonized with immune serum obtained from mice vaccinated with yeast and recombinant enolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Oral Biology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China.
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39
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Li C, Zhao M, Zhang C, Zhang W, Zhao X, Duan X, Xu W. miR210 modulates respiratory burst in Apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes via targeting Toll-like receptor. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 65:377-381. [PMID: 27545641 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses of species in Echinodermata remains mysterious due to the lack of efforts made in the study of host defense mechanism in these species. More researches start focusing on this ancient immune system with the recognition the economic values of several species in this phylum, especially sea cucumbers. Here, we reported a study in the innate immunity of a sea cucumber species (Apostichopus japonicus) in response to infection of Vibrio splendidus. A novel differential expressed miRNA (miR-210) from the diseased sea cucumber coelomocytes was identified in our study. This miRNA molecule modulates Toll-like receptor gene (AjToll) expression via binding 3'UTR region from 906 nt to 930 nt. Upon the challenge of V. splendidus, coelomocytes in A. japonicas demonstrated a upregulation of AjToll but a downregulation of miR-210. Transfection of miR-210 agomirs in coelomocytes significantly depressed the expression of AjToll in cells. As a result of AjToll expression inhibition by miR-210, the AjToll downstream molecules involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also altered in vivo. This ROS pathway alternation was consistent with that caused by knockdown of AjToll through small inference RNA (siRNA). Taken together, the results of this study demonstrated a novel immune regulatory pathway via miRN-210 in A. japonica, which provides basic knowledge in exploring innate immunity of Echinodermata, and also can be reference in disease control in sea cucumber culture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, PR China; Louisiana State University, Agricultural Center, United States.
| | - Mengru Zhao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Xuemei Duan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- Louisiana State University, Agricultural Center, United States.
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40
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Morikawa M, Tsujibe S, Kiyoshima-Shibata J, Watanabe Y, Kato-Nagaoka N, Shida K, Matsumoto S. Microbiota of the Small Intestine Is Selectively Engulfed by Phagocytes of the Lamina Propria and Peyer's Patches. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163607. [PMID: 27701454 PMCID: PMC5049916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes such as dendritic cells and macrophages, which are distributed in the small intestinal mucosa, play a crucial role in maintaining mucosal homeostasis by sampling the luminal gut microbiota. However, there is limited information regarding microbial uptake in a steady state. We investigated the composition of murine gut microbiota that is engulfed by phagocytes of specific subsets in the small intestinal lamina propria (SILP) and Peyer's patches (PP). Analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences revealed that: 1) all the phagocyte subsets in the SILP primarily engulfed Lactobacillus (the most abundant microbe in the small intestine), whereas CD11bhi and CD11bhiCD11chi cell subsets in PP mostly engulfed segmented filamentous bacteria (indigenous bacteria in rodents that are reported to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells); and 2) among the Lactobacillus species engulfed by the SILP cell subsets, L. murinus was engulfed more frequently than L. taiwanensis, although both these Lactobacillus species were abundant in the small intestine under physiological conditions. These results suggest that small intestinal microbiota is selectively engulfed by phagocytes that localize in the adjacent intestinal mucosa in a steady state. These observations may provide insight into the crucial role of phagocytes in immune surveillance of the small intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kan Shida
- Yakult Central Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Blättner S, Das S, Paprotka K, Eilers U, Krischke M, Kretschmer D, Remmele CW, Dittrich M, Müller T, Schuelein-Voelk C, Hertlein T, Mueller MJ, Huettel B, Reinhardt R, Ohlsen K, Rudel T, Fraunholz MJ. Staphylococcus aureus Exploits a Non-ribosomal Cyclic Dipeptide to Modulate Survival within Epithelial Cells and Phagocytes. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005857. [PMID: 27632173 PMCID: PMC5025175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired (CA) Staphylococcus aureus cause various diseases even in healthy individuals. Enhanced virulence of CA-strains is partly attributed to increased production of toxins such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSM). The pathogen is internalized efficiently by mammalian host cells and intracellular S. aureus has recently been shown to contribute to disease. Upon internalization, cytotoxic S. aureus strains can disrupt phagosomal membranes and kill host cells in a PSM-dependent manner. However, PSM are not sufficient for these processes. Here we screened for factors required for intracellular S. aureus virulence. We infected escape reporter host cells with strains from an established transposon mutant library and detected phagosomal escape rates using automated microscopy. We thereby, among other factors, identified a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) to be required for efficient phagosomal escape and intracellular survival of S. aureus as well as induction of host cell death. By genetic complementation as well as supplementation with the synthetic NRPS product, the cyclic dipeptide phevalin, wild-type phenotypes were restored. We further demonstrate that the NRPS is contributing to virulence in a mouse pneumonia model. Together, our data illustrate a hitherto unrecognized function of the S. aureus NRPS and its dipeptide product during S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Blättner
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sudip Das
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Paprotka
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Eilers
- Core Unit Functional Genomics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Krischke
- Biocenter, Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kretschmer
- Department of Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Dittrich
- Biocenter, Chair of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Biocenter, Chair of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Hertlein
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J. Mueller
- Biocenter, Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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42
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Delincé MJ, Bureau JB, López-Jiménez AT, Cosson P, Soldati T, McKinney JD. A microfluidic cell-trapping device for single-cell tracking of host-microbe interactions. Lab Chip 2016; 16:3276-85. [PMID: 27425421 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The impact of cellular individuality on host-microbe interactions is increasingly appreciated but studying the temporal dynamics of single-cell behavior in this context remains technically challenging. Here we present a microfluidic platform, InfectChip, to trap motile infected cells for high-resolution time-lapse microscopy. This approach allows the direct visualization of all stages of infection, from bacterial uptake to death of the bacterium or host cell, over extended periods of time. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by co-culturing an established host-cell model, Dictyostelium discoideum, with the extracellular pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae or the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium marinum. We show that the outcome of such infections is surprisingly heterogeneous, ranging from abortive infection to death of the bacterium or host cell. InfectChip thus provides a simple method to dissect the time-course of host-microbe interactions at the single-cell level, yielding new insights that could not be gleaned from conventional population-based measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu J Delincé
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Bureau
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Pierre Cosson
- Department for Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Medical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - John D McKinney
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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43
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Meagher J, Zellweger R, Filgueira L. Functional Dissociation of the Basolateral Transcytotic Compartment from the Apical Phago-lysosomal Compartment in Human Osteoclasts. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 53:665-70. [PMID: 15872059 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6476.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is essential for elimination of Staphylococcus aureus, the main infectious agent responsible for osteomyelitis. This in vitro study investigated uptake and processing of fluorescence-labeled S. aureus by human osteoclasts and dendritic cells. The cells were stained for TRAP and the acidic compartment using a fluorescence-based protocol. In dendritic cells, TRAP and bacteria were colocalized. In osteoclasts, there was no colocalization of bacteria, TRAP, or the acidic compartment, indicating that there are three distinct vesicular compartments: the apical phago-lysosomal compartment, the basal secretory compartment, and the basolateral transcytotic compartment. Dissociation of the TRAP-containing transcytotic vesicles from the apical phago-lysosomal compartment may restrain osteoclasts from eliminating S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Meagher
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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44
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McGonigle JE, Purves J, Rolff J. Intracellular survival of Staphylococcus aureus during persistent infection in the insect Tenebrio molitor. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 59:34-38. [PMID: 26778297 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Survival of bacteria within host cells and tissues presents a challenge to the immune systems of higher organisms. Escape from phagocytic immune cells compounds this issue, as immune cells become potential vehicles for pathogen dissemination. However, the duration of persistence within phagocytes and its contribution to pathogen load has yet to be determined. We investigate the immunological significance of intracellular persistence within the insect model Tenebrio molitor, assessing the extent, duration and location of bacterial recovery during a persistent infection. Relative abundance of Staphylococcus aureus in both intracellular and extracellular fractions was determined over 21 days, and live S. aureus were successfully recovered from both the hemolymph and within phagocytic immune cells across the entire time course. The proportion of bacteria recovered from within phagocytes also increased over time. Our results show that to accurately estimate pathogen load it is vital to account for bacteria persisting within immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E McGonigle
- Sheffield Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Joanne Purves
- Sheffield Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK; School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Rolff
- Sheffield Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK; Institute of Biology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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45
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Heinrich V. Controlled One-on-One Encounters between Immune Cells and Microbes Reveal Mechanisms of Phagocytosis. Biophys J 2016; 109:469-76. [PMID: 26244729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Among many challenges facing the battle against infectious disease, one quandary stands out. On the one hand, it is often unclear how well animal models and cell lines mimic human immune behavior. On the other hand, many core methods of cell and molecular biology cannot be applied to human subjects. For example, the profound susceptibility of neutropenic patients to infection marks neutrophils (the most abundant white blood cells in humans) as vital immune defenders. Yet because these cells cannot be cultured or genetically manipulated, there are gaps in our understanding of the behavior of human neutrophils. Here, we discuss an alternative, interdisciplinary strategy to dissect fundamental mechanisms of immune-cell interactions with bacteria and fungi. We show how biophysical analyses of single-live-cell/single-target encounters are revealing universal principles of immune-cell phagocytosis, while also dispelling misconceptions about the minimum required mechanistic determinants of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Heinrich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California.
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46
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Savers A, Rasid O, Parlato M, Brock M, Jouvion G, Ryffel B, Cavaillon JM, Eberl G, Ibrahim-Granet O. Infection-Mediated Priming of Phagocytes Protects against Lethal Secondary Aspergillus fumigatus Challenge. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153829. [PMID: 27078879 PMCID: PMC4831689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes restrict the germination of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia and prevent the establishment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunecompetent mice. Here we report that immunecompetent mice recovering from a primary A. fumigatus challenge are protected against a secondary lethal challenge. Using RAGγc knock-out mice we show that this protection is independent of T, B and NK cells. In protected mice, lung phagocytes are recruited more rapidly and are more efficient in conidial phagocytosis and killing. Protection was also associated with an enhanced expression of CXCR2 and Dectin-1 on bone marrow phagocytes. We also show that protective lung cytokine and chemokine responses are induced more rapidly and with enhanced dynamics in protected mice. Our findings support the hypothesis that following a first encounter with a non-lethal dose of A. fumigatus conidia, the innate immune system is primed and can mediate protection against a secondary lethal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Savers
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
- Fungal Genetics and Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Orhan Rasid
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Marianna Parlato
- INSERM UMR S1163 -Institut Imagine, Laboratoire d’Immunité Intestinale, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Brock
- Fungal Genetics and Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Jouvion
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Histopathologie Humaine et Modèles Animaux, Paris, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- INSERM, UMR 7355, Immunologie Moléculaire, Institut de Transgénose, Université d'Orléans et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France
| | | | - Gerard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Lymphoid Tissue Development Unit, Paris, France
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47
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Falcón R, Martínez A, Albert E, Madrid S, Oltra R, Giménez E, Soriano M, Vinuesa V, Gozalbo D, Gil ML, Navarro D. High vancomycin MICs within the susceptible range in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia isolates are associated with increased cell wall thickness and reduced intracellular killing by human phagocytes. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 47:343-50. [PMID: 27056298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) at the upper end of the susceptible range for Staphylococcus aureus have been associated with poor clinical outcomes of bloodstream infections. We tested the hypothesis that high vancomycin MICs in S. aureus bacteraemia isolates are associated with increased cell wall thickness and suboptimal bacterial internalisation or lysis by human phagocytes. In total, 95 isolates were evaluated. Original vancomycin MICs were determined by Etest. The susceptibility of S. aureus isolates to killing by phagocytes was assessed in a human whole blood assay. Internalisation of bacterial cells by phagocytes was investigated by flow cytometry. Cell wall thickness was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Genotypic analysis of S. aureus isolates was performed using a DNA microarray system. Vancomycin MICs were significantly higher (P=0.006) in isolates that were killed suboptimally (killing index <60%) compared with those killed efficiently (killing index >70%) and tended to correlate inversely (P=0.08) with the killing indices. Isolates in both killing groups were internalised by human neutrophils and monocytes with comparable efficiency. The cell wall was significantly thicker (P=0.03) in isolates in the low killing group. No genotypic differences were found between the isolates in both killing groups. In summary, high vancomycin MICs in S. aureus bacteraemia isolates were associated with increased cell wall thickness and reduced intracellular killing by phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Falcón
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Fundación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba Martínez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eliseo Albert
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Fundación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Madrid
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Fundación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Oltra
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Fundación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estela Giménez
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Fundación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Soriano
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Vinuesa
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Fundación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Gozalbo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Luisa Gil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Fundación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Kuwae A, Momose F, Nagamatsu K, Suyama Y, Abe A. BteA Secreted from the Bordetella bronchiseptica Type III Secetion System Induces Necrosis through an Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling Pathway and Inhibits Phagocytosis by Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148387. [PMID: 26828590 PMCID: PMC4734908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BteA is one of the effectors secreted from the Bordetella bronchiseptica type III secretion system. It has been reported that BteA induces necrosis in mammalian cells; however, the roles of BteA during the infection process are largely unknown. In order to investigate the BteA functions, morphological changes of the cells infected with the wild-type B. bronchiseptica were examined by time-lapse microscopy. L2 cells, a rat lung epithelial cell line, spread at 1.6 hours after B. bronchiseptica infection. Membrane ruffles were observed at peripheral parts of infected cells during the cell spreading. BteA-dependent cytotoxicity and cell detachment were inhibited by addition of cytochalasin D, an actin polymerization inhibitor. Domain analyses of BteA suggested that two separate amino acid regions, 200–312 and 400–658, were required for the necrosis induction. In order to examine the intra/intermolecular interactions of BteA, the amino- and the carboxyl-terminal moieties were purified as recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli. The amino-terminal moiety of BteA appeared to interact with the carboxyl-terminal moiety in the pull-down assay in vitro. When we measured the amounts of bacteria phagocytosed by J774A.1, a macrophage-like cell line, the phagocytosed amounts of B. bronchiseptica strains that deliver BteA into the host cell cytoplasm were significantly lower than those of strains that lost the ability to translocate BteA into the host cell cytoplasm. These results suggest that B. bronchiseptica induce necrosis by exploiting the actin polymerization signaling pathway and inhibit macrophage phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaomi Kuwae
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Fumitaka Momose
- Laboratory of Viral Infection II, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
| | - Kanna Nagamatsu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Suyama
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
| | - Akio Abe
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
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Hart PJ, O’Shaughnessy CM, Siggins MK, Bobat S, Kingsley RA, Goulding DA, Crump JA, Reyburn H, Micoli F, Dougan G, Cunningham AF, MacLennan CA. Differential Killing of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi by Antibodies Targeting Vi and Lipopolysaccharide O:9 Antigen. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145945. [PMID: 26741681 PMCID: PMC4712142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi expresses a capsule of Vi polysaccharide, while most Salmonella serovars, including S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, do not. Both S. Typhi and S. Enteritidis express the lipopolysaccharide O:9 antigen, yet there is little evidence of cross-protection from anti-O:9 antibodies. Vaccines based on Vi polysaccharide have efficacy against typhoid fever, indicating that antibodies against Vi confer protection. Here we investigate the role of Vi capsule and antibodies against Vi and O:9 in antibody-dependent complement- and phagocyte-mediated killing of Salmonella. Using isogenic Vi-expressing and non-Vi-expressing derivatives of S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium, we show that S. Typhi is inherently more sensitive to serum and blood than S. Typhimurium. Vi expression confers increased resistance to both complement- and phagocyte-mediated modalities of antibody-dependent killing in human blood. The Vi capsule is associated with reduced C3 and C5b-9 deposition, and decreased overall antibody binding to S. Typhi. However, purified human anti-Vi antibodies in the presence of complement are able to kill Vi-expressing Salmonella, while killing by anti-O:9 antibodies is inversely related to Vi expression. Human serum depleted of antibodies to antigens other than Vi retains the ability to kill Vi-expressing bacteria. Our findings support a protective role for Vi capsule in preventing complement and phagocyte killing of Salmonella that can be overcome by specific anti-Vi antibodies, but only to a limited extent by anti-O:9 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hart
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Colette M. O’Shaughnessy
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K. Siggins
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Kingsley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Hugh Reyburn
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Micoli
- Sclavo-Behring Vaccines Institute for Global Health, a GlaxoSmithKline Company, Siena, Italy
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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50
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Abstract
Macrophages and neutrophils play a decisive role in host responses to intracellular bacteria including the agent of tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis as they represent the forefront of innate immune defense against bacterial invaders. At the same time, these phagocytes are also primary targets of intracellular bacteria to be abused as host cells. Their efficacy to contain and eliminate intracellular M. tuberculosis decides whether a patient initially becomes infected or not. However, when the infection becomes chronic or even latent (as in the case of TB) despite development of specific immune activation, phagocytes have also important effector functions. Macrophages have evolved a myriad of defense strategies to combat infection with intracellular bacteria such as M. tuberculosis. These include induction of toxic anti-microbial effectors such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen intermediates, the stimulation of microbe intoxication mechanisms via acidification or metal accumulation in the phagolysosome, the restriction of the microbe's access to essential nutrients such as iron, fatty acids, or amino acids, the production of anti-microbial peptides and cytokines, along with induction of autophagy and efferocytosis to eliminate the pathogen. On the other hand, M. tuberculosis, as a prime example of a well-adapted facultative intracellular bacterium, has learned during evolution to counter-balance the host's immune defense strategies to secure survival or multiplication within this otherwise hostile environment. This review provides an overview of innate immune defense of macrophages directed against intracellular bacteria with a focus on M. tuberculosis. Gaining more insights and knowledge into this complex network of host-pathogen interaction will identify novel target sites of intervention to successfully clear infection at a time of rapidly emerging multi-resistance of M. tuberculosis against conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Disease, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center BorstelBorstel, Germany
- Department of Immunology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, UK
- German Centre of Infection Research, TTU-TBBorstel, Germany
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