1
|
Brown AR, Ettefagh KA, Todd DA, Cole PS, Egan JM, Foil DH, Lacey EP, Cech NB. Bacterial efflux inhibitors are widely distributed in land plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 267:113533. [PMID: 33137433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Secondary metabolites play a critical role in plant defense against disease and are of great importance to ethnomedicine. Bacterial efflux pumps are active transport proteins that bacterial cells use to protect themselves against multiple toxic compounds, including many antimicrobials. Efflux pump inhibitors from plants can block these efflux pumps, increasing the potency of antimicrobial compounds. This study demonstrates that efflux pump inhibition against the Gram-positive bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is widespread in extracts prepared from individual species throughout the land plant lineage. It therefore suggests a general mechanism by which plants used by indigenous species may be effective as a topical treatment for some bacterial infections. AIM OF THE STUDY The goal of this research was to evaluate the distribution of efflux pump inhibitors in nine plant extracts with an ethnobotanical use suggestive of an antimicrobial function for the presence of efflux pump inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plants were collected, dried, extracted, and vouchers submitted to the Herbarium of the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill (NCU). The extracts were analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) to determine the presence and concentration of flavonoids with known efflux pump inhibitory activity. A mass spectrometry-based assay was employed to measure efflux pump inhibition for all extracts against Staphylococcus aureus. The assay relies on UPLC-MS measurement of changes in ethidium concentration in the spent culture broth when extracts are incubated with bacteria. RESULTS Eight of these nine plant extracts inhibited toxic compound efflux at concentrations below the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value for the same extract. The most active extracts were those prepared from Osmunda claytoniana L. and Pinus strobes L., which both demonstrated IC50 values for efflux inhibition of 19 ppm. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that efflux pump inhibitors active against Staphylococcus aureus are common in land plants. By extension, this activity is likely to be important in many plant-derived antimicrobial extracts, including those used in traditional medicine, and evaluation of efflux pump inhibition may often be valuable when studying natural product efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Brown
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
| | - Keivan A Ettefagh
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
| | - Daniel A Todd
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
| | - Patrick S Cole
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
| | - Joseph M Egan
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
| | - Daniel H Foil
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
| | - Elizabeth P Lacey
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 312 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moretti C, Trabalza S, Granieri L, Caballo‐Ponce E, Devescovi G, Del Pino AM, Ramos C, Venturi V, van den Burg HA, Buonaurio R, Palmerini CA. A Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger of the olive pathogen Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi is critical for its virulence. Mol Plant Pathol 2019; 20:716-730. [PMID: 30912619 PMCID: PMC6637891 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In a number of compatible plant-bacterium interactions, a rise in apoplastic Ca2+ levels is observed, suggesting that Ca2+ represents an important environmental clue, as reported for bacteria infecting mammalians. We demonstrate that Ca2+ entry in Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (Psav) strain DAPP-PG 722 is mediated by a Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger critical for virulence. Using the fluorescent Ca2+ probe Fura 2-AM, we demonstrate that Ca2+ enters Psav cells foremost when they experience low levels of energy, a situation mimicking the apoplastic fluid. In fact, Ca2+ entry was suppressed in the presence of high concentrations of glucose, fructose, sucrose or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Since Ca2+ entry was inhibited by nifedipine and LiCl, we conclude that the channel for Ca2+ entry is a Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger. In silico analysis of the Psav DAPP-PG 722 genome revealed the presence of a single gene coding for a Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger (cneA), which is a widely conserved and ancestral gene within the P. syringae complex based on gene phylogeny. Mutation of cneA compromised not only Ca2+ entry, but also compromised the Hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco leaves and blocked the ability to induce knots in olive stems. The expression of both pathogenicity (hrpL, hrpA and iaaM) and virulence (ptz) genes was reduced in this Psav-cneA mutant. Complementation of the Psav-cneA mutation restored both Ca2+ entry and pathogenicity in olive plants, but failed to restore the HR in tobacco leaves. In conclusion, Ca2+ entry acts as a 'host signal' that allows and promotes Psav pathogenicity on olive plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiaraluce Moretti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PerugiaBorgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia06121Italy
| | - Simone Trabalza
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PerugiaBorgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia06121Italy
| | - Letizia Granieri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PerugiaBorgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia06121Italy
| | - Eloy Caballo‐Ponce
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La MayoraUniversidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM‐UMACSIC)Área de GenéticaMálagaSpain
| | - Giulia Devescovi
- Bacteriology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTriesteItaly
| | - Alberto Marco Del Pino
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PerugiaBorgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia06121Italy
| | - Cayo Ramos
- Bacteriology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTriesteItaly
| | - Vittorio Venturi
- Bacteriology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTriesteItaly
| | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Roberto Buonaurio
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PerugiaBorgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia06121Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Palmerini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PerugiaBorgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia06121Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng Y, Schorey JS. Extracellular vesicles deliver Mycobacterium RNA to promote host immunity and bacterial killing. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e46613. [PMID: 30683680 PMCID: PMC6399609 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to carry microbial components and function in the host defense against infections. In this study, we demonstrate that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) RNA is delivered into macrophage-derived EVs through an M.tb SecA2-dependent pathway and that EVs released from M.tb-infected macrophages stimulate a host RIG-I/MAVS/TBK1/IRF3 RNA sensing pathway, leading to type I interferon production in recipient cells. These EVs also promote, in a RIG-I/MAVS-dependent manner, the maturation of M.tb-containing phagosomes through a noncanonical LC3 pathway, leading to increased bacterial killing. Moreover, treatment of M.tb-infected macrophages or mice with a combination of moxifloxacin and EVs, isolated from M.tb-infected macrophages, significantly lowered bacterial burden relative to either treatment alone. We hypothesize that EVs, which are preferentially removed by macrophages in vivo, can be combined with effective antibiotics as a novel approach to treat drug-resistant TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jeffery S Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morgan JM, Lam HN, Delgado J, Luu J, Mohammadi S, Isberg RR, Wang H, Auerbuch V. An Experimental Pipeline for Initial Characterization of Bacterial Type III Secretion System Inhibitor Mode of Action Using Enteropathogenic Yersinia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:404. [PMID: 30524970 PMCID: PMC6262202 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dozens of Gram negative pathogens use one or more type III secretion systems (T3SS) to disarm host defenses or occupy a beneficial niche during infection of a host organism. While the T3SS represents an attractive drug target and dozens of compounds with T3SS inhibitory activity have been identified, few T3SS inhibitors have been validated and mode of action determined. One issue is the lack of standardized orthogonal assays following high throughput screening. Using a training set of commercially available compounds previously shown to possess T3SS inhibitory activity, we demonstrate the utility of an experiment pipeline comprised of six distinct assays to assess the stages of type III secretion impacted: T3SS gene copy number, T3SS gene expression, T3SS basal body and needle assembly, secretion of cargo through the T3SS, and translocation of T3SS effector proteins into host cells. We used enteropathogenic Yersinia as the workhorse T3SS-expressing model organisms for this experimental pipeline, as Yersinia is sensitive to all T3SS inhibitors we tested, including those active against other T3SS-expressing pathogens. We find that this experimental pipeline is capable of rapidly distinguishing between T3SS inhibitors that interrupt the process of type III secretion at different points in T3SS assembly and function. For example, our data suggests that Compound 3, a malic diamide, blocks either activity of the assembled T3SS or alters the structure of the T3SS in a way that blocks T3SS cargo secretion but not antibody recognition of the T3SS needle. In contrast, our data predicts that Compound 4, a haloid-containing sulfonamidobenzamide, disrupts T3SS needle subunit secretion or assembly. Furthermore, we suggest that misregulation of copy number control of the pYV virulence plasmid, which encodes the Yersinia T3SS, should be considered as a possible mode of action for compounds with T3SS inhibitory activity against Yersinia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Hanh N. Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Jocelyn Delgado
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Justin Luu
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Sina Mohammadi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ralph R. Isberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Helen Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Victoria Auerbuch
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
In this study, we investigated genetic elements of the type IV secretion system (T4SS) found in Sinorhizobium spp. and the role they play in symbiosis. Sinorhizobium meliloti and S. medicae each contain a putative T4SS similar to that used by Agrobacterium tumefaciens during pathogenesis. The Cre reporter assay for translocation system was used to validate potential effector proteins. Both S. meliloti and S. medicae contained the effector protein TfeA, which was translocated into the host plant. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of a nod box involved in transcriptional activation of symbiosis-related genes, upstream of the transcriptional regulator (virG) in the Sinorhizobium T4SS. Replicate quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that luteolin, released by roots and seeds of Medicago truncatula, upregulated transcription of tfeA and virG. Mutations in the T4SS apparatus or tfeA alone resulted in reduced numbers of nodules formed on M. truncatula genotypes. In addition, S. meliloti KH46c, which contains a deletion in the T4SS, was less competitive for nodule formation when coinoculated with an equal number of cells of the wild-type strain. To our knowledge, TfeA is the first T4SS effector protein identified in Sinorhizobium spp. Our results indicate that Sinorhizobium i) uses a T4SS during initiation of symbiosis with Medicago spp., and ii) alters Medicago cells in planta during symbiosis. This study also offers additional bioinformatic evidence that several different rhizobial species may use the T4SS in symbiosis with other legumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael J Sadowsky
- 1 Biotechnology Institute
- 3 Department of Soil Water & Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kuwae A, Momose F, Nagamatsu K, Suyama Y, Abe A. BteA Secreted from the Bordetella bronchiseptica Type III Secetion System Induces Necrosis through an Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling Pathway and Inhibits Phagocytosis by Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148387. [PMID: 26828590 PMCID: PMC4734908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BteA is one of the effectors secreted from the Bordetella bronchiseptica type III secretion system. It has been reported that BteA induces necrosis in mammalian cells; however, the roles of BteA during the infection process are largely unknown. In order to investigate the BteA functions, morphological changes of the cells infected with the wild-type B. bronchiseptica were examined by time-lapse microscopy. L2 cells, a rat lung epithelial cell line, spread at 1.6 hours after B. bronchiseptica infection. Membrane ruffles were observed at peripheral parts of infected cells during the cell spreading. BteA-dependent cytotoxicity and cell detachment were inhibited by addition of cytochalasin D, an actin polymerization inhibitor. Domain analyses of BteA suggested that two separate amino acid regions, 200–312 and 400–658, were required for the necrosis induction. In order to examine the intra/intermolecular interactions of BteA, the amino- and the carboxyl-terminal moieties were purified as recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli. The amino-terminal moiety of BteA appeared to interact with the carboxyl-terminal moiety in the pull-down assay in vitro. When we measured the amounts of bacteria phagocytosed by J774A.1, a macrophage-like cell line, the phagocytosed amounts of B. bronchiseptica strains that deliver BteA into the host cell cytoplasm were significantly lower than those of strains that lost the ability to translocate BteA into the host cell cytoplasm. These results suggest that B. bronchiseptica induce necrosis by exploiting the actin polymerization signaling pathway and inhibit macrophage phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asaomi Kuwae
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Fumitaka Momose
- Laboratory of Viral Infection II, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
| | - Kanna Nagamatsu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Suyama
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
| | - Akio Abe
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Asselin JAE, Lin J, Perez-Quintero AL, Gentzel I, Majerczak D, Opiyo SO, Zhao W, Paek SM, Kim MG, Coplin DL, Blakeslee JJ, Mackey D. Perturbation of maize phenylpropanoid metabolism by an AvrE family type III effector from Pantoea stewartii. Plant Physiol 2015; 167:1117-35. [PMID: 25635112 PMCID: PMC4348765 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
AvrE family type III effector proteins share the ability to suppress host defenses, induce disease-associated cell death, and promote bacterial growth. However, despite widespread contributions to numerous bacterial diseases in agriculturally important plants, the mode of action of these effectors remains largely unknown. WtsE is an AvrE family member required for the ability of Pantoea stewartii ssp. stewartii (Pnss) to proliferate efficiently and cause wilt and leaf blight symptoms in maize (Zea mays) plants. Notably, when WtsE is delivered by a heterologous system into the leaf cells of susceptible maize seedlings, it alone produces water-soaked disease symptoms reminiscent of those produced by Pnss. Thus, WtsE is a pathogenicity and virulence factor in maize, and an Escherichia coli heterologous delivery system can be used to study the activity of WtsE in isolation from other factors produced by Pnss. Transcriptional profiling of maize revealed the effects of WtsE, including induction of genes involved in secondary metabolism and suppression of genes involved in photosynthesis. Targeted metabolite quantification revealed that WtsE perturbs maize metabolism, including the induction of coumaroyl tyramine. The ability of mutant WtsE derivatives to elicit transcriptional and metabolic changes in susceptible maize seedlings correlated with their ability to promote disease. Furthermore, chemical inhibitors that block metabolic flux into the phenylpropanoid pathways targeted by WtsE also disrupted the pathogenicity and virulence activity of WtsE. While numerous metabolites produced downstream of the shikimate pathway are known to promote plant defense, our results indicate that misregulated induction of phenylpropanoid metabolism also can be used to promote pathogen virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann E Asselin
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (J.E.A., J.L., A.L.P.-Q., Do.M., W.Z., J.J.B., Da.M.), Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center-Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (J.L., S.O.O., J.J.B.), Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program (I.G.), Center for Applied Plant Sciences (I.G., Da.M.), Department of Plant Pathology (D.L.C.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (Da.M.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; andCollege of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea (S.-M.P., M.G.K.)
| | - Jinshan Lin
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (J.E.A., J.L., A.L.P.-Q., Do.M., W.Z., J.J.B., Da.M.), Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center-Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (J.L., S.O.O., J.J.B.), Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program (I.G.), Center for Applied Plant Sciences (I.G., Da.M.), Department of Plant Pathology (D.L.C.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (Da.M.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; andCollege of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea (S.-M.P., M.G.K.)
| | - Alvaro L Perez-Quintero
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (J.E.A., J.L., A.L.P.-Q., Do.M., W.Z., J.J.B., Da.M.), Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center-Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (J.L., S.O.O., J.J.B.), Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program (I.G.), Center for Applied Plant Sciences (I.G., Da.M.), Department of Plant Pathology (D.L.C.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (Da.M.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; andCollege of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea (S.-M.P., M.G.K.)
| | - Irene Gentzel
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (J.E.A., J.L., A.L.P.-Q., Do.M., W.Z., J.J.B., Da.M.), Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center-Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (J.L., S.O.O., J.J.B.), Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program (I.G.), Center for Applied Plant Sciences (I.G., Da.M.), Department of Plant Pathology (D.L.C.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (Da.M.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; andCollege of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea (S.-M.P., M.G.K.)
| | - Doris Majerczak
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (J.E.A., J.L., A.L.P.-Q., Do.M., W.Z., J.J.B., Da.M.), Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center-Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (J.L., S.O.O., J.J.B.), Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program (I.G.), Center for Applied Plant Sciences (I.G., Da.M.), Department of Plant Pathology (D.L.C.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (Da.M.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; andCollege of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea (S.-M.P., M.G.K.)
| | - Stephen O Opiyo
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (J.E.A., J.L., A.L.P.-Q., Do.M., W.Z., J.J.B., Da.M.), Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center-Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (J.L., S.O.O., J.J.B.), Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program (I.G.), Center for Applied Plant Sciences (I.G., Da.M.), Department of Plant Pathology (D.L.C.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (Da.M.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; andCollege of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea (S.-M.P., M.G.K.)
| | - Wanying Zhao
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (J.E.A., J.L., A.L.P.-Q., Do.M., W.Z., J.J.B., Da.M.), Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center-Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (J.L., S.O.O., J.J.B.), Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program (I.G.), Center for Applied Plant Sciences (I.G., Da.M.), Department of Plant Pathology (D.L.C.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (Da.M.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; andCollege of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea (S.-M.P., M.G.K.)
| | - Seung-Mann Paek
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (J.E.A., J.L., A.L.P.-Q., Do.M., W.Z., J.J.B., Da.M.), Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center-Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (J.L., S.O.O., J.J.B.), Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program (I.G.), Center for Applied Plant Sciences (I.G., Da.M.), Department of Plant Pathology (D.L.C.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (Da.M.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; andCollege of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea (S.-M.P., M.G.K.)
| | - Min Gab Kim
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (J.E.A., J.L., A.L.P.-Q., Do.M., W.Z., J.J.B., Da.M.), Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center-Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (J.L., S.O.O., J.J.B.), Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program (I.G.), Center for Applied Plant Sciences (I.G., Da.M.), Department of Plant Pathology (D.L.C.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (Da.M.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; andCollege of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea (S.-M.P., M.G.K.)
| | - David L Coplin
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (J.E.A., J.L., A.L.P.-Q., Do.M., W.Z., J.J.B., Da.M.), Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center-Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (J.L., S.O.O., J.J.B.), Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program (I.G.), Center for Applied Plant Sciences (I.G., Da.M.), Department of Plant Pathology (D.L.C.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (Da.M.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; andCollege of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea (S.-M.P., M.G.K.)
| | - Joshua J Blakeslee
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (J.E.A., J.L., A.L.P.-Q., Do.M., W.Z., J.J.B., Da.M.), Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center-Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (J.L., S.O.O., J.J.B.), Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program (I.G.), Center for Applied Plant Sciences (I.G., Da.M.), Department of Plant Pathology (D.L.C.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (Da.M.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; andCollege of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea (S.-M.P., M.G.K.)
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science (J.E.A., J.L., A.L.P.-Q., Do.M., W.Z., J.J.B., Da.M.), Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center-Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (J.L., S.O.O., J.J.B.), Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program (I.G.), Center for Applied Plant Sciences (I.G., Da.M.), Department of Plant Pathology (D.L.C.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (Da.M.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; andCollege of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea (S.-M.P., M.G.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
In recent years, chemical biology and chemical genomics have been increasingly applied to the field of microbiology to uncover new potential therapeutics as well as to probe virulence mechanisms in pathogens. The approach offers some clear advantages, as identified compounds (i) can serve as a proof of principle for the applicability of drugs to specific targets; (ii) can serve as conditional effectors to explore the function of their targets in vitro and in vivo; (iii) can be used to modulate gene expression in otherwise genetically intractable organisms; and (iv) can be tailored to a narrow or broad range of bacteria. This review highlights recent examples from the literature to illustrate how the use of small molecules has advanced discovery of novel potential treatments and has been applied to explore biological mechanisms underlying pathogenicity. We also use these examples to discuss practical considerations that are key to establishing a screening or discovery program. Finally, we discuss the advantages and challenges of different approaches and the methods that are emerging to address these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Anthouard
- Laboratory of Genetics & Molecular Biology of Intestinal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Victor J DiRita
- Laboratory of Genetics & Molecular Biology of Intestinal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang F, Korban SS, Pusey PL, Elofsson M, Sundin GW, Zhao Y. Small-molecule inhibitors suppress the expression of both type III secretion and amylovoran biosynthesis genes in Erwinia amylovora. Mol Plant Pathol 2014; 15:44-57. [PMID: 23915008 PMCID: PMC6638656 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) amylovoran are two essential pathogenicity factors in Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of the serious bacterial disease fire blight. In this study, small molecules that inhibit T3SS gene expression in E. amylovora under hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity)-inducing conditions were identified and characterized using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter. These compounds belong to salicylidene acylhydrazides and also inhibit amylovoran production. Microarray analysis of E. amylovora treated with compounds 3 and 9 identified a total of 588 significantly differentially expressed genes. Among them, 95 and 78 genes were activated and suppressed by both compounds, respectively, when compared with the dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) control. The expression of the majority of T3SS genes in E. amylovora, including hrpL and the avrRpt2 effector gene, was suppressed by both compounds. Compound 3 also suppressed the expression of amylovoran precursor and biosynthesis genes. However, both compounds induced significantly the expression of glycogen biosynthesis genes and siderophore biosynthesis, regulatory and transport genes. Furthermore, many membrane, lipoprotein and exported protein-encoding genes were also activated by both compounds. Similar expression patterns were observed for compounds 1, 2 and 4. Using crab apple flower as a model, compound 3 was capable of reducing disease development in pistils. These results suggest a common inhibition mechanism shared by salicylidene acylhydrazides and indicate that small-molecule inhibitors that disable T3SS function could be explored to control fire blight disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jones C, Allsopp L, Horlick J, Kulasekara H, Filloux A. Subinhibitory concentration of kanamycin induces the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type VI secretion system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81132. [PMID: 24260549 PMCID: PMC3832665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium found in natural environments including plants, soils and warm moist surfaces. This organism is also in the top ten of nosocomial pathogens, and prevalent in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung infections. The ability of P. aeruginosa to colonize a wide variety of environments in a lasting manner is associated with the formation of a resistant biofilm and the capacity to efficiently outcompete other microorganisms. Here we demonstrate that sub-inhibitory concentration of kanamycin not only induces biofilm formation but also induces expression of the type VI secretion genes in the H1-T6SS cluster. The H1-T6SS is known for its role in toxin production and bacterial competition. We show that the antibiotic induction of the H1-T6SS only occurs when a functional Gac/Rsm pathway is present. These observations may contribute to understand how P. aeruginosa responds to antibiotic producing competitors. It also suggests that improper antibiotic therapy may enhance P. aeruginosa colonization, including in the airways of CF patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cerith Jones
- MRC-Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection (CBMI), Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Allsopp
- MRC-Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection (CBMI), Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Horlick
- MRC-Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection (CBMI), Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hemantha Kulasekara
- Departments of Genome Sciences, Medicine, and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alain Filloux
- MRC-Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection (CBMI), Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Serafini A, Pisu D, Palù G, Rodriguez GM, Manganelli R. The ESX-3 secretion system is necessary for iron and zinc homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78351. [PMID: 24155985 PMCID: PMC3796483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ESX-3 is one of the five type VII secretion systems encoded by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome. We recently showed the essentiality of ESX-3 for M. tuberculosis viability and proposed its involvement in iron and zinc metabolism. In this study we confirmed the role of ESX-3 in iron uptake and its involvement in the adaptation to low zinc environment in M. tuberculosis. Moreover, we unveiled functional differences between the ESX-3 roles in M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis showing that in the latter ESX-3 is only involved in the adaptation to iron and not to zinc restriction. Finally, we also showed that in M. tuberculosis this secretion system is essential for iron and zinc homeostasis not only in conditions in which the concentrations of these metals are limiting but also in metal sufficient conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Serafini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Pisu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G. Marcela Rodriguez
- Public Health Research Institute - Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Riccardo Manganelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khokhani D, Zhang C, Li Y, Wang Q, Zeng Q, Yamazaki A, Hutchins W, Zhou SS, Chen X, Yang CH. Discovery of plant phenolic compounds that act as type III secretion system inhibitors or inducers of the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5424-36. [PMID: 23770912 PMCID: PMC3754148 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00845-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora causes a devastating disease called fire blight in rosaceous plants. The type III secretion system (T3SS) is one of the important virulence factors utilized by E. amylovora in order to successfully infect its hosts. By using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter construct combined with a high-throughput flow cytometry assay, a library of phenolic compounds and their derivatives was studied for their ability to alter the expression of the T3SS. Based on the effectiveness of the compounds on the expression of the T3SS pilus, the T3SS inhibitors 4-methoxy-cinnamic acid (TMCA) and benzoic acid (BA) and one T3SS inducer, trans-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethenylsulfonate (EHPES), were chosen for further study. Both the T3SS inhibitors (TMCA and BA) and the T3SS inducer (EHPES) were found to alter the expression of T3SS through the HrpS-HrpL pathway. Additionally, TMCA altered T3SS expression through the rsmBEa-RsmAEa system. Finally, we found that TMCA and BA weakened the hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco by suppressing the T3SS of E. amylovora. In our study, we identified phenolic compounds that specifically targeted the T3SS. The T3SS inhibitor may offer an alternative approach to antimicrobial therapy by targeting virulence factors of bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Khokhani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chengfang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Zeng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Akihiro Yamazaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William Hutchins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shan-Shan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vikram A, Jesudhasan PR, Pillai SD, Patil BS. Isolimonic acid interferes with Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm and TTSS in QseBC and QseA dependent fashion. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:261. [PMID: 23153211 PMCID: PMC3562146 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC) is an important human pathogen. The antibiotic treatment of EHEC reportedly results in release of Shiga toxin and is therefore discouraged. Consequently, alternative preventive or therapeutic strategies for EHEC are required. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of citrus limonoids on cell-cell signaling, biofilm formation and type III secretion system in EHEC. RESULTS Isolimonic acid and ichangin were the most potent inhibitors of EHEC biofilm (IC25=19.7 and 28.3 μM, respectively) and adhesion to Caco-2 cells. The qPCR analysis revealed that isolimonic acid and ichangin repressed LEE encoded genes by ≈3 to 12 fold. In addition, flhDC was repressed by the two limonoids (≈3 to 7 fold). Further studies suggested that isolimonic acid interferes with AI-3/epinephrine activated cell-cell signaling pathway. Loss of biofilm inhibitory activity of isolimonic acid in ΔqseBC mutant, which could be restored upon complementation, suggested a dependence on functional QseBC. Additionally, overexpression of qseBC in wild type EHEC abated the inhibitory effect of isolimonic acid. Furthermore, the isolimonic acid failed to differentially regulate ler in ΔqseA mutant, while plasmid borne expression of qseA in ΔqseA background restored the repressive effect of isolimonic acid. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, results of study seem to suggest that isolimonic acid and ichangin are potent inhibitors of EHEC biofilm and TTSS. Furthermore, isolimonic acid appears to interfere with AI-3/epinephrine pathway in QseBC and QseA dependent fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Vikram
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A &M University, Texas, 77843-2119, USA
| | - Palmy R Jesudhasan
- Food Safety & Environmental Microbiology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, Texas, 77843-2472, USA
| | - Suresh D Pillai
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A &M University, Texas, 77843-2119, USA
- Food Safety & Environmental Microbiology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, Texas, 77843-2472, USA
| | - Bhimanagouda S Patil
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A &M University, Texas, 77843-2119, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Holmes TC, May AE, Zaleta-Rivera K, Ruby JG, Skewes-Cox P, Fischbach MA, DeRisi JL, Iwatsuki M, Ōmura S, Khosla C. Molecular insights into the biosynthesis of guadinomine: a type III secretion system inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17797-806. [PMID: 23030602 PMCID: PMC3483642 DOI: 10.1021/ja308622d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Guadinomines are a recently discovered family of anti-infective compounds produced by Streptomyces sp. K01-0509 with a novel mode of action. With an IC(50) of 14 nM, guadinomine B is the most potent known inhibitor of the type III secretion system (TTSS) of Gram-negative bacteria. TTSS activity is required for the virulence of many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli , Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp., Chlamydia spp., Vibrio spp., and Pseudomonas spp. The guadinomine (gdn) biosynthetic gene cluster has been cloned and sequenced and includes 26 open reading frames spanning 51.2 kb. It encodes a chimeric multimodular polyketide synthase, a nonribosomal peptide synthetase, along with enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the unusual aminomalonyl-acyl carrier protein extender unit and the signature carbamoylated cyclic guanidine. Its identity was established by targeted disruption of the gene cluster as well as by heterologous expression and analysis of key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway. Identifying the guadinomine gene cluster provides critical insight into the biosynthesis of these scarce but potentially important natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy C. Holmes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Aaron E. May
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | | | - J. Graham Ruby
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Peter Skewes-Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Michael A. Fischbach
- Computational and Systems Biology, Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Masato Iwatsuki
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minatoku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minatoku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Berthier S, Nguyen MVC, Baillet A, Hograindleur MA, Paclet MH, Polack B, Morel F. Molecular interface of S100A8 with cytochrome b558 and NADPH oxidase activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40277. [PMID: 22808130 PMCID: PMC3393751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are two calcium binding Myeloid Related Proteins, and important mediators of inflammatory diseases. They were recently introduced as partners for phagocyte NADPH oxidase regulation. However, the precise mechanism of their interaction remains elusive. We had for aim (i) to evaluate the impact of S100 proteins on NADPH oxidase activity; (ii) to characterize molecular interaction of either S100A8, S100A9, or S100A8/S100A9 heterocomplex with cytochrome b558; and (iii) to determine the S100A8 consensus site involved in cytochrome b558/S100 interface. Recombinant full length or S100A9-A8 truncated chimera proteins and ExoS-S100 fusion proteins were expressed in E. coli and in P. aeruginosa respectively. Our results showed that S100A8 is the functional partner for NADPH oxidase activation contrary to S100A9, however, the loading with calcium and a combination with phosphorylated S100A9 are essential in vivo. Endogenous S100A9 and S100A8 colocalize in differentiated and PMA stimulated PLB985 cells, with Nox2/gp91phox and p22phox. Recombinant S100A8, loaded with calcium and fused with the first 129 or 54 N-terminal amino acid residues of the P. aeruginosa ExoS toxin, induced a similar oxidase activation in vitro, to the one observed with S100A8 in the presence of S100A9 in vivo. This suggests that S100A8 is the essential component of the S100A9/S100A8 heterocomplex for oxidase activation. In this context, recombinant full-length rS100A9-A8 and rS100A9-A8 truncated 90 chimera proteins as opposed to rS100A9-A8 truncated 86 and rS100A9-A8 truncated 57 chimeras, activate the NADPH oxidase function of purified cytochrome b558 suggesting that the C-terminal region of S100A8 is directly involved in the molecular interface with the hemoprotein. The data point to four strategic 87HEES90 amino acid residues of the S100A8 C-terminal sequence that are involved directly in the molecular interaction with cytochrome b558 and then in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Berthier
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Laboratoire “Aging Imaging Modeling” (AGIM), Formation de Recherche en évolution (FRE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 3405, Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Minh Vu Chuong Nguyen
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Laboratoire “Aging Imaging Modeling” (AGIM), Formation de Recherche en évolution (FRE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 3405, Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Athan Baillet
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Laboratoire “Aging Imaging Modeling” (AGIM), Formation de Recherche en évolution (FRE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 3405, Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Grenoble, France
| | - Marc-André Hograindleur
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Laboratoire “Aging Imaging Modeling” (AGIM), Formation de Recherche en évolution (FRE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 3405, Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Paclet
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Laboratoire “Aging Imaging Modeling” (AGIM), Formation de Recherche en évolution (FRE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 3405, Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
- « Laboratoire des Enzymes et des Protéines », Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Grenoble, France
- « Institut de Biologie et Pathologie », Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Grenoble, France
| | - Benoît Polack
- « Institut de Biologie et Pathologie », Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Grenoble, France
- Techniques de l’Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité–Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications de Grenoble (TIMC-IMAG) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5525 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Françoise Morel
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Laboratoire “Aging Imaging Modeling” (AGIM), Formation de Recherche en évolution (FRE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 3405, Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fedina ED, Kolkova NI, Koroleva EA, Shabalina LA, Grabko VI, Zigangirova NA. [Influence of Chlamydia trachomatis type III secretion system on regulation of cytokine response]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2012:26-32. [PMID: 22937701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Develop in vitro model for studying production of cytokines by monocyte cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis mediated by type III secretion system (TTSS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Strain C. trachomatis L2/434/Bu was used in the experiments, culture of human monocytes U-937 was infected by this strain. Level of inflammatory cytokines was measured on flow analyzer Bio-Plex 200 (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Low molecular compound LHC-342 which belongs to the class of heterocyclic compounds was used as TTSS inhibitor. RESULTS 24 hours after the infection with C. trachomatis culture 8 analyzed cytokines are induced in U-937 cells (IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, TNFalpha). The most pronounced increase was observed for IL-8, GM-CSF and IFN-gamma. Introduction of TTSS inhibitor into the culture of infected cells suppressed chlamydia growth, but addition of FeSO4 restored the growth of chlamydiae. And activity associated with translocation of effector TTSS protein IncA to inclusion membrane was suppressed. Under the conditions of the obtained model of TTSS inhibition during intracellular development of C. trachomatis a significant decrease of 2 pro-inflammatory cytokines--IL-6 and IL-1beta--was observed. CONCLUSION Cytokine response plays a key role in the protective immune response in chlamydia infection but at the same time induces immunopathologic conditions. The data obtained give reasons to assume role of C. trachomatis TTSS in the induction of this component of immune response that requires further detailed studies.
Collapse
|