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Punjani N, Deska-Gauthier D, Hachem LD, Abramian M, Fehlings MG. Neuroplasticity and regeneration after spinal cord injury. N Am Spine Soc J 2023; 15:100235. [PMID: 37416090 PMCID: PMC10320621 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2023.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition with significant personal, societal, and economic burden. The highest proportion of traumatic injuries occur at the cervical level, which results in severe sensorimotor and autonomic deficits. Following the initial physical damage associated with traumatic injuries, secondary pro-inflammatory, excitotoxic, and ischemic cascades are initiated further contributing to neuronal and glial cell death. Additionally, emerging evidence has begun to reveal that spinal interneurons undergo subtype specific neuroplastic circuit rearrangements in the weeks to months following SCI, contributing to or hindering functional recovery. The current therapeutic guidelines and standards of care for SCI patients include early surgery, hemodynamic regulation, and rehabilitation. Additionally, preclinical work and ongoing clinical trials have begun exploring neuroregenerative strategies utilizing endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells, stem cell transplantation, combinatorial approaches, and direct cell reprogramming. This review will focus on emerging cellular and noncellular regenerative therapies with an overview of the current available strategies, the role of interneurons in plasticity, and the exciting research avenues enhancing tissue repair following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayaab Punjani
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dylan Deska-Gauthier
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laureen D. Hachem
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Madlene Abramian
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Guo X, Khosraviani N, Raju S, Singh J, Farahani NZ, Abramian M, Torres VJ, Howe KL, Fish JE, Kapus A, Lee WL. Endothelial ACKR1 is induced by neutrophil contact and down-regulated by secretion in extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181016. [PMID: 37153544 PMCID: PMC10160463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptor-1 (ACKR1), previously known as the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines, is a widely conserved cell surface protein that is expressed on erythrocytes and the endothelium of post-capillary venules. In addition to being the receptor for the parasite causing malaria, ACKR1 has been postulated to regulate innate immunity by displaying and trafficking chemokines. Intriguingly, a common mutation in its promoter leads to loss of the erythrocyte protein but leaves endothelial expression unaffected. Study of endothelial ACKR1 has been limited by the rapid down-regulation of both transcript and protein when endothelial cells are extracted and cultured from tissue. Thus, to date the study of endothelial ACKR1 has been limited to heterologous over-expression models or the use of transgenic mice. Here we report that exposure to whole blood induces ACKR1 mRNA and protein expression in cultured primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells. We found that contact with neutrophils is required for this effect. We show that NF-κB regulates ACKR1 expression and that upon removal of blood, the protein is rapidly secreted by extracellular vesicles. Finally, we confirm that endogenous ACKR1 does not signal upon stimulation with IL-8 or CXCL1. Our observations define a simple method for inducing endogenous endothelial ACKR1 protein that will facilitate further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Guo
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Negar Khosraviani
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sneha Raju
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joshya Singh
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Madlene Abramian
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kathryn L. Howe
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason E. Fish
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andras Kapus
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Warren L. Lee
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Warren L. Lee, ;
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Khosraviani N, Farahani NZ, Abramian M, Wang C, Lee WL. Induction And Regulation of Endogenous DARC Expression in Primary Human Endothelial Cells. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.04927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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