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Broering MF, Oseliero Filho PL, Borges PP, da Silva LCC, Knirsch MC, Xavier LF, Scharf P, Sandri S, Stephano MA, de Oliveira FA, Sayed IM, Gamarra LF, Das S, Fantini MCA, Farsky SHP. Development of Ac2-26 Mesoporous Microparticle System as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3537-3554. [PMID: 38638365 PMCID: PMC11024051 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s451589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) disrupt the intestinal epithelium, leading to severe chronic inflammation. Current therapies cause adverse effects and are expensive, invasive, and ineffective for most patients. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a pivotal endogenous anti-inflammatory and tissue repair protein in IBD. Nanostructured compounds loading AnxA1 or its active N-terminal mimetic peptides improve IBD symptomatology. Methods To further explore their potential as a therapeutic candidate, the AnxA1 N-terminal mimetic peptide Ac2-26 was incorporated into SBA-15 ordered mesoporous silica and covered with EL30D-55 to deliver it by oral treatment into the inflamed gut. Results The systems SBA-Ac2-26 developed measurements revealed self-assembled rod-shaped particles, likely on the external surface of SBA-15, and 88% of peptide incorporation. SBA-15 carried the peptide Ac2-26 into cultured Raw 264.7 macrophages and Caco-2 epithelial cells. Moreover, oral administration of Eudragit-SBA-15-Ac2-26 (200 μg; once a day; for 4 days) reduced colitis clinical symptoms, inflammation, and improved epithelium recovery in mice under dextran-sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Discussion The absorption of SBA-15 in gut epithelial cells is typically low; however, the permeable inflamed barrier can enable microparticles to cross, being phagocyted by macrophages. These findings suggest that Ac2-26 is successfully delivered and binds to its receptors in both epithelial and immune cells, aligning with the clinical results. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate a simple and cost-effective approach to delivering Ac2-26 orally into the inflamed gut, highlighting its potential as non-invasive IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Fronza Broering
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Leonidas Oseliero Filho
- Department of Applied Physics, Physics Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, MSY, UK
| | - Pâmela Pacassa Borges
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Camargo Knirsch
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana Filippi Xavier
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo Scharf
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana Sandri
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Stephano
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Anselmo de Oliveira
- Instituto do Cérebro, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Hospital Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Lionel Fernel Gamarra
- Instituto do Cérebro, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Hospital Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Márcia C A Fantini
- Department of Applied Physics, Physics Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra H P Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Broering MF, Tocci S, Sout NT, Reutelingsperger C, Farsky SHP, Das S, Sayed IM. Development of an Inflamed High Throughput Stem-cell-based Gut Epithelium Model to Assess the Impact of Annexin A1. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10708-4. [PMID: 38498294 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Annexin A1 (ANXA1) plays a role in maintaining intestinal hemostasis, especially following mucosal inflammation. The published data about ANXA1 was derived from experimental animal models where there is an overlapping between epithelial and immune cells. There is no in vitro gut epithelial model that can assess the direct effect of ANXA1 on the gut epithelium. METHODS We developed high-throughput stem-cell-based murine epithelial cells and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were used to induce inflammation. The impact of ANXA1 and its functional part (Ac2-26) was evaluated in the inflamed model. Intestinal integrity was assessed by the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and FITC-Dextran permeability. Epithelial junction proteins were assessed using confocal microscopy and RT-qPCR. Inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by RT-qPCR and ELISA. RESULTS LPS challenge mediated a damage in the epithelial cells as shown by a drop in the TEER and an increase in FITC-dextran permeability; reduced the expression of epithelial junctional proteins (Occludin, ZO-1, and Cadherin) and increased the expression of the gut leaky protein, Claudin - 2. ANXA1 and Ac2-26 treatment reduced the previous damaging effects. In addition, ANXA1 and Ac2-26 inhibited the inflammatory responses mediated by the LPS and increased the transcription of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. CONCLUSION ANXA1 and Ac2-26 directly protect the epithelial integrity by affecting the expression of epithelial junction and inflammatory markers. The inflamed gut model is a reliable tool to study intestinal inflammatory diseases, and to evaluate the efficacy of potential anti-inflammatory drugs and the screening of new drugs that could be candidates for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Fronza Broering
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Stefania Tocci
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Noah T Sout
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Chris Reutelingsperger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6211 LK, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra H P Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
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Elsaghir A, El-Sabaa EMW, Zahran AM, Mandour SA, Salama EH, Aboulfotuh S, El-Morshedy RM, Tocci S, Mandour AM, Ali WE, Abdel-Wahid L, Sayed IM, El-Mokhtar MA. Elevated CD39+T-Regulatory Cells and Reduced Levels of Adenosine Indicate a Role for Tolerogenic Signals in the Progression from Moderate to Severe COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17614. [PMID: 38139439 PMCID: PMC10744088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger inflammation by controlling ATP release. CD39 ectoenzymes hydrolyze ATP/ADP to AMP, which is converted by CD73 into anti-inflammatory adenosine (ADO). ADO is an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant molecule which can enhance viral persistence and severity. The CD39-CD73-adenosine axis contributes to the immunosuppressive T-reg microenvironment and may affect COVID-19 disease progression. Here, we investigated the link between CD39 expression, mostly on T-regs, and levels of CD73, adenosine, and adenosine receptors with COVID-19 severity and progression. Our study included 73 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, of which 33 were moderately affected and 40 suffered from severe infection. A flow cytometric analysis was used to analyze the frequency of T-regulatory cells (T-regs), CD39+ T-regs, and CD39+CD4+ T-cells. Plasma concentrations of adenosine, IL-10, and TGF-β were quantified via an ELISA. An RT-qPCR was used to analyze the gene expression of CD73 and adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). T-reg cells were higher in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls (7.4 ± 0.79 vs. 2.4 ± 0.28; p < 0.0001). Patients also had a higher frequency of the CD39+ T-reg subset. In addition, patients who suffered from a severe form of the disease had higher CD39+ T-regs compared with moderately infected patients. CD39+CD4+ T cells were increased in patients compared to the control group. An analysis of serum adenosine levels showed a marked decrease in their levels in patients, particularly those suffering from severe illness. However, this was paralleled with a marked decline in the expression levels of CD73. IL-10 and TGF-β levels were higher in COVID-19; in addition, their values were also higher in the severe group. In conclusion, there are distinct immunological alterations in CD39+ lymphocyte subsets and a dysregulation in the adenosine signaling pathway in COVID-19 patients which may contribute to immune dysfunction and disease progression. Understanding these immunological alterations in the different immune cell subsets and adenosine signaling provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting specific immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Elsaghir
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ehsan M. W. El-Sabaa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M. Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sahar A. Mandour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt
| | - Eman H. Salama
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Sahar Aboulfotuh
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Reham M. El-Morshedy
- Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Stefania Tocci
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Mandour
- Department of Anesthesia and ICU, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Wael Esmat Ali
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Lobna Abdel-Wahid
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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Sayed IM, El-Shamy A, Abdelwahab SF. Emerging Pathogens Causing Acute Hepatitis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2952. [PMID: 38138096 PMCID: PMC10745594 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatitis is defined as an inflammation or injury in the hepatocytes that continues for a short period of time (less than 6 months) [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Ahmed El-Shamy
- Master of Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
| | - Sayed F Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Tapryal N, Chakraborty A, Saha K, Islam A, Pan L, Hosoki K, Sayed IM, Duran JM, Alcantara J, Castillo V, Tindle C, Sarker AH, Wakamiya M, Cardenas VJ, Sharma G, Crotty Alexander LE, Sur S, Sahoo D, Ghosh G, Das S, Ghosh P, Boldogh I, Hazra TK. The DNA glycosylase NEIL2 is protective during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8169. [PMID: 38071370 PMCID: PMC10710473 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced aggravation of host innate immune response not only causes tissue damage and multiorgan failure in COVID-19 patients but also induces host genome damage and activates DNA damage response pathways. To test whether the compromised DNA repair capacity of individuals modulates the severity of COVID-19 infection, we analyze DNA repair gene expression in publicly available patient datasets and observe a lower level of the DNA glycosylase NEIL2 in the lungs of severely infected COVID-19 patients. This observation of lower NEIL2 levels is further validated in infected patients, hamsters and ACE2 receptor-expressing human A549 (A549-ACE2) cells. Furthermore, delivery of recombinant NEIL2 in A549-ACE2 cells shows decreased expression of proinflammatory genes and viral E-gene, as well as lowers the yield of viral progeny compared to mock-treated cells. Mechanistically, NEIL2 cooperatively binds to the 5'-UTR of SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA to block viral protein synthesis. Collectively, these data strongly suggest that the maintenance of basal NEIL2 levels is critical for the protective response of hosts to viral infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Tapryal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kaushik Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, 522240, India
| | - Azharul Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Lang Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Koa Hosoki
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Science, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Jason M Duran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UC San Diego Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joshua Alcantara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Vanessa Castillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Courtney Tindle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Altaf H Sarker
- Department of Cancer and DNA Damage Responses, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Victor J Cardenas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Gulshan Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | | | - Sanjiv Sur
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Gourisankar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Science, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Sharma A, Achi SC, Ibeawuchi SR, Anandachar MS, Gementera H, Chaudhury U, Usmani F, Vega K, Sayed IM, Das S. The crosstalk between microbial sensors ELMO1 and NOD2 shape intestinal immune responses. Virulence 2023; 14:2171690. [PMID: 36694274 PMCID: PMC9980453 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2171690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial sensors play an essential role in maintaining cellular homoeostasis. Our knowledge is limited on how microbial sensing helps in differential immune response and its link to inflammatory diseases. Recently we have confirmed that ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility Protein-1) present in cytosol is involved in pathogen sensing, engulfment, and intestinal inflammation. Here, we show that ELMO1 interacts with another sensor, NOD2 (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2), that recognizes bacterial cell wall component muramyl dipeptide (MDP). The polymorphism of NOD2 is linked to Crohn's disease (CD) pathogenesis. Interestingly, we found that overexpression of ELMO1 and mutant NOD2 (L1007fs) were not able to clear the CD-associated adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC-LF82). The functional implications of ELMO1-NOD2 interaction in epithelial cells were evaluated by using enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) from ELMO1 and NOD2 KO mice. Subsequently we also assessed the immune response in J774 macrophages depleted of either ELMO1 or NOD2 or both. The infection of murine EDMs with AIEC-LF82 showed higher bacterial load in ELMO1-KO, NOD2 KO EDMs, and ELMO1 KO EDMs treated with NOD2 inhibitors. The murine macrophage cells showed that the downregulation of ELMO1 and NOD2 is associated with impaired bacterial clearance that is linked to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Our results indicated that the crosstalk between microbial sensors in enteric infection and inflammatory diseases impacts the fate of the bacterial load and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Stella-Rita Ibeawuchi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Hobie Gementera
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | - Uddeep Chaudhury
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | - Fatima Usmani
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kevin Vega
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Science, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, USA
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El-Mokhtar MA, Elkhawaga AA, Ahmed MSH, El-Sabaa EMW, Mosa AA, Abdelmohsen AS, Moussa AM, Salama EH, Aboulfotuh S, Ashmawy AM, Seddik AI, Sayed IM, Ramadan HKA. High Incidence of Acute Liver Failure among Patients in Egypt Coinfected with Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2898. [PMID: 38138042 PMCID: PMC10745896 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) are transmitted through the fecal-oral route. HAV outbreaks and one HEV outbreak have been reported in Egypt. However, the impact of HAV-HEV co-infection is not known. In this study, we assessed HEV markers in acute HAV-infected patients (n = 57) enrolled in Assiut University hospitals. We found that 36.8% of HAV-infected patients were also positive for HEV markers (anti-HEV IgM and HEV RNA), while 63.2% of the patients were HAV mono-infected. Demographic and clinical criteria were comparable in both HAV mono-infected patients and HAV-HEV co-infected patients. Although liver enzymes were not significantly different between the two groups, liver transaminases were higher in the co-infected patients. Six patients developed acute liver failure (ALF); five of them were HAV-HEV-co-infected patients. The relative risk of ALF development was 8.5 times higher in HAV-HEV co-infection compared to mono-infection. Three cases of ALF caused by HAV-HEV co-infection were reported in children (below 18 years) and two cases were reported in adults. All patients developed jaundice, coagulopathy, and encephalopathy; all were living in rural communities. In conclusion: HAV-HEV co-infection can be complicated by ALF. The risk of ALF development in HAV-infected patients is higher when coinfection with HEV is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
| | - Amal A. Elkhawaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Mona Sedky Hussein Ahmed
- Molecular Biology Researches & Studies Institute (MBRSI), Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ehsan M. W. El-Sabaa
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Aliaa A. Mosa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shawkat Abdelmohsen
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Abdelmajeed M. Moussa
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Eman H. Salama
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Sahar Aboulfotuh
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Ashmawy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail Seddik
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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8
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El-Mokhtar MA, Kamel AM, El-Sabaa EMW, Mandour SA, Abdelmohsen AS, Moussa AM, Salama EH, Aboulfotuh S, Abdel-Wahid L, Abdel Aziz EM, Azoz NMA, Sayed IM, Elkhawaga AA. Evidence of a Link between Hepatitis E Virus Exposure and Glomerulonephritis Development. Viruses 2023; 15:1379. [PMID: 37376678 DOI: 10.3390/v15061379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses can trigger glomerulonephritis (GN) development. Hepatitis viruses, especially Hepatitis C virus and Hepatitis B viruses, are examples of the viruses that trigger GN initiation or progression. However, the proof of a correlation between GN and Hepatitis E virus infection is not clear. Some studies confirmed the development of GN during acute or chronic HEV infections, mainly caused by genotype 3. While others reported that there is no relation between HEV exposure and GN development. A recent study showed that a reduced glomerular filtration rate was developed in 16% of acute HEV genotype 1 (HEV-1) infections that returned to normal during recovery. HEV-1 is endemic in Egypt with a high seroprevalence among villagers and pregnant women. There is no available data about a link between HEV and GN in Egypt. METHODS GN patients (n = 43) and matched healthy subjects (n = 36) enrolled in Assiut University hospitals were included in this study. Blood samples were screened for hepatotropic pathogens. Tests for HEV markers such as HEV RNA and anti-HEV antibodies (IgM and IgG) were performed. Laboratory parameters were compared in HEV-seropositive and HEV-seronegative GN patients. RESULTS Anti-HEV IgG was detected in 26 (60.5%) out of 43 GN patients. HEV seroprevalence was significantly higher in GN than in healthy controls, suggesting that HEV exposure is a risk factor for GN development. None of the GN patients nor the healthy subjects were positive for anti-HEV IgM or HEV RNA. There was no significant difference between seropositive and seronegative GN patients in terms of age, gender, albumin, kidney function profiles, or liver transaminases. However, anti-HEV IgG positive GN patients had higher bilirubin levels than anti-HEV IgG negative GN patients. HEV-seropositive GN patients had a significantly elevated AST level compared to HEV-seropositive healthy subjects. CONCLUSION exposure to HEV infection could be complicated by the development of GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ayat M Kamel
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ehsan M W El-Sabaa
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sahar A Mandour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shawkat Abdelmohsen
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Abdelmajeed M Moussa
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Eman H Salama
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Sahar Aboulfotuh
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Lobna Abdel-Wahid
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Essam M Abdel Aziz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Nashwa Mostafa A Azoz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Amal A Elkhawaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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9
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Elkhawaga AA, El-Mokhtar MA, Mahmoud AA, Ali WE, Mohamed DS, Kamel AM, Mesalam AA, Mousa NHS, Ashmawy AM, Abdel Aziz EM, Sayed IM, Ramadan HKA, Elkholy YS. First Report on Abnormal Renal Function in Acute Hepatitis E Genotype 1 Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050687. [PMID: 37242358 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired renal functions have been reported with Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections, especially with genotypes 3 and 4. These complications were reported during the acute and chronic phases of infection. HEV genotype 1 causes acute infection, and the effect of HEV-1 infections on renal functions is not known. We examined the kidney function parameters in the serum of HEV-1 patients (AHE, n = 31) during the acute phase of infection. All of the included patients developed an acute self-limiting course of infection, without progression to fulminant hepatic failure. We compared the demographic, laboratory, and clinical data between AHE patients with normal kidney function parameters and those with abnormal renal parameters. Out of 31 AHE patients, 5 (16%) had abnormal kidney function tests (KFTs) during the acute phase of infection. Three patients had abnormal serum urea and creatinine, and two patients had either abnormal urea or creatinine. Four out of five patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. AHE patients with abnormal KFTs were older and had a lower level of albumin, but a slightly elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) compared to AHE patients with normal KFTs. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, sex, liver transaminase levels, and the viral load. Similarly, the clinical presentations were comparable in both groups. Interestingly, these KFTs in patients with abnormal renal parameters returned to normal levels at the recovery. The serum creatinine level was not correlated with patients' age or liver transaminase levels, but it was significantly negatively correlated with albumin level. In conclusion, this study is the first report that evaluated KFTs in patients during the acute phase of HEV-1 infections. Impaired KFTs in some AHE patients resolved at convalescence. KFTs and renal complications should be monitored during HEV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A Elkhawaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Amal A Mahmoud
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Wael Esmat Ali
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University Assuit Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Doaa Safwat Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Ayat M Kamel
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Atef Mesalam
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Nermien H S Mousa
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Ashmawy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Essam M Abdel Aziz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Samy Elkholy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
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10
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Sayed IM, Inouye K, Das S, Alexander LC. Isolation of RNA from the Murine Colonic Tissue and qRT-PCR for Inflammatory Cytokines. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4634. [PMID: 36968437 PMCID: PMC10031518 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette (E-cig) inhalation affects health status by modulating inflammation profiles in several organs, including the brain, lung, heart, and colon. The effect of flavored fourth-generation pod-based E-cigs (JUUL) on murine gut inflammation is modulated by both flavor and exposure period. Exposure of mice to JUUL mango and JUUL mint for one month upregulated inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF-α, IL-6, and Cxcl-1 (IL-8). JUUL Mango effects were more prominent than those incurred by JUUL Mint after one month of exposure. However, JUUL Mango reduced the expression of colonic inflammatory cytokines after three months of exposure. In this protocol, we detail the process of RNA isolation from the mouse colon and the use of extracted RNA in profiling the inflammatory milieu. Efficient RNA extraction from the murine colon is the most important step in the evaluation of inflammatory transcripts in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), CA 92093, USA
| | - Kaili Inouye
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), CA 92093, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), CA 92093, USA
- Moore’s Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSD, CA92093, USA
| | - Laura Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, 92161, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Physiology, Department of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, United States
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11
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Ahmed AK, Sijercic VC, Sayad R, Ruthig GR, Abdelwahab SF, El-Mokhtar MA, Sayed IM. Risks and Preventions for Pregnant Women and Their Preterm Infants in a World with COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030640. [PMID: 36992224 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background and Aim: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is linked to increasing cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world. COVID-19 infections have an important impact on pregnancy, preterm birth (PTB) and delivery. Although several complications have been reported in infected pregnant women, the effect of infection on PTB is controversial. The purpose of this study was to summarize the existing literature on the effects and complications of COVID-19 on the health of pregnant women and preterm babies and its impact on the incidence of PTB. We also discuss the effect of current COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy. (2) Methods: We carried out a systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed for studies on preterm births associated with COVID-19. (3) Results and Conclusions: We discovered contradictory results regarding the prevalence of PTB during the pandemic compared to earlier years. While most studies indicated an increase in PTBs with COVID-19, some indicated a decline in the preterm delivery rate during this time. During pregnancy, COVID-19 infection can increase the incidence of cesarean section, stillbirth, ICU admission, preeclampsia/eclampsia, and mortality rates. In the treatment of pregnant women with severe COVID-19, methylprednisolone was favored over prednisolone, and a brief course of dexamethasone is advised for pregnant women with anticipated PTB to accelerate the development of the fetal lung. Generally, vaccination for COVID-19 in pregnant and lactating women stimulates anti-SARS-CoV2 immune responses, and it does not result in any noteworthy negative reactions or outcomes for the mother or baby.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reem Sayad
- Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Gregory R Ruthig
- Department of Biology, North Central College, Naperville, IL 60540, USA
| | - Sayed F Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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12
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Tindle C, Katkar GD, Fonseca AG, Taheri S, Lee J, Maity P, Sayed IM, Ibeawuchi SR, Vidales E, Pranadinata RF, Fuller M, Stec DL, Anandachar MS, Perry K, Le HN, Ear J, Boland BS, Sandborn WJ, Sahoo D, Das S, Ghosh P. A Living Organoid Biobank of Crohn's Disease Patients Reveals Molecular Subtypes for Personalized Therapeutics. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.11.532245. [PMID: 36993763 PMCID: PMC10054961 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.11.532245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a complex, clinically heterogeneous disease of multifactorial origin; there is no perfect pre-clinical model, little insight into the basis for such heterogeneity, and still no cure. To address these unmet needs, we sought to explore the translational potential of adult stem cell-derived organoids that not only retain their tissue identity, but also their genetic and epigenetic disease-driving traits. We prospectively created a biobank of CD patient-derived organoid cultures (PDOs) using biopsied tissues from colons of 34 consecutive subjects representing all clinical subtypes (Montreal Classification B1-B3 and perianal disease). PDOs were generated also from healthy subjects. Comparative gene expression analyses enabled benchmarking of PDOs as tools for modeling the colonic epithelium in active disease and revealed that despite the clinical heterogeneity there are two major molecular subtypes: immune-deficient infectious-CD [IDICD] and stress and senescence-induced fibrostenotic-CD [S2FCD]. The transcriptome, genome and phenome show a surprising degree of internal consistency within each molecular subtype. The spectrum of morphometric, phenotypic, and functional changes within the "living biobank" reveals distinct differences between the molecular subtypes. These insights enabled drug screens that reversed subtype-specific phenotypes, e.g., impaired microbial clearance in IDICD was reversed using agonists for nuclear receptors, and senescence in S2FCD was rectified using senotherapeutics, but not vice versa . Phenotyped-genotyped CD-PDOs may fill the gap between basic biology and patient trials by enabling pre-clinical Phase '0' human trials for personalized therapeutics. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT In Brief This work creates a prospectively biobanked phenotyped-genotyped Crohn's disease patient-derived organoids (CD-PDOs) as platforms for molecular subtyping of disease and for ushering personalized therapeutics. HIGHLIGHTS Prospectively biobanked CD-organoids recapitulate the disease epithelium in patientsThe phenome-transcriptome-genome of CD-organoids converge on two molecular subtypesOne subtype shows impaired microbial clearance, another increased cellular senescencePhenotyped-genotyped PDOs are then used for integrative and personalized therapeutics.
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13
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Achi SC, Karimilangi S, Lie D, Sayed IM, Das S. The WxxxE proteins in microbial pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:197-213. [PMID: 35287539 PMCID: PMC9737147 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2046546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Effector proteins secreted by pathogens modulate various host cellular processes and help in bacterial pathogenesis. Some of these proteins, injected by enteric pathogens via Type Three Secretion System (T3SS) were grouped together based on a conserved signature motif (WxxxE) present in them. The presence of WxxxE motif is not limited to effectors released by enteric pathogens or the T3SS but has been detected in non-enteric pathogens, plant pathogens and in association with Type II and Type IV secretion systems. WxxxE effectors are involved in actin organization, inflammation regulation, vacuole or tubule formation, endolysosomal signalling regulation, tight junction disruption, and apoptosis. The WxxxE sequence has also been identified in TIR [Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor] domains of bacteria and host. In the present review, we have focussed on the established and predicted functions of WxxxE effectors secreted by several pathogens, including enteric, non-enteric, and plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sareh Karimilangi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dominique Lie
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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14
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Sayed IM, Chakraborty A, Das S. Assays with Patient-Derived Organoids to Evaluate the Impact of Microbial Infection on Base Excision Repair (BER) Enzymes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2701:157-172. [PMID: 37574481 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3373-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbes play an important role in regulating cellular responses and the induction of chronic diseases. Infection and chronic inflammation can cause DNA damage, and the accumulation of mutations leads to cancer development. The well-known examples of cancer-associated microbes are Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Bacteroides fragilis, and E.coli NC101 in colorectal cancer (CRC). These carcinopathogens modify the expressions of the base excision repair enzymes and cause DNA damage. This chapter will show how Fn can initiate CRC through the downregulation of a critical enzyme of the base excision repair (BER) pathway that subsequently causes accumulation of DNA damage. We used the stem cell-based organoid model and enteroid-derived monolayer (EDM) from the murine and human colon to assess the impact of infection on the expression of BER enzymes on the transcriptional and translational levels and to develop other functional assays. For example, we used this EDM model to assess the inflammatory response, DNA damage response, and physiological responses, where we correlated the level of these parameters to BER enzyme levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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15
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Sayed IM, Abdelwahab SF. Is Hepatitis E Virus a Neglected or Emerging Pathogen in Egypt? Pathogens 2022; 11:1337. [PMID: 36422589 PMCID: PMC9697431 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Though Egypt ranks among the top countries for viral hepatitis and death-related liver disease, Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a neglected pathogen. Living in villages and rural communities with low sanitation, use of underground well water and contact with animals are the main risk factors for HEV infection. Domestic animals, especially ruminants and their edible products, are one source of infection. Contamination of water by either human or animal stools is the main route of infection. In addition, HEV either alone or in coinfection with other hepatotropic viruses has been recorded in Egyptian blood donors. HEV seropositivity among Egyptian villagers was 60-80%, especially in the first decade of life. Though HEV seropositivity is the highest among Egyptians, HEV infection is not routinely diagnosed in Egyptian hospitals. The initial manifestations of HEV among Egyptians is a subclinical infection, although progression to fulminant hepatic failure has been recorded. With the improvement in serological and molecular approaches and increasing research on HEV, it is becoming clear that HEV represents a threat for Egyptians and preventive measures should be considered to reduce the infection rate and possible complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sayed F. Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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16
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El-Mokhtar MA, Sayed IM, Kamel AM, Mesalam AA, Elgohary EA, Khalaf KAB, Adel S, Elfadl AA, Khalifa WA, Ramadan HKA. The First Report of Coxiella burnetii as a Potential Neglected Pathogen of Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Causes in Egypt. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2168. [PMID: 36363760 PMCID: PMC9693106 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently alerted the emergence of new pathogens causing acute hepatitis in children across several countries. This new situation directs us to the screening of neglected pathogens that cause acute hepatitis. Q-fever is a zoonotic disease, caused by Coxiella burnetii. Although a high seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii was recorded in animals present in Egypt, Q-fever is still a neglected disease, and the diagnosis of Q-fever is not routinely performed in Egyptian hospitals. In this study, we performed a retrospective assessment for Coxiella burnetii in cases of hepatitis of unknown causes (HUC) enrolled in Assiut University hospitals, in Egypt. Out of 64 samples of HUC, 54 samples were negative for all hepatitis markers, labeled as acute hepatitis of unknown etiology (AHUE), and 10 samples tested positive for adenovirus and Hepatitis E virus (HEV). Q-fever was detected in 3 out of 54 (5.6%) of AHUE, and one sample was confirmed as coinfection of HEV/Q-fever. Jaundice was the most common clinical symptom developed in the patients. In conclusion, Coxiella burnetii was found to be a potential cause of acute hepatitis in HUC. The diagnosis of Q-fever should be considered in acute hepatitis cases in Egyptian hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ayat M. Kamel
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Atef Mesalam
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A. Elgohary
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Khaled Abo bakr Khalaf
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sara Adel
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Azza Abo Elfadl
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Walaa A. Khalifa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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17
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Sayed IM, Bhattacharyya A, Das S. Editorial: Microbial sensing to control host immune responses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1054640. [PMID: 36304953 PMCID: PMC9593312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1054640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ibrahim M. Sayed
| | - Asima Bhattacharyya
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khordha, Odisha, India
- Asima Bhattacharyya
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Soumita Das ;
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18
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Sayed IM, Karam-Allah Ramadan H, Hafez MHR, Elkhawaga AA, El-Mokhtar MA. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) open reading frame 2: Role in pathogenesis and diagnosis in HEV infections. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2401. [PMID: 36209386 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection occurs worldwide. The HEV genome includes three to four open reading frames (ORF1-4). ORF1 proteins are essential for viral replication, while the ORF3 protein is an ion channel involved in the exit of HEV from the infected cells. ORF2 proteins form the viral capsid required for HEV invasion and assembly. They also suppress interferon production and inhibit antibody-mediated neutralisation of HEV, allowing the virus to hijack the host immune response. ORF2 is the only detectable viral protein in the human liver during HEV infection and it is secreted in the plasma, stool, and urine of HEV-infected patients, making it a reliable diagnostic marker. The plasma HEV ORF2 antigen level can predict the outcome of HEV infections. Hence, monitoring HEV ORF2 antigen levels may be useful in assessing the efficacy of anti-HEV therapy. The ORF2 antigen is immunogenic and includes epitopes that can induce neutralising antibodies; therefore, it is a potential HEV vaccine candidate. In this review, we highlighted the different forms of HEV ORF2 protein and their roles in HEV pathogenesis, diagnosis, monitoring the therapeutic efficacy, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H R Hafez
- International Scholar, African Leadership Academy, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amal A Elkhawaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, Assiut, Egypt
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Long T, Abbasi N, Hernandez JE, Li Y, Sayed IM, Ma S, Iemolo A, Yee BA, Yeo GW, Telese F, Ghosh P, Das S, Huang WJM. RNA binding protein DDX5 directs tuft cell specification and function to regulate microbial repertoire and disease susceptibility in the intestine. Gut 2022; 71:1790-1802. [PMID: 34853057 PMCID: PMC9156727 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tuft cells residing in the intestinal epithelium have diverse functions. In the small intestine, they provide protection against inflammation, combat against helminth and protist infections, and serve as entry portals for enteroviruses. In the colon, they had been implicated in tumourigenesis. Commitment of intestinal progenitor cells to the tuft cell lineage requires Rho GTPase Cell Division Cycle 42 (CDC42), a Rho GTPase that acts downstream of the epidermal growth factor receptor and wingless-related integration site signalling cascades, and the master transcription factor POU class 2 homeobox 3 (POU2F3). This study investigates how this pathway is regulated by the DEAD box containing RNA binding protein DDX5 in vivo. DESIGN We assessed the role of DDX5 in tuft cell specification and function in control and epithelial cell-specific Ddx5 knockout mice (DDX5ΔIEC) using transcriptomic approaches. RESULTS DDX5ΔIEC mice harboured a loss of intestinal tuft cell populations, modified microbial repertoire, and altered susceptibilities to ileal inflammation and colonic tumourigenesis. Mechanistically, DDX5 promotes CDC42 protein synthesis through a post-transcriptional mechanism to license tuft cell specification. Importantly, the DDX5-CDC42 axis is parallel but distinct from the known interleukin-13 circuit implicated in tuft cell hyperplasia, and both pathways augment Pou2f3 expression in secretory lineage progenitors. In mature tuft cells, DDX5 not only promotes integrin signalling and microbial responses, it also represses gene programmes involved in membrane transport and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION RNA binding protein DDX5 directs tuft cell specification and function to regulate microbial repertoire and disease susceptibility in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Long
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nazia Abbasi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Juan E Hernandez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shengyun Ma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Attilio Iemolo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian A Yee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wendy Jia Men Huang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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20
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Sharma A, Achi SC, Ibeawuchi S, Anandachar MS, Gementera H, Chaudhury U, Usmani F, Vega K, Sayed IM, Das S. The crosstalk between microbial sensors ELMO1 and NOD2 shape intestinal immune responses.. [DOI: 10.1101/2022.07.09.499433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTMicrobial sensors play an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Our knowledge is limited on how microbial sensing helps in differential immune response and its link to inflammatory diseases. Recently, we have shown that cytosolic sensor ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility Protein-1) binds to effectors from pathogenic bacteria and controls intestinal inflammation. Here, we show that ELMO1 interacts with another sensor, NOD2 (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2), that recognizes bacterial cell wall component muramyl dipeptide (MDP). The polymorphism of NOD2 is linked to Crohn’s disease (CD) pathogenesis. Interestingly, we found that overexpression of ELMO1 and mutant NOD2 (L1007fs) were not able to clear the CD-associated adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC-LF82). To understand the interplay of microbial sensing of ELMO1-NOD2 in epithelial cells and macrophages, we used enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) from ELMO1 and NOD2 KO mice and ELMO1 and NOD2-depleted murine macrophage cell lines. The infection of murine EDMs with AIEC-LF82 showed higher bacterial load in ELMO1-KO, NOD2 KO EDMs, and ELMO1 KO EDMs treated with NOD2 inhibitors. The murine macrophage cells showed that the downregulation of ELMO1 and NOD2 is associated with impaired bacterial clearance that is linked to reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Our results indicated that the crosstalk between microbial sensors in enteric infection and inflammatory diseases impacts the fate of the bacterial load and disease pathogenesis.
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Engulfment and cell motility protein 1 (ELMO1) is a key protein for innate immunity since it is required for the clearance of apoptotic cells and pathogenic bacteria as well as for the control of inflammatory responses. ELMO1, through binding with Dock180 and activation of the Rac1 signaling pathway, plays a significant role in cellular shaping and motility. Rac-mediated actin cytoskeletal rearrangement is essential for bacterial phagocytosis, but also plays a crucial role in processes such as cancer cell invasion and metastasis. While the role of ELMO1 in bacterial infection and inflammatory responses is well established, its implication in cancer is not widely explored yet. Molecular changes or epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation, which ultimately leads to alterations in gene expression and deregulation of cellular signaling, has been reported for ELMO1 in different cancer types. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we provide an updated and comprehensive summary of the roles of ELMO1 in infection, inflammatory diseases and cancer. We highlight the possible mechanisms regulated by ELMO1 that are relevant for cancer development and progression and provide insight into the possible use of ELMO1 as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Tocci
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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22
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Katkar GD, Tindle C, Fonseca A, Taheri S, Lee J, Sayed IM, Ibeawuchi SR, Rama P, Fuller M, Stec D, Anandachar MS, Goheen-Holland V, Ear J, Boland B, Sandborn W, Sahoo D, Das S, Ghosh P. A Prospectively Created Living Organoid Biobank of Crohn’s Disease Patients Enables Integrative Therapeutics. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.115.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Adult stem cells from various organs can be propagated as epithelial organoids that not only retain their tissue identity, but also their genetic and epigenetic disease-driving traits. We report the establishment of Crohn’s Disease (CD) patient-derived organoid cultures (PDOs) using biopsied tissues from colons of 50 consecutive subjects representing all clinical subtypes (Montreal Classification B1–B3 and perianal disease). Organoids were also generated from healthy subjects. The spectrum of phenotypic and genotypic changes within the “living biobank” agrees well with many observations reported in CD tissues. Gene expression analyses show that despite the heterogeneity of clinical subtypes, there are two major molecular subtypes, each with unique phenotypic features: immune-deficient infectious-CD [IDICD] and senescence-induced fibrostenotic-CD [SIFCD]. CD-PDOs are amenable to high-throughput drug screens allowing for the detection of phenotype reversal. As examples, defective barrier integrity in B1-PDOs was restored with pre-/pro-biotics, impaired microbial clearance in IDICD was reversed using agonists for nuclear receptors, and SIFCD was rectified using senolytics and - morphics. Phenotyped-genotyped CD-PDOs may fill the gap between basic biology and patient trials by enabling pre-clinical Phase ‘0’ human trials for personalized and integrative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan Dattatray Katkar
- 1Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego
- 2HUMANOID CoRE, Univ. of California, San Diego
| | - Courtney Tindle
- 1Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego
- 2HUMANOID CoRE, Univ. of California, San Diego
| | - Ayden Fonseca
- 1Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego
- 2HUMANOID CoRE, Univ. of California, San Diego
| | - Sahar Taheri
- 3Computer Science and Engineering, Univ. of California, San Diego
| | - Jasper Lee
- 4Pathology, Univ. of California, San Diego
| | | | | | - Pranadinata Rama
- 1Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego
- 2HUMANOID CoRE, Univ. of California, San Diego
| | - Mackenzie Fuller
- 1Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego
- 2HUMANOID CoRE, Univ. of California, San Diego
| | - Dominik Stec
- 1Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego
- 2HUMANOID CoRE, Univ. of California, San Diego
| | | | - Vanae Goheen-Holland
- 1Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego
- 2HUMANOID CoRE, Univ. of California, San Diego
| | - Jason Ear
- 5Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego
| | | | | | - Debashis Sahoo
- 3Computer Science and Engineering, Univ. of California, San Diego
- 7Pediatrics, Univ. of California, San Diego
| | - Soumita Das
- 2HUMANOID CoRE, Univ. of California, San Diego
- 4Pathology, Univ. of California, San Diego
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- 1Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego
- 2HUMANOID CoRE, Univ. of California, San Diego
- 6Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego
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23
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Katkar GD, Sayed IM, Anandachar MS, Castillo V, Vidales E, Toobian D, Usmani F, Sawires JR, Leriche G, Yang J, Sandborn WJ, Das S, Sahoo D, Ghosh P. Artificial intelligence-rationalized balanced PPARα/γ dual agonism resets dysregulated macrophage processes in inflammatory bowel disease. Commun Biol 2022; 5:231. [PMID: 35288651 PMCID: PMC8921270 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A computational platform, Boolean network explorer (BoNE), has recently been developed to infuse AI-enhanced precision into drug discovery; it enables invariant Boolean Implication Networks of disease maps for prioritizing high-value targets. Here we used BoNE to query an Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)-map and prioritize a therapeutic strategy that involves dual agonism of two nuclear receptors, PPARα/γ. Balanced agonism of PPARα/γ was predicted to modulate macrophage processes, ameliorate colitis, 'reset' the gene expression network from disease to health. Predictions were validated using a balanced and potent PPARα/γ-dual-agonist (PAR5359) in Citrobacter rodentium- and DSS-induced murine colitis models. Using inhibitors and agonists, we show that balanced-dual agonism promotes bacterial clearance efficiently than individual agonists, both in vivo and in vitro. PPARα is required and sufficient to induce the pro-inflammatory cytokines and cellular ROS, which are essential for bacterial clearance and immunity, whereas PPARγ-agonism blunts these responses, delays microbial clearance; balanced dual agonism achieved controlled inflammation while protecting the gut barrier and 'reversal' of the transcriptomic network. Furthermore, dual agonism reversed the defective bacterial clearance observed in PBMCs derived from IBD patients. These findings not only deliver a macrophage modulator for use as barrier-protective therapy in IBD, but also highlight the potential of BoNE to rationalize combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan D Katkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Vanessa Castillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Eleadah Vidales
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Daniel Toobian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Fatima Usmani
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Joseph R Sawires
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Geoffray Leriche
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Jerry Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - William J Sandborn
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. .,Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. .,Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. .,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, San Diego, USA.
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24
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Sayed IM, Ibeawuchi SR, Lie D, Anandachar MS, Pranadinata R, Raffatellu M, Das S. The interaction of enteric bacterial effectors with the host engulfment pathway control innate immune responses. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1991776. [PMID: 34719317 PMCID: PMC8565811 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1991776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host engulfment protein ELMO1 generates intestinal inflammation following internalization of enteric bacteria. In Shigella, bacterial effector IpgB1 interacts with ELMO1 and promotes bacterial invasion. IpgB1 belongs to the WxxxE effector family, a motif found in several effectors of enteric pathogens. Here, we have studied the role of WxxxE effectors, with emphasis on Salmonella SifA and whether it interacts with ELMO1 to regulate inflammation. In-silico-analysis of WxxxE effectors was performed using BLAST search and Clustal W program. The interaction of ELMO1 with SifA was assessed by GST pulldown assay and co-immunoprecipitation. ELMO1 knockout mice, and ELMO1-depleted murine macrophage J774 cell lines were challenged with WT and SifA mutant Salmonella. Bacterial effectors containing the WxxxE motif were transfected in WT and ELMO1-depleted J774 cells to assess the inflammatory cytokines. ELMO1 generates differential pro-inflammatory cytokines between pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. WxxxE motif is present in pathogens and in the TIR domain of host proteins. The C-terminal part of ELMO1 interacts with SifA where WxxxE motif is important for interaction. ELMO1-SifA interaction affects bacterial colonization, dissemination, and inflammatory cytokines in vivo. Moreover, ELMO1-SifA interaction increases TNF-α and IL-6 production from the macrophage cell line and is associated with enhanced Rac1 activity. ELMO1 also interacts with WxxxE effectors IpgB1, IpgB2, and Map and induces inflammation after challenge with microbes or microbial ligands. ELMO1 generates a differential response through interaction with the WxxxE motif, which is absent in commensals. ELMO1-WxxxE interaction plays a role in bacterial pathogenesis and induction of inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Dominique Lie
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Rama Pranadinata
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, LA Jolla, CA, USA,Center for Mucosal Immunology, Chiba University-UC San Diego, La Jolla, CAUSA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,CONTACT Soumita Das Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mc 0644, George Palade Laboratory, Office Rm 256, San Diego, Ca, 92093-0644, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, Assiut, Egypt
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26
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Sayed IM, Masso-Silva JA, Mittal A, Patel A, Lin E, Moshensky A, Shin J, Bojanowski CM, Das S, Akuthota P, Crotty Alexander LE. Inflammatory phenotype modulation in the respiratory tract and systemic circulation of e-cigarette users: a pilot study. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L1134-L1146. [PMID: 34704852 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00363.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 40 million people use e-cigarettes worldwide, but the impact of chronic e-cigarette use on health has not been adequately defined. In particular, effects of e-cigarette aerosol inhalation on inflammation and host defenses across the body are not fully understood. We conducted a longitudinal cohort pilot study to explore changes in the inflammatory state and monocyte function of e-cigarette users (n=20) versus healthy controls (n=13), and to evaluate effects of e-cigarette use reduction on the same. Saliva, sputum, and blood were obtained from e-cigarette users at baseline and after a 2-week intervention of decreased e-cigarette use. Overall, across 38 proteins quantified by multiplex, airway samples from e-cigarette users tended to have decreased levels of immunomodulatory proteins relative to healthy controls, while levels of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in the circulation tended to be elevated. Specifically, e-cigarette users had lower levels of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in saliva (p<0.0001), with higher IL-1Ra and GRO levels in sputum (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively), and higher levels of both TNFβ (p<0.0001) and VEGF (p<0.0001) in plasma. Circulating monocytes from e-cigarette users had alterations in their inflammatory phenotype in response to reduced e-cigarette use, with blunted IL-8 and IL-6 release upon challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively), suggesting a decreased ability to appropriately respond to bacterial infection. Based on these findings, chronic inhalation of e-cigarette aerosols alters the inflammatory state of the airways and systemic circulation, raising concern for the development of both inflammatory and infectious diseases in chronic users of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jorge A Masso-Silva
- 10 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ankita Mittal
- 10 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Arjun Patel
- 10 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Erica Lin
- 10 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Moshensky
- 10 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John Shin
- 10 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christine M Bojanowski
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Praveen Akuthota
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- 10 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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27
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El-Mokhtar MA, Ramadan HKA, Thabet MM, Abd-Elkader AS, Fouad M, Sallam MM, Elgohary EA, Abd El-Hafeez AA, Mohamed ME, Sayed IM. The Unmet Needs of Hepatitis E Virus Diagnosis in Suspected Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Limited Resource Setting. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:737486. [PMID: 34690979 PMCID: PMC8533821 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.737486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Currently, there are no specific biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury (DILI), and the diagnosis of DILI is based mainly on the exclusion of other causes of liver dysfunction and the recognition of potential causative drugs. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) diagnosis is not routinely enrolled in many countries, and HEV infection could be misdiagnosed as DILI. Methodology: We retrospectively analyzed plasma samples (n = 80) collected from suspected DILI for HEV markers such as anti-HEV IgM, anti-HEV IgG, and HEV RNA. Anti-HEV antibodies were assessed using commercial ELISA kits. HEV RNA was tested by RT-qPCR targeting HEV ORF2/3, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted, and a putative threshold for liver function parameters was determined. Results: Out of 80 samples, 12 samples were positive for anti-HEV IgM and anti-HEV IgG, and HEV RNA was detected in seven samples. The median viral load was 3.46 × 103 IU/ml, and the isolated viruses belonged to HEV genotype 1. The level of liver enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), but not alkaline phosphatase (ALP), was significantly higher in HEV confirmed cases than in non-HEV confirmed cases. We identified a plasma ALT level of at least 415.5 U/L and AST level of at least 332 U/L; ALT/ALP ratio of at least 5.08 could be used as a guide for the patients diagnosed as DILI to be tested for HEV infection. The previous liver function parameters showed high sensitivity and good specificity. Conclusion: Hepatitis E virus was detected in suspected DILI cases. The diagnosis of DILI is not secure until HEV testing is done. Liver function parameters can be used as a guide for HEV testing in suspected DILI cases in countries with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Thabet
- Department of Clinical pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Alaa S Abd-Elkader
- Department of Clinical pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Magdy Fouad
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit, Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, El-Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Mohammad M Sallam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A Elgohary
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amer Ali Abd El-Hafeez
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mona Embarek Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
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28
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Ali ME, Halby HM, Ali MY, Hassan EA, El-Mokhtar MA, Sayed IM, Thabet MM, Fouad M, El-Ashmawy AM, Mahran ZG. Role of Serum Vitamin D, Interleukin 13, and microRNA-135a in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Treatment Failure in Egyptian HCV-Infected Patients Receiving Direct Antiviral Agents. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102008. [PMID: 34696438 PMCID: PMC8539757 DOI: 10.3390/v13102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are used for hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment. However, treatment failure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development following treatment was reported. In this study, we assessed the role of serum vitamin D, interleukin 13 (IL-13), and microRNA-135a in the prediction of treatment failure with DAA and HCC development among Egyptian HCV-infected patients. A total of 950 patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease underwent DAA treatment. Before DAAs, serum vitamin D and IL-13 were determined by ELISA, and gene expression of miRNA-135a was assessed in serum by real-time PCR. The predictive abilities of these markers were determined using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Sustained virological response (SVR) was achieved in 92.6% of HCV-infected patients (responders). High viral load, IL-13, miRNA-135a, and low vitamin D levels were associated with treatment failure and HCC development. HCC development was recorded in non-responders, but not in the responders (35.7% vs. 0% p < 0.001). In conclusion: serum IL-13, Vitamin D, and miRNA-135a could be potential biomarkers in monitoring DAA treatment and HCC prediction. DAAs-induced SVR may decrease the incidence of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Hamada M Halby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh Yones Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Elham Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Thabet
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Magdy Fouad
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit, Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, El-Minia University, Minya 61519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Ashmawy
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Zainab Gaber Mahran
- Department of Gastroenterology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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Abstract
Here, we describe the use of polarized patient enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) to assess the impact of e-cigarettes on the human gut barrier. These EDMs can be adapted to culture in a 96-well plate for high-throughput screening. We model the effect of e-cigarettes by combining pathogens, enteroids, and e-cigarette vapor-infused media and assess gut barrier integrity, bacterial internalization, and inflammatory response of the gut epithelium. This protocol can be used to assess the effects of e-cigarette components on gut functions. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Sharma et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Courtney Tindle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayden G. Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moore’s Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moore’s Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Sayed IM, Abd Elhameed ZA, Abd El-Kareem DM, Abdel-Malek MAY, Ali ME, Ibrahim MA, Sayed AAR, Khalaf KAB, Abdel-Wahid L, El-Mokhtar MA. Hepatitis E Virus Persistence and/or Replication in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Acute HEV-Infected Patients. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:696680. [PMID: 34335528 PMCID: PMC8322848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.696680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes about 14 million infections with 300,000 deaths and 5,200 stillbirths worldwide annually. Extrahepatic manifestations are reported with HEV infections, such as renal, neurological, and hematological disorders. Recently, we reported that stool-derived HEV-1 replicates efficiently in human monocytes and macrophages in vitro. However, another study reports the presence of viral RNA but no evidence of replication in the PBMCs of acute hepatitis E (AHE) patients. Therefore, the replication of HEV in PBMCs during AHE infection is not completely understood. METHODS PBMCs were isolated from AHE patients (n = 17) enrolled in Assiut University Hospitals, Egypt. The viral load, positive (+) and negative (-) HEV RNA strands and viral protein were assessed. The gene expression profile of PBMCs from AHE patients was assessed. In addition, the level of cytokines was measured in the plasma of the patients. RESULTS HEV RNA was detected in the PBMCs of AHE patients. The median HEV load in the PBMCs was 1.34 × 103 IU/ml. A negative HEV RNA strand and HEV open reading frame 2 protein were recorded in 4/17 (23.5%) of the PBMCs. Upregulation of inflammatory transcripts and increased plasma cytokines were recorded in the AHE patients compared with healthy individuals with significantly elevated transcripts and plasma cytokines in the AHE with detectable (+) and (-) RNA strands compared with the AHE with the detectable (+) RNA strand only. There was no significant difference in terms of age, sex, and liver function tests between AHE patients with detectable (+) and (-) RNA strands in the PBMCs and AHE patients with the (+) RNA strand only. CONCLUSION Our study shows evidence for in vivo HEV persistence and replication in the PBMCs of AHE patients. The replication of HEV in the PBMCs was associated with an enhanced immune response, which could affect the pathogenesis of HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Doaa M. Abd El-Kareem
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed E. Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Maggie A. Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Khaled Abo bakr Khalaf
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Lobna Abdel-Wahid
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, Assiut, Egypt
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El-Mokhtar MA, Hetta HF, Mekky MA, Abd El-Kareem DM, Ramadan M, Salah M, Mohamed NA, El-Masry EA, Adel S, Sayed IM. Characterization of Antigen Escape Mutations in Chronic HBV-Infected Patients in Upper Egypt. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:2419-2427. [PMID: 34234472 PMCID: PMC8254413 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s315299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations within the “a” determinant region (position 124–147) that is present in the major hydrophilic region (MHR, position 99–160) of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are associated with vaccine-escape, lack of diagnosis, and failure to hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) therapy. Data regarding the amino acid changes of “a” determinant region of HBsAg are limited in Egypt. The prevalence and mutations in this region among chronic HBV (CHB)-infected patients in Upper Egypt are not known. Material and Methods Blood samples were collected from HBsAg-positive CHB-infected patients (n=123) admitted to Assiut University Hospitals. Serum samples were screened for HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBe antibodies using commercially available ELISA kits. Viral load was determined by qPCR. In addition, mutational analysis was carried out targeting the HBV surface gene to determine the HBV genotype and vaccine escape mutations. Results Sequencing analysis of HBV DNA revealed that genotype D is the major circulating type (81.3%), followed by genotype E (18.7%). Analysis of the HBV genome revealed that 103/123 (83.7%) patients showed wild-type sequences and 20/123 (16.3%) showed mutations in the HBsAg gene. Mutation in seventeen patients (17/20, 85%) showed only one mutation, and three patients showed two mutations (3/20, 15%) in the “a” determinant region. The observed mutations were T115S (3/20, 15%), P120T/S (3/20, 15%), T126S (1/20, 5%), Q129R (2/20, 10%), M133T (2/20, 10%), S143L (5/20, 25%), D144E/A (3/20, 15%), and G145R/A (4/20, 20%). Mutations in the “a” determinant region were detected in genotype D isolates only. Conclusion We described for the first time the prevalence and characterization of vaccine escape mutants in CHB patients in Upper Egypt. Mutational analysis of the “a” determinant region revealed the presence of a wide spectrum of mutants in the circulating HBV isolates that could be a potential threat to HBV diagnosis, therapy success, and HBV vaccination program in Upper Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Mekky
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Abd El-Kareem
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Ramadan
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy Al-Azhar University-Assiut branch, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Salah
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy Port Said University, Port Said, 42526, Egypt
| | - Nahed A Mohamed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eman A El-Masry
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Sara Adel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
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El-Mokhtar MA, Karam-Allah Ramadan H, Abdel Hameed MR, M Kamel A, A Mandour S, Ali M, Abdel-Malek MAY, M Abd El-Kareem D, Adel S, H Salama E, Khalaf KAB, Sayed IM. Evaluation of hepatitis E antigen kinetics and its diagnostic utility for prediction of the outcomes of hepatitis E virus genotype 1 infection. Virulence 2021; 12:1334-1344. [PMID: 34002677 PMCID: PMC8143225 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1922027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HEV-Ag ELISA assay is a reliable diagnostic test in resource-limited areas. HEV genotype 1 (HEV-1) infections are either self-limited or progress to fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and death if anti-HEV therapy is delayed. Limited data is available about the diagnostic utility of HEV Ag on HEV-1 infections. Herein wWe aimed to study the kinetics of HEV Ag during HEV-1 infections at different stages, i.e., acute HEV infection, recovery, and progression to FHF. Also, we evaluated the diagnostic utility of this marker to predict the outcomes of HEV-1 infections. Plasma of acute hepatitis E (AHE) patients were assessed for HEV RNA by RT-qPCR, HEV Ag, and anti-HEV IgM by ELISA. The kinetics of HEV Ag was monitored at different time points; acute phase of infection, recovery, FHF stage, and post-recovery. Our results showed that the level of HEV Ag was elevated in AHE patients with a significantly higher level in FHF patients than recovered patients. We identified a plasma HEV Ag threshold that can differentiate between self-limiting infection and FHF progression with 100% sensitivity and 88.89% specificity. HEV Ag and HEV RNA have similar kinetics during the acute phase and self-limiting infection. In the FHF stage, HEV Ag and anti-HEV IgM have similar patterns of kinetics which could be the cause of liver damage. In conclusion, the HEV Ag assay can be used as a biomarker for predicting the consequences of HEV-1 infections which could be diagnostically useful for taking the appropriate measures to reduce the complications, especially for high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Muhamad R Abdel Hameed
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology Unit, Assiut University Hospitals, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ayat M Kamel
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut Egypt
| | - Sahar A Mandour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Maha Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | | | | | - Sara Adel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eman H Salama
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Khaled Abo Bakr Khalaf
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Sayed IM, El-Hafeez AAA, Maity PP, Das S, Ghosh P. Modeling colorectal cancers using multidimensional organoids. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 151:345-383. [PMID: 34148617 PMCID: PMC8221168 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Organoids have revolutionized cancer research as highly adaptable models that enable an array of experimental techniques to interrogate tissue morphology and function. Because they preserve the genetic, phenotypic, and behavioral traits of their source tissue, organoids have gained traction as the most relevant models for drug discovery, tracking therapeutic response and for personalized medicine. As organoids are indisputably becoming a mainstay of cancer research, this review specifically addresses how colon-derived organoids can be perfected as multidimensional, scalable, reproducible models of healthy, pre-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions of the colon and for use in high-throughput "Phase-0" human clinical trials-in-a-dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Amer Ali Abd El-Hafeez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Priti P Maity
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; HUMANOID Center of Research Excellence (CoRE), University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States; HUMANOID Center of Research Excellence (CoRE), University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
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Loutfy SA, Abdallah ZF, Shaalan M, Moneer M, Karam A, Moneer MM, Sayed IM, Abd El-Hafeez AA, Ghosh P, Zekri ARN. Prevalence of MMTV-Like env Sequences and Its Association with BRCA1/2 Genes Mutations Among Egyptian Breast Cancer Patients. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:2835-2848. [PMID: 33814932 PMCID: PMC8009344 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s294584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is thought to have a role in human breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis. BRCA1 and 2 genes mutations are well-established risk factors for BC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of MMTV in familial and non-familial Egyptian breast cancer patients. We also aimed to establish a correlation between BRCAs genes mutations and MMTV infection in those patients. Patients and Methods The study was included 80 BC patients and 10 healthy women were included as a control group. We used PCR to amplify a 250-bp MMTV-like env sequence. We also used PCR followed by direct sequencing to identify the genetic variation of exons 2, 13, 19 of BRCA1 gene and exon 9 and region f of exon 11 of BRCA2 gene. High resolution melting (HRM) analysis was used to screen the selected exons of BRCA1/2 genes in order to detect different variants. Results MMTV DNA-like env sequences were detected in 70%, 76% of familial and non-familial BC patients, respectively, and it was not detected in any of the control subjects. The presence of viral sequences was associated with larger tumor size in the sporadic patients. Seventy BC patients showed variations in BRCA1/2 genes according to HRM analysis and sequencing analysis showed two different sequences of polymorphism among 22 familial and non-familial BC patients. Conclusion MMTV DNA was present among BC patients and it was associated with increased tumor growth. This indicates a potential role for MMTV in BC patients with and without deleterious mutation in BRCA1/2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah A Loutfy
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zeinab F Abdallah
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shaalan
- Surgical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Moneer
- Surgical Oncology Department, Materia Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel Karam
- Surgical Oncology Department, Materia Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manar M Moneer
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amer Ali Abd El-Hafeez
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Abdel-Rahman N Zekri
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Sharma A, Lee J, Fonseca AG, Moshensky A, Kothari T, Sayed IM, Ibeawuchi SR, Pranadinata RF, Ear J, Sahoo D, Crotty-Alexander LE, Ghosh P, Das S. E-cigarettes compromise the gut barrier and trigger inflammation. iScience 2021. [PMID: 33537654 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.29.227348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette usage continues to rise, yet the safety of e-cigarette aerosols is questioned. Using murine models of acute and chronic e-cigarette aerosol inhalation, murine colon transcriptomics, and murine and human gut-derived organoids in co-culture models, we assessed the effects of e-cigarette use on the gut barrier. Histologic and transcriptome analyses revealed that chronic, but not acute, nicotine-free e-cigarette use increased inflammation and reduced expression of tight junction (TJ) markers. Exposure of murine and human enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) to nicotine-free e-cigarette aerosols alone or in co-culture with bacteria also causes barrier disruption, downregulation of TJ protein, and enhanced inflammation in response to infection. These data highlight the harmful effects of "non-nicotine" component of e-cigarettes on the gut barrier. Considering the importance of an intact gut barrier for host fitness and the impact of gut mucosal inflammation on a multitude of chronic diseases, these findings are broadly relevant to both medicine and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jasper Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayden G Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alex Moshensky
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Taha Kothari
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Rama F Pranadinata
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason Ear
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura E Crotty-Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Sharma A, Lee J, Fonseca AG, Moshensky A, Kothari T, Sayed IM, Ibeawuchi SR, Pranadinata RF, Ear J, Sahoo D, Crotty-Alexander LE, Ghosh P, Das S. E-cigarettes compromise the gut barrier and trigger inflammation. iScience 2021; 24:102035. [PMID: 33537654 PMCID: PMC7841355 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette usage continues to rise, yet the safety of e-cigarette aerosols is questioned. Using murine models of acute and chronic e-cigarette aerosol inhalation, murine colon transcriptomics, and murine and human gut-derived organoids in co-culture models, we assessed the effects of e-cigarette use on the gut barrier. Histologic and transcriptome analyses revealed that chronic, but not acute, nicotine-free e-cigarette use increased inflammation and reduced expression of tight junction (TJ) markers. Exposure of murine and human enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) to nicotine-free e-cigarette aerosols alone or in co-culture with bacteria also causes barrier disruption, downregulation of TJ protein, and enhanced inflammation in response to infection. These data highlight the harmful effects of "non-nicotine" component of e-cigarettes on the gut barrier. Considering the importance of an intact gut barrier for host fitness and the impact of gut mucosal inflammation on a multitude of chronic diseases, these findings are broadly relevant to both medicine and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jasper Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayden G. Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alex Moshensky
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Taha Kothari
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Rama F. Pranadinata
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason Ear
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura E. Crotty-Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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El-Mokhtar MA, Sayed IM. Model systems for studying extrahepatic pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus. Current knowledge and future directions. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2218. [PMID: 33475223 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis globally. HEV infection is endemic in developing countries. Also, autochthonous and sporadic cases are reported in developed countries. HEV causes acute and chronic infections. Besides, extrahepatic manifestations including neurological, renal, haematological, acute pancreatitis and complications during pregnancy are associated with HEV infections. The pathogenesis of HEV in the extrahepatic tissues is either due to direct cytopathic effect mediated by the virus replication, or immunological mechanisms caused by an uncontrollable host response. Researchers have used different in vivo and in vitro models to study the pathogenesis of HEV in the extrahepatic tissues and analyse the host immune response against HEV infection. This review highlights the extrahepatic disorders associated with HEV infection. We focused on the in vivo and in vitro models as a tool for elucidating the HEV infection beyond the liver and studying the mechanisms of HEV induced tissue damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California, USA
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Sayed IM, El-Mokhtar MA, Mahmoud MAR, Elkhawaga AA, Gaber S, Seddek NH, Abdel-Wahid L, Ashmawy AM, Alkareemy EAR. Clinical Outcomes and Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Among Non-A-C Hepatitis Patients in Egypt. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:59-69. [PMID: 33469320 PMCID: PMC7811453 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s289766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging infectious agent that causes acute hepatitis in developing and developed countries. Diagnosis of HEV infection has not been routinely done in Egyptian hospitals, and clinicians do not prescribe ribavirin (RBV) for acute hepatitis cases of unknown etiology (AHUE). We aimed to screen patients with AHUE for the presence of HEV markers and to determine the complications associated with HEV infection. Patients and Methods HEV markers (anti-HEV IgM, anti-HEV IgG, and HEV RNA) were assessed in patients with AHUE (n=300) admitted to Assiut University Hospitals. RT-qPCR was used to detect the viral load and sequencing analysis was carried out to determine the genotype of the detected viruses. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to evaluate the genetic relatedness between the isolates. Laboratory parameters and the outcomes of infection were determined. Results Acute HEV infection (AHE) was detected in 30 out of 300 (10%) of AHUE patients. Anti-HEV IgM, HEV RNA, and anti-HEV IgG were reported in 83%, 50%, and 43% of the samples, respectively. HEV RNA load ranged from 5×102 IU/mL to 1.1×104 IU/mL. Sequencing of the isolated viruses revealed that five viruses belong to HEV-1 and one isolate belongs to HEV-3 with high homology to the virus recently isolated from the cow and goat milk in the Egyptian villages. Although previous reports showed that attenuated HEV isolates were circulating in Egypt, four out of 30 patients (13%) developed coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy and died due to fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) within 3–6 weeks of hospitalization. Age, malignancy, and a history of pre-existing liver diseases were a risky factor for FHF development. Conclusion AHE is common in Upper Egypt. Older patients with malignancy and/or a history of liver diseases are risky. HEV diagnosis and treatment become pivotal in Egyptian hospitals to reduce the fatality rate and they should start urgently and promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abdel Rahman Mahmoud
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology unit, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Amal A Elkhawaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Shereen Gaber
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Nermien H Seddek
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Jubail 4030 (CAMSJ), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Al Jubail 35816, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lobna Abdel-Wahid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology unit, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Ashmawy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology unit, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Enas Ahmed Reda Alkareemy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology unit, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
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Ahmed H, Sayed A, Munir M, Elberry MH, Sayed IM, Kamal MA, Negida A, Ebada MA, Bahbah EI. A Clinical Review of COVID-19; Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 27:4232-4244. [PMID: 33355050 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201222162509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19 virus) is a worldwide pandemic pathogen infecting 210 territories. It belongs to the family coronaviriadae and the order Nidovirales. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA enveloped virus that includes spike proteins projecting from the envelope. The spike (S) protein interacts with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which plays a role in the viral entry into the cell. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is zoonotic, the wet animal market where live animals are sold is expected to be the source of infection. It is the third zoonotic coronavirus, after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Transmission of the virus among humans is confirmed by direct contact, droplet infection, fecal-oral, and blood transmission. The symptoms of COVID 19 include fever, dry cough, headache, and difficulty of breathing. COVID 19 complications, including the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute organ injury, secondary infection, and shock, are common in immunocompromised and elderly patients. Up till now, there is no established treatment for COVID-19, and supportive measures including mechanical ventilation and the use of nonspecific anti-viral therapies such as Remdesevir, Liponavir, and chloroquine are currently applied on the severe cases. Also, until now, there is no approved vaccine for COVID-19. In the review, we gave an update on the SARS-COV2 virus, focusing on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, treatment options, and preventive measures associated with COVI-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussien Ahmed
- Clinical Research Management Program, Edson College, Arizona State University. United States
| | - Ahmed Sayed
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo. Egypt
| | - Malak Munir
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo. Egypt
| | - Mostafa H Elberry
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University. Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut. Egypt
| | - Mohammed Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Negida
- School of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia. Egypt
| | | | - Eshak I Bahbah
- School of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta. Egypt
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Ramadan HKA, Mahmoud MA, Aburahma MZ, Elkhawaga AA, El-Mokhtar MA, Sayed IM, Hosni A, Hassany SM, Medhat MA. Predictors of Severity and Co-Infection Resistance Profile in COVID-19 Patients: First Report from Upper Egypt. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3409-3422. [PMID: 33116660 PMCID: PMC7547142 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s272605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in a worldwide devastating effect with a diagnostic challenge. Identifying risk factors of severity aids in assessment for the need of early hospitalization. We aimed to demonstrate, for the first time, the clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, to identify the predictors of severity and to describe the antimicrobial resistance profile in patients from Upper Egypt. Materials and Methods Demographic characters, clinical presentations, laboratory, and radiological data were recorded and analyzed. Presence of other respiratory microorganisms and their sensitivity patterns were identified using the VITEK2 system. Resistance-associated genes were tested by PCR. Results The study included 260 COVID-19 patients. The majority were males (55.4%) aged between 51 and 70 years. Hypertension, diabetes, and ischemic heart disease were common comorbidities. Main clinical manifestations were fever (63.8%), cough (57.7%), dyspnea (40%) and fatigue (30%). According to severity, 51.5% were moderate, 25.4% mild and 23% severe/critical. Lymphopenia, elevated CRP, ferritin, and D-dimer occurred in all patients with significantly higher value in the severe group. Age >53 years and elevated ferritin ≥484 ng/mL were significant risk factors for severity. About 10.7% of the COVID-19 patients showed bacterial and/or fungal infections. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant isolated bacteria while Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were the predominant isolated fungi. All Staphylococci were methicillin-resistant and carried the mecA gene. Gram-negative isolates were multidrug-resistant and carried different resistance-associated genes, including NDM-1, KPC, TEM, CTX-M, and SHV. Conclusion Older age and elevated serum ferritin were significant risk factors for severe COVID-19. Bacterial co-infection and multidrug resistance among patients with COVID-19 in Upper Egypt is common. Testing for presence of other co-infecting agents should be considered, and prompt treatment should be carried out according to the antimicrobial sensitivity reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Manal A Mahmoud
- Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Zakaria Aburahma
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amal A Elkhawaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amal Hosni
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Hassany
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Medhat
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Abbasi N, Long T, Li Y, Yee BA, Cho BS, Hernandez JE, Ma E, Patel PR, Sahoo D, Sayed IM, Varki N, Das S, Ghosh P, Yeo GW, Huang WJM. DDX5 promotes oncogene C3 and FABP1 expressions and drives intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e202000772. [PMID: 32817263 PMCID: PMC7441524 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis in different segments of the intestinal tract involves tissue-specific oncogenic drivers. In the colon, complement component 3 (C3) activation is a major contributor to inflammation and malignancies. By contrast, tumorigenesis in the small intestine involves fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1). However, little is known of the upstream mechanisms driving their expressions in different segments of the intestinal tract. Here, we report that the RNA-binding protein DDX5 binds to the mRNA transcripts of C3 and Fabp1 to augment their expressions posttranscriptionally. Knocking out DDX5 in epithelial cells protected mice from intestinal tumorigenesis and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Identification of DDX5 as a common upstream regulator of tissue-specific oncogenic molecules provides an excellent therapeutic target for intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Abbasi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tianyun Long
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian A Yee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin S Cho
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juan E Hernandez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evelyn Ma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Parth R Patel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nissi Varki
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Jia Men Huang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Sayed IM, Chakraborty A, Abd El-Hafeez AA, Sharma A, Sahan AZ, Huang WJM, Sahoo D, Ghosh P, Hazra TK, Das S. The DNA Glycosylase NEIL2 Suppresses Fusobacterium-Infection-Induced Inflammation and DNA Damage in Colonic Epithelial Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1980. [PMID: 32872214 PMCID: PMC7565382 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer, while the majority (80-85%) of CRCs are sporadic and are microsatellite stable (MSS), and approximately 15-20% of them display microsatellite instability (MSI). Infection and chronic inflammation are known to induce DNA damage in host tissues and can lead to oncogenic transformation of cells, but the role of DNA repair proteins in microbe-associated CRCs remains unknown. Using CRC-associated microbes such as Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) in a coculture with murine and human enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs), here, we show that, among all the key DNA repair proteins, NEIL2, an oxidized base-specific DNA glycosylase, is significantly downregulated after Fn infection. Fn infection of NEIL2-null mouse-derived EDMs showed a significantly higher level of DNA damage, including double-strand breaks and inflammatory cytokines. Several CRC-associated microbes, but not the commensal bacteria, induced the accumulation of DNA damage in EDMs derived from a murine CRC model, and Fn had the most pronounced effect. An analysis of publicly available transcriptomic datasets showed that the downregulation of NEIL2 is often encountered in MSS compared to MSI CRCs. We conclude that the CRC-associated microbe Fn induced the downregulation of NEIL2 and consequent accumulation of DNA damage and played critical roles in the progression of CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (I.M.S.); (A.S.); (A.Z.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX-77555, USA; (A.C.); (T.K.H.)
| | - Amer Ali Abd El-Hafeez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.; (A.A.A.E.-H.); (W.J.M.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (I.M.S.); (A.S.); (A.Z.S.)
| | - Ayse Z. Sahan
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (I.M.S.); (A.S.); (A.Z.S.)
| | - Wendy Jia Men Huang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.; (A.A.A.E.-H.); (W.J.M.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob’s School of Engineering, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.; (A.A.A.E.-H.); (W.J.M.H.); (P.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tapas K. Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX-77555, USA; (A.C.); (T.K.H.)
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (I.M.S.); (A.S.); (A.Z.S.)
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El-Mokhtar MA, Seddik MI, Osman A, Adel S, Abdel Aziz EM, Mandour SA, Mohammed N, Zarzour MA, Abdel-Wahid L, Radwan E, Sayed IM. Hepatitis E Virus Mediates Renal Injury via the Interaction between the Immune Cells and Renal Epithelium. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E454. [PMID: 32824088 PMCID: PMC7564770 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal disorders are associated with Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. Progression to end-stage renal disease and acute kidney injury are complications associated with HEV infection. The mechanisms by which HEV mediates the glomerular diseases remain unclear. CD10+/CD13+ primary proximal tubular (PT) epithelial cells, isolated from healthy donors, were infected with HEV. Inflammatory markers and kidney injury markers were assessed in the presence or absence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from the same donors. HEV replicated efficiently in the PT cells as shown by the increase in HEV load over time and the expression of capsid Ag. In the absence of PBMCs, HEV was not nephrotoxic, with no direct effect on the transcription of chemokines (Cxcl-9, Cxcl-10, and Cxcl-11) nor the kidney injury markers (kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and interleukin 18 (lL-18)). While higher inflammatory responses, upregulation of chemokines and kidney injury markers expression, and signs of nephrotoxicity were recorded in HEV-infected PT cells cocultured with PBMCs. Interestingly, a significantly higher level of IFN-γ was released in the PBMCs-PT coculture compared to PT alone during HEV infection. In conclusion: The crosstalk between immune cells and renal epithelium and the signal axes IFN-γ/chemokines and IL-18 could be the immune-mediated mechanisms of HEV-induced renal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Ismail Seddik
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; (M.I.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Asmaa Osman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; (M.I.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Sara Adel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Essam M. Abdel Aziz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Sahar A. Mandour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 66111, Egypt;
| | - Nasreldin Mohammed
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut 71515, Egypt; (N.M.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Mohamed A. Zarzour
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut 71515, Egypt; (N.M.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Lobna Abdel-Wahid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Eman Radwan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Sayed IM, Hammam ARA, Elfaruk MS, Alsaleem KA, Gaber MA, Ezzat AA, Salama EH, Elkhawaga AA, El-Mokhtar MA. Enhancement of the Molecular and Serological Assessment of Hepatitis E Virus in Milk Samples. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081231. [PMID: 32806687 PMCID: PMC7465259 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is endemic in developing and developed countries. HEV was reported to be excreted in the milk of ruminants, raising the possibility of transmission of HEV infection through the ingestion of contaminated milk. Therefore, the detection of HEV markers in milk samples becomes pivotal. However, milk includes inhibitory components that affect HEV detection assays. Previously it was reported that dilution of milk matrix improves the performance of HEV molecular assay, however, the dilution of milk samples is not the best strategy especially when the contaminated milk sample has a low HEV load. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the effect of extraction procedures on the efficiency of HEV RNA detection in undiluted milk samples. In addition, we assessed the effect of the removal of milk components such as fats and casein on the performance of the molecular and serological assays of HEV. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and different milk matrices (such as whole milk, skim milk, and milk serum) were inoculated with different HEV inoculums and subjected to two different extraction procedures. Method A includes manual extraction using spin column-based extraction, while method B includes silica-based automated extraction. Method A was more sensitive than method B in the whole milk and skim milk matrices with a LoD95% of 300 IU/mL, and virus recovery yield of 47%. While the sensitivity and performance of method B were significantly improved using the milk serum matrix, with LoD95% of 96 IU/mL. Interestingly, retesting HEV positive milk samples using the high sensitivity assay based on method B extraction and milk serum matrix increased the HEV RNA detection rate to 2-fold. Additionally, the performance of HEV serological assays such as anti-HEV IgG and HEV Ag in the milk samples was improved after the removal of the fat globules from the milk matrix. In conclusion, HEV RNA assay is affected by the components of milk and the extraction procedure. Removal of inhibitory substances, such as fat and casein from the milk sample increased the performance of HEV molecular and serological assays which will be suitable for the low load HEV milk with no further dilutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt or (I.M.S.); (A.A.E.)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ahmed R. A. Hammam
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (A.R.A.H.); (M.S.E.); (K.A.A.)
- Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salem Elfaruk
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (A.R.A.H.); (M.S.E.); (K.A.A.)
- Medical Technology College, Nalut University, Nalut 00218, Libya
| | - Khalid A. Alsaleem
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (A.R.A.H.); (M.S.E.); (K.A.A.)
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa A. Gaber
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Amgad A. Ezzat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt;
| | - Eman H. Salama
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt;
| | - Amal A. Elkhawaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt or (I.M.S.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt or (I.M.S.); (A.A.E.)
- Correspondence:
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El-Mokhtar MA, Elkhawaga AA, Sayed IM. Assessment of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in the edible goat products pointed out a risk for human infection in Upper Egypt. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 330:108784. [PMID: 32659521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is endemic in developed and developing countries. Although the seroprevalence of HEV among the Egyptians is high, the sources of HEV infection in Egypt are not completely identified. Zoonotic HEV transmission among Egyptians is underestimated. Recently, we detected HEV in the milk of cows, this suggests the possibility of HEV transmission through the ingestion of contaminated milk. However, the role of small ruminants especially the goats in HEV epidemiology in Egypt remains unclear. Herein, we screened HEV markers in the edible goat products, mainly the milk and liver and we assessed the risk factor for HEV infection to the goat owners. A total of 280 goat milk samples were collected from 15 villages in the Assiut governorate. Anti-HEV IgG and HEV Ag were detected in 7.14% and 1.8% of the samples, respectively. HEV RNA was detected in 2 milk samples, cladogram analysis revealed that the isolated viruses belonged to HEV-3 subtype 3a. One viral isolate showed high homology to HEV recently isolated from the cow milk in the same geographic area. The level of anti-HEV IgG and HEV Ag were comparable in the milk and matched blood samples. While the urine and stool of HEV seropositive goats tested negative for HEV markers. HEV RNA was also detectable in the fresh goat liver samples (n = 2) derived from HEV seropositive goats. Finally, we analyzed HEV seroprevalence in households (n = 5) that owned the seropositive goats and households (n = 5) that owned the seronegative goats. Interestingly, anti-HEV IgG was recorded in 80% of households owned and frequently consumed the products of HEV seropositive goats, while HEV markers were not detectable in the owners of the seronegative goats. In conclusion: Here, we report HEV in the milk and liver of goats distributed in the villages of Assiut governorate. Higher HEV seroprevalence was recorded in the households that owned the seropositive goats. Investigation of the goat products is pivotal to assess the risk factor of HEV transmission to villagers in the Assiut governorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amal A Elkhawaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Sayed IM, Sahan AZ, Venkova T, Chakraborty A, Mukhopadhyay D, Bimczok D, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE, Pinchuk I, Sahoo D, Ghosh P, Hazra TK, Das S. Helicobacter pylori infection downregulates the DNA glycosylase NEIL2, resulting in increased genome damage and inflammation in gastric epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11082-11098. [PMID: 32518160 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium Helicobacter pylori induces an inflammatory response and oxidative DNA damage in gastric epithelial cells that can lead to gastric cancer (GC). However, the underlying pathogenic mechanism is largely unclear. Here, we report that the suppression of Nei-like DNA glycosylase 2 (NEIL2), a mammalian DNA glycosylase that specifically removes oxidized bases, is one mechanism through which H. pylori infection may fuel the accumulation of DNA damage leading to GC. Using cultured cell lines, gastric biopsy specimens, primary cells, and human enteroid-derived monolayers from healthy human stomach, we show that H. pylori infection greatly reduces NEIL2 expression. The H. pylori infection-induced downregulation of NEIL2 was specific, as Campylobacter jejuni had no such effect. Using gastric organoids isolated from the murine stomach in coculture experiments with live bacteria mimicking the infected stomach lining, we found that H. pylori infection is associated with the production of various inflammatory cytokines. This response was more pronounced in Neil2 knockout (KO) mouse cells than in WT cells, suggesting that NEIL2 suppresses inflammation under physiological conditions. Notably, the H. pylori-infected Neil2-KO murine stomach exhibited more DNA damage than the WT. Furthermore, H. pylori-infected Neil2-KO mice had greater inflammation and more epithelial cell damage. Computational analysis of gene expression profiles of DNA glycosylases in gastric specimens linked the reduced Neil2 level to GC progression. Our results suggest that NEIL2 downregulation is a plausible mechanism by which H. pylori infection impairs DNA damage repair, amplifies the inflammatory response, and initiates GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ayse Z Sahan
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tatiana Venkova
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Victor E Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Irina Pinchuk
- College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, John and Rebecca Moore Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Sayed IM, Verhoye L, Montpellier C, Abravanel F, Izopet J, Cocquerel L, Meuleman P. Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Open Reading Frame 2 Antigen Kinetics in Human-Liver Chimeric Mice and Its Impact on HEV Diagnosis. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:811-819. [PMID: 31001628 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus infection (HEV) is an emerging problem in developed countries. Diagnosis of HEV infection is based on the detection of HEV-specific antibodies, viral RNA, and/or antigen (Ag). Humanized mice were previously reported as a model for the study of HEV infection, but published data were focused on the quantification of viral RNA. However, the kinetics of HEV Ag expression during infection remains poorly understood. METHODS Plasma specimens and suspensions of fecal specimens from HEV-infected and ribavirin-treated humanized mice were analyzed using HEV antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, density gradient analysis, and Western blotting. RESULT Open reading frame 2 (ORF2) Ag was detected in both plasma and stool from HEV-infected mice, and levels increased over time. Contrary to HEV RNA, ORF2 Ag levels were higher in mouse plasma than in stool. Interestingly, ORF2 was detected in plasma from mice that tested negative for HEV RNA in plasma but positive for HEV RNA in stool and was detected after viral clearance in mice that were treated with ribavirin. Plasma density gradient analysis revealed the presence of the noninfectious glycosylated form of ORF2. CONCLUSION ORF2 Ag can be used as a marker of active HEV infection and for assessment of the effect of antiviral therapy, especially when fecal samples are not available or molecular diagnostic tests are not accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Lieven Verhoye
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Claire Montpellier
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM (U1019), CNRS (UMR 8204), Lille University, Toulouse, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- INSERM (U1043), IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Virology, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.,Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- INSERM (U1043), IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Virology, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.,Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM (U1019), CNRS (UMR 8204), Lille University, Toulouse, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, Toulouse, France
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
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Sayed IM. Hepatic Immune Response Against Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 1 Infection Among Animal Models. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1082-1083. [PMID: 31063539 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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El-Mokhtar MA, Othman ER, Khashbah MY, Ismael A, Ghaliony MAA, Seddik MI, Sayed IM. Evidence of the Extrahepatic Replication of Hepatitis E Virus in Human Endometrial Stromal Cells. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040295. [PMID: 32316431 PMCID: PMC7238207 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. The tropism of HEV is not restricted to the liver, and the virus replicates in other organs. Not all the extrahepatic targets for HEV are identified. Herein, we found that non-decidualized primary human endometrial stromal cells (PHESCs), which are precursors for the decidua and placenta, are susceptible to HEV infection. PHESCs, isolated from healthy non-pregnant women (n = 5), were challenged with stool-derived HEV-1 and HEV-3. HEV RNA was measured by qPCR, and HEV capsid protein was assessed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence (IF), and ELISA. HEV infection was successfully established in PHESCs. Intracellular and extracellular HEV RNA loads were increased over time, indicating efficient replication in vitro. In addition, HEV capsid protein was detected intracellularly in the HEV-infected PHESCs and accumulated extracellularly over time, confirming the viral assembly and release from the infected cells. HEV-1 replicated more efficiently in PHESCs than HEV-3 and induced more inflammatory responses. Ribavirin (RBV) treatment abolished the replication of HEV in PHESCs. In conclusion, PHESCs are permissive to HEV infection and these cells could be an endogenous source of HEV infection during pregnancy and mediate HEV vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, 71515 Assiut, Egypt;
- Reproductive Science Research Center, Assiut University, 71515 Assiut, Egypt; (E.R.O.); (M.Y.K.)
| | - Essam R. Othman
- Reproductive Science Research Center, Assiut University, 71515 Assiut, Egypt; (E.R.O.); (M.Y.K.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assiut University, 71515 Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Academic Endometriosis Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maha Y. Khashbah
- Reproductive Science Research Center, Assiut University, 71515 Assiut, Egypt; (E.R.O.); (M.Y.K.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assiut University, 71515 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ali Ismael
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed AA Ghaliony
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University, 71515 Assiut, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Ismail Seddik
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, 71515 Assiut, Egypt;
| | - Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, 71515 Assiut, Egypt;
- Reproductive Science Research Center, Assiut University, 71515 Assiut, Egypt; (E.R.O.); (M.Y.K.)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: or
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