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Guyer RA, Stavely R, Robertson K, Bhave S, Mueller JL, Picard NM, Hotta R, Kaltschmidt JA, Goldstein AM. Single-cell multiome sequencing clarifies enteric glial diversity and identifies an intraganglionic population poised for neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112194. [PMID: 36857184 PMCID: PMC10123761 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of glial cells (EGCs) and neurons derived from neural crest precursors. EGCs retain capacity for large-scale neurogenesis in culture, and in vivo lineage tracing has identified neurons derived from glial cells in response to inflammation. We thus hypothesize that EGCs possess a chromatin structure poised for neurogenesis. We use single-cell multiome sequencing to simultaneously assess transcription and chromatin accessibility in EGCs undergoing spontaneous neurogenesis in culture, as well as small intestine myenteric plexus EGCs. Cultured EGCs maintain open chromatin at genomic loci accessible in neurons, and neurogenesis from EGCs involves dynamic chromatin rearrangements with a net decrease in accessible chromatin. A subset of in vivo EGCs, highly enriched within the myenteric ganglia and that persist into adulthood, have a gene expression program and chromatin state consistent with neurogenic potential. These results clarify the mechanisms underlying EGC potential for neuronal fate transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Guyer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keiramarie Robertson
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sukhada Bhave
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L Mueller
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole M Picard
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia A Kaltschmidt
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Azkanaz M, Corominas-Murtra B, Ellenbroek SIJ, Bruens L, Webb AT, Laskaris D, Oost KC, Lafirenze SJA, Annusver K, Messal HA, Iqbal S, Flanagan DJ, Huels DJ, Rojas-Rodríguez F, Vizoso M, Kasper M, Sansom OJ, Snippert HJ, Liberali P, Simons BD, Katajisto P, Hannezo E, van Rheenen J. Retrograde movements determine effective stem cell numbers in the intestine. Nature 2022; 607:548-554. [PMID: 35831497 PMCID: PMC7614894 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and functionality of the epithelial lining differ along the intestinal tract, but tissue renewal at all sites is driven by stem cells at the base of crypts1-3. Whether stem cell numbers and behaviour vary at different sites is unknown. Here we show using intravital microscopy that, despite similarities in the number and distribution of proliferative cells with an Lgr5 signature in mice, small intestinal crypts contain twice as many effective stem cells as large intestinal crypts. We find that, although passively displaced by a conveyor-belt-like upward movement, small intestinal cells positioned away from the crypt base can function as long-term effective stem cells owing to Wnt-dependent retrograde cellular movement. By contrast, the near absence of retrograde movement in the large intestine restricts cell repositioning, leading to a reduction in effective stem cell number. Moreover, after suppression of the retrograde movement in the small intestine, the number of effective stem cells is reduced, and the rate of monoclonal conversion of crypts is accelerated. Together, these results show that the number of effective stem cells is determined by active retrograde movement, revealing a new channel of stem cell regulation that can be experimentally and pharmacologically manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azkanaz
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernat Corominas-Murtra
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Saskia I J Ellenbroek
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Bruens
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna T Webb
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Laskaris
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen C Oost
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simona J A Lafirenze
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karl Annusver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hendrik A Messal
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sharif Iqbal
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dustin J Flanagan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Huels
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe Rojas-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Vizoso
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Owen J Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hugo J Snippert
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Molecular Cancer Research, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome Trust-Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute for Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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3
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Roach SN, Fiege JK, Shepherd FK, Wiggen TD, Hunter RC, Langlois RA. Respiratory Influenza Virus Infection Causes Dynamic Tuft Cell and Innate Lymphoid Cell Changes in the Small Intestine. J Virol 2022; 96:e0035222. [PMID: 35446142 PMCID: PMC9093116 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00352-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) can cause severe disease and death in humans. IAV infection and the accompanying immune response can result in systemic inflammation, leading to intestinal damage and disruption of the intestinal microbiome. Here, we demonstrate that a specific subset of epithelial cells, tuft cells, increase across the small intestine during active respiratory IAV infection. Upon viral clearance, tuft cell numbers return to baseline levels. Intestinal tuft cell increases were not protective against disease, as animals with either increased tuft cells or a lack of tuft cells did not have any change in disease morbidity after infection. Respiratory IAV infection also caused transient increases in type 1 and 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1 and ILC2, respectively) in the small intestine. ILC2 increases were significantly blunted in the absence of tuft cells, whereas ILC1s were unaffected. Unlike the intestines, ILCs in the lungs were not altered in the absence of tuft cells. This work establishes that respiratory IAV infection causes dynamic changes to tuft cells and ILCs in the small intestines and that tuft cells are necessary for the infection-induced increase in small intestine ILC2s. These intestinal changes in tuft cell and ILC populations may represent unexplored mechanisms preventing systemic infection and/or contributing to severe disease in humans with preexisting conditions. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) is a respiratory infection in humans that can lead to a wide range of symptoms and disease severity. Respiratory infection can cause systemic inflammation and damage in the intestines. Few studies have explored how inflammation alters the intestinal environment. We found that active infection caused an increase in the epithelial population called tuft cells as well as type 1 and 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the small intestine. In the absence of tuft cells, this increase in type 2 ILCs was seriously blunted, whereas type 1 ILCs still increased. These findings indicate that tuft cells are necessary for infection-induced changes in small intestine type 2 ILCs and implicate tuft cells as regulators of the intestinal environment in response to systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanley N. Roach
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jessica K. Fiege
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Frances K. Shepherd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Talia D. Wiggen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryan C. Hunter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryan A. Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Drurey C, Lindholm HT, Coakley G, Poveda MC, Löser S, Doolan R, Gerbe F, Jay P, Harris N, Oudhoff MJ, Maizels RM. Intestinal epithelial tuft cell induction is negated by a murine helminth and its secreted products. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211140. [PMID: 34779829 PMCID: PMC8597987 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites are adept manipulators of the immune system, using multiple strategies to evade the host type 2 response. In the intestinal niche, the epithelium is crucial for initiating type 2 immunity via tuft cells, which together with goblet cells expand dramatically in response to the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. However, it is not known whether helminths modulate these epithelial cell populations. In vitro, using small intestinal organoids, we found that excretory/secretory products (HpES) from Heligmosomoides polygyrus blocked the effects of IL-4/13, inhibiting tuft and goblet cell gene expression and expansion, and inducing spheroid growth characteristic of fetal epithelium and homeostatic repair. Similar outcomes were seen in organoids exposed to parasite larvae. In vivo, H. polygyrus infection inhibited tuft cell responses to heterologous Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection or succinate, and HpES also reduced succinate-stimulated tuft cell expansion. Our results demonstrate that helminth parasites reshape their intestinal environment in a novel strategy for undermining the host protective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Drurey
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Håvard T. Lindholm
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gillian Coakley
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marta Campillo Poveda
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephan Löser
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Rory Doolan
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - François Gerbe
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR-5203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1191, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Jay
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR-5203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1191, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicola Harris
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Menno J. Oudhoff
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
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5
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Shanahan MT, Kanke M, Oyesola OO, Hung YH, Koch-Laskowski K, Singh AP, Peck BCE, Biraud M, Sheahan B, Cortes JE, Gong H, Sahoo DK, Cubitt R, Kurpios NA, Mochel JP, Allenspach K, McElroy SJ, Ding S, von Moltke J, Dekaney CM, Tait-Wojno ED, Sethupathy P. Multiomic analysis defines the first microRNA atlas across all small intestinal epithelial lineages and reveals novel markers of almost all major cell types. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G668-G681. [PMID: 34643097 PMCID: PMC8887887 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00222.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-mediated regulation is critical for the proper development and function of the small intestinal (SI) epithelium. However, it is not known which microRNAs are expressed in each of the cell types of the SI epithelium. To bridge this important knowledge gap, we performed comprehensive microRNA profiling in all major cell types of the mouse SI epithelium. We used flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting with multiple reporter mouse models to isolate intestinal stem cells, enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, tuft cells, and secretory progenitors. We then subjected these cell populations to small RNA-sequencing. The resulting atlas revealed highly enriched microRNA markers for almost every major cell type (https://sethupathy-lab.shinyapps.io/SI_miRNA/). Several of these lineage-enriched microRNAs (LEMs) were observed to be embedded in annotated host genes. We used chromatin-run-on sequencing to determine which of these LEMs are likely cotranscribed with their host genes. We then performed single-cell RNA-sequencing to define the cell type specificity of the host genes and embedded LEMs. We observed that the two most enriched microRNAs in secretory progenitors are miR-1224 and miR-672, the latter of which we found is deleted in hominin species. Finally, using several in vivo models, we established that miR-152 is a Paneth cell-specific microRNA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, first, microRNA atlas (and searchable web server) across all major small intestinal epithelial cell types is presented. We have demonstrated microRNAs that uniquely mark several lineages, including enteroendocrine and tuft. Identification of a key marker of mouse secretory progenitor cells, miR-672, which we show is deleted in humans. We have used several in vivo models to establish miR-152 as a specific marker of Paneth cells, which are highly understudied in terms of microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Shanahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Oyebola O Oyesola
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Kieran Koch-Laskowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Ajeet P Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Bailey C E Peck
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mandy Biraud
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Breanna Sheahan
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Josca E Cortes
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Huiyu Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Dipak K Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Rebecca Cubitt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Steven J McElroy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christopher M Dekaney
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Elia D Tait-Wojno
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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6
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Abstract
In addition to the small intestine's well-known function of nutrient absorption, the small intestine also plays a major role in nutrient sensing. Similar to taste sensors seen on the tongue, GPCR-coupled nutrient sensors are expressed throughout the intestinal epithelium and respond to nutrients found in the lumen. These taste receptors respond to specific ligands, such as digested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The activation of nutrient sensors in the intestine allows for the induction of signaling pathways needed for the digestive system to process an influx of nutrients. Such processes include those related to glucose homeostasis and satiety. Defects in intestinal nutrient sensing have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we review recent updates in the mechanisms related to intestinal nutrient sensors, particularly in enteroendocrine cells, and their pathological roles in disease. Additionally, we highlight the emerging nutrient sensing role of tuft cells and recent work using enteroids as a sensory organ model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreanna Burman
- Cell and Developmental Biology and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Epithelial Biology Center and Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Abstract
Here, we describe the use of polarized patient enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) to assess the impact of e-cigarettes on the human gut barrier. These EDMs can be adapted to culture in a 96-well plate for high-throughput screening. We model the effect of e-cigarettes by combining pathogens, enteroids, and e-cigarette vapor-infused media and assess gut barrier integrity, bacterial internalization, and inflammatory response of the gut epithelium. This protocol can be used to assess the effects of e-cigarette components on gut functions. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Sharma et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Courtney Tindle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayden G. Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moore’s Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moore’s Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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8
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Hoffmann P, Schnepel N, Langeheine M, Künnemann K, Grassl GA, Brehm R, Seeger B, Mazzuoli-Weber G, Breves G. Intestinal organoid-based 2D monolayers mimic physiological and pathophysiological properties of the pig intestine. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256143. [PMID: 34424915 PMCID: PMC8382199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infectious diseases remain an important issue for human and animal health. Investigations on gastrointestinal infectious diseases are classically performed in laboratory animals leading to the problem that species-specific models are scarcely available, especially when it comes to farm animals. The 3R principles of Russel and Burch were achieved using intestinal organoids of porcine jejunum. These organoids seem to be a promising tool to generate species-specific in vitro models of intestinal epithelium. 3D Organoids were grown in an extracellular matrix and characterized by qPCR. Organoids were also seeded on permeable filter supports in order to generate 2D epithelial monolayers. The organoid-based 2D monolayers were characterized morphologically and were investigated regarding their potential to study physiological transport properties and pathophysiological processes. They showed a monolayer structure containing different cell types. Moreover, their functional activity was demonstrated by their increasing transepithelial electrical resistance over 18 days and by an active glucose transport and chloride secretion. Furthermore, the organoid-based 2D monolayers were also confronted with cholera toxin derived from Vibrio cholerae as a proof of concept. Incubation with cholera toxin led to an increase of short-circuit current indicating an enhanced epithelial chloride secretion, which is a typical characteristic of cholera infections. Taken this together, our model allows the investigation of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms focusing on the small intestine of pigs. This is in line with the 3R principle and allows the reduction of classical animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hoffmann
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Langeheine
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Künnemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Brehm
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Seeger
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gemma Mazzuoli-Weber
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Chen Y, Shen J, Kasmani MY, Topchyan P, Cui W. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Core Regulatory Programs That Determine the Heterogeneity of Circulating and Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells. Cells 2021; 10:2143. [PMID: 34440912 PMCID: PMC8392357 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During acute infections, CD8+ T cells form various memory subpopulations to provide long-lasting protection against reinfection. T central memory (TCM), T effector memory (TEM), and long-lived effector (LLE) cells are circulating memory populations with distinct plasticity, migration patterns, and effector functions. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells permanently reside in the frontline sites of pathogen entry and provide tissue-specific protection upon reinfection. Here, using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA-seq, we examined the different and shared transcriptomes and regulators of TRM cells with other circulating memory populations. Furthermore, we identified heterogeneity within the TRM pool from small intestine and novel transcriptional regulators that may control the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of TRM cells during acute infection. Our findings provide a resource for future studies to identify novel pathways for enhancing vaccination and immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (P.T.)
| | - Jian Shen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (P.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Moujtaba Y. Kasmani
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (P.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (P.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (P.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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10
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Yang F, Pham TA, Brandenberg N, Lutolf MP, Ma J, Unser M. Robust Phase Unwrapping via Deep Image Prior for Quantitative Phase Imaging. IEEE Trans Image Process 2021; 30:7025-7037. [PMID: 34329165 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2021.3099956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is an emerging label-free technique that produces images containing morphological and dynamical information without contrast agents. Unfortunately, the phase is wrapped in most imaging system. Phase unwrapping is the computational process that recovers a more informative image. It is particularly challenging with thick and complex samples such as organoids. Recent works that rely on supervised training show that deep learning is a powerful method to unwrap the phase; however, supervised approaches require large and representative datasets which are difficult to obtain for complex biological samples. Inspired by the concept of deep image priors, we propose a deep-learning-based method that does not need any training set. Our framework relies on an untrained convolutional neural network to accurately unwrap the phase while ensuring the consistency of the measurements. We experimentally demonstrate that the proposed method faithfully recovers the phase of complex samples on both real and simulated data. Our work paves the way to reliable phase imaging of thick and complex samples with QPI.
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11
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Fu Z, Dean JW, Xiong L, Dougherty MW, Oliff KN, Chen ZME, Jobin C, Garrett TJ, Zhou L. Mitochondrial transcription factor A in RORγt + lymphocytes regulate small intestine homeostasis and metabolism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4462. [PMID: 34294718 PMCID: PMC8298438 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RORγt+ lymphocytes, including interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing gamma delta T (γδT17) cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), are important immune regulators. Compared to Th17 cells and ILC3s, γδT17 cell metabolism and its role in tissue homeostasis remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the tissue milieu shapes splenic and intestinal γδT17 cell gene signatures. Conditional deletion of mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in RORγt+ lymphocytes significantly affects systemic γδT17 cell maintenance and reduces ILC3s without affecting Th17 cells in the gut. In vivo deletion of Tfam in RORγt+ lymphocytes, especially in γδT17 cells, results in small intestine tissue remodeling and increases small intestine length by enhancing the type 2 immune responses in mice. Moreover, these mice show dysregulation of the small intestine transcriptome and metabolism with less body weight but enhanced anti-helminth immunity. IL-22, a cytokine produced by RORγt+ lymphocytes inhibits IL-13-induced tuft cell differentiation in vitro, and suppresses the tuft cell-type 2 immune circuit and small intestine lengthening in vivo, highlighting its key role in gut tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph W Dean
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lifeng Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Kristen N Oliff
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zong-Ming E Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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12
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Matsubara K, Kunimura K, Yamane N, Aihara R, Sakurai T, Sakata D, Uruno T, Fukui Y. DOCK8 deficiency causes a skewing to type 2 immunity in the gut with expansion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 559:135-140. [PMID: 33940384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Cdc42. In humans, homozygous or compound heterozygous deletions in DOCK8 cause a combined immunodeficiency characterized by various allergic diseases including food allergies. Although group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) contribute to the development of allergic inflammation by producing interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, the role of ILC2s in DOCK8 deficiency has not been fully explored. With the use of cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF), we performed high-dimensional phenotyping of intestinal immune cells and found that DOCK8-deficient (Dock8-/-) mice exhibited expansion of ILC2s and other leukocytes associated with type 2 immunity in the small intestine. Moreover, IL-5- and IL-13-producing cells markedly increased in Dock8-/- mice, and the majority of them were lineage-negative cells, most likely ILC2s. Intestinal ILC2s expanded when DOCK8 expression was selectively deleted in hematopoietic cells. Importantly, intestinal ILC2 expansion was also observed in Dock8VAGR mice having mutations in the catalytic center of DOCK8, thereby failing to activate Cdc42. Our findings indicate that DOCK8 is a negative regulator of intestinal ILC2s to inhibit their expansion via Cdc42 activation, and that deletion of DOCK8 causes a skewing to type 2 immunity in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Matsubara
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kunimura
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Nana Yamane
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Aihara
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakurai
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daiji Sakata
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takehito Uruno
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fukui
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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13
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Chaaban H, Burge K, Eckert J, Trammell M, Dyer D, Keshari RS, Silasi R, Regmi G, Lupu C, Good M, McElroy SJ, Lupu F. Acceleration of Small Intestine Development and Remodeling of the Microbiome Following Hyaluronan 35 kDa Treatment in Neonatal Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:2030. [PMID: 34204790 PMCID: PMC8231646 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of human milk suppressing the development of intestinal pathologies such as necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants are widely known. Human milk (HM) is rich in a multitude of bioactive factors that play major roles in promoting postnatal maturation, differentiation, and the development of the microbiome. Previous studies showed that HM is rich in hyaluronan (HA) especially in colostrum and early milk. This study aims to determine the role of HA 35 KDa, a HM HA mimic, on intestinal proliferation, differentiation, and the development of the intestinal microbiome. We show that oral HA 35 KDa supplementation for 7 days in mouse pups leads to increased villus length and crypt depth, and increased goblet and Paneth cells, compared to controls. We also show that HA 35 KDa leads to an increased predominance of Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae, Lactobacillales Lactobacillaceae, and Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae. In seeking the mechanisms involved in the changes, bulk RNA seq was performed on samples from the terminal ileum and identified upregulation in several genes essential for cellular growth, proliferation, and survival. Taken together, this study shows that HA 35 KDa supplemented to mouse pups promotes intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, as well as the development of Paneth cells and goblet cell subsets. HA 35 KDa also impacted the intestinal microbiota; the implications of these responses need to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Chaaban
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.B.); (J.E.)
| | - Kathryn Burge
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.B.); (J.E.)
| | - Jeffrey Eckert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.B.); (J.E.)
| | - MaJoi Trammell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.T.); (D.D.)
| | - David Dyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Ravi S. Keshari
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.S.K.); (R.S.); (G.R.); (C.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Robert Silasi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.S.K.); (R.S.); (G.R.); (C.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Girija Regmi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.S.K.); (R.S.); (G.R.); (C.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Cristina Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.S.K.); (R.S.); (G.R.); (C.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Steven J. McElroy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.S.K.); (R.S.); (G.R.); (C.L.); (F.L.)
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14
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Li Y, Wang Y, Chang H, Cheng B, Miao J, Li S, Hu H, Huang L, Wang Q. Inhibitory Effects of Dexmedetomidine and Propofol on Gastrointestinal Tract Motility Involving Impaired Enteric Glia Ca 2+ Response in Mice. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1410-1422. [PMID: 33656693 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Propofol and dexmedetomidine are popular used for sedation in ICU, however, inadequate attention has been paid to their effect on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) motility. Present study aimed to compare the effect of propofol and dexmedetomidine on GIT motility at parallel level of sedation and explore the possible mechanism. Male C57BL/6 mice (8-10 weeks) were randomly divided into control, propofol and dexmedetomidine group. After intraperitoneal injection of propofol or dexmedetomidine, comparable sedative level was confirmed by sedative score, physiological parameters and electroencephalogram (EEG). Different segments of GIT motility in vivo (gastric emptying, small intestine transit, distal colon bead expulsion, stool weight and number of fecal pellets, gastrointestinal transit and whole gut transit time) and colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) pattern in vitro were evaluated. The Ca2+ response of primary enteric glia was examined under the treatment of propofol or dexmedetomidine. There is little difference in physiological parameters and composite permutation entropy index (CPEI) between administration of 50 mg/kg propofol and 40 μg/kg dexmedetomidine, indicated that parallel level of sedation was reached. Data showed that propofol and dexmedetomidine had significantly inhibitory effect on GIT motility while dexmedetomidine was stronger. Also, the amplitude (ΔF/F0) of Ca2+ response in primary enteric glia was attenuated after treated with the sedatives while the effect of dexmedetomidine was greater than propofol. These findings demonstrated that dexmedetomidine caused stronger inhibitory effects on GIT motility in sedative mice, which may involve impaired Ca2+ response in enteric glia. Hence, dexmedetomidine should be carefully applied especially for potential GIT dysmotility patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiqing Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiwen Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liyu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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15
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Davoudi Z, Peroutka-Bigus N, Bellaire B, Jergens A, Wannemuehler M, Wang Q. Gut Organoid as a New Platform to Study Alginate and Chitosan Mediated PLGA Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19050282. [PMID: 34065505 PMCID: PMC8161322 DOI: 10.3390/md19050282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal organoids can be used as an ex vivo epithelial model to study different drug delivery effects on epithelial cells’ luminal surface. In this study, the impact of surface charge on the delivery of 5-ASA loaded PLGA nanoparticles into the lumen of organoids was investigated. Alginate and chitosan were used to coat the nanoparticles and provide negative and positive charges on the particles, respectively. The organoid growth and viability were not affected by the presence of either alginate- or chitosan-coated nanoparticles. It was shown that nanoparticles could be transported from the serosal side of the organoids to the lumen as the dye gradually accumulated in the lumen by day 2–3 after adding the nanoparticles to the Matrigel. By day 5, the dye was eliminated from the lumen of the organoids. It was concluded that the positively charged nanoparticles were more readily transported across the epithelium into the lumen. It may be attributed to the affinity of epithelial cells to the positive charge. Thus, the organoid can be utilized as an appropriate model to mimic the functions of the intestinal epithelium and can be used as a model to evaluate the benefits of nanoparticle-based drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Davoudi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Nathan Peroutka-Bigus
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (N.P.-B.); (B.B.); (M.W.)
| | - Bryan Bellaire
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (N.P.-B.); (B.B.); (M.W.)
| | - Albert Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Michael Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (N.P.-B.); (B.B.); (M.W.)
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-515-294-4218
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16
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Lee J, Mohsen A, Banerjee A, McCullough LD, Mizuguchi K, Shimaoka M, Kiyono H, Park EJ. Distinct Age-Specific miRegulome Profiling of Isolated Small and Large Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3544. [PMID: 33805523 PMCID: PMC8036635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium serves as a dynamic barrier to protect the host tissue from exposure to a myriad of inflammatory stimuli in the luminal environment. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) encompass differentiated and specialized cell types that are equipped with regulatory genes, which allow for sensing of the luminal environment. Potential inflammatory cues can instruct IECs to undergo a diverse set of phenotypic alterations. Aging is a primary risk factor for a variety of diseases; it is now well-documented that aging itself reduces the barrier function and turnover of the intestinal epithelium, resulting in pathogen translocation and immune priming with increased systemic inflammation. In this study, we aimed to provide an effective epigenetic and regulatory outlook that examines age-associated alterations in the intestines through the profiling of microRNAs (miRNAs) on isolated mouse IECs. Our microarray analysis revealed that with aging, there is dysregulation of distinct clusters of miRNAs that was present to a greater degree in small IECs (22 miRNAs) compared to large IECs (three miRNAs). Further, miRNA-mRNA interaction network and pathway analyses indicated that aging differentially regulates key pathways between small IECs (e.g., toll-like receptor-related cascades) and large IECs (e.g., cell cycle, Notch signaling and small ubiquitin-related modifier pathway). Taken together, current findings suggest novel gene regulation pathways by epithelial miRNAs in aging within the gastrointestinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juneyoung Lee
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (J.L.); (H.K.)
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.B.); (L.D.M.)
| | - Attayeb Mohsen
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; (A.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Anik Banerjee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.B.); (L.D.M.)
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.B.); (L.D.M.)
| | - Kenji Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; (A.M.); (K.M.)
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (J.L.); (H.K.)
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC 0063, San Diego, CA 92093-0063, USA
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (J.L.); (H.K.)
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
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17
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Sullivan ZA, Khoury-Hanold W, Lim J, Smillie C, Biton M, Reis BS, Zwick RK, Pope SD, Israni-Winger K, Parsa R, Philip NH, Rashed S, Palm N, Wang A, Mucida D, Regev A, Medzhitov R. γδ T cells regulate the intestinal response to nutrient sensing. Science 2021; 371:eaba8310. [PMID: 33737460 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba8310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is a site of direct encounter with the external environment and must consequently balance barrier defense with nutrient uptake. To investigate how nutrient uptake is regulated in the small intestine, we tested the effect of diets with different macronutrient compositions on epithelial gene expression. We found that enzymes and transporters required for carbohydrate digestion and absorption were regulated by carbohydrate availability. The "on-demand" induction of this machinery required γδ T cells, which regulated this program through the suppression of interleukin-22 production by type 3 innate lymphoid cells. Nutrient availability altered the tissue localization and transcriptome of γδ T cells. Additionally, transcriptional responses to diet involved cellular remodeling of the epithelial compartment. Thus, this work identifies a role for γδ T cells in nutrient sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuri A Sullivan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Jaechul Lim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chris Smillie
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Moshe Biton
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bernardo S Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel K Zwick
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Pope
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kavita Israni-Winger
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roham Parsa
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Naomi H Philip
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saleh Rashed
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Noah Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT, USA
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18
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Anastasia I, Ilacqua N, Raimondi A, Lemieux P, Ghandehari-Alavijeh R, Faure G, Mekhedov SL, Williams KJ, Caicci F, Valle G, Giacomello M, Quiroga AD, Lehner R, Miksis MJ, Toth K, de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Koonin EV, Scorrano L, Pellegrini L. Mitochondria-rough-ER contacts in the liver regulate systemic lipid homeostasis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108873. [PMID: 33730569 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Contacts between organelles create microdomains that play major roles in regulating key intracellular activities and signaling pathways, but whether they also regulate systemic functions remains unknown. Here, we report the ultrastructural organization and dynamics of the inter-organellar contact established by sheets of curved rough endoplasmic reticulum closely wrapped around the mitochondria (wrappER). To elucidate the in vivo function of this contact, mouse liver fractions enriched in wrappER-associated mitochondria are analyzed by transcriptomics, proteomics, and lipidomics. The biochemical signature of the wrappER points to a role in the biogenesis of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). Altering wrappER-mitochondria contacts curtails VLDL secretion and increases hepatic fatty acids, lipid droplets, and neutral lipid content. Conversely, acute liver-specific ablation of Mttp, the most upstream regulator of VLDL biogenesis, recapitulates this hepatic dyslipidemia phenotype and promotes remodeling of the wrappER-mitochondria contact. The discovery that liver wrappER-mitochondria contacts participate in VLDL biology suggests an involvement of inter-organelle contacts in systemic lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Anastasia
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada; Mitochondria Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolò Ilacqua
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada; Mitochondria Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Lemieux
- Mitochondria Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Guilhem Faure
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sergei L Mekhedov
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Giorgio Valle
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ariel D Quiroga
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, CONICET, UNR, Rosario, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael J Miksis
- Department of Engineering Science and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Katalin Toth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Q de Aguiar Vallim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Pellegrini
- Mitochondria Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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Meir M, Kannapin F, Diefenbacher M, Ghoreishi Y, Kollmann C, Flemming S, Germer CT, Waschke J, Leven P, Schneider R, Wehner S, Burkard N, Schlegel N. Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Maturation by Enteric Glial Cells Is GDNF-Dependent. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1887. [PMID: 33672854 PMCID: PMC7917776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) of the enteric nervous system are critically involved in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial barrier function (IEB). The underlying mechanisms remain undefined. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) contributes to IEB maturation and may therefore be the predominant mediator of this process by EGCs. Using GFAPcre x Ai14floxed mice to isolate EGCs by Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we confirmed that they synthesize GDNF in vivo as well as in primary cultures demonstrating that EGCs are a rich source of GDNF in vivo and in vitro. Co-culture of EGCs with Caco2 cells resulted in IEB maturation which was abrogated when GDNF was either depleted from EGC supernatants, or knocked down in EGCs or when the GDNF receptor RET was blocked. Further, TNFα-induced loss of IEB function in Caco2 cells and in organoids was attenuated by EGC supernatants or by recombinant GDNF. These barrier-protective effects were blunted when using supernatants from GDNF-deficient EGCs or by RET receptor blockade. Together, our data show that EGCs produce GDNF to maintain IEB function in vitro through the RET receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meir
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Felix Kannapin
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Markus Diefenbacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany;
| | - Yalda Ghoreishi
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Catherine Kollmann
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Sven Flemming
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Jens Waschke
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Patrick Leven
- Department of Surgery, University Clinic Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53105 Bonn, Germany; (P.L.); (R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Reiner Schneider
- Department of Surgery, University Clinic Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53105 Bonn, Germany; (P.L.); (R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery, University Clinic Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53105 Bonn, Germany; (P.L.); (R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Natalie Burkard
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
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20
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Yoshida S, Honjo T, Iino K, Ishibe R, Leo S, Shimada T, Watanabe T, Ishikawa M, Maeda K, Kusuhara H, Shiraki N, Kume S. Generation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Functional Enterocyte-Like Cells for Pharmacokinetic Studies. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:295-308. [PMID: 33513361 PMCID: PMC7878837 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to establish an in vitro differentiation procedure to generate matured small intestinal cells mimicking human small intestine from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We previously reported the efficient generation of CDX2-expressing intestinal progenitor cells from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) using 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO) and (3,5-difluorophenylacetyl)-L-alanyl-L-2-phenylglycine tert-butyl ester (DAPT) to treat definitive endodermal cells. Here, we demonstrate the generation of enterocyte-like cells by culturing human iPSC-derived intestinal progenitor cells on a collagen vitrigel membrane (CVM) and treating cells with a simple maturation medium containing BIO, DMSO, dexamethasone, and activated vitamin D3. Functional tests further confirmed that these iPSC-derived enterocyte-like cells exhibit P-gp- and BCRP-mediated efflux and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)-mediated metabolism. We concluded that hiPS cell-derived enterocyte-like cells can be used as a model for the evaluation of drug transport and metabolism studies in the human small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Yoshida
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-1, Futabacho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takayuki Honjo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Keita Iino
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Ishibe
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Sylvia Leo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoka Shimada
- Analytical Chemistry & Technology, Shionogi TechnoAdvance Research Co., Ltd., 1-1, Futabacho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Watanabe
- Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co. Inc., 21 Suzukawa, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Masaya Ishikawa
- Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co. Inc., 21 Suzukawa, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shiraki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Shoen Kume
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
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Abstract
The small intestine is a specialised organ, essential for nutrient digestion and absorption. It is lined with a complex epithelial cell layer. Intestinal epithelial cells can be cultured in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds as self-organising entities with distinct domains containing stem cells and differentiated cells. Recent developments in bioengineering provide new possibilities for directing the organisation of cells in vitro. In this Perspective, focusing on the small intestine, we discuss how studies at the interface between bioengineering and intestinal biology provide new insights into organ function. Specifically, we focus on engineered biomaterials, complex 3D structures resembling the intestinal architecture, and micro-physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antfolk
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kim B Jensen
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Luo Y, Wang B, Liu J, Ma F, Luo D, Zheng Z, Lu Q, Zhou W, Zheng Y, Zhang C, Wang Q, Sha W, Chen H. Ginsenoside RG1 enhances the paracrine effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on radiation induced intestinal injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:1132-1152. [PMID: 33293477 PMCID: PMC7835034 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Content and aims: Ginsenoside RG1 (RG1) is thought to enhance proliferation and differentiation of stem cell, however, its role on paracrine efficacy of stem cell remains unclear. Here we examined if and how RG1 enhances the paracrine effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) on radiation induced intestinal injury (RIII). METHOD Irradiated rats randomly received intraperitoneal injection of conditioned medium (CM) derived from non-activated BM-MSCs (MSC-CM) or BM-MSCs pre-activated by RG-1 (RG1-MSC-CM). Intestinal samples were collected, followed by the evaluation of histological and functional change, apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis and stem cell regeneration. The effects of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were investigated using HO-1 inhibitor or siRNA. RESULT RG1 enhanced the paracrine efficacy of BM-MSCs partially through upregulation of HO-1. RG1-MSC-CM rather than MSC-CM significantly improved the survival and intestinal damage of irradiated rats via improvement of intestinal proliferation/apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and stem cell regeneration in a HO-1 dependent mechanism. The mechanism for the superior paracrine efficacy of RG1-MSC-CM is related to a higher release of two pivotal cytokines VEGF and IL-6. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that RG1 enhances paracrine effects of BM-MSCs on RIII, providing a novel method for maximizing the paracrine potential of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Luo
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Faxin Ma
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Dongling Luo
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhongwen Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Quan Lu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Qiyi Wang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Sha
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Konishi K, Du L, Francius G, Linder M, Sugawara T, Kurihara H, Takahashi K. Lipid Composition of Liposomal Membrane Largely Affects Its Transport and Uptake through Small Intestinal Epithelial Cell Models. Lipids 2020; 55:671-682. [PMID: 32770855 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid composition of liposomal bilayer should alter the cell response for permeability, transport, and uptake in small intestine. This work was done to investigate the transport and uptake of liposomes composed of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG) derived from marine products on multilamellar vesicles (MLV) in small intestinal epithelial cell models. The results showed that addition of PtdSer and SQDG as liposomal bilayer could improve the efficiency entrapment of liposomes. The liposomes containing PtdSer showed higher transport and uptake through both Caco-2 cell and M cell monolayers as compared to PtdCho-MLV. SQDG-containing liposomes exhibited only higher transport through M cell monolayer, while its uptake effect was higher both in Caco-2 cell and M cell monolayers. The results of experiments done with endocytosis inhibitors indicated that PtdCho-MLV must be transported via macropinocytosis and uptaken by phagocytosis in M cell monolayer model. PtdCho/PtdSer-MLV and PtdCho/SQDG-MLV might be transported and uptaken through M cell monolayer by phagocytosis. The result also indicated that PtdCho/SQDG-MLV could open the tight junction of small intestinal epithelial cell monolayers. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that the surface status of cholesterol-containing liposomes were smooth, but they did not affect their transport and uptake through Caco-2 cell and M cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Konishi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Grégory Francius
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, Université de Lorraine, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, 54600, France
| | - Michel Linder
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des biomolécules, Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Foêt de Haye, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, 54505, France
| | - Tomoaki Sugawara
- Hokkaido Industrial Technology Center, 379 Kikyo-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-0801, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kurihara
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Koretaro Takahashi
- Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido, 090-8507, Japan
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Medina S, Lauer FT, Castillo EF, Bolt AM, Ali AMS, Liu KJ, Burchiel SW. Exposures to uranium and arsenic alter intraepithelial and innate immune cells in the small intestine of male and female mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 403:115155. [PMID: 32710956 PMCID: PMC7490749 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human exposures to environmental metals, including uranium (U) and arsenic (As) are a global public health concern. Chronic exposures to U and As are linked to many adverse health effects including, immune suppression and autoimmunity. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is home to many immune cells vital in the maintenance of systemic immune health. However, very little is known about the immunotoxicity of U and As at this site. The present study examined the burden of U and As exposure in the GI tract as well as the resultant immunotoxicity to intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and innate immune cells of the small intestine following chronic drinking water exposures of male and female mice to U (in the form of uranyl acetate, UA) and As (in the form of sodium arsenite, As3+). Exposure to U or As3+ resulted in high levels of U or As in the GI tract of male and female mice, respectively. A reduction of small intestinal CD4+ IELs (TCRαβ+, CD8αα+) was found following As3+ exposure, whereas U produced widespread suppression of CD4- IEL subsets (TCRαβ+ and TCRγδ+). Evaluation of innate immune cell subsets in the small intestinal lamina propria revealed a decrease in mature macrophages, along with a corresponding increase in immature/proinflammatory macrophages following As3+ exposures. These data show that exposures to two prevalent environmental contaminants, U and As produce significant immunotoxicity in the GI tract. Collectively, these findings provide a critical framework for understanding the underlying immune health issues reported in human populations chronically exposed to environmental metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Medina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Fredine T Lauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Alicia M Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Abdul-Mehdi S Ali
- Department of Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Scott W Burchiel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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25
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Pleguezuelos‐Manzano C, Puschhof J, van den Brink S, Geurts V, Beumer J, Clevers H. Establishment and Culture of Human Intestinal Organoids Derived from Adult Stem Cells. Curr Protoc Immunol 2020; 130:e106. [PMID: 32940424 PMCID: PMC9285512 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids derived from adult stem cells are miniature ex vivo versions of the human intestinal epithelium. Intestinal organoids are useful tools for the study of intestinal physiology as well as many disease conditions. These organoids present numerous advantages compared to immortalized cell lines, but working with them requires dedicated techniques. The protocols described in this article provide a basic guide to establishment and maintenance of human intestinal organoids derived from small intestine and colon biopsies. Additionally, this article provides an overview of several downstream applications of human intestinal organoids. © 2020 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1: Establishment of human small intestine and colon organoid cultures from fresh biopsies Basic Protocol 2: Mechanical splitting, passage, and expansion of human intestinal organoids Alternate Protocol: Differentiation of human intestinal organoids Basic Protocol 3: Cryopreservation and thawing of human intestinal organoids Basic Protocol 4: Immunofluorescence staining of human intestinal organoids Basic Protocol 5: Generation of single-cell clonal intestinal organoid cultures Support Protocol 1: Production of Wnt3A conditioned medium Support Protocol 2: Production of Rspo1 conditioned medium Support Protocol 3: Extraction of RNA from intestinal organoid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayetano Pleguezuelos‐Manzano
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jens Puschhof
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Stieneke van den Brink
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Veerle Geurts
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
- The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Kobayashi M, Kadota J, Hashimoto Y, Fujisato T, Nakamura N, Kimura T, Kishida A. Elastic Modulus of ECM Hydrogels Derived from Decellularized Tissue Affects Capillary Network Formation in Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6304. [PMID: 32878178 PMCID: PMC7503911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent applications of decellularized tissue have included the use of hydrogels for injectable materials and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting bioink for tissue regeneration. Microvascular formation is required for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to support cell growth and regeneration in tissues and organs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the formation of capillary networks in decellularized extracellular matrix (d-ECM) hydrogels. The d-ECM hydrogels were obtained from the small intestine submucosa (SIS) and the urinary bladder matrix (UBM) after decellularizing with sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). The SDC d-ECM hydrogel gradually gelated, while the HHP d-ECM hydrogel immediately gelated. All d-ECM hydrogels had low matrix stiffness compared to that of the collagen hydrogel, according to a compression test. D-ECM hydrogels with various elastic moduli were obtained, irrespective of the decellularization method or tissue source. Microvascular-derived endothelial cells were seeded on d-ECM hydrogels. Few cells attached to the SDC d-ECM hydrogel with no network formation, while on the HHP d-ECM hydrogel, a capillary network structure formed between elongated cells. Long, branched networks formed on d-ECM hydrogels with lower matrix stiffness. This suggests that the capillary network structure that forms on d-ECM hydrogels is closely related to the matrix stiffness of the hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Kobayashi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.K.); (J.K.); (Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Junpei Kadota
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.K.); (J.K.); (Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Yoshihide Hashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.K.); (J.K.); (Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Toshiya Fujisato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan;
| | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama 337-8570, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Kimura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.K.); (J.K.); (Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Akio Kishida
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.K.); (J.K.); (Y.H.); (A.K.)
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Hewes SA, Wilson RL, Estes MK, Shroyer NF, Blutt SE, Grande-Allen KJ. In Vitro Models of the Small Intestine: Engineering Challenges and Engineering Solutions. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2020; 26:313-326. [PMID: 32046599 PMCID: PMC7462033 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathologies affecting the small intestine contribute significantly to the disease burden of both the developing and the developed world, which has motivated investigation into the disease mechanisms through in vitro models. Although existing in vitro models recapitulate selected features of the intestine, various important aspects have often been isolated or omitted due to the anatomical and physiological complexity. The small intestine's intricate microanatomy, heterogeneous cell populations, steep oxygen gradients, microbiota, and intestinal wall contractions are often not included in in vitro experimental models of the small intestine, despite their importance in both intestinal biology and pathology. Known and unknown interdependencies between various physiological aspects necessitate more complex in vitro models. Microfluidic technology has made it possible to mimic the dynamic mechanical environment, signaling gradients, and other important aspects of small intestinal biology. This review presents an overview of the complexity of small intestinal anatomy and bioengineered models that recapitulate some of these physiological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Hewes
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Reid L. Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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28
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Panyala A, Chinde S, Kumari SI, Rahman MF, Mahboob M, Kumar JM, Grover P. Comparative study of toxicological assessment of yttrium oxide nano- and microparticles in Wistar rats after 28 days of repeated oral administration. Mutagenesis 2020; 34:181-201. [PMID: 30753658 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their enormous advantages, nanoparticles (NPs) have elicited disquiet over their safety. Among the numerous NPs, yttrium oxide (Y2O3) NPs are utilised in many applications. However, knowledge about their toxicity is limited, and it is imperative to investigate their potential adverse effects. Therefore, this study explored the effect of 28 days of repeated oral exposure of Wistar rats to 30, 120 and 480 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day of Y2O3 NPs and microparticles (MPs). Before initiation of the study, characterisation of the particles by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and laser Doppler velocimetry was undertaken. Genotoxicity was evaluated using the comet and micronucleus (MN) assays. Biochemical markers aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum, liver and kidney were determined. Bioaccumulation of the particles was analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results of the comet and MN assays showed significant differences between the control and groups treated with 120 and 480 mg/kg bw/day Y2O3 NPs. Significant biochemical alterations were also observed at 120 and 480 mg/kg bw/day. Haematological and histopathological changes were documented. Yttrium (Y) biodistribution was detected in liver, kidney, blood, intestine, lungs, spleen, heart and brain in a dose- and the organ-dependent manner in both the particles. Further, the highest levels of Y were found in the liver and the lowest in the brain of the treated rats. More of the Y from NPs was excreted in the urine than in the faeces. Furthermore, NP-treated rats exhibited much higher absorption and tissue accumulation. These interpretations furnish rudimentary data of the apparent genotoxicity of NPs and MPs of Y2O3 as well as the biodistribution of Y. A no-observed adverse effect level of 30 mg/kg bw/day was found after oral exposure of rats to Y2O3 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Panyala
- Toxicology Unit, Applied Biology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Chinde
- Toxicology Unit, Applied Biology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Indu Kumari
- Toxicology Unit, Applied Biology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammad Fazlur Rahman
- Toxicology Unit, Applied Biology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammed Mahboob
- Toxicology Unit, Applied Biology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jerald Mahesh Kumar
- Animal House Facility, CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Paramjit Grover
- Toxicology Unit, Applied Biology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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29
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Wang C, Xie J, Dong X, Mei L, Zhao M, Leng Z, Hu H, Li L, Gu Z, Zhao Y. Clinically Approved Carbon Nanoparticles with Oral Administration for Intestinal Radioprotection via Protecting the Small Intestinal Crypt Stem Cells and Maintaining the Balance of Intestinal Flora. Small 2020; 16:e1906915. [PMID: 32187855 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of an old drug for new biomedical applications has an absolute predominance in shortening the clinical conversion time of drugs for clinical application. In this work, carbon nanoparticles suspension injection (CNSI), the first clinically approved carbon nanoparticles in China, is explored as a new nano-radioprotective agent for potent intestinal radioprotection. CNSI shows powerful radioprotective performance in the intestine under oral administration, including efficient free radical scavenging ability, good biosafety, high chemical stability, and relatively long retention time. For example, CNSI shows high reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities, which effectively alleviates the mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA double-strand breaks to protect the cells against radiation-induced damage. Most importantly, this efficient ROS scavenging ability greatly helps restrain the apoptosis of the small intestinal epithelial and crypt stem cells, which decreases the damage of the mechanical barrier and thus relieves radiation enteritis. Moreover, CNSI helps remove the free radicals in the intestinal microenvironment and thus maintain the balance of intestinal flora so as to mitigate the radiation enteritis. The finding suggests a new application of clinically approved carbon nanoparticles, which not only promotes the development of new intestinal radioprotector, but also has a great potential for clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, and IHEP-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiani Xie
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Xinghua Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, and IHEP-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linqiang Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, and IHEP-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Maoru Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, and IHEP-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhengwei Leng
- Academician Workstation, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
| | - Houxiang Hu
- Academician Workstation, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
| | - Lele Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, and IHEP-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
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30
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Haga K, Ettayebi K, Tenge VR, Karandikar UC, Lewis MA, Lin SC, Neill FH, Ayyar BV, Zeng XL, Larson G, Ramani S, Atmar RL, Estes MK. Genetic Manipulation of Human Intestinal Enteroids Demonstrates the Necessity of a Functional Fucosyltransferase 2 Gene for Secretor-Dependent Human Norovirus Infection. mBio 2020; 11:e00251-20. [PMID: 32184242 PMCID: PMC7078471 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00251-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) expression is an important susceptibility factor for HuNoV infection based on controlled human infection models and epidemiologic studies that show an association of secretor status with infection caused by several genotypes. The fucosyltransferase 2 gene (FUT2) affects HBGA expression in intestinal epithelial cells; secretors express a functional FUT2 enzyme, while nonsecretors lack this enzyme and are highly resistant to infection and gastroenteritis caused by many HuNoV strains. These epidemiologic associations are confirmed by infections in stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroid (HIE) cultures. GII.4 HuNoV does not replicate in HIE cultures derived from nonsecretor individuals, while HIEs from secretors are permissive to infection. However, whether FUT2 expression alone is critical for infection remains unproven, since routinely used secretor-positive transformed cell lines are resistant to HuNoV replication. To evaluate the role of FUT2 in HuNoV replication, we used CRISPR or overexpression to genetically manipulate FUT2 gene function to produce isogenic HIE lines with or without FUT2 expression. We show that FUT2 expression alone affects both HuNoV binding to the HIE cell surface and susceptibility to HuNoV infection. These findings indicate that initial binding to a molecule(s) glycosylated by FUT2 is critical for HuNoV infection and that the HuNoV receptor is present in nonsecretor HIEs. In addition to HuNoV studies, these isogenic HIE lines will be useful tools to study other enteric microbes where infection and/or disease outcome is associated with secretor status.IMPORTANCE Several studies have demonstrated that secretor status is associated with susceptibility to human norovirus (HuNoV) infection; however, previous reports found that FUT2 expression is not sufficient to allow infection with HuNoV in a variety of continuous laboratory cell lines. Which cellular factor(s) regulates susceptibility to HuNoV infection remains unknown. We used genetic manipulation of HIE cultures to show that secretor status determined by FUT2 gene expression is necessary and sufficient to support HuNoV replication based on analyses of isogenic lines that lack or express FUT2. Fucosylation of HBGAs is critical for initial binding and for modification of another putative receptor(s) in HIEs needed for virus uptake or uncoating and necessary for successful infection by GI.1 and several GII HuNoV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Haga
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victoria R Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Umesh C Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Miranda A Lewis
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shih-Ching Lin
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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31
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Seiler KM, Bajinting A, Alvarado DM, Traore MA, Binkley MM, Goo WH, Lanik WE, Ou J, Ismail U, Iticovici M, King CR, VanDussen KL, Swietlicki EA, Gazit V, Guo J, Luke CJ, Stappenbeck T, Ciorba MA, George SC, Meacham JM, Rubin DC, Good M, Warner BW. Patient-derived small intestinal myofibroblasts direct perfused, physiologically responsive capillary development in a microfluidic Gut-on-a-Chip Model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3842. [PMID: 32123209 PMCID: PMC7051952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and physiologic role of small intestine (SI) vasculature is poorly studied. This is partly due to a lack of targetable, organ-specific markers for in vivo studies of two critical tissue components: endothelium and stroma. This challenge is exacerbated by limitations of traditional cell culture techniques, which fail to recapitulate mechanobiologic stimuli known to affect vessel development. Here, we construct and characterize a 3D in vitro microfluidic model that supports the growth of patient-derived intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) and endothelial cells (ECs) into perfused capillary networks. We report how ISEMF and EC-derived vasculature responds to physiologic parameters such as oxygen tension, cell density, growth factors, and pharmacotherapy with an antineoplastic agent (Erlotinib). Finally, we demonstrate effects of ISEMF and EC co-culture on patient-derived human intestinal epithelial cells (HIECs), and incorporate perfused vasculature into a gut-on-a-chip (GOC) model that includes HIECs. Overall, we demonstrate that ISEMFs possess angiogenic properties as evidenced by their ability to reliably, reproducibly, and quantifiably facilitate development of perfused vasculature in a microfluidic system. We furthermore demonstrate the feasibility of including perfused vasculature, including ISEMFs, as critical components of a novel, patient-derived, GOC system with translational relevance as a platform for precision and personalized medicine research.
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Grants
- R01 DK106382 NIDDK NIH HHS
- T32 DK007130 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R01 DK104698 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R01 DK114047 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R03 DK111473 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R01 DK109384 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R01 DK118568 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R01 DK112378 NIDDK NIH HHS
- K08 DK101608 NIDDK NIH HHS
- P30 DK052574 NIDDK NIH HHS
- T32 HD043010 NICHD NIH HHS
- K01 DK109081 NIDDK NIH HHS
- Association for Academic Surgery Foundation (AASF)
- Children’s Discovery Institute of Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis Children’s Hospital MI-F-2017-629; National Institutes of Health 4T32HD043010-14
- National Institutes of Health 3T32DK007130-45S1
- Givin’ it all for Guts Foundation (https://givinitallforguts.org/), Lawrence C. Pakula MD IBD Research, Innovation, and Education Fund, National Institutes of Health R01DK109384
- National Institutes of Health R03DK111473, R01DK118568, and K08DK101608, Children’s Discovery Institute of Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis Children’s Hospital MI-FR-2017-596, March of Dimes Foundation Grant No. 5-FY17-79, Department of Pediatrics at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Seiler
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Adam Bajinting
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - David M Alvarado
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Mahama A Traore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Michael M Binkley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William H Goo
- Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Wyatt E Lanik
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jocelyn Ou
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Usama Ismail
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Micah Iticovici
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Cristi R King
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Kelli L VanDussen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Elzbieta A Swietlicki
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Vered Gazit
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Cliff J Luke
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Thaddeus Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - J Mark Meacham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deborah C Rubin
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Brad W Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States.
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32
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Qin X, Sufi J, Vlckova P, Kyriakidou P, Acton SE, Li VSW, Nitz M, Tape CJ. Cell-type-specific signaling networks in heterocellular organoids. Nat Methods 2020; 17:335-342. [PMID: 32066960 PMCID: PMC7060080 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread adoption of organoids as biomimetic tissue models, methods to comprehensively analyze cell-type-specific post-translational modification (PTM) signaling networks in organoids are absent. Here, we report multivariate single-cell analysis of such networks in organoids and organoid cocultures. Simultaneous analysis by mass cytometry of 28 PTMs in >1 million single cells derived from small intestinal organoids reveals cell-type- and cell-state-specific signaling networks in stem, Paneth, enteroendocrine, tuft and goblet cells, as well as enterocytes. Integrating single-cell PTM analysis with thiol-reactive organoid barcoding in situ (TOBis) enables high-throughput comparison of signaling networks between organoid cultures. Cell-type-specific PTM analysis of colorectal cancer organoid cocultures reveals that shApc, KrasG12D and Trp53R172H cell-autonomously mimic signaling states normally induced by stromal fibroblasts and macrophages. These results demonstrate how standard mass cytometry workflows can be modified to perform high-throughput multivariate cell-type-specific signaling analysis of healthy and cancerous organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qin
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Jahangir Sufi
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Petra Vlckova
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Pelagia Kyriakidou
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Sophie E Acton
- Stromal Immunology Lab, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vivian S W Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J Tape
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
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33
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Gonkowski S. Bisphenol A (BPA)-Induced Changes in the Number of Serotonin-Positive Cells in the Mucosal Layer of Porcine Small Intestine-the Preliminary Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1079. [PMID: 32041147 PMCID: PMC7037014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a substance used in the production of plastics which has a negative impact on many internal organs. Because BPA is normally toxic for the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the intestine is especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of this substance. The aim of this investigation was to study the influence of two doses of BPA (0.05 mg and 0.5 mg/kg body weight/day) on the number of mucosal cells in the porcine small intestine and containing serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). During the experiment, it was demonstrated that both applied BPA doses caused an increase in the number of 5-HT-positive cells located in the mucosal layer of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. These changes may be connected with the direct impact of BPA on the intestinal mucosa, the pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of this substance, and/or the influence of BPA on the neurochemical characterization of nervous structures supplying the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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Shi Y, Vistro WA, Bai X, Wu R, Chen C, Huang Y, Fazlani SA, Tarique I, Yang P, Chen Q. Effect of seasonal variance on intestinal epithelial barriers and the associated innate immune response of the small intestine of the Chinese soft-shelled turtles. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 97:173-181. [PMID: 31857223 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is conceivable that pathological conditions can cause intestinal barrier disruption and innate immune dysfunction. However, very limited information has been reported on the effect of seasonal variance on intestinal barriers and innate immunity. The present study was designed to investigate the seasonal variance in intestinal epithelial barriers and the associated innate immune response of turtle intestines during hibernation and nonhibernation periods. Goblet cells (GCs) demonstrated dynamic actions of the mucosal barrier with strong Muc2 protein expression during hibernation. However, weak Muc2 expression during nonhibernation was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Furthermore, light and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the hypertrophy of GCs resulted in the hypersecretion of mucus granules (MGs) and created a well-developed mucosal layer during hibernation. The absorptive cells (ACs), forming a physical barrier of tight junctions, and desmosomes were firmly anchored during hibernation. Conversely, during nonhibernation, the integrity of tight junctions, adherence junctions and desmosomes was noticeable expanded, causing increased paracellular permeability. As further confirmation, there was strong zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and connexins 43 (Cx43) protein expression during hibernation and weak ZO-1 and Cx43 expression during nonhibernation. Moreover, the expression level of the innate immune response proteins Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and 4) were enhanced during hibernation and were reduced during nonhibernation. These results provide rich information about the seasonal fluctuations that interrupt intestinal epithelial barriers and innate immune response, which might be essential for protection and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Shi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Waseem Ali Vistro
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Xuebing Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Ruizhi Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Chang Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Surfaraz Ali Fazlani
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Imran Tarique
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China.
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Webster HC, Andrusaite AT, Shergold AL, Milling SWF, Perona-Wright G. Isolation and functional characterisation of lamina propria leukocytes from helminth-infected, murine small intestine. J Immunol Methods 2020; 477:112702. [PMID: 31705860 PMCID: PMC6983935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of helminth infections as tools to understand the type 2 immune response is a well-established technique and important to many areas of immunological research. The phenotype and function of immune cell populations at the site of infection is a key determinant of pathogen clearance. However, infections with helminths such as the murine nematode Heligomosmoides polygryrus cause increased mucus production and thickening of the intestinal wall, which can result in extensive cell death when isolating and analysing cells from the lamina propria (LP). Populations of larger immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are often trapped within mucus or dying tissues. Here we describe an optimised protocol for isolating LP leukocytes from the small intestine of H.polygyrus -infected mice, and we demonstrate phenotypic and functional identification of myeloid and CD4+ T cell subsets using cytokine staining and flow cytometry. Our protocol may provide a useful experimental method for the immunological analysis of the affected tissue site during helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C Webster
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Anna T Andrusaite
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Amy L Shergold
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Simon W F Milling
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Georgia Perona-Wright
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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Wang F, Song Q, Du L, Wu X. Development and Characterization of an Acellular Porcine Small Intestine Submucosa Scaffold for Use in Corneal Epithelium Tissue Engineering. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:134-143. [PMID: 31514545 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1663386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To produce an acellular small intestine submucosa (SIS) that would be a suitable scaffold for corneal epithelium tissue engineering.Methods: The SIS was decellularized by immersion in 0.1% (wt/vol) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The efficacy of acellularization was confirmed by histological observation and DNA quantification. The mechanical properties were evaluated by uniaxial tensile testing. ELISA was performed to assess the growth factor contents. The cytotoxicity of SIS scaffolds and extracts to rabbit corneal epithelial cells was determined by CCK-8 assay. We also investigated the inflammatory reaction of SIS implanted subcutaneously in a rat. The biocompatibility was studied by rabbit interlamellar corneal transplantation and reseeding assay with cornea-derived cells. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect the expression of CK3, ZO-1 and K13.Results: Histological analyses showed that complete cell removal was achieved, and the DNA quantity, which reflects the presence of cellular materials, was significantly diminished in acellular SIS. Collagen fibers were properly preserved and appeared in an orderly fashion. The tissue structure, the mechanical properties and the growth factor contents within the acellular SIS were well retained. The CCK8 assay demonstrated that the acellular SIS scaffolds and extracts had no cytotoxicity to rabbit corneal epithelial cells. There was no sign that an immune reaction occurred with acellular SIS implanted subcutaneously in a rat. In fact, in vivo implantation to rabbit interlamellar stromal pockets showed good biocompatibility. We also observed that clusters of rabbit corneal epithelial cells were growing well on the surface of the SIS in vitro and the distinctive CK3, ZO-1 for corneal epithelial cells was detected.Conclusions: The decellularized SIS retained the major structural components. The matrix is biocompatible with cornea-derived cells and might be a suitable scaffold for corneal epithelium tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Yu TX, Chung HK, Xiao L, Piao JJ, Lan S, Jaladanki SK, Turner DJ, Raufman JP, Gorospe M, Wang JY. Long Noncoding RNA H19 Impairs the Intestinal Barrier by Suppressing Autophagy and Lowering Paneth and Goblet Cell Function. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:611-625. [PMID: 31862317 PMCID: PMC7078540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The protective intestinal mucosal barrier consists of multiple elements including mucus and epithelial layers and immune defense; nonetheless, barrier dysfunction is common in various disorders. The imprinted and developmentally regulated long noncoding RNA H19 is involved in many cell processes and diseases. Here, we investigated the role of H19 in regulating Paneth and goblet cells and autophagy, and its impact on intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by septic stress. METHODS Studies were conducted in H19-deficient (H19-/-) mice, mucosal tissues from patients with sepsis, primary enterocytes, and Caco-2 cells. Septic stress was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and gut permeability was detected by tracer fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran assays. The function of Paneth and goblet cells was examined by immunostaining for lysozyme and mucin 2, respectively, and autophagy was examined by microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 II immunostaining and Western blot analysis. Intestinal organoids were isolated from H19-/- and control littermate mice and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS Intestinal mucosal tissues in mice 24 hours after exposure to CLP and in patients with sepsis showed high H19 levels, associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction. Targeted deletion of the H19 gene in mice enhanced the function of Paneth and goblet cells and promoted autophagy in the small intestinal mucosa. Knockout of H19 protected Paneth and goblet cells against septic stress, preserved autophagy activation, and promoted gut barrier function after exposure to CLP. Compared with organoids from control littermate mice, intestinal organoids isolated from H19-/- mice had increased numbers of lysozyme- and mucin 2-positive cells and showed increased tolerance to LPS. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of H19 in cultured intestinal epithelial cells prevented rapamycin-induced autophagy and abolished the rapamycin-induced protection of the epithelial barrier against LPS. CONCLUSIONS In investigations of mice, human tissues, primary organoids, and intestinal epithelial cells, we found that increased H19 inhibited the function of Paneth and goblet cells and suppressed autophagy, thus potentially contributing to barrier dysfunction in intestinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Xi Yu
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hee K Chung
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lan Xiao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jun-Jie Piao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shaoyang Lan
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Suraj K Jaladanki
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas J Turner
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jian-Ying Wang
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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38
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Jepsen SL, Grunddal KV, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Engelstoft MS, Gabe MBN, Jensen EP, Ørskov C, Poulsen SS, Rosenkilde MM, Pedersen J, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Deacon CF, Schwartz TW, Christ AD, Martin RE, Holst JJ. Paracrine crosstalk between intestinal L- and D-cells controls secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E1081-E1093. [PMID: 31503512 PMCID: PMC6962500 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00239.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DPP-4 inhibitors, used for treatment of type 2 diabetes, act by increasing the concentrations of intact glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), but at the same time, they inhibit secretion of GLP-1, perhaps by a negative feedback mechanism. We hypothesized that GLP-1 secretion is feedback regulated by somatostatin (SS) from neighboring D-cells, and blocking this feedback circuit results in increased GLP-1 secretion. We used a wide range of experimental techniques, including gene expression analysis, immunohistochemical approaches, and the perfused mouse intestine to characterize the paracrine circuit controlling GLP-1 and SS. We show that 1) antagonizing the SS receptor (SSTr) 2 and SSTr5 led to increased GLP-1 and SS secretion in the mouse, 2) SS exhibits strong tonic inhibition of GLP-1 secretion preferentially through SSTr5, and 3) the secretion of S was GLP-1 receptor dependent. We conclude that SS is a tonic inhibitor of GLP-1 secretion, and interventions in the somatostain-GLP-1 paracrine loop lead to increased GLP-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaare V Grunddal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja S Engelstoft
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria B N Gabe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisa P Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Ørskov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen S Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjaellands Hospital Hilleroed, University of Copenhagen, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn F Deacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas D Christ
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer E Martin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Vistro WA, Zhang Y, Bai X, Yang P, Huang Y, Qu W, Baloch AS, Wu R, Tarique I, Chen Q. In Vivo Autophagy Up-Regulation of Small Intestine Enterocytes in Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtles during Hibernation. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E682. [PMID: 31683886 PMCID: PMC6920937 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have focused on how autophagy plays an important role in intestinal homeostasis under pathological conditions. However, its role in the intestine during hibernation remains unclear. In the current study, we characterized in vivo up-regulation of autophagy in enterocytes of the small intestine of Chinese soft-shelled turtles during hibernation. Autophagy-specific markers were used to confirm the existence of autophagy in enterocytes through immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), and immunoblotting. IHC staining indicated strong, positive immunoreactivity of the autophagy-related gene (ATG7), microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC3), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) within the mucosal surface during hibernation and poor expression during nonhibernation. IF staining results showed the opposite tendency for ATG7, LC3, and sequestosome 1 (p62). During hibernation ATG7 and LC3 showed strong, positive immunosignaling within the mucosal surface, while p62 showed strong, positive immunosignaling during nonhibernation. Similar findings were confirmed by immunoblotting. Moreover, the ultrastructural components of autophagy in enterocytes were revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). During hibernation, the cumulative formation of phagophores and autophagosomes were closely associated with well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum in enterocytes. These autophagosomes overlapped with lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, and degraded mitochondria to facilitate the formation of autophagolysosome, amphisomes, and mitophagy in enterocytes. Immunoblotting showed the expression level of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was enhanced during hibernation. Furthermore, the exosome secretion pathway of early-late endosomes and multivesicular bodies were closely linked with autophagosomes in enterocytes during hibernation. These findings suggest that the entrance into hibernation is a main challenge for reptiles to maintain homeostasis and cellular quality control in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Ali Vistro
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xuebing Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yufei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wenjia Qu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Abdul Sattar Baloch
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ruizhi Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Imran Tarique
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Kuang Z, Wang Y, Li Y, Ye C, Ruhn KA, Behrendt CL, Olson EN, Hooper LV. The intestinal microbiota programs diurnal rhythms in host metabolism through histone deacetylase 3. Science 2019; 365:1428-1434. [PMID: 31604271 PMCID: PMC7158748 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythmicity is a defining feature of mammalian metabolism that synchronizes metabolic processes to day-night light cycles. Here, we show that the intestinal microbiota programs diurnal metabolic rhythms in the mouse small intestine through histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). The microbiota induced expression of intestinal epithelial HDAC3, which was recruited rhythmically to chromatin, and produced synchronized diurnal oscillations in histone acetylation, metabolic gene expression, and nutrient uptake. HDAC3 also functioned noncanonically to coactivate estrogen-related receptor α, inducing microbiota-dependent rhythmic transcription of the lipid transporter gene Cd36 and promoting lipid absorption and diet-induced obesity. Our findings reveal that HDAC3 integrates microbial and circadian cues for regulation of diurnal metabolic rhythms and pinpoint a key mechanism by which the microbiota controls host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Kuang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cunqi Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kelly A Ruhn
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cassie L Behrendt
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lora V Hooper
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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41
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Kim JT, Li C, Weiss HL, Zhou Y, Liu C, Wang Q, Evers BM. Regulation of Ketogenic Enzyme HMGCS2 by Wnt/β-catenin/PPARγ Pathway in Intestinal Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091106. [PMID: 31546785 PMCID: PMC6770209 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a crucial role in development and renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), a rate-limiting ketogenic enzyme in the synthesis of ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), contributes to the regulation of intestinal cell differentiation. Here, we have shown that HMGCS2 is a novel target of Wnt/β-catenin/PPARγ signaling in intestinal epithelial cancer cell lines and normal intestinal organoids. Inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway resulted in increased protein and mRNA expression of HMGCS2 and βHB production in human colon cancer cell lines LS174T and Caco2. In addition, Wnt inhibition increased expression of PPARγ and its target genes, FABP2 and PLIN2, in these cells. Conversely, activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling decreased protein and mRNA levels of HMGCS2, βHB production, and expression of PPARγ and its target genes in LS174T and Caco2 cells and mouse intestinal organoids. Moreover, inhibition of PPARγ reduced HMGCS2 expression and βHB production, while activation of PPARγ increased HMGCS2 expression and βHB synthesis. Furthermore, PPARγ bound the promoter of HMGCS2 and this binding was enhanced by β-catenin knockdown. Finally, we showed that HMGCS2 inhibited, while Wnt/β-catenin stimulated, glycolysis, which contributed to regulation of intestinal cell differentiation. Our results identified HMGCS2 as a downstream target of Wnt/β-catenin/PPARγ signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, our findings suggest that Wnt/β-catenin/PPARγ signaling regulates intestinal cell differentiation, at least in part, through regulation of ketogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tae Kim
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
| | - Heidi L Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
| | - Yuning Zhou
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
| | - Chunming Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Qingding Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
| | - B Mark Evers
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
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42
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Khalil HA, Hong SN, Rouch JD, Scott A, Cho Y, Wang J, Lewis MS, Martin MG, Dunn JCY, Stelzner MG. Intestinal epithelial replacement by transplantation of cultured murine and human cells into the small intestine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216326. [PMID: 31150401 PMCID: PMC6544206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult intestinal epithelial stem cells are a promising resource for treatment of intestinal epithelial disorders that cause intestinal failure and for intestinal tissue engineering. We developed two different animal models to study the implantation of cultured murine and human intestinal epithelial cells in the less differentiated “spheroid” state and the more differentiated “enteroid” state into the denuded small intestine of mice. Engraftment of donor cells could not be achieved while the recipient intestine remained in continuity. However, we were able to demonstrate successful implantation of murine and human epithelial cells when the graft segment was in a bypassed loop of jejunum. Implantation of donor cells occurred in a random fashion in villus and crypt areas. Engraftment was observed in 75% of recipients for murine and 36% of recipients for human cells. Engrafted spheroid cells differentiated into the full complement of intestinal epithelial cells. These findings demonstrate for the first time successful engraftment into the small bowel which is optimized in a bypassed loop surgical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A. Khalil
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CHS 72–215, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sung Noh Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Rouch
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CHS 72–215, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Scott
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CHS 72–215, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yonghoon Cho
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CHS 72–215, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jiafang Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Lewis
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Martin G. Martin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James C. Y. Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Matthias G. Stelzner
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CHS 72–215, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, VA Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hwang SJ, Pardo DM, Zheng H, Bayguinov Y, Blair PJ, Fortune‐Grant R, Cook RS, Hennig GW, Shonnard MC, Grainger N, Peri LE, Verma SD, Rock J, Sanders KM, Ward SM. Differential sensitivity of gastric and small intestinal muscles to inducible knockdown of anoctamin 1 and the effects on gastrointestinal motility. J Physiol 2019; 597:2337-2360. [PMID: 30843201 PMCID: PMC6487927 DOI: 10.1113/jp277335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Electrical pacemaking in gastrointestinal muscles is generated by specialized interstitial cells of Cajal that produce the patterns of contractions required for peristalsis and segmentation in the gut. The calcium-activated chloride conductance anoctamin-1 (Ano1) has been shown to be responsible for the generation of pacemaker activity in GI muscles, but this conclusion is established from studies of juvenile animals in which effects of reduced Ano1 on gastric emptying and motor patterns could not be evaluated. Knocking down Ano1 expression using Cre/LoxP technology caused dramatic changes in in gastric motor activity, with disrupted slow waves, abnormal phasic contractions and delayed gastric emptying; modest changes were noted in the small intestine. Comparison of the effects of Ano1 antagonists on muscles from juvenile and adult small intestinal muscles suggests that conductances in addition to Ano1 may develop with age and contribute to pacemaker activity. ABSTRACT Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) generate slow waves and transduce neurotransmitter signals in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, facilitating normal motility patterns. ICC express a Ca2+ -activated Cl- conductance (CaCC), and constitutive knockout of the channel protein anoctamin-1 leads to loss of slow waves in gastric and intestinal muscles. These knockout experiments were performed on juvenile mice. However, additional experiments demonstrated significant differences in the sensitivity of gastric and intestinal muscles to antagonists of anoctamin-1 channels. Furthermore, the significance of anoctamin-1 and the electrical and mechanical behaviours facilitated by this conductance have not been evaluated on the motor behaviours of adult animals. Cre/loxP technology was used to generate cell-specific knockdowns of anoctamin-1 in ICC (KitCreERT2/+ ;Ano1tm2jrr/+ ) in GI muscles. The recombination efficiency of KitCreERT was evaluated with an eGFP reporter, molecular techniques and immunohistochemistry. Electrical and contractile experiments were used to examine the consequences of anoctamin-1 knockdown on pacemaker activity, mechanical responses, gastric motility patterns, gastric emptying and GI transit. Reduced anoctamin-1 caused loss of gastric, but not intestinal slow waves. Irregular spike complexes developed in gastric muscles, leading to uncoordinated antral contractions, delayed gastric emptying and increased total GI transit time. Slow waves in intestinal muscles of juvenile mice were more sensitive to anoctamin-1 antagonists than slow waves in adult muscles. The low susceptibility to anoctamin-1 knockdown and weak efficacy of anoctamin-1 antagonists in inhibiting slow waves in adult small intestinal muscles suggest that a conductance in addition to anoctamin-1 may develop in small intestinal ICC with ageing and contribute to pacemaker activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Hwang
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - David M. Pardo
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoSan FranciscoCA94143USA
| | - Haifeng Zheng
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Yulia Bayguinov
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Peter J. Blair
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Rachael Fortune‐Grant
- Faculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Robert S. Cook
- School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Grant W. Hennig
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of VermontUVM College of MedicineBurlingtonVT05405USA
| | - Matthew C. Shonnard
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Nathan Grainger
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Lauren E. Peri
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Sonali Deep Verma
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoSan FranciscoCA94143USA
| | - Jason Rock
- Centre for Regenerative MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA02118USA
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Sean M. Ward
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
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Bulc M, Palus K, Dąbrowski M, Całka J. Hyperglycaemia-Induced Downregulation in Expression of nNOS Intramural Neurons of the Small Intestine in the Pig. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071681. [PMID: 30987291 PMCID: PMC6480956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic autonomic peripheral neuropathy (PN) involves a broad spectrum of organs. One of them is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of digestive complications are not yet fully understood. Digestion is controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS) within the wall of the GI tract. Enteric neurons exert regulatory effects due to the many biologically active substances secreted and released by enteric nervous system (ENS) structures. These include nitric oxide (NO), produced by the neural nitric oxide synthase enzyme (nNOS). It is a very important inhibitory factor, necessary for smooth muscle relaxation. Moreover, it was noted that nitrergic innervation can undergo adaptive changes during pathological processes. Additionally, nitrergic neurons function may be regulated through the synthesis of other active neuropeptides. Therefore, in the present study, using the immunofluorescence technique, we first examined the influence of hyperglycemia on the NOS- containing neurons in the porcine small intestine and secondly the co-localization of nNOS with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), galanin (GAL) and substance P (SP) in all plexuses studied. Following chronic hyperglycaemia, we observed a reduction in the number of the NOS-positive neurons in all intestinal segments studied, as well as an increased in investigated substances in nNOS positive neurons. This observation confirmed that diabetic hyperglycaemia can cause changes in the neurochemical characteristics of enteric neurons, which can lead to numerous disturbances in gastrointestinal tract functions. Moreover, can be the basis of an elaboration of these peptides analogues utilized as therapeutic agents in the treatment of GI complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bulc
- Department of Clinical Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Palus
- Department of Clinical Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Abstract
The adult gastrointestinal tract (GI) is a series of connected organs (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon) that develop via progressive regional specification of a continuous tubular embryonic organ anlage. This chapter focuses on organogenesis of the small intestine. The intestine arises by folding of a flat sheet of endodermal cells into a tube of highly proliferative pseudostratified cells. Dramatic elongation of this tube is driven by rapid epithelial proliferation. Then, epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk and physical forces drive a stepwise cascade that results in convolution of the tubular surface into finger-like projections called villi. Concomitant with villus formation, a sharp epithelial transcriptional boundary is defined between stomach and intestine. Finally, flask-like depressions called crypts are established to house the intestinal stem cells needed throughout life for epithelial renewal. New insights into these events are being provided by in vitro organoid systems, which hold promise for future regenerative engineering of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wang
- University of Michigan, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Katherine D Walton
- University of Michigan, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- University of Michigan, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Negoro R, Takayama K, Kawai K, Harada K, Sakurai F, Hirata K, Mizuguchi H. Efficient Generation of Small Intestinal Epithelial-like Cells from Human iPSCs for Drug Absorption and Metabolism Studies. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1539-1550. [PMID: 30472010 PMCID: PMC6294172 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestine plays an important role in the absorption and metabolism of oral drugs. In the current evaluation system, it is difficult to predict the precise absorption and metabolism of oral drugs. In this study, we generated small intestinal epithelial-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS-SIECs), which could be applied to drug absorption and metabolism studies. The small intestinal epithelial-like cells were efficiently generated from human induced pluripotent stem cell by treatment with WNT3A, R-spondin 3, Noggin, EGF, IGF-1, SB202190, and dexamethasone. The gene expression levels of small intestinal epithelial cell (SIEC) markers were similar between the hiPS-SIECs and human adult small intestine. Importantly, the gene expression levels of colonic epithelial cell markers in the hiPS-SIECs were much lower than those in human adult colon. The hiPS-SIECs generated by our protocol exerted various SIEC functions. In conclusion, the hiPS-SIECs can be utilized for evaluation of drug absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Negoro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kanae Kawai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Harada
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Hirata
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Yin N, Yang FM, Qiao HT, Zhou Y, Duan SQ, Lin XC, Wu JY, Xie YP, He ZL, Sun MS, Li HJ. Neonatal rhesus monkeys as an animal model for rotavirus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:5109-5119. [PMID: 30568388 PMCID: PMC6288652 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i45.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To establish a rotavirus (RV)-induced diarrhea model using RV SA11 in neonatal rhesus monkeys for the study of the pathogenic and immune mechanisms of RV infection and evaluation of candidate vaccines.
METHODS Neonatal rhesus monkeys with an average age of 15-20 d and an average weight of 500 g ± 150 g received intragastric administration of varying doses of SA11 RV ( 107 PFUs/mL, 106 PFUs/mL, or 105 PFUs/mL, 10 mL/animal) to determine whether the SA11 strain can effectively infect these animals by observing their clinical symptoms, fecal shedding of virus antigen by ELISA, distribution of RV antigen in the organs by immunofluorescence, variations of viral RNA load in the organs by qRT-PCR, histopathological changes in the small intestine by HE staining, and apoptosis of small intestinal epithelial cells by TUNEL assay.
RESULTS The RV monkey model showed typical clinical diarrhea symptoms in the 108 PFUs SA11 group, where we observed diarrhea 1-4 d post infection (dpi) and viral antigen shed in the feces from 1-7 dpi. RV was found in jejunal epithelial cells. We observed a viral load of approximately 5.85 × 103 copies per 100 mg in the jejunum at 2 dpi, which was increased to 1.09 × 105 copies per 100 mg at 3 dpi. A relatively high viral load was also seen in mesenteric lymph nodes at 2 dpi and 3 dpi. The following histopathological changes were observed in the small intestine following intragastric administration of SA11 RV: vacuolization, edema, and atrophy. Apoptosis in the jejunal villus epithelium was also detectable at 3 dpi.
CONCLUSION Our results indicate that we have successfully established a RV SA11 strain diarrhea model in neonatal rhesus monkeys. Future studies will elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of RV infection, and we will use the model to evaluate the protective effect of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Feng-Mei Yang
- Primate Experimental Center of the Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Tu Qiao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Su-Qin Duan
- Primate Experimental Center of the Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Xie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhan-Long He
- Primate Experimental Center of the Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Jun Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
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Terry NA, Ngaba LV, Wilkins BJ, Pi D, Gheewala N, Kaestner KH. Lipid malabsorption from altered hormonal signaling changes early gut microbial responses. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G580-G591. [PMID: 29953253 PMCID: PMC6230693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00135.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Infants with congenital diarrheal disorders caused by enteroendocrine cell dysgenesis, or the loss of intestinal endocrine cells, causes severe malabsorptive diarrhea, though the mechanism is not fully understood. The transcription factor "aristaless-related homeobox" (Arx) is specifically expressed in intestinal endocrine cells. This study seeks to characterize the early malabsorptive phenotype of mice deficient for Arx using cell-type specific gene ablation in Villin-Cre; ArxloxP/Y ( Arxint) mice. In neonatal mice, the loss of intestinal Arx caused the loss of intestinal hormones, such as cholecystokinin, secretin, neurotensin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2 but also upregulation of somatostatin. Arxint mice exhibited steatorrhea with the loss of lipid transport in duodenal enterocytes, upregulation of lysozyme-positive Paneth cells, and a secondary increase in antimicrobial peptides, specifically Reg3β. When the epithelium from Arxint mice was cultured ex vivo into enteroids, however, the Reg3β upregulation was lost under the sterile conditions. Thus, Arx is required for the appropriate lineage allocation of multiple enteroendocrine subtypes. We concluded that altered hormonal signaling caused by Arx deficiency results in lipid malabsorption, premature Paneth cell differentiation, and an inflammatory response, including neutrophilic infiltrates and a microbiota-triggered upregulation of Reg3β. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The enteroendocrine transcription factor aristaless-related homeobox (Arx) plays a key role in lineage specification. Changes in hormonal expression mediated by Arx lead to lipid malabsorption and premature Paneth cell development. Furthermore, global profiling of whole intestine from Arx-deficient mice revealed significant upregulation of antimicrobial peptides. This antimicrobial response in Arx-deficient animals is lost under sterile culture conditions of enteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Terry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucie V Ngaba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin J Wilkins
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Danielle Pi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nishi Gheewala
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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49
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Beumer J, Artegiani B, Post Y, Reimann F, Gribble F, Nguyen TN, Zeng H, Van den Born M, Van Es JH, Clevers H. Enteroendocrine cells switch hormone expression along the crypt-to-villus BMP signalling gradient. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:909-916. [PMID: 30038251 PMCID: PMC6276989 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) control a wide range of physiological processes linked to metabolism1. We show that EEC hormones are differentially expressed between crypts (for example, Glp1) and villi (for example, secretin). As demonstrated by single-cell mRNA sequencing using murine Lgr5+ cell-derived organoids, BMP4 signals alter the hormone expression profiles of individual EECs to resemble those found in the villus. Accordingly, BMP4 induces hormone switching of EECs migrating up the crypt-villus axis in vivo. Our findings imply that EEC lineages in the small intestine exhibit a more flexible hormone repertoire than previously proposed. We also describe a protocol to generate human EECs in organoids and demonstrate a similar regulation of hormone expression by BMP signalling. These findings establish alternative strategies to target EECs with therapeutically relevant hormone production through BMP modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Artegiani
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yorick Post
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maaike Van den Born
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan H Van Es
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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50
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Montes Chañi EM, Pacheco SOS, Martínez GA, Freitas MR, Ivona JG, Ivona JA, Craig WJ, Pacheco FJ. Long-Term Dietary Intake of Chia Seed Is Associated with Increased Bone Mineral Content and Improved Hepatic and Intestinal Morphology in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070922. [PMID: 30029467 PMCID: PMC6073254 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) provide an unusually high content of α-linolenic acid with several potential health benefits, but few studies have examined the long-term intake of n-3 fatty acid-rich plant foods such as chia. In this work, we investigated some of the effects of a diet containing 10% chia seeds versus a conventional isocaloric diet for 10 and 13 months on body measurements, musculoskeletal system, the liver, and the intestines of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats assigned into two groups. The n-6/n-3 ratios for the control and chia diets were 7.46 and 1.07, respectively. For the first 10 months of the diet, the body parameters and weights were similar, but at 13 months, the bone mineral content (BMC) of the chia-fed rats was significantly higher than that of the controls whether in total or proximal areas of the left tibia. Also, significant positive correlations were found between the age of the chia group and the bone mineral density, BMC, weight of the musculoskeletal system, final body weight, and skin weight. Liver and intestinal examinations showed improved morphology associated with lower lipid deposit in hepatocytes and increased intestinal muscle layers and crypt size in the chia group. This study provides new data suggesting the potential benefits associated with the long-term intake of chia seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Montes Chañi
- Center for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina.
- Institute for Food Science and Nutrition, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina.
| | - Sandaly O S Pacheco
- Center for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina.
- Institute for Food Science and Nutrition, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo A Martínez
- Center for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina.
| | - Maykon R Freitas
- Center for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina.
| | - Joaquin G Ivona
- Center for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina.
| | - Javier A Ivona
- Center for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina.
| | - Winston J Craig
- Center for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina.
- Department of Public Health, Nutrition and Wellness, School of Health Professions, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI 49104, USA.
| | - Fabio J Pacheco
- Center for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina.
- Institute for Food Science and Nutrition, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina.
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