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Goldenring JR, Mills JC. Cellular Plasticity, Reprogramming, and Regeneration: Metaplasia in the Stomach and Beyond. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:415-430. [PMID: 34728185 PMCID: PMC8792220 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mucosa of the body of the stomach (ie, the gastric corpus) uses 2 overlapping, depth-dependent mechanisms to respond to injury. Superficial injury heals via surface cells with histopathologic changes like foveolar hyperplasia. Deeper, usually chronic, injury/inflammation, most frequently induced by the carcinogenic bacteria Helicobacter pylori, elicits glandular histopathologic alterations, initially manifesting as pyloric (also known as pseudopyloric) metaplasia. In this pyloric metaplasia, corpus glands become antrum (pylorus)-like with loss of acid-secreting parietal cells (atrophic gastritis), expansion of foveolar cells, and reprogramming of digestive enzyme-secreting chief cells into deep antral gland-like mucous cells. After acute parietal cell loss, chief cells can reprogram through an orderly stepwise progression (paligenosis) initiated by interleukin-13-secreting innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). First, massive lysosomal activation helps mitigate reactive oxygen species and remove damaged organelles. Second, mucus and wound-healing proteins (eg, TFF2) and other transcriptional alterations are induced, at which point the reprogrammed chief cells are recognized as mucus-secreting spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia cells. In chronic severe injury, glands with pyloric metaplasia can harbor both actively proliferating spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia cells and eventually intestine-like cells. Gastric glands with such lineage confusion (mixed incomplete intestinal metaplasia and proliferative spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia) may be at particular risk for progression to dysplasia and cancer. A pyloric-like pattern of metaplasia after injury also occurs in other gastrointestinal organs including esophagus, pancreas, and intestines, and the paligenosis program itself seems broadly conserved across tissues and species. Here we discuss aspects of metaplasia in stomach, incorporating data derived from animal models and work on human cells and tissues in correlation with diagnostic and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Goldenring
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Jason C Mills
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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2
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Playford RJ, Weiser MJ, Marchbank T. Methods to improve efficacy of orally administered bioactive peptides using bovine colostrum as an exemplar. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253422. [PMID: 34138960 PMCID: PMC8211160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral administration of bioactive peptides has potential clinical advantages, but its applicability is limited due to gastric and pancreatic enzyme proteolysis. Objective To examine whether the co-packaging of bovine colostrum (BC), a rich source of IgG, immune and growth factors, with the food additives trehalose (carbohydrate), stearine (fat), casein (protein present in BC) or soy flour (plant based with high protease inhibitory activity) enhances the stability of BC against digestion. Design Samples alone and in combination (BC+ 10% wt/wt trehalose, stearine, casein or soy) were exposed to HCl/pepsin, followed by trypsin and chymotrypsin (“CT”). Assessment of proliferation used gastric AGS cells (Alamar blue), IgG function measured bovine IgG anti-E.coli binding and ELISAs quantified growth factor constituents. In vivo bioassay assessed ability of BC alone or with soy to reduce injury caused by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS, 4% in drinking water, 7 days, test products started 2 days prior to DSS). Results Proliferative activity of BC reduced 61% following HCl/pepsin and CT exposure. This was truncated 50% if soy was co-present, and also protected against loss of total IgG, IgG E.coli binding, TGFβ, lactoferrin and EGF (all P<0.01 vs BC alone). Co-packaging with trehalose was ineffective in preventing digestion whereas casein or stearine provided some intermediate protective effects. Rats given BC alone showed beneficial effects on weight gain, disease activity index, tissue histology and colonic MPO. Soy alone was ineffective. BC+ soy combination showed the greatest benefit with a dose of 7 mg/kg (6.4 BC + 0.6 soy flour) having the same degree of benefit as using 20 mg/kg BC alone. Conclusion Soy, and to a lesser extent casein, enhanced the biostability of BC against digestive enzymes. Co-packaging of BC with other food products such as soy flour could result in a decreased dose being required, improving cost-effectiveness and patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond John Playford
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of R&D, PanTheryx Inc, Boulder, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Tania Marchbank
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Holik AK, Schweiger K, Stoeger V, Lieder B, Reiner A, Zopun M, Hoi JK, Kretschy N, Somoza MM, Kriwanek S, Pignitter M, Somoza V. Gastric Serotonin Biosynthesis and Its Functional Role in L-Arginine-Induced Gastric Proton Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5881. [PMID: 34070942 PMCID: PMC8199169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among mammals, serotonin is predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract, where it has been shown to participate in pathway-regulating satiation. For the stomach, vascular serotonin release induced by gastric distension is thought to chiefly contribute to satiation after food intake. However, little information is available on the capability of gastric cells to synthesize, release and respond to serotonin by functional changes of mechanisms regulating gastric acid secretion. We investigated whether human gastric cells are capable of serotonin synthesis and release. First, HGT-1 cells, derived from a human adenocarcinoma of the stomach, and human stomach specimens were immunostained positive for serotonin. In HGT-1 cells, incubation with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine reduced the mean serotonin-induced fluorescence signal intensity by 27%. Serotonin release of 147 ± 18%, compared to control HGT-1 cells (set to 100%) was demonstrated after treatment with 30 mM of the satiating amino acid L-Arg. Granisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, reduced this L-Arg-induced serotonin release, as well as L-Arg-induced proton secretion. Similarly to the in vitro experiment, human antrum samples released serotonin upon incubation with 10 mM L-Arg. Overall, our data suggest that human parietal cells in culture, as well as from the gastric antrum, synthesize serotonin and release it after treatment with L-Arg via an HTR3-related mechanism. Moreover, we suggest not only gastric distension but also gastric acid secretion to result in peripheral serotonin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Holik
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Kerstin Schweiger
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Verena Stoeger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Barbara Lieder
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Angelika Reiner
- Pathologisch-Bakteriologisches Institut, Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Ost- Donauspital, Langobardenstraße 122, 1220 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Muhammet Zopun
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Julia K. Hoi
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Nicole Kretschy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.K.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Mark M. Somoza
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.K.); (M.M.S.)
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85345 Freising, Germany
| | - Stephan Kriwanek
- Chirurgische Abteilung, Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Ost- Donauspital, Langobardenstraße 122, 1220 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (J.K.H.)
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85345 Freising, Germany
- Nutritional Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85345 Freising, Germany
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Chen Y, He M, Lei MML, Ko WKW, Lin C, Bian Z, Wong AOL. Mouse Spexin: (III) Differential Regulation by Glucose and Insulin in Glandular Stomach and Functional Implication in Feeding Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:681648. [PMID: 34025589 PMCID: PMC8138665 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.681648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX), a neuropeptide with diverse functions, is a novel satiety factor in fish models and its role in feeding control has been recently confirmed in mammals. In mouse, food intake was shown to trigger SPX expression in glandular stomach with parallel rise in serum SPX and these SPX signals could inhibit feeding via central actions within the hypothalamus. However, the mechanisms for SPX regulation by food intake are still unclear. To examine the role of insulin signal caused by glucose uptake in SPX regulation, the mice were IP injected with glucose and insulin, respectively. In this case, serum SPX was elevated by glucose but not altered by insulin. Meanwhile, SPX transcript expression in the glandular stomach was up-regulated by glucose but the opposite was true for insulin treatment. Using in situ hybridization, the differential effects on SPX gene expression were located in the gastric mucosa of glandular stomach. Co-injection experiments also revealed that glucose stimulation on serum SPX and SPX mRNA expressed in glandular stomach could be blocked by insulin. In gastric mucosal cells prepared from glandular stomach, the opposite effects on SPX transcript expression by glucose and insulin could still be noted with similar blockade of the stimulatory effects of glucose by insulin. In this cell model, SPX gene expression induced by glucose was mediated by glucose uptake via GLUT, ATP synthesis by glycolysis/respiratory chain, and subsequent modulation of KATP channel activity, but the voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels were not involved. The corresponding inhibition by insulin, however, was mediated by PI3K/Akt, MEK1/2/ERK1/2, and P38MAPK cascades coupled to insulin receptor but not IGF-1 receptor. Apparently, glucose uptake in mice can induce SPX expression in the glandular stomach through ATP synthesis via glucose metabolism and subsequent modification of KATP channel activity, which may contribute to SPX release into circulation to act as the satiety signal after food intake. The insulin rise caused by glucose uptake, presumably originated from the pancreas, may serve as a negative feedback to inhibit the SPX response by activating MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mulan He
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Martina M. L. Lei
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wendy K. W. Ko
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chengyuan Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Anderson O. L. Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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5
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Tamura Y, Takata K, Eguchi A, Maeda M, Kataoka Y. Age-related changes in NG2-expressing telocytes of rat stomach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249729. [PMID: 33822814 PMCID: PMC8023479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2 immunoreactive cells (NG2 cells) are found in the brain and peripheral tissues including the skin, intestinal tracts, and bladder. In a previous study, we observed the presence of NG2 cells in the stomach using bioluminescence imaging techniques in NG2-firefly luciferase (fLuc) transgenic (Tg) rats. Here, we aimed to identify and characterize NG2 cells in the adult rat stomach. Immunohistochemical studies showed that NG2 cells were mainly present in the lamina propria and most of the cells were gastric telocytes, co-expressing CD34, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα), with a small oval-shaped cell body and extremely long and thin cellular prolongations. In the rat stomach, NG2-expressing telocytes comprised two subpopulations: NG2+/CD34+/PDGFRα+ and NG2+/CD34+/PDGFRα-. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of NG2 gene in the aged rat stomach decreased relative to that of the young rat stomach and the decline of NG2 expression in aged rats was mainly observed in NG2+/CD34+/PDGFRα+ telocytes. These findings suggested age-related alterations in NG2+/CD34+/PDGFRα+ telocytes of rat stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Tamura
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kumi Takata
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Asami Eguchi
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Maeda
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yosky Kataoka
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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Busslinger GA, Weusten BLA, Bogte A, Begthel H, Brosens LAA, Clevers H. Human gastrointestinal epithelia of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum resolved at single-cell resolution. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108819. [PMID: 33691112 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper gastrointestinal tract, consisting of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, controls food transport, digestion, nutrient uptake, and hormone production. By single-cell analysis of healthy epithelia of these human organs, we molecularly define their distinct cell types. We identify a quiescent COL17A1high KRT15high stem/progenitor cell population in the most basal cell layer of the esophagus and detect substantial gene expression differences between identical cell types of the human and mouse stomach. Selective expression of BEST4, CFTR, guanylin, and uroguanylin identifies a rare duodenal cell type, referred to as BCHE cell, which likely mediates high-volume fluid secretion because of continual activation of the CFTR channel by guanylin/uroguanylin-mediated autocrine signaling. Serotonin-producing enterochromaffin cells in the antral stomach significantly differ in gene expression from duodenal enterochromaffin cells. We, furthermore, discover that the histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like cells in the oxyntic stomach express the luteinizing hormone, yet another member of the enteroendocrine hormone family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg A Busslinger
- Hubrecht Institute and Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas L A Weusten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Auke Bogte
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute and Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk A A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute and Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Pinto-Ribeiro I, Ferreira RM, Pereira-Marques J, Pinto V, Macedo G, Carneiro F, Figueiredo C. Evaluation of the Use of Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Archive Gastric Tissues for Microbiota Characterization Using Next-Generation Sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1096. [PMID: 32046034 PMCID: PMC7037826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Large numbers of well-characterized clinical samples are fundamental to establish relevant associations between the microbiota and disease. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are routinely used and are widely available clinical materials. Since current approaches to study the microbiota are based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, our aim was to evaluate the feasibility of FFPE gastric tissues for NGS-based microbiota characterization. Analysis of sequencing data revealed the presence of bacteria in the paraffin control. After the subtraction of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) present in the paraffin control to the FFPE tissue sample dataset, we evaluated the microbiota profiles between paired FFPE and frozen gastric tissues, and between different times of archiving. Compared with frozen gastric tissues, we detected a lower number of OTUs in the microbiota of paired FFPE tissues, regardless of the time of archiving. No major differences in microbial diversity were identified, but taxonomic variation in the relative abundance of phyla and orders was observed between the two preservation methods. This variation was also evident in each case and throughout the times of FFPE archiving. The use of FFPE tissues for NGS-based microbiota characterization should be considered carefully, as biases can be introduced by the embedding process and the time of tissue archiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Pinto-Ribeiro
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Pereira-Marques
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Pinto
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Macedo
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ceu Figueiredo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Kyung S, Lim JW, Kim H. α-Lipoic Acid Inhibits IL-8 Expression by Activating Nrf2 Signaling in Helicobacter pylori-infected Gastric Epithelial Cells. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102524. [PMID: 31635029 PMCID: PMC6835494 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) causes gastritis and gastric cancers. Oxidative stress is involved in the pathological mechanism of H. pylori-induced gastritis and gastric cancer induction. Therefore, reducing oxidative stress may be beneficial for preventing the development of H. pylori-associated gastric diseases. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a crucial regulator for the expression of antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which protects cells from oxidative injury. α-Lipoic acid (α-LA), a naturally occurring dithiol, shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in various cells. In the present study, we examined the mechanism by which α-LA activates the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukine-8 (IL-8), and reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H. pylori-infected AGS cells. α-LA increased the level of phosphorylated and nuclear-translocated Nrf2 by decreasing the amount of Nrf2 sequestered in the cytoplasm by complex formation with Kelch-like ECH1-associated protein 1 (KEAP 1). By using exogenous inhibitors targeting Nrf2 and HO-1, we showed that up-regulation of activated Nrf2 and of HO-1 results in the α-LA-induced suppression of interleukin 8 (IL-8) and ROS. Consumption of α-LA-rich foods may prevent the development of H. pylori-associated gastric diseases by decreasing ROS-mediated IL-8 expression in gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Kyung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Joo Weon Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Han S, Fink J, Jörg DJ, Lee E, Yum MK, Chatzeli L, Merker SR, Josserand M, Trendafilova T, Andersson-Rolf A, Dabrowska C, Kim H, Naumann R, Lee JH, Sasaki N, Mort RL, Basak O, Clevers H, Stange DE, Philpott A, Kim JK, Simons BD, Koo BK. Defining the Identity and Dynamics of Adult Gastric Isthmus Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:342-356.e7. [PMID: 31422913 PMCID: PMC6739486 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastric corpus epithelium is the thickest part of the gastrointestinal tract and is rapidly turned over. Several markers have been proposed for gastric corpus stem cells in both isthmus and base regions. However, the identity of isthmus stem cells (IsthSCs) and the interaction between distinct stem cell populations is still under debate. Here, based on unbiased genetic labeling and biophysical modeling, we show that corpus glands are compartmentalized into two independent zones, with slow-cycling stem cells maintaining the base and actively cycling stem cells maintaining the pit-isthmus-neck region through a process of "punctuated" neutral drift dynamics. Independent lineage tracing based on Stmn1 and Ki67 expression confirmed that rapidly cycling IsthSCs maintain the pit-isthmus-neck region. Finally, single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis is used to define the molecular identity and lineage relationship of a single, cycling, IsthSC population. These observations define the identity and functional behavior of IsthSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Han
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Juergen Fink
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - David J Jörg
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Eunmin Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Yum
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Lemonia Chatzeli
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Sebastian R Merker
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manon Josserand
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Teodora Trendafilova
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Amanda Andersson-Rolf
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Catherine Dabrowska
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Ronald Naumann
- MPI of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nobuo Sasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Richard Lester Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness Building, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Onur Basak
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel E Stange
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Philpott
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Jong Kyoung Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK.
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK; Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Shao QQ, Zhao BB, Dong LB, Cao HT, Wang WB. Surgical management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Classical considerations and current controversies. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4673-4681. [PMID: 31528093 PMCID: PMC6718045 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i32.4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is characterized by gastric acid hypersecretion causing severe recurrent acid-related peptic disease. Excessive secretion of gastrin can now be effectively controlled with powerful proton pump inhibitors, but surgical management to control gastrinoma itself remains controversial. Based on a thorough literature review, we design a surgical algorithm for ZES and list some significant consensus findings and recommendations: (1) For sporadic ZES, surgery should be routinely undertaken as early as possible not only for patients with a precisely localized diagnosis but also for those with negative imaging findings. The surgical approach for sporadic ZES depends on the lesion location (including the duodenum, pancreas, lymph nodes, hepatobiliary tract, stomach, and some extremely rare sites such as the ovaries, heart, omentum, and jejunum). Intraoperative liver exploration and lymphadenectomy should be routinely performed; (2) For multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-related ZES (MEN1/ZES), surgery should not be performed routinely except for lesions > 2 cm. An attempt to perform radical resection (pancreaticoduodenectomy followed by lymphadenectomy) can be made. The ameliorating effect of parathyroid surgery should be considered, and parathyroidectomy should be performed first before any abdominal surgery for ZES; and (3) For hepatic metastatic disease, hepatic resection should be routinely performed. Currently, liver transplantation is still considered an investigational therapeutic approach for ZES. Well-designed prospective studies are desperately needed to further verify and modify the current considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bang-Bo Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Liang-Bo Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hong-Tao Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei-Bin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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11
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Hwang SJ, Pardo DM, Zheng H, Bayguinov Y, Blair PJ, Fortune‐Grant R, Cook RS, Hennig GW, Shonnard MC, Grainger N, Peri LE, Verma SD, Rock J, Sanders KM, Ward SM. Differential sensitivity of gastric and small intestinal muscles to inducible knockdown of anoctamin 1 and the effects on gastrointestinal motility. J Physiol 2019; 597:2337-2360. [PMID: 30843201 PMCID: PMC6487927 DOI: 10.1113/jp277335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Electrical pacemaking in gastrointestinal muscles is generated by specialized interstitial cells of Cajal that produce the patterns of contractions required for peristalsis and segmentation in the gut. The calcium-activated chloride conductance anoctamin-1 (Ano1) has been shown to be responsible for the generation of pacemaker activity in GI muscles, but this conclusion is established from studies of juvenile animals in which effects of reduced Ano1 on gastric emptying and motor patterns could not be evaluated. Knocking down Ano1 expression using Cre/LoxP technology caused dramatic changes in in gastric motor activity, with disrupted slow waves, abnormal phasic contractions and delayed gastric emptying; modest changes were noted in the small intestine. Comparison of the effects of Ano1 antagonists on muscles from juvenile and adult small intestinal muscles suggests that conductances in addition to Ano1 may develop with age and contribute to pacemaker activity. ABSTRACT Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) generate slow waves and transduce neurotransmitter signals in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, facilitating normal motility patterns. ICC express a Ca2+ -activated Cl- conductance (CaCC), and constitutive knockout of the channel protein anoctamin-1 leads to loss of slow waves in gastric and intestinal muscles. These knockout experiments were performed on juvenile mice. However, additional experiments demonstrated significant differences in the sensitivity of gastric and intestinal muscles to antagonists of anoctamin-1 channels. Furthermore, the significance of anoctamin-1 and the electrical and mechanical behaviours facilitated by this conductance have not been evaluated on the motor behaviours of adult animals. Cre/loxP technology was used to generate cell-specific knockdowns of anoctamin-1 in ICC (KitCreERT2/+ ;Ano1tm2jrr/+ ) in GI muscles. The recombination efficiency of KitCreERT was evaluated with an eGFP reporter, molecular techniques and immunohistochemistry. Electrical and contractile experiments were used to examine the consequences of anoctamin-1 knockdown on pacemaker activity, mechanical responses, gastric motility patterns, gastric emptying and GI transit. Reduced anoctamin-1 caused loss of gastric, but not intestinal slow waves. Irregular spike complexes developed in gastric muscles, leading to uncoordinated antral contractions, delayed gastric emptying and increased total GI transit time. Slow waves in intestinal muscles of juvenile mice were more sensitive to anoctamin-1 antagonists than slow waves in adult muscles. The low susceptibility to anoctamin-1 knockdown and weak efficacy of anoctamin-1 antagonists in inhibiting slow waves in adult small intestinal muscles suggest that a conductance in addition to anoctamin-1 may develop in small intestinal ICC with ageing and contribute to pacemaker activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Hwang
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - David M. Pardo
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoSan FranciscoCA94143USA
| | - Haifeng Zheng
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Yulia Bayguinov
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Peter J. Blair
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Rachael Fortune‐Grant
- Faculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Robert S. Cook
- School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Grant W. Hennig
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of VermontUVM College of MedicineBurlingtonVT05405USA
| | - Matthew C. Shonnard
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Nathan Grainger
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Lauren E. Peri
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Sonali Deep Verma
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoSan FranciscoCA94143USA
| | - Jason Rock
- Centre for Regenerative MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA02118USA
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
| | - Sean M. Ward
- Department of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNV89557USA
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12
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Wang L, Malik A, Roop PS, Cheng LK, Paskaranandavadivel N. A Formal Approach for Scalable Simulation of Gastric ICC Electrophysiology. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 66:3320-3329. [PMID: 30869606 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2904043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Efficient and accurate organ models are crucial for closed-loop validation of implantable medical devices. This paper investigates bio-electric slow wave modeling of the stomach, so that gastric electrical stimulator (GES) can be validated and verified prior to implantation. In particular, we consider high-fidelity, scalable, and efficient modeling of the pacemaker, Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), based on the formal hybrid input output automata (HIOA) framework. METHODS Our work is founded in formal methods, a collection of mathematically sound techniques originating in computer science for the design and validation of safety-critical systems. We modeled each ICC cell using an HIOA. We also introduce an HIOA path model to capture the electrical propagation delay between cells in a network. The resultant network of ICC cells can simulate normal and diseased action potential propagation patterns, making it useful for device validation. RESULTS The simulated slow wave of a single ICC cell had high correlation ( ≈ 0.9) with the corresponding biophysical models. CONCLUSIONS The proposed model is able to simulate the slow wave activity of a network of ICC cells with high-fidelity for device validation. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed HIOA model is significantly more efficient than the corresponding biophysical models, scales to larger networks of ICC cells, and is capable of simulating varying propagation patterns. This has the potential to enable verification and validation of implantable GESs in closed-loop with gastrointestinal models in the future.
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13
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Kato S, Takahashi A, Shindo M, Yoshida A, Kawamura T, Matsumoto K, Matsuura B. Characterization of the gastric motility response to human motilin and erythromycin in human motilin receptor-expressing transgenic mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0205939. [PMID: 30789939 PMCID: PMC6383879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Motilin is a gastrointestinal peptide hormone that stimulates gastrointestinal motility. Motilin is produced primarily in the duodenum and jejunum. Motilin receptors (MTLRs) are G protein-coupled receptors that may represent a clinically useful pharmacological target as they can be activated by erythromycin. The functions of motilin are highly species-dependent and remain poorly understood. As a functional motilin system is absent in rodents such as rats and mice, these species are not commonly used for basic studies. In this study, we examine the usefulness of human MTLR-overexpressing transgenic (hMTLR-Tg) mice by identifying the mechanisms of the gastric motor response to human motilin and erythromycin. The distribution of hMTLR was examined immunohistochemically in male wild-type (WT) and hMTLR-Tg mice. The contractile response of gastric strips was measured isometrically in an organ bath, while gastric emptying was determined using phenol red. hMTLR expression was abundant in the gastric smooth muscle layer. Interestingly, higher levels of hMTLR expression were observed in the myenteric plexus of hMTLR-Tg mice but not WT mice. hMTLR was not co-localized with vesicular acetylcholine transporter, a marker of cholinergic neurons in the myenteric plexus. Treatment with human motilin and erythromycin caused concentration-dependent contraction of gastric strips obtained from hMTLR-Tg mice but not from WT mice. The contractile response to human motilin and erythromycin in hMTLR-Tg mice was affected by neither atropine nor tetrodotoxin and was totally absent in Ca2+-free conditions. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of erythromycin significantly promoted gastric emptying in hMTLR-Tg mice but not in WT mice. Human motilin and erythromycin stimulate gastric smooth muscle contraction in hMTLR-Tg mice. This action is mediated by direct contraction of smooth muscle via the influx of extracellular Ca2+. Thus, hMTLR-Tg mice may be useful for the evaluation of MTLR agonists as gastric prokinetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Kato
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Aoi Takahashi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mai Shindo
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayano Yoshida
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoe Kawamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Matsumoto
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bunzo Matsuura
- Department of Lifestyle-related Medicine and Endocrinology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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14
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Flanagan DJ, Schwab RHM, Tran BM, Phesse TJ, Vincan E. Isolation and Culture of Adult Intestinal, Gastric, and Liver Organoids for Cre-recombinase-Mediated Gene Deletion. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1576:123-133. [PMID: 27704362 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2016_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of Lgr5 as a marker of adult stem cells meant that stem cell populations could be purified and studied in isolation. Importantly, when cultured under the appropriate conditions these stem cells form organoids in tissue culture that retain many features of the tissue of origin. The organoid cultures are accessible to genetic and biochemical manipulation, bridging the gap between in vivo mouse models and conventional tissue culture. Here we describe robust protocols to establish organoids from gastrointestinal tissues (stomach, intestine, liver) and Cre-recombinase mediated gene manipulation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Flanagan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Renate H M Schwab
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Bang M Tran
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Toby J Phesse
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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15
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Abstract
An organoid is a cellular structure three-dimensionally (3D) cultured from self-organizing stem cells in vitro, which has a cell population, architectures, and organ specific functions like the originating organs. Recent advances in the 3D culture of isolated intestinal crypts or gastric glands have enabled the generation of human gastrointestinal epithelial organoids. Gastrointestinal organoids recapitulate the human in vivo physiology because of all the intestinal epithelial cell types that differentiated and proliferated from tissue resident stem cells. Thus far, gastrointestinal organoids have been extensively used for generating gastrointestinal disease models. This protocol describes the method of isolating a gland or crypt using stomach or colon tissue after surgery and establishing them into gastroids or colonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojung Hahn
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, South Korea
| | - Jongman Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, South Korea.
- CHA Biocomplex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, South Korea.
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16
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Wang Y, Zhou L, Wang X, Liu X, Jiang L, Wang J, Sun H, Jiang C, Xing X, Zhang Y, Pan B, Yan B. A human cell panel for evaluating safe application of nano-ZrO 2/polymer composite in water remediation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 166:474-481. [PMID: 30312946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials, such as ZrO2 nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs), are very effective in water remediation. However, the safety issues related to nanoparticle release and toxicity to humans remain to be resolved. Here we evaluated the cytotoxicity of ZrO2 NPs and their adducts with pollutants using a human cell panel containing stomach, intestine, liver and kidney cells. We found that different pollutants or ZrO2NP/pollutant adducts targeted cells from different organs, suggesting the necessity of a cell panel to model oral exposures. The cooperation of ZrO2 NPs and pollutants was quite complex, consisting of synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effects. For example, ZrO2 NPs enhanced the cytotoxicity of Pb2+ in GES-1 cells and of Pb2+, Cd2+ in FHC cells, while alleviating the toxicity of Pb2+ and As (III) in HepG2 and Hek293 cells. Our results also indicated that even concentrations of pollutants that meet the national standard, the ZrO2 NPs concentration should be kept below 17 μg/mL to avoid ZrO2 NP/pollutant adduct synergistic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Wang
- Schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education and Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaokun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hainan Sun
- Schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Cuijuan Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xueci Xing
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education and Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education and Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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17
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Abstract
Sympathetic innervation of the stomach was studied in rats by the method of retrograde axon transport of Fast Blue in postnatal ontogenesis. The number of labeled neurons increased in the first 10 days of life and then did not change until the senescence. All labeled neurons innervating the stomach contain the catecholamine synthesis enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase. The proportion of labeled neuropeptide Y-immunopositive neurons did not change in the development, the percentage of labeled calbindin-immunoreactive neurons decreased in the first month of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Emanuilov
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, 150000, Russia
| | - P M Masliukov
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, 150000, Russia.
| | - A D Nozdrachev
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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18
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Lee KK, McCauley HA, Broda TR, Kofron MJ, Wells JM, Hong CI. Human stomach-on-a-chip with luminal flow and peristaltic-like motility. Lab Chip 2018; 18:3079-3085. [PMID: 30238091 PMCID: PMC6364752 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00910d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Current in vitro approaches and animal models have critical limitations for modeling human gastrointestinal diseases because they may not properly represent multicellular human primary tissues. Therefore, there is a need for model platforms that recapitulate human in vivo development, physiology, and disease processes to validate new therapeutics. One of the major steps toward this goal was the generation of three-dimensional (3D) human gastric organoids (hGOs) via the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). The normal functions and diseases of the stomach occur in the luminal epithelium, however accessing the epithelium on the inside of organoids is challenging. We sought to develop a bioengineered platform to introduce luminal flow through hGOs to better model in vivo gastric functions. Here, we report an innovative microfluidic imaging platform housing hGOs with peristaltic luminal flow in vitro. This human stomach-on-a-chip allows robust, long-term, 3D growth of hGOs with the capacity for luminal delivery via a peristaltic pump. Organoids were cannulated and medium containing fluorescent dextran was delivered through the lumen using a peristaltic pump. This system also allowed us to rhythmically introduce stretch and contraction to the organoid, reminiscent of gastric motility. Our platform has the potential for long-term delivery of nutrients or pharmacological agents into the gastric lumen in vitro for the study of human gastric physiology, disease modeling, and drug screening, among other possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Kug Lee
- Computational and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. ;
| | - Heather A. McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Taylor R. Broda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Matthew J. Kofron
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - James M. Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Christian I. Hong
- Computational and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. ;
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19
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Park B, Lim JW, Kim H. Lycopene treatment inhibits activation of Jak1/Stat3 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and attenuates hyperproliferation in gastric epithelial cells. Nutr Res 2018; 70:70-81. [PMID: 30098838 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) colonizes the human stomach and increases the risk of gastric diseases including gastric cancer. H pylori increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activate Janus-activator kinase 1 (Jak1)/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (Stat3) in gastric epithelial cells. ROS mediate hyperproliferation, a hallmark of carcinogenesis, by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in various cells. Lycopene is a potent antioxidant exhibiting anticancer effects. We hypothesized that lycopene may inhibit H pylori-induced hyperproliferation by suppressing ROS-mediated activation of Jak1/Stat3 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and β-catenin target gene expression in gastric epithelial cells. We determined cell viability, ROS levels, and the protein levels of phospho- and total Jak1/Stat3, Wnt/β-catenin signaling molecules, Wnt-1, lipoprotein-related protein 5, and β-catenin target oncogenes (c-Myc and cyclin E) in H pylori-infected gastric epithelial AGS cells. The Jak1/Stat3 inhibitor AG490 served as the control treatment. The significance of the differences among groups was calculated using the 1-way analysis of variance followed by Newman-Keuls post hoc tests. The results show that lycopene reduced ROS levels and inhibited Jak1/Stat3 activation, alteration of Wnt/β-catenin multiprotein complex molecules, expression of c-Myc and cyclin E, and cell proliferation in H pylori-infected AGS cells. AG490 similarly inhibited H pylori-induced cell proliferation, alteration of Wnt/β-catenin multiprotein complex molecules, and oncogene expression. H pylori increased the levels of Wnt-1 and its receptor lipoprotein-related protein 5; this increase was inhibited by either lycopene or AG490 in AGS cells. In conclusion, lycopene inhibits ROS-mediated activation of Jak1/Stat3 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and, thus, oncogene expression in relation to hyperproliferation in H pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. Lycopene might be a potential and promising nutrient for preventing H pylori-associated gastric diseases including gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohye Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Joo Weon Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Akahoshi K, Oya M, Koga T, Shiratsuchi Y. Current clinical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2806-2817. [PMID: 30018476 PMCID: PMC6048423 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i26.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common malignant subepithelial lesions (SELs) of the gastrointestinal tract. They originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal located within the muscle layer and are characterized by over-expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor KIT. Pathologically, diagnosis of a GIST relies on morphology and immunohistochemistry [KIT and/or discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumor 1 (DOG1) is generally positive]. The prognosis of this disease is associated with the tumor size and mitotic index. The standard treatment of a GIST without metastasis is surgical resection. A GIST with metastasis is usually only treated by tyrosine kinase inhibitors without radical cure; thus, early diagnosis is the only way to improve its prognosis. However, a GIST is usually detected as a SEL during endoscopy, and many benign and malignant conditions may manifest as SELs. Conventional endoscopic biopsy is difficult for tumors without ulceration. Most SELs have therefore been managed without a histological diagnosis. However, a favorable prognosis of a GIST is associated with early histological diagnosis and R0 resection. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) are critical for an accurate diagnosis of SELs. EUS-FNA is safe and effective in enabling an early histological diagnosis and adequate treatment. This review outlines the current evidence for the diagnosis and management of GISTs, with an emphasis on early management of small SELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Akahoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka 820-8505, Japan
| | - Masafumi Oya
- Department of Pathology, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka 820-8505, Japan
| | - Tadashi Koga
- Department of Surgery, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka 820-8505, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiratsuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka 820-8505, Japan
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Gao JP, Xu W, Liu WT, Yan M, Zhu ZG. Tumor heterogeneity of gastric cancer: From the perspective of tumor-initiating cell. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2567-2581. [PMID: 29962814 PMCID: PMC6021770 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i24.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the most common and malignant types of cancer due to its rapid progression, distant metastasis, and resistance to conventional chemotherapy, although efforts have been made to understand the underlying mechanism of this resistance and to improve clinical outcome. It is well recognized that tumor heterogeneity, a fundamental feature of malignancy, plays an essential role in the cancer development and chemoresistance. The model of tumor-initiating cell (TIC) has been proposed to explain the genetic, histological, and phenotypical heterogeneity of GC. TIC accounts for a minor subpopulation of tumor cells with key characteristics including high tumorigenicity, maintenance of self-renewal potential, giving rise to both tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cancer cells, and resistance to chemotherapy. Regarding tumor-initiating cell of GC (GATIC), substantial studies have been performed to (1) identify the putative specific cell markers for purification and functional validation of GATICs; (2) trace the origin of GATICs; and (3) decode the regulatory mechanism of GATICs. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate the plasticity of GATIC and the interaction between GATIC and its surrounding factors (TIC niche or tumor microenvironment). All these investigations pave the way for the development of GATIC-targeted therapy, which is in the phase of preclinical studies and clinical trials. Here, we interpret the heterogeneity of GC from the perspectives of TIC by reviewing the above-mentioned fundamental and clinical studies of GATICs. Problems encountered during the GATIC investigations and the potential solutions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Peng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen-Tao Liu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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Yanyan S, Yanlei G, Ting Z, Shigang D. Hydrotalcite Can Prevent the Damaging Effects of Helicobacter Pylori on Gastric Epithelial Cells. Microsc Microanal 2018; 24:277-283. [PMID: 29952282 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastric diseases including gastric cancer. This study was aimed to explore whether hydrotalcite can inhibit H. pylori infection of gastric epithelial cells. METHODS the gastric epithelial cell line GES-1 and the gastric cancer cell line BGC823 were infected with H. pylori at multiplicities of infections (MOIs) of 50:1 and 100:1. Hydrotalcite was added to cell cultures. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle analysis were performed to measure the situation of cell growth. The main changes of cell ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscopy. H. pylori cell adhesion was observed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS hydrotalcite could significantly inhibit cell apoptosis of GES-1 and cell proliferation of BGC823 induced by H. pylori infection at an MOI of 50:1. Hydrotalcite treatment protected gastric cells from H. pylori infection, and H. pylori adhesion to gastric cells was reduced. However, hydrotalcite could not reverse damage induced by H. pylori infection at an MOI of 100:1. CONCLUSION hydrotalcite can protect gastric cells from H. pylori infection when cell damage is not serious. It can weaken the damage of cells induced by H. pylori and decrease H. pylori adhesion to gastric cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yanyan
- 1Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology,Peking University Third Hospital,Beijing 100191,P.R.China
| | - Guo Yanlei
- 2Department of Gastroenterology,Peking University Third Hospital,Beijing 100191,P.R.China
| | - Zhang Ting
- 3Department of Microbiology,Peking University Health Science Center,Beijing 100191,P.R.China
| | - Ding Shigang
- 2Department of Gastroenterology,Peking University Third Hospital,Beijing 100191,P.R.China
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Sung TS, Hwang SJ, Koh SD, Bayguinov Y, Peri LE, Blair PJ, Webb TI, Pardo DM, Rock JR, Sanders KM, Ward SM. The cells and conductance mediating cholinergic neurotransmission in the murine proximal stomach. J Physiol 2018; 596:1549-1574. [PMID: 29430647 PMCID: PMC5924836 DOI: 10.1113/jp275478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Enteric neurotransmission is essential for gastrointestinal (GI) motility, although the cells and conductances responsible for post-junctional responses are controversial. The calcium-activated chloride conductance (CaCC), anoctamin-1 (Ano1), was expressed by intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) in proximal stomach and not resolved in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Cholinergic nerve fibres were closely apposed to ICC-IM. Conductances activated by cholinergic stimulation in isolated ICC-IM and SMCs were determined. A CaCC was activated by carbachol in ICC-IM and a non-selective cation conductance in SMCs. Responses to cholinergic nerve stimulation were studied. Excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) and mechanical responses were evoked in wild-type mice but absent or greatly reduced with knockout/down of Ano1. Drugs that block Ano1 inhibited the conductance activated by carbachol in ICC-IM and EJPs and mechanical responses in tissues. The data of the present study suggest that electrical and mechanical responses to cholinergic nerve stimulation are mediated by Ano1 expressed in ICC-IM and not SMCs. ABSTRACT Enteric motor neurotransmission is essential for normal gastrointestinal (GI) motility. Controversy exists regarding the cells and ionic conductance(s) that mediate post-junctional neuroeffector responses to motor neurotransmitters. Isolated intramuscular ICC (ICC-IM) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from murine fundus muscles were used to determine the conductances activated by carbachol (CCh) in each cell type. The calcium-activated chloride conductance (CaCC), anoctamin-1 (Ano1) is expressed by ICC-IM but not resolved in SMCs, and CCh activated a Cl- conductance in ICC-IM and a non-selective cation conductance in SMCs. We also studied responses to nerve stimulation using electrical-field stimulation (EFS) of intact fundus muscles from wild-type and Ano1 knockout mice. EFS activated excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) in wild-type mice, although EJPs were absent in mice with congenital deactivation of Ano1 and greatly reduced in animals in which the CaCC-Ano1 was knocked down using Cre/loxP technology. Contractions to cholinergic nerve stimulation were also greatly reduced in Ano1 knockouts. SMCs cells also have receptors and ion channels activated by muscarinic agonists. Blocking acetylcholine esterase with neostigmine revealed a slow depolarization that developed after EJPs in wild-type mice. This depolarization was still apparent in mice with genetic deactivation of Ano1. Pharmacological blockers of Ano1 also inhibited EJPs and contractile responses to muscarinic stimulation in fundus muscles. The data of the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that ACh released from motor nerves binds muscarinic receptors on ICC-IM with preference and activates Ano1. If metabolism of acetylcholine is inhibited, ACh overflows and binds to extrajunctional receptors on SMCs, eliciting a slower depolarization response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Sik Sung
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
| | - Sung Jin Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
| | - Yulia Bayguinov
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
| | - Lauen E. Peri
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
| | - Peter J. Blair
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
| | - Timothy I. Webb
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
| | - David M. Pardo
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Jason R. Rock
- Center for Regenerative MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
| | - Sean M. Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
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Abstract
In this chapter, we describe a method for the induction of stomach organoids from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. We used an embryoid body-based differentiation method to induce gastric primordial epithelium covered with mesenchyme and further differentiate it in Matrigel by 3D culture. The differentiated organoid contains both corpus- and antrum-specific mature gastric tissue cells. This protocol may be useful for a variety of studies in developmental biology and disease modeling of the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taka-Aki K Noguchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Akira Kurisaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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25
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Wang ZF, Ma DG, Zhu Z, Mu YP, Yang YY, Feng L, Yang H, Liang JQ, Liu YY, Liu L, Lu HW. Astragaloside IV inhibits pathological functions of gastric cancer-associated fibroblasts. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:8512-8525. [PMID: 29358859 PMCID: PMC5752711 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i48.8512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the inhibitory effect of astragaloside IV on the pathological functions of cancer-associated fibroblasts, and to explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS Paired gastric normal fibroblast (GNF) and gastric cancer-associated fibroblast (GCAF) cultures were established from resected tissues. GCAFs were treated with vehicle control or different concentrations of astragaloside IV. Conditioned media were prepared from GNFs, GCAFs, control-treated GCAFs, and astragaloside IV-treated GCAFs, and used to culture BGC-823 human gastric cancer cells. Proliferation, migration and invasion capacities of BGC-823 cells were determined by MTT, wound healing, and Transwell invasion assays, respectively. The action mechanism of astragaloside IV was investigated by detecting the expression of microRNAs and the expression and secretion of the oncogenic factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and the tumor suppressive factor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), in different groups of GCAFs. The expression of the oncogenic pluripotency factors SOX2 and NANOG in BGC-823 cells cultured with different conditioned media was also examined. RESULTS GCAFs displayed higher capacities to induce BGC-823 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion than GNFs (P < 0.01). Astragaloside IV treatment strongly inhibited the proliferation-, migration- and invasion-promoting capacities of GCAFs (P < 0.05 for 10 μmol/L, P < 0.01 for 20 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L). Compared with GNFs, GCAFs expressed a lower level of microRNA-214 (P < 0.01) and a higher level of microRNA-301a (P < 0.01). Astragaloside IV treatment significantly up-regulated microRNA-214 expression (P < 0.01) and down-regulated microRNA-301a expression (P < 0.01) in GCAFs. Reestablishing the microRNA expression balance subsequently suppressed M-CSF production (P < 0.01) and secretion (P < 0.05), and elevated TIMP2 production (P < 0.01) and secretion (P < 0.05). Consequently, the ability of GCAFs to increase SOX2 and NANOG expression in BGC-823 cells was abolished by astragaloside IV. CONCLUSION Astragaloside IV can inhibit the pathological functions of GCAFs by correcting their dysregulation of microRNA expression, and it is promisingly a potent therapeutic agent regulating tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Fei Wang
- Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Diagnosis, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010020, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Da-Guang Ma
- Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Diagnosis, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010020, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of cytotherapy for tumors, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010020, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yong-Ping Mu
- Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Diagnosis, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010020, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yong-Yan Yang
- Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Diagnosis, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010020, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Abdominal Tumor Surgery, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010020, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010020, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jun-Qing Liang
- Department of cytotherapy for tumors, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010020, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yong-Yan Liu
- Department of cytotherapy for tumors, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010020, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li Liu
- Central Laboratory, People’s Hospital of Wuhai City, Wuhai 016000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hai-Wen Lu
- Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Diagnosis, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010020, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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Ahluwalia A, Jones MK, Brzozowska I, Tarnawski AS. In vitro model of vasculo-angiogenesis: demonstration that bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells form new hybrid capillary blood vessels jointly with gastric endothelial cells. J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 68:841-846. [PMID: 29550796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of blood vessels (neovascularization) is critical for tissue injury healing. The contribution of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (BMD-EPCs) to neovascularization during tissue injury healing is not fully elucidated and it is not clear whether BMD-EPCs can form new capillary blood vessels independently or jointly with fully differentiated endothelial cells (ECs). The aim of this study was to establish an in vitro model of vasculogenesis/angiogenesis by co-culture of BMD-EPCs and gastric endothelial cells (GECs) on Matrigel, examine direct interactions of these cells; and, identify the mechanisms involved. We isolated BMD-EPCs and GECs from bone marrow and stomach of rats, respectively. In these cells, we examined the expression of CD34, CD133, CD31, VEGF-R2, stromal derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and CXCR4, and, their ability to form capillary-like tubes when cultured separately or when co-cultured (1:5 ratio) on growth factor-reduced Matrigel. Fluorescence-labeled BMD-EPCs seeded alone on Matrigel formed capillary-like tubes reflecting in vitro vasculogenesis, and when co-cultured with GECs on Matrigel, formed 'hybrid' tubes containing BMD-EPCs nested between GECs thus reflecting in vitro angio-vasculogenesis. These 'hybrid' tubes were 1.5-fold wider (P < 0.001) and had more extensive (5.1-fold increase) loops (P < 0.01) at the junctions of BMD-EPCs and GECs versus tubes formed by GECs alone. GECs expressed SDF-1 that likely mediated homing of BMD-EPCs (which expressed the SDF-1 receptor, CXCR4) and their incorporation during neovascularization. BMD-EPCs can independently form capillary-like tubes on Matrigel, and when co-cultured with fully differentiated ECs on Matrigel, form capillary-like 'hybrid' tubes comprised of both cell types. Both BMD-EPCs and GECs express SDF-1 and CXCR4, which indicate direct paracrine interactions between these cells during neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahluwalia
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - M K Jones
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - I Brzozowska
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - A S Tarnawski
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA. ;
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Deng HX, Yu YY, Zhou AQ, Zhu JL, Luo LN, Chen WQ, Hu L, Chen GX. Yangzheng Sanjie decoction regulates proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by enhancing let-7a expression. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5538-5548. [PMID: 28852313 PMCID: PMC5558117 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i30.5538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the let-7a-mediated anti-cancer effect of Yangzheng Sanjie decoction (YZSJD) in gastric cancer (GC) cells.
METHODS YZSJD-containing serum (YCS) was prepared using traditional Chinese medicine serum pharmacology methods. After YCS treatment, cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively, and miRNA expression profiles were determined using qPCR arrays. Let-7a expression was examined by in situ hybridization in GC tissues and by qPCR in GC cells. c-Myc protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in GC tissues, and by Western blot in cell lines.
RESULTS YZSJD significantly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in AGS and HS-746T GC cells. After treatment with YCS, the miRNA expression profiles were altered and the reduced let-7a levels in both cell lines were up-regulated, accompanied by a decrease in c-Myc expression. Moreover, decreased let-7a expression and increased c-Myc expression were observed during the progression of gastric mucosa cancerization.
CONCLUSION YZSJD inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of GC cells by restoring the aberrant expression of let-7a and c-Myc.
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28
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Batista-Lima FJ, Gadelha KKL, Oliveira DM, Vasconcelos TB, Brito TS, Magalhães PJC. A simple laboratory exercise with rat isolated esophagus and stomach fundus to reveal functional differences between striated and smooth muscle cells. Adv Physiol Educ 2017; 41:291-297. [PMID: 28526693 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00150.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study describes an undergraduate student laboratory activity using isolated preparations from rat gastrointestinal tissues that possess contractile profiles typically exhibited by striated and smooth muscle cells. While students are introduced to an ex vivo methodology, they can compare differences in trace experiments, twitch aspects, phasic and tonic properties, force-frequency relationships, and pharmacological responsiveness of esophageal (striated) and fundic (smooth muscle) segments. Muscle strips were subjected to electrical field stimulation (EFS) applied by platinum electrodes immersed in the physiological solution. The contractile profile of EFS responses varied between these two types of gut preparations. Atropine and tubocurarine revealed differential inhibitory influences in esophagus or fundus tissues; caffeine and procaine produced similar effects, i.e., potentiation and blockade of the EFS-induced contractile response in these tissues, respectively. Experimental results obtained during the activity helped the improvement of student learning about basic concepts previously discussed in theoretical lectures. To measure student learning with this laboratory exercise, a questionnaire was applied before and after the activity, and the number of expected correct answers, concerning the mechanisms of contraction in striated and smooth muscle, could be clearly evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Batista-Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Kalinne Kelly Lima Gadelha
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Daniel Maia Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Thiago Brasileiro Vasconcelos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Teresinha Silva Brito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Jorge Caldas Magalhães
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Yakoob J, Jafri W, Mehmood MH, Abbas Z, Tariq K. Cytokine changes in gastric and colonic epithelial cell in response to Planta ovata extract. J Complement Integr Med 2017; 14:/j/jcim.ahead-of-print/jcim-2015-0075/jcim-2015-0075.xml. [PMID: 28333654 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2015-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Psyllium (Planta ovata, Ispaghul) seed and husk are used for treatment of altered bowel habit, i. e. constipation and diarrhea. We studied the effect of Ispaghul extract on secretion of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) by AGS (ATCC CRL 1739) and SW480 (ATCC CCL-227) epithelial cell lines and determined whether Ispaghul extract has an effect on IL-1β secretion by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-stimulated AGS cell and Escherichia coli K-12 (E. coli K-12)-stimulated SW480 cells in vitro. Methods The AGS cells and SW480 cells were pretreated with Ispaghul extract in concentrations, i. e. 3.5 and 7 μg/mL prior to infection with H. pylori and E. coli K-12. Results DNA fragmentation in AGS and SW480 cells treated with Ispaghul extract was not significant (2.3±0.8 %) compared with untreated cells (2.2±0.6 %). Ispaghul extract decreased the H. pylori-stimulated secretion of IL-1β by AGS cell (p<0.0001). This effect did not increase as the concentration of extract was increased. Ispaghul extract also decreased E. coli K-12-stimulated IL-1β secretion by SW480 cell (p<0.0001). This effect increased as the concentration of extracts was increased. Conclusions Ispaghul extract had an effect on stimulated secretion of IL-1β by the AGS and SW480 cell. It decreased pro-inflammatory reaction from both cell lines stimulated by bacteria.
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Abstract
Over the past several decades, developmental biologists have discovered fundamental mechanisms by which organs form in developing embryos. With this information it is now possible to generate human "organoids" by the stepwise differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells using a process that recapitulates organ development. For the gastrointestinal tract, one of the first key steps is the formation of definitive endoderm and mesoderm, a process that relies on the TGFb molecule Nodal. Endoderm is then patterned along the anterior-posterior axis, with anterior endoderm forming the foregut and posterior endoderm forming the mid and hindgut. A-P patterning of the endoderm is accomplished by the combined activities of Wnt, BMP, and FGF. High Wnt and BMP promote a posterior fate, whereas repressing these pathways promotes an anterior endoderm fate. The stomach derives from the posterior foregut and retinoic acid signaling is required for promoting a posterior foregut fate. The small and large intestine derive from the mid and hindgut, respectively.These stages of gastrointestinal development can be precisely manipulated through the temporal activation and repression of the pathways mentioned above. For example, stimulation of the Nodal pathway with the mimetic Activin A, another TGF-β superfamily member, can trigger the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into definitive endoderm (D'Amour et al., Nat Biotechnol 23:1534-1541, 2005). Exposure of definitive endoderm to high levels of Wnt and FGF promotes the formation of posterior endoderm and mid/hindgut tissue that expresses CDX2. Mid-hindgut spheroids that are cultured in a three-dimensional matrix form human intestinal organoids (HIOs) that are small intestinal in nature Spence et al., Nature 2011. In contrast, activation of FGF and Wnt in the presence of the BMP inhibitor Noggin promotes the formation of anterior endoderm and foregut tissues that express SOX2. These SOX2-expressing foregut spheroids can be further patterned into posterior foregut by addition of retinoic acid. Once formed, these posterior foregut spheroids can be grown in three-dimensional human gastric organoids (HGOs) that have all of the cell types of antral part of the stomach (Mc Cracken et al. 2014).Here, we describe the detailed methods for generating stomach/human gastric organoids (HGOs) and human intestinal organoids (HIOs) from human pluripotent stem cells. We first present a method for generating definitive endoderm from pluripotent stem cells followed by differentiation of definitive endoderm into either posterior foregut spheroids or mid-hindgut spheroids. We then describe how three-dimensional culturing of these spheroids results in the formation of HGOs and HIOs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge O Múnera
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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Alkhatib R, Hilal-Alnaqbi A, Naciri M, Al-Majmaie R, Saseedharan P, Karam SM, Al-Rubeai M. 3D culture of mouse gastric stem cells using porous microcarriers. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2017; 9:172-179. [PMID: 27814583 DOI: 10.2741/s481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lining epithelium of the stomach includes multipotent stem cells which undergo proliferation and migration-associated differentiation. These cells give rise to multiple cell lineages that produce mucus, acid, pepsinogen and various hormones/peptides. A 3D culture for stem cells would facilitate identification of the factors that control proliferation and/or differentiation programs. Here, we report on the use of disk-like ImmobaSil HD silicone-rubber matrix based microcarriers that are permeable to oxygen and reduce the creation of toxic environment within the center of the microcarrierd for culturing the mouse gastric stem (mGS) cells. We define several parameters that affect the initial cell attachment such as size of cell inoculum, serum concentration, mode and speed of agitation. We show that although such a microcarrier allows for attachment and growth of gastric stem cells, it does not lend itself and does not support the functional differentiation of such cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Alkhatib
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Ali Hilal-Alnaqbi
- College of Engineering, UAE University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, UAE,
| | - Mariam Naciri
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rasoul Al-Majmaie
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Prashanth Saseedharan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Sherif M Karam
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed Al-Rubeai
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Nickel VV, Efremova VP. [Age changes in connective tissue structures of the stomach.]. Adv Gerontol 2017; 30:665-670. [PMID: 29322731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of paravasal connective tissue of the stomach was carried out on the preparations of 80 men corpses of three age groups: the first period of adulthood (n=20), the elderly (n=30) and senile (n=30) ages. With the help of standard histological and histochemical methods, the features of the age-related variability of the fiber composition were established; the level of apoptosis and proliferation in fibroblasts has been investigated with the help of immunohistochemical methods. The regularities of the structural organization of the paravasal connective tissue of the stomach during the period of biological stability (the first period of adulthood), as well as its age transformations at the stages of postnatal ontogeny (in the older age groups), were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Nickel
- V.F.Voyno-Yasenetskii Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 1, Partizana Zheleznyaka str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russian Federation;
| | - V P Efremova
- V.F.Voyno-Yasenetskii Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 1, Partizana Zheleznyaka str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russian Federation;
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Podpryatov SE, Gychka SG, Podpryatov SS, Marynskyi GS, Chernets OV, Tkachenko VA, Grabovskyi DA, Lopatkina KG, Tkachenko SV, Buryak YZ, Serdyuk VK. [THE CONTENTS OF FORMATION OF THE ELECTRIC WELDING ANASTOMOSIS OF STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE]. Klin Khir 2017:57-58. [PMID: 30273455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The character and sequence of changes in the tissues structure of the gastrointestinal walls under the impact of the impulse and constant delivery of electric pressure with frequency 440 kHz were studied. The investigation object was squeezed, using the force, measured from 2 to 6 N/mm2. The ЕКВЗ-300 «Patonmed» apparatus was used as a source of supply. Еlectric parameters of the process was fixed, using the analogue-numerical digital converter LCard E20-10 and laboratory oscilloscope Tektronix TDS 3014C. There was established, that electric conjunction of stomach and small intestine include three elements: destroying and disappearance of mucosa, connective tissue and membranes; fusion of the collagen fascicles and the smooth muscle cells; the loss of the collagen fascicles and the smooth muscle structure and creation of homogenous еlectric welding suture. The first two elements of the electric welding anastomosis are occurring simultaneously, but not dependent one from the other. At the welding suture completion the nondestructive changes of the tissues are spreading on a distance not more than 1 mm beyond the borders of the electrods apposition.
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Sachan N, Chandra P, Pal D. Effect of Delonix regia (Boj. Ex Hook.) Raf. stem bark extract against experimentally induced ulcers in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2017; 55:49-54. [PMID: 30183229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Delonix regia, commonly called Flame Tree or Flamboyant (locally, Gul Mohor) is a common tree traditionally used to treat various diseases like gastric problems, body pain, rheumatic pains of joints and wound healing. Here, we carried out biological profiling of Delonix regia as antiulcer agent. Antiulcer activity of the ethanol extract from stem bark was evaluated on pylorus ligation and indomethacin induced ulcer in Wistar albino rats. Ethanol extract from stem bark of D.regia was administered at the doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 7 days. Ulcer index, gastric pH, volume, free acidity, total acidity, total carbohydrate (TC), protein (P), mucin content (TC/P) and gastric mucus were evaluated in pylorus ligation model, while ulcer index, malondialdehyde, GSH, PGE2, and gastric mucus were estimated in the indomethacin induced ulcer model. Ex vivo assay for the activity of H+/K+-ATPase was also done. The results showed significant inhibition on H+/K+-ATPase in a dose dependent manner and comparableto their respective positive control group of rats demonstrating that ethanol extract of stem bark of Delonix regia possesses significant antiulcer properties.
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Vrabcova M, Mikuska L, Vazan R, Miko M, Varga I, Mravec B. Effect of chronic intake of liquid nutrition on stomach and duodenum morphology. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:435-42. [PMID: 27131951 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the quantity and/or quality of food intake have been shown to be associated with morphological and functional alterations of the gastrointestinal system. To examine this, we investigated the effect of chronic liquid nutrition intake (Fresubin) on stomach and duodenum morphology in Wistar rats fed liquid nutrition during different developmental periods. We used four groups of rats: a) control group (CON) fed pelleted chow for 130days; b) liquid nutrition group (LN) fed liquid nutrition for 130days; c) liquid nutrition juvenile group (LNJ) fed liquid nutrition for 70days and then pelleted food for 60days; d) liquid nutrition adult group (LNA) fed pelleted chow for 70days and then liquid nutrition for 60days. We found that LN and LNA rats showed a significant reduction of empty stomach mass compared to CON animals, while stomach and duodenal longitudinal muscle layer thickness did not differ between groups. Villus height was increased only in LNA animals, while villus width was increased in both LN and LNA rats. Crypt depth was reduced in LNJ. However, liquid nutrition intake did not affect villus height/crypt depth ratio, nor number of goblet cells. We found that chronic intake of liquid nutrition affects some morphological parameters of the stomach and duodenum but these changes were not homogenous between experimental groups. Interestingly, transition from liquid nutrition to solid food reversed the alterations of stomach weight as well as villus width induced by intake of liquid nutrition in LNA rats. Our data indicate that morphological and functional changes in the gastrointestinal system induced by qualitative and quantitative changes in food intake are at least partially reversible. Therefore, specific diets may be used potentially as adjuvant treatment for modulating the progression of gastrointestinal diseases by affecting stomach and small intestine morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Vrabcova
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Livia Mikuska
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9/5779, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Vazan
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Miko
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Varga
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9/5779, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Noreldin AE, Sogabe M, Yamano Y, Uehara M, Mahdy MAA, Elnasharty MA, Sayed-Ahmed A, Warita K, Hosaka YZ. Spatial distribution of osteoblast activating peptide in the rat stomach. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:109-17. [PMID: 26686297 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblast activating peptide (OBAP) was previously reported to be expressed in the rat stomach and to have a vital role in osteogenesis, but its distribution in rat stomach has not been determined. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify the cell types expressing OBAP in the rat stomach. The stomachs of twelve 10-to-11-week-old male Jc1:SD rats were used. Samples were collected for immunohistochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy and dot blot assay. Immunohistochemical investigation revealed that OBAP was distributed mainly in parietal cells without any expression in chief cells, X/A-like cells or enterochromaffin-like cells. Moreover, OBAP-immunopositive cells were observed mainly in the upper and lower parts of the gastric gland. Significantly high optical density of immunopositive cells was observed in the upper and lower gastric gland regions. The dot blot assay confirmed that OBAP is secreted by parietal cells and that it is present in the gastric gland lumen. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that OBAP was confined to the mitochondrial inner membrane within parietal cells and that the number of mitochondria in the upper and lower parts of the gastric epithelium was significantly larger than the number in the middle part of the gastric epithelium. Based on the results, it was concluded that OBAP is mainly produced by mitochondria of parietal cells in the upper and lower parts of the gastric epithelium. Moreover, the presence of OBAP in the gastric gland lumen suggests an exocrine mechanism of release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Maina Sogabe
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamano
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masato Uehara
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mohamed A A Mahdy
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Elnasharty
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Katsuhiko Warita
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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Ayuob N, ElBeshbeishy R. Impact of an Energy Drink on the Structure of Stomach and Pancreas of Albino Rat: Can Omega-3 Provide a Protection? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149191. [PMID: 26894845 PMCID: PMC4760982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A controversy developed between the benefits of energy drinks (EDs) versus the possible health threats since its revolution. Lack of information was a call to assess the effect of chronic consumption of Power Horse (PH) as one of the EDs, on the structure of pancreas and fundic mucosa of stomach in rats, and possible protective role of Omega-3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty two adult male albino rats were divided equally into 4 groups; control received group which only received a standard diet, Omega-3 group, PH group which given PH and PH plus Omega-3 group received both PH plus Omega-3 for 4 weeks. Biochemical assessment of blood glucose, serum insulin, gastrin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) was performed. The antioxidant activity and histopathological examination of both pancreatic tissue and fundic mucosa of stomach were assessed. RESULTS Administration of PH significantly increased serum insulin and glucose levels while it significantly reduced serum gastrin level compared to control. PH also caused oxidants/antioxidants imbalance in both pancreas and fundic mucosa. The latter revealed degenerative changes and increased apoptosis which was evident by increased caspase-3 immunoexpression. Pancreas exhibited signs of β-cells overstimulation. Fundic mucosa showed reduced number of parietal cells, gastrin hormone expression compared to control group. Omega-3 administration could alleviate, to some extent, these changes. It significantly decreased TNF-α, iNOS and reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as significantly increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities compared to the group which received PH alone. CONCLUSION Power Horse intake significantly injures islet cells, pancreatic acini as well as the glandular cells of the fundic mucosa. Omega-3 decreases these detrimental effects mostly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasra Ayuob
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Rana ElBeshbeishy
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zhang R, Li F, Wang W, Wang X, Li S, Liu J. The effect of antisense inhibitor of miRNA 106b∼25 on the proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis of gastric cancer cell. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10507-15. [PMID: 26850596 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data has demonstrated that miRNA 106b∼25, which are composed of the highly conserved miRNA 106b, miRNA 93, and miRNA 25, play carcinogenic roles in cancers. We investigated the expression of miRNA 106b∼25 in gastric cancer cells (SGC 7901, MGC 803, BGC 823) and normal gastric epithelial cell then inhibited miRNA 106b∼25 expression via transiently transfecting their antisense inhibitor. After miRNA 106b∼25 cluster was inhibited, MTT, Scratch test, Transwell invasion test, and flow cytometry were applied to investigate the proliferation, invasion, migration, cell cycle, and apoptosis of gastric cancer cell. The expression of miRNA 106b, miRNA 93, and miRNA 25 in gastric cancer cells SGC 7901, MGC 803, and BGC 823 was significantly higher than in gastric epithelial cell GES-1. The most significant suppression of miRNA 106b∼25 expressions can be detected in MGC 803 cell after transiently transfecting their antisense inhibitors. So, MGC 803 cell was selected as our research object. After inhibiting miRNA 106b and miRNA 93 respectively and combined, the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cell MGC 803 were significantly suppressed. The most significant suppression was observed in combined inhibiting group. After miRNA 106b∼25 cluster was inhibited respectively or combined, more gastric cancer cells were arrested in the G0G1 phase. However, there was no statistical difference in comparing with control groups. While the percentages of apoptotic cells increased after miRNA 106b∼25 cluster was inhibited, the statistical difference was detected only in combined inhibiting group. Inhibiting miRNA 106b∼25 cluster via transfecting antisense inhibitor can influence biological behavior of gastric cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupeng Zhang
- Department of Gastric Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Fangxuan Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Weijia Wang
- Department of Gastric Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Department of Gastric Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixia Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Juntian Liu
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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Schlaermann P, Toelle B, Berger H, Schmidt SC, Glanemann M, Ordemann J, Bartfeld S, Mollenkopf HJ, Meyer TF. A novel human gastric primary cell culture system for modelling Helicobacter pylori infection in vitro. Gut 2016; 65:202-13. [PMID: 25539675 PMCID: PMC4752654 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Helicobacter pylori is the causative agent of gastric diseases and the main risk factor in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. In vitro studies with this bacterial pathogen largely rely on the use of transformed cell lines as infection model. However, this approach is intrinsically artificial and especially inappropriate when it comes to investigating the mechanisms of cancerogenesis. Moreover, common cell lines are often defective in crucial signalling pathways relevant to infection and cancer. A long-lived primary cell system would be preferable in order to better approximate the human in vivo situation. METHODS Gastric glands were isolated from healthy human stomach tissue and grown in Matrigel containing media supplemented with various growth factors, developmental regulators and apoptosis inhibitors to generate long-lasting normal epithelial cell cultures. RESULTS Culture conditions were developed which support the formation and quasi-indefinite growth of three dimensional (3D) spheroids derived from various sites of the human stomach. Spheroids could be differentiated to gastric organoids after withdrawal of Wnt3A and R-spondin1 from the medium. The 3D cultures exhibit typical morphological features of human stomach tissue. Transfer of sheared spheroids into 2D culture led to the formation of dense planar cultures of polarised epithelial cells serving as a suitable in vitro model of H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS A robust and quasi-immortal 3D organoid model has been established, which is considered instrumental for future research aimed to understand the underlying mechanisms of infection, mucosal immunity and cancer of the human stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schlaermann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Toelle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilmar Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven C Schmidt
- Clinics for General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Clinics for General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ordemann
- Center of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Hubrecht Institute/KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J Mollenkopf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Serpeloni JM, Specian AFL, Ribeiro DL, Tuttis K, Vilegas W, Martínez-López W, Dokkedal AL, Saldanha LL, Cólus IMDS, Varanda EA. Antimutagenicity and induction of antioxidant defense by flavonoid rich extract of Myrcia bella Cambess. in normal and tumor gastric cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 176:345-355. [PMID: 26549270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Brazilian "Cerrado" is an important source of natural products, such as Myrcia bella Cambess (MB, also known as "mercurinho"). MB leaves are popularly used for the treatment of diabetes and gastrointestinal disorders; however, only its hypoglycemic activity has been experimentally described. AIM OF THE STUDY Because MB is used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, the present study characterized biological activities of hydroalcoholic MB extract in human normal and tumor gastric cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxic, antiproliferative, genotoxic and protective effects were evaluated, as well as the effects of the MB extract on gene expression. RESULTS The MB extract induced cytotoxicity in tumor cells at lower concentrations compared with normal cells as assessed by the MTT assay. Moreover, the MB extract induced necrosis based on acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. An antiproliferative effect was evidenced through an arrest in the G2/M phase detected by flow cytometry and a decrease in the nuclear division index using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Cells treated with MB extract combined with doxorubicin (DXR) showed increased NUBDs, which may be related to the gene amplification of CCND1. Antimutagenic effects were also observed and may be associated with the antioxidant activities detected using the CM-H2DCFDA probe. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed the following: (a) high concentrations of MB induced cytotoxicity and cell death by necrosis; (b) its antiproliferative effect was associated with G2/M arrest; and (c) its antioxidant activity could be responsible for the observed antimutagenic effects and for protective effects against gastrointestinal disorders previously described to MB. Although these effects are not specific to normal or tumor cells, they provide a panel of biological activities for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Mara Serpeloni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - Ana Flávia Leal Specian
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Diego Luis Ribeiro
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Katiuska Tuttis
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Experimental Campus of São Vicente, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente 11350-000, Brazil
| | | | - Anne Lígia Dokkedal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Luiz Leonardo Saldanha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil; Department of Botany, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Ilce Mara de Syllos Cólus
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Eliana Aparecida Varanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-902, Brazil
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41
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Adriaenssens A, Lam BYH, Billing L, Skeffington K, Sewing S, Reimann F, Gribble F. A Transcriptome-Led Exploration of Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Somatostatin-Producing D-Cells in the Gastric Epithelium. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3924-36. [PMID: 26241122 PMCID: PMC4606756 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The stomach epithelium contains a myriad of enteroendocrine cells that modulate a range of physiological functions, including postprandial secretion of regulatory peptides, gastric motility, and nutrient absorption. Somatostatin (SST)-producing D-cells are present in the oxyntic and pyloric regions of the stomach, and provide a tonic inhibitory tone that regulates activity of neighboring enteroendocrine cells and gastric acid secretion. Cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of regulatory factors on gastric D-cells are poorly defined due to problems in identifying primary D-cells, and uncertainty remains about which stimuli influence D-cells directly. In this study, we introduce a transgenic mouse line, SST-Cre, which upon crossing with Cre reporter strains, facilitates the identification and purification of gastric D-cells, or cell-specific expression of genetically encoded calcium indicators. Populations of D-cells from the gastric antrum and corpus were isolated and analyzed by RNA sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of hormones, hormone receptors, neurotransmitter receptors, and nutrient receptors was quantified. Pyy, Gipr, Chrm4, Calcrl, Taar1, and Casr were identified as genes that are highly enriched in D-cells compared with SST-negative cells. Hormone secretion assays performed in mixed gastric epithelial cultures confirmed that SST secretion is regulated by incretin hormones, cholecystokinin, acetylcholine, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related polypeptide, oligopetides, and trace amines. Cholecystokinin and oligopeptides elicited increases in intracellular calcium in single-cell imaging experiments performed using cultured D-cells. Our data provide the first transcriptomic analysis and functional characterization of gastric D-cells, and identify regulatory pathways that underlie the direct detection of stimuli by this cell type.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Gastric Mucosa/cytology
- Gastric Mucosa/metabolism
- Hormones/genetics
- Hormones/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Receptors, Cell Surface/classification
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/classification
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
- Somatostatin/genetics
- Somatostatin/metabolism
- Somatostatin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Stomach/cytology
- Transcriptome
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42
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Egerod KL, Engelstoft MS, Lund ML, Grunddal KV, Zhao M, Barir-Jensen D, Nygaard EB, Petersen N, Holst JJ, Schwartz TW. Transcriptional and Functional Characterization of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Repertoire of Gastric Somatostatin Cells. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3909-23. [PMID: 26181106 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the stomach, somatostatin (SST) acts as a general paracrine negative regulator of exocrine secretion of gastric acid and pepsinogen and endocrine secretion of gastrin, ghrelin, and histamine. Using reporter mice expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) under control of the SST promotor, we have characterized the G protein-coupled receptors expressed in gastric Sst-RFP-positive cells and probed their effects on SST secretion in primary cell cultures. Surprisingly, besides SST, amylin and PYY were also highly enriched in the SST cells. Several receptors found to regulate SST secretion were highly expressed and/or enriched. 1) The metabolite receptors calcium-sensing receptor and free fatty acid receptor 4 (GPR120) functioned as positive and negative regulators, respectively. 2) Among the neurotransmitter receptors, adrenergic receptors α1a, α2a, α2b, and β1 were all highly expressed, with norepinephrine and isoproterenol acting as positive regulators. The muscarinic receptor M3 acted as a positive regulator, whereas M4 was conceivably a negative regulator. 3) Of the hormone receptors, the GLP-1 and GIP receptors, CCKb (stimulated by both CCK and gastrin) and surprisingly the melanocortin MC1 receptor were all positive regulators. 4) The neuropeptide receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide, adrenomedullin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide acted as positive regulators, no effect was observed using galanin and nociceptin although transcripts for the corresponding receptors appeared highly expressed. 5) The SST receptors 1 and 2 functioned in an autocrine negative feedback loop. Thus, the article provides a comprehensive map of receptors through which SST secretion is regulated by hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and metabolites that act directly on the SST cells in the gastric mucosa.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Gastric Mucosa/cytology
- Gastric Mucosa/metabolism
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/genetics
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/metabolism
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Islet Amyloid Polypeptide/genetics
- Islet Amyloid Polypeptide/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Peptide YY/genetics
- Peptide YY/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Muscarinic/genetics
- Receptors, Muscarinic/metabolism
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatostatin/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Somatostatin/genetics
- Somatostatin/metabolism
- Somatostatin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Stomach/cytology
- Transcriptome
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer L Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., J.J.H., T.W.S.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja S Engelstoft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., J.J.H., T.W.S.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mari L Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., J.J.H., T.W.S.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaare V Grunddal
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., J.J.H., T.W.S.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mirabella Zhao
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., J.J.H., T.W.S.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dominique Barir-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., J.J.H., T.W.S.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva B Nygaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., J.J.H., T.W.S.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalia Petersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., J.J.H., T.W.S.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., J.J.H., T.W.S.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., J.J.H., T.W.S.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.L.E., M.S.E., M.L.L., K.V.G., M.Z., D.B.-J., E.B.N., N.P., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
It has long been known that differentiated cells can switch fates, especially in vitro, but only recently has there been a critical mass of publications describing the mechanisms adult, postmitotic cells use in vivo to reverse their differentiation state. We propose that this sort of cellular reprogramming is a fundamental cellular process akin to apoptosis or mitosis. Because reprogramming can invoke regenerative cells from mature cells, it is critical to the long-term maintenance of tissues like the pancreas, which encounter large insults during adulthood but lack constitutively active adult stem cells to repair the damage. However, even in tissues with adult stem cells, like the stomach and intestine, reprogramming may allow mature cells to serve as reserve ("quiescent") stem cells when normal stem cells are compromised. We propose that the potential downside to reprogramming is that it increases risk for cancers that occur late in adulthood. Mature, long-lived cells may have years of exposure to mutagens. Mutations that affect the physiological function of differentiated, postmitotic cells may lead to apoptosis, but mutations in genes that govern proliferation might not be selected against. Hence, reprogramming with reentry into the cell cycle might unmask those mutations, causing an irreversible progenitor-like, proliferative state. We review recent evidence showing that reprogramming fuels irreversible metaplastic and precancerous proliferation in the stomach and pancreas. Finally, we illustrate how we think reprogrammed differentiated cells are likely candidates as cells of origin for cancers of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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44
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Abstract
NADPH oxidase produces a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced gastric epithelial cells. Even though ROS mediate apoptotic cell death, direct involvement of NADPH oxidase on H. pylori-induced apoptosis remains unclear. Besides, H. pylori isolates show a high degree of genetic variability. The predominant genotype of H. pylori in Korea has been reported as cagA⁺, vacA s1b, m2, iceA genotype. Present study aims to investigate whether NADPH oxidase-generated ROS mediate apoptosis in human gastric epithelial AGS cells infected with H. pylori in a Korean isolate. AGS cells were pretreated with or without an NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and cultured in the presence of H. pylori at a bacterium/cell ratio of 300:1. Cell viability, hydrogen peroxide level, DNA fragmentation, and protein levels of p53, Bcl-2, and Bax were determined. Results showed that H. pylori inhibited cell viability with the density of H. pylori added to the cells. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase by DPI suppressed H. pylori-induced cell death, increased hydrogen peroxide, DNA fragmentation, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and p53 induction in AGS cells dose-dependently. The results suggest that targeting NADPH oxidase may prevent the development of gastric inflammation associated with H. pylori infection by suppressing abnormal apoptotic cell death of gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ok Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Weon Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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45
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Strobel S, Encarnação JA, Becker NI, Trenczek TE. Histological and histochemical analysis of the gastrointestinal tract of the common pipistrelle bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus). Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2477. [PMID: 26150154 PMCID: PMC4503967 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats have a very high mass-specific energy demand due to small size and active flight. European bat species are mostly insectivorous and the morphology of the gastrointestinal tract should be adapted accordingly. This study investigated the general anatomy by histology and the function by analysing carbohydrate distribution in particular of the mucus of the GI tract of the insectivorous bat Pipistrellus pipistrellus. The GI tracts of three individuals were dissected, fixed in formaldehyde, and embedded in paraffin wax. The tissues and cells of the GI tract of P. pipistrellus were analysed by classical (Acid Alizarin Blue, Haematoxylin-Eosin, and Masson Goldner Trichrome), histochemical (periodic acid-Schiff, Alcian blue at pH 2.5) and lectin histochemical (lectins WGA and HPA) staining procedures. The GI tract of P. pipistrellus was organised into the typical mammalian layers. The short, narrow, and thin-walled esophagus was simple with a folded stratified squamous epithelium without glands but mucous surface cells secreting neutral mucus. The stomach was globular shaped without specialisation. Mucous surface cells produced neutral mucus whereas neck and parietal cells secreted a mixture of neutral and acid mucus. Chief cell surface was positive for N-acetylglucosamine and the cytoplasm for N-acetylgalactosamine residues. The intestine lacked a caecum and appendix. The small intestine was divided into duodenum, jejunum‑ileum and ileum‑colon. The epithelium consisted of columnar enterocytes and goblet cells. The large intestine was short, only represented by the descending colon-rectum. It lacked villi and the mucosa had only crypts of Lieberkühn. Towards the colon-rectum, goblet cells produced mucus with N-acetylglucosamine residues increasing in acidity except in colon-rectum where acidity was highest in the base of crypts. Along the tube the surface of enterocytes was positive for N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine. All over the mucus filling the lumen of the GI tract was positive for N-acetylglucosamine and increased in acidity in all parts except of the stomach. In conclusion, the simple GI tract showed an anatomical reduction of tissue enabling for a short retention time and a reduction of the load carried during flight: short GI tract, lack of lymphoid tissue, missing of glands in certain regions, and a distinct pattern of mucus distribution, indicating different physiological functions of these areas. The GI tract of P. pipistrellus was typical for an insectivorous species probably representing the ancestral condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Strobel
- Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen.
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46
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Antushevich H, Bierła J, Pawlina B, Kapica M, Krawczyńska A, Herman AP, Kato I, Kuwahara A, Zabielski R. Apelin's effects on young rat gastrointestinal tract maturation. Peptides 2015; 65:1-5. [PMID: 25629252 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is considered an important gut regulatory peptide with potential physiological roles in gastrointestinal cytoprotection and regulation of food intake and drinking behavior. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of intraperitoneal or intragastric apelin administration on gastric and intestinal epithelial apoptosis, mitosis and DNA repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine (OGG 1/2) expression in young Wistar rats (50±5 g b.wt.). Apelin-13 was intraperitoneally or intragastrically administered twice a day for 10 days (100 nmol/kg b.wt./2×day), and control groups received physiological saline as a placebo. The rats were sacrificed after treatment, and the gastric fundus, duodenum, middle jejunum and colon tissue samples were harvested for immunofluorescence studies. Intragastric administration of apelin-13 increased the apoptotic index in the stomach and colon tissues (P≤0.001) but decreased apoptosis in the duodenum and jejunum (P<0.001); this approach reduced the number of mitotic cells in the jejunum and colon but increased mitoses (P<0.001) in the duodenum. Finally, intragastric apelin-13 increased (P<0.001) OGG 1/2 enzyme expression in the stomach and jejunum and decreased its expression in the colon (P<0.01). However, intraperitoneal apelin-13 injection caused the opposite effect in the same regions of the gastrointestinal tract. In conclusion, apelin inhibits gastrointestinal tissue maturation in young rats, regardless of the administration route. However, further studies are required to clarify the mechanism of apelin action on gastrointestinal tract maturation in young rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Antushevich
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland.
| | - Joanna Bierła
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw, Poland; Pathology Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pawlina
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapica
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Krawczyńska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
| | - Ikuo Kato
- Laboratory of Physiology, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Romuald Zabielski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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47
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Pulikkot S, Greish YE, Mourad AI, Karam SM. Establishment of a three-dimensional culture system of gastric stem cells supporting mucous cell differentiation using microfibrous polycaprolactone scaffolds. Cell Prolif 2014; 47:553-63. [PMID: 25345659 PMCID: PMC6495834 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To generate various polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds and test their suitability for growth and differentiation of immortalized mouse gastric stem (mGS) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Non-porous, microporous and three-dimensional electrospun microfibrous PCL scaffolds were prepared and characterized for culture of mGS cells. First, growth of mGS cells was compared on these different scaffolds after 3 days culture, using viability assay and microscopy. Secondly, growth pattern of the cells on microfibrous scaffolds was studied after 3, 6, 9 and 12 days culture using DNA PicoGreen assay and scanning electron microscopy. Thirdly, differentiation of the cells grown on microfibrous scaffolds for 3 and 9 days was analysed using lectin/immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The mGS cells grew preferentially on microfibrous scaffolds. From 3 to 6 days, there was increase in cell number, followed by reduction by days 9 and 12. To test whether the reduction in cell number was associated with cell differentiation, cryosections of cell-containing scaffolds cultured for 3 and 9 days were probed with gastric epithelial cell differentiation markers. On day 3, none of the markers examined bound to the cells. However by day 9, approximately, 50% of them bound to N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-specific lectin and anti-trefoil factor 2 antibodies, indicating their differentiation into glandular mucus-secreting cells. CONCLUSIONS Microfibrous PCL scaffolds supported growth and differentiation of mGS cells into mucus-secreting cells. These data will help lay groundwork for future experiments to explore use of gastric stem cells and PCL scaffolds in stomach tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pulikkot
- Department of AnatomyCollege of Medicine and Health SciencesUnited Arab Emirates UniversityAl AinUnited Arab Emirates
- Department of ChemistryCollege of ScienceUnited Arab Emirates UniversityAl AinUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Y. E. Greish
- Department of ChemistryCollege of ScienceUnited Arab Emirates UniversityAl AinUnited Arab Emirates
| | - A‐H. I. Mourad
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringUnited Arab Emirates UniversityAl AinUnited Arab Emirates
| | - S. M. Karam
- Department of AnatomyCollege of Medicine and Health SciencesUnited Arab Emirates UniversityAl AinUnited Arab Emirates
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48
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Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) has been shown to regulate wound healing in various tissues. Despite its known function in tissue regeneration, the role of Shh secreted from the gastric epithelium during tissue repair in the stomach remains unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that Shh secreted from the acid-secreting parietal cell is a fundamental circulating factor that drives gastric repair. A mouse model expressing a parietal cell-specific deletion of Shh (PC-ShhKO) was generated using animals bearing loxP sites flanking exon 2 of the Shh gene (Shh(flx/flx)) and mice expressing a Cre transgene under the control of the H(+),K(+)-ATPase β-subunit promoter. Shh(flx/flx), the H(+),K(+)-ATPase β-subunit promoter, and C57BL/6 mice served as controls. Ulcers were induced via acetic acid injury. At 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 days after the ulcer induction, gastric tissue and blood samples were collected. Parabiosis experiments were used to establish the effect of circulating Shh on ulcer repair. Control mice exhibited an increased expression of Shh in the gastric tissue and plasma that correlated with the repair of injury within 7 days after surgery. PC-ShhKO mice showed a loss of ulcer repair and reduced Shh tissue and plasma concentrations. In a parabiosis experiment whereby a control mouse was paired with a PC-ShhKO littermate and both animals subjected to gastric injury, a significant increase in the circulating Shh was measured in both parabionts. Elevated circulating Shh concentrations correlated with the repair of gastric ulcers in the PC-ShhKO parabionts. Therefore, the acid-secreting parietal cell within the stomach acts as an endocrine source of Shh during repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Engevik
- PhD, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert B. Sabin Way, Room 4255 MSB, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0576.
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49
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Abstract
Various studies have shown that pregnancy is associated with gastrointestinal complaints
that might result from disturbance of the normal contractile pattern of smooth muscle.
Progesterone is an important steroid hormone, which plays a crucial role in female
pregnancy. Progesterone affects muscle cells by genomic mechanisms, through nuclear
receptors, and non-genomic mechanisms, through unidentified pathways. Non-genomic actions
were defined as those occurring within 10 min of progesterone exposure. The aim of the
present study was to investigate the non-genomic effect of progesterone on Rho kinase II
activity in gastric smooth muscle. Single smooth muscle cells of the stomach obtained from
Sprague Dawley rats were used. Dispersed gastric smooth muscle cells were treated with
progesterone or acetylcholine (ACh) separately. Cells designated for progesterone
treatment were incubated with 1 μM progesterone for 10 min. Rho kinase II expression and
both basal and ACh-induced Rho kinase II activity were measured via specifically designed
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and activity assay kits respectively in both
control and progesterone-treated groups. Progesterone inhibited the ACh-induced, but not
the basal, Rho kinase II activity in dispersed gastric smooth muscle cells without
affecting its expression level. This study suggested that progesterone can rapidly affect
the contractile activity of isolated gastric smooth muscle cells in rats via inhibition of
the Rho kinase II pathway.
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50
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Abstract
A key discovery in gastrointestinal motility has been the central role played by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in generating electrical slow waves that coordinate contractions. Multielectrode mapping and multiscale modeling are two emerging interdisciplinary strategies now showing translational promise to investigate ICC function, electrophysiology, and contractions in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Cheng
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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