1
|
Kim KH, Lee KA. Metabolic Rewiring by Human Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Promotes Rejuvenation in Aged Female Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010566. [PMID: 35008991 PMCID: PMC8745533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a degenerative process involving cell function deterioration, leading to altered metabolic pathways, increased metabolite diversity, and dysregulated metabolism. Previously, we reported that human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPD-MSCs) have therapeutic effects on ovarian aging. This study aimed to identify hPD-MSC therapy-induced responses at the metabolite and protein levels and serum biomarker(s) of aging and/or rejuvenation. We observed weight loss after hPD-MSC therapy. Importantly, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), known prolongs healthy life spans, were markedly elevated in serum. Capillary electrophoresis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF/MS) analysis identified 176 metabolites, among which the levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, glycocholic acid, and taurine, which are associated with health and longevity, were enhanced after hPD-MSC stimulation. Furthermore, after hPD-MSC therapy, the levels of vitamin B6 and its metabolite pyridoxal 5′-phosphate were markedly increased in the serum and liver, respectively. Interestingly, hPD-MSC therapy promoted serotonin production due to increased vitamin B6 metabolism rates. Increased liver serotonin levels after multiple-injection therapy altered the expression of mRNAs and proteins associated with hepatocyte proliferation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Changes in metabolites in circulation after hPD-MSC therapy can be used to identify biomarker(s) of aging and/or rejuvenation. In addition, serotonin is a valuable therapeutic target for reversing aging-associated liver degeneration.
Collapse
|
2
|
Redina OE, Babenko VN, Smagin DA, Kovalenko IL, Galyamina AG, Kudryavtseva NN. Correlation of Expression Changes between Genes Controlling 5-HT Synthesis and Genes Crh and Trh in the Midbrain Raphe Nuclei of Chronically Aggressive and Defeated Male Mice. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111811. [PMID: 34828419 PMCID: PMC8618546 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain raphe nuclei (MRNs) contain a large number of serotonergic neurons associated with the regulation of numerous types of psychoemotional states and physiological processes. The aim of this work was to study alterations of the MRN transcriptome in mice with prolonged positive or negative fighting experience and to identify key gene networks associated with the regulation of serotonergic system functioning. Numerous genes underwent alterations of transcription in the MRNs of male mice that either manifested aggression or experienced social defeat in daily agonistic interactions. The expression of the Tph2 gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme of the serotonin synthesis pathway correlated with the expression of many genes, 31 of which were common between aggressive and defeated mice and were downregulated in the MRNs of mice of both experimental groups. Among these common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), there were genes associated with behavior, learning, memory, and synaptic signaling. These results suggested that, in the MRNs of the mice, the transcriptome changes associated with serotonergic regulation of various processes are similar between the two groups (aggressive and defeated). In the MRNs, more DEGs correlating with Tph2 expression were found in defeated mice than in the winners, which is probably a consequence of deeper Tph2 downregulation in the losers. It was shown for the first time that, in both groups of experimental mice, the changes in the transcription of genes controlling the synthesis and transport of serotonin directly correlate with the expression of genes Crh and Trh, which control the synthesis of corticotrophin- and thyrotropin-releasing hormones. Our findings indicate that CRH and TRH locally produced in MRNs are related to serotonergic regulation of brain processes during a chronic social conflict.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga E. Redina
- FRC Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.N.B.); (D.A.S.); (I.L.K.); (A.G.G.); (N.N.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir N. Babenko
- FRC Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.N.B.); (D.A.S.); (I.L.K.); (A.G.G.); (N.N.K.)
| | - Dmitry A. Smagin
- FRC Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.N.B.); (D.A.S.); (I.L.K.); (A.G.G.); (N.N.K.)
| | - Irina L. Kovalenko
- FRC Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.N.B.); (D.A.S.); (I.L.K.); (A.G.G.); (N.N.K.)
| | - Anna G. Galyamina
- FRC Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.N.B.); (D.A.S.); (I.L.K.); (A.G.G.); (N.N.K.)
| | - Natalia N. Kudryavtseva
- FRC Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.N.B.); (D.A.S.); (I.L.K.); (A.G.G.); (N.N.K.)
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Even though the involvement of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and its receptors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is widely accepted, data on the expression and the role of 5-HT7 receptors in AD is relatively limited. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to study the expression of serotonergic 5-HT7 receptors in postmortem samples of AD brains and correlate it with neurotransmitter levels, cognition and behavior. The study population consisted of clinically well-characterized and neuropathologically confirmed AD patients (n = 42) and age-matched control subjects (n = 18). Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography were performed on Brodmann area (BA) 7, BA10, BA22, BA24, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and cerebellum to measure mRNA levels of 5-HT7 receptors (HTR7), as well as the concentrations of various monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites. Decreased levels of HTR7 mRNA were observed in BA10. A significant association was observed between HTR7 levels in BA10 and BEHAVE-AD cluster B (hallucinations) (rs(28) = 0.444, P < 0.05). In addition, a negative correlation was observed between HTR7 levels in BA10 and both MHPG concentrations in this brain region (rs(45) = -0.311; P < 0.05), and DOPAC levels in the amygdala (rs(42) = -0.311; P < 0.05). Quite surprisingly, no association was found between HTR7 levels and cognitive status. Altogether, this study supports the notion of the involvement of 5-HT7 receptors in psychotic symptoms in AD, suggesting the interest of testing antagonist acting at this receptor to specifically treat psychotic symptoms in this illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maite Solas
- Dpt Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jana Janssens
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - U Ocariz
- Dpt Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yannick Vermeiren
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria J Ramirez
- Dpt Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu XJ, Wang HJ, Wang XY, Ning YX, Gao J. GABABR1 in DRN mediated GABA to regulate 5-HT expression in multiple brain regions in male rats with high and low aggressive behavior. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105180. [PMID: 34509561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The identity of the mechanism that controls aggressive behavior in rodents is unclear. Serotonin (5-HT) and GABA are associated with aggressive behavior in rodents. However, the regulatory relationship between these chemicals in the different brain regions of rats has not been fully defined. This study aimed to clarify the role of GABABR1 in DRN-mediated GABA to regulate 5-HT expression in multiple brain regions in male rats with high and low aggressive behavior. Rat models of highly and less aggressive behavior were established through social isolation plus resident intruder. On this basis, GABA content in the DRN and 5-HT contents in the PFC, hypothalamus, hippocampus and DRN were detected using ELISA. Co-expression of 5-HT and GB1 in the DRN was detected by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy at the tissue and subcellular levels, respectively. GB1-specific agonist baclofen and GB1-specific inhibitor CGP35348 were injected into the DRN by stereotaxic injection. Changes in 5-HT levels in the PFC, hypothalamus and hippocampus were detected afterward. After modeling, rats with highly aggressive behavior exhibited higher aggressive behavior scores, shorter latencies of aggression, and higher total distances in the open field test than rats with less aggressive behavior. The contents of 5-HT in the PFC, hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats with high and low aggressive behavior (no difference between the two groups) were significantly decreased, but the change in GABA content in the DRN was the opposite. GB1 granules could be found on synaptic membranes containing 5-HT granules, which indicated that 5-HT neurons in the DRN co-expressed with GB1, which also occurred in double immunofluorescence results. At the same time, we found that the expression of GB1 in the DRN of rats with high and low aggressive behavior was significantly increased, and the expression of GB1 in the DRN of rats with low aggressive behavior was significantly higher than that in rats with high aggressive behavior. Nevertheless, the expression of 5-HT in DRN was opposite in these two groups. After microinjection of baclofen into the DRN, the 5-HT contents in the PFC, hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats in each group decreased significantly. In contrast, the 5-HT contents in the PFC, hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats in each group increased significantly after injection with CGP35348. The significant increase in GABA in the DRN combined with the significant increase in GB1 in the DRN further mediated the synaptic inhibition effect, which reduced the 5-HT level of 5-HT neurons in the DRN, resulting in a significant decrease in 5-HT levels in the PFC, hypothalamus and hippocampus. Therefore, GB1-mediated GABA regulation of 5-HT levels in the PFC, hypothalamus and hippocampus is one of the mechanisms of highly and less aggressive behavior originating in the DRN. The increased GB1 level in the DRN of LA-behavior rats exhibited a greater degree of change than in the HA-group rats, which indicated that differently decreased 5-HT levels in the DRN may be the internal mechanisms of high and low aggression behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ju Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Juan Wang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Xia Ning
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kamiya A, Machida T, Hirano M, Machida M, Shiga S, Hamaue N, Hirafuji M, Iizuka K. Administration of cyclophosphamide to rats induces pica and potentiates 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in the intestine without causing severe intestinal injury. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 147:251-259. [PMID: 34507634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of cyclophosphamide on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) synthesis in the intestinal tissue of rats were investigated. Rats received 120 mg/kg cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally as a single administration, and kaolin and food intake was measured by an automatic monitoring apparatus. Ileal tissues were collected at either 24 or 72 h after administration. Cyclophosphamide caused a significant increase in kaolin intake at the acute and the delayed phases and was associated with a decrease in food intake, and body weight. Cyclophosphamide had no significant effect on intestinal mucosal morphology, or inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the intestine. Cyclophosphamide significantly increased tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) mRNA expression, number of anti-TPH antibody-positive cells, and 5-HT content in the intestine. Cyclophosphamide also significantly increased the expression of Tac1 mRNA, encoding preprotachykinin-1, which is a preprotein of substance P, and the number of anti-substance P antibody-positive cells in the intestine. Cyclophosphamide significantly increased Lgr5, Bmi1, and Atoh1 mRNA levels, which are markers for the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. This study demonstrated that cyclophosphamide induced pica in rats, and potentiated 5-HT synthesis associated with hyperplasia of substance P-containing enterochromaffin cells without causing severe intestinal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Kamiya
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Takuji Machida
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Megumi Hirano
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Maiko Machida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan
| | - Saki Shiga
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Naoya Hamaue
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hirafuji
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Kenji Iizuka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid whose metabolites play key roles in diverse physiological processes. Due to low reserves in the body, especially under various catabolic conditions, tryptophan deficiency manifests itself rapidly, and both the serotonin and kynurenine pathways of metabolism are clinically significant in critically ill patients. In this review, we highlight these pathways as sources of serotonin and melatonin, which then regulate neurotransmission, influence circadian rhythm, cognitive functions, and the development of delirium. Kynurenines serve important signaling functions in inter-organ communication and modulate endogenous inflammation. Increased plasma kynurenine levels and kynurenine-tryptophan ratios are early indicators for the development of sepsis. They also influence the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and thereby the development of polyneuromyopathy in critically ill patients. The modulation of tryptophan metabolism could help prevent and treat age-related disease with low grade chronic inflammation as well as post intensive care syndrome in all its varied manifestations: cognitive decline (including delirium or dementia), physical impairment (catabolism, protein breakdown, loss of muscle mass and tone), and mental impairment (depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Kanova
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: or (M.K.); (P.K.); Tel.: +420-597-372-702 (M.K.); +420-261-083-802 (P.K.)
| | - Pavel Kohout
- Department of Internal Medicine, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague and Teaching Thomayer Hospital, 140 59 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: or (M.K.); (P.K.); Tel.: +420-597-372-702 (M.K.); +420-261-083-802 (P.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhong Z, Zhong T, Peng Y, Zhou X, Wang Z, Tang H, Wang J. Symbiont-regulated serotonin biosynthesis modulates tick feeding activity. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1545-1557.e4. [PMID: 34525331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods. Blood feeding ensures that ticks obtain nutrients essential for their survival, development, and reproduction while providing routes for pathogen transmission. However, the effectors that determine tick feeding activities remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that reduced abundance of the symbiont Coxiella (CHI) in Haemaphysalis longicornis decreases blood intake. Providing tetracycline-treated ticks with the CHI-derived tryptophan precursor chorismate, tryptophan, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) restores the feeding defect. Mechanistically, CHI-derived chorismate increases tick 5-HT biosynthesis by stimulating the expression of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD), which catalyzes the decarboxylation of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) to 5-HT. The increased level of 5-HT in the synganglion and midgut promotes tick feeding. Inhibition of CHI chorismate biosynthesis by treating the colonized tick with the herbicide glyphosate suppresses blood-feeding behavior. Taken together, our results demonstrate an important function of the endosymbiont Coxiella in the regulation of tick 5-HT biosynthesis and feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yeqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China; Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Huiru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China; Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bhowal B, Bhattacharjee A, Goswami K, Sanan-Mishra N, Singla-Pareek SL, Kaur C, Sopory S. Serotonin and Melatonin Biosynthesis in Plants: Genome-Wide Identification of the Genes and Their Expression Reveal a Conserved Role in Stress and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011034. [PMID: 34681693 PMCID: PMC8538589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (Ser) and melatonin (Mel) serve as master regulators of plant growth and development by influencing diverse cellular processes. The enzymes namely, tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) and tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H) catalyse the formation of Ser from tryptophan. Subsequently, serotonin N-acetyl transferase (SNAT) and acetyl-serotonin methyltransferase (ASMT) form Mel from Ser. Plant genomes harbour multiple genes for each of these four enzymes, all of which have not been identified. Therefore, to delineate information regarding these four gene families, we carried out a genome-wide analysis of the genes involved in Ser and Mel biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, tomato, rice and sorghum. Phylogenetic analysis unravelled distinct evolutionary relationships among these genes from different plants. Interestingly, no gene family except ASMTs showed monocot- or dicot-specific clustering of respective proteins. Further, we observed tissue-specific, developmental and stress/hormone-mediated variations in the expression of the four gene families. The light/dark cycle also affected their expression in agreement with our quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Importantly, we found that miRNAs (miR6249a and miR-1846e) regulated the expression of Ser and Mel biosynthesis under light and stress by influencing the expression of OsTDC5 and OsASMT18, respectively. Thus, this study may provide opportunities for functional characterization of suitable target genes of the Ser and Mel pathway to decipher their exact roles in plant physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Bhowal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
| | - Annapurna Bhattacharjee
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kavita Goswami
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
| | - Sneh L. Singla-Pareek
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
| | - Charanpreet Kaur
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Sudhir Sopory
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saponara E, Chen R, Reding T, Zuellig R, Henstridge DC, Graf R, Sonda S. Single or combined ablation of peripheral serotonin and p21 limit adipose tissue expansion and metabolic alterations in early adulthood in mice fed a normocaloric diet. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255687. [PMID: 34379673 PMCID: PMC8357085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the fundamental molecular factors that drive weight gain even in the absence of hypercaloric food intake, is crucial to enable development of novel treatments for the global pandemic of obesity. Here we investigated both adipose tissue-specific and systemic events that underlie the physiological weight gain occurring during early adulthood in mice fed a normocaloric diet. In addition, we used three different genetic models to identify molecular factors that promote physiological weight gain during normocaloric and hypercaloric diets. We demonstrated that normal physiological weight gain was accompanied by an increase in adipose tissue mass and the presence of cellular and metabolic signatures typically found during obesity, including adipocyte hypertrophy, macrophage recruitment into visceral fat and perturbed glucose metabolism. At the molecular level, this was associated with an increase in adipose tissue tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) transcripts, the key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of peripheral serotonin. Genetic inactivation of Tph1 was sufficient to limit adipose tissue expansion and associated metabolic alterations. Mechanistically, we discovered that Tph1 inactivation resulted in down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1 expression. Single or double ablation of Tph1 and p21 were equally effective in preventing adipocyte expansion and systemic perturbation of glucose metabolism, upon both normocaloric and hypercaloric diets. Our results suggest that serotonin and p21 act as a central molecular determinant of weight gain and associated metabolic alterations, and highlights the potential of targeting these molecules as a pharmacologic approach to prevent the development of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Saponara
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresia Reding
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Zuellig
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darren C. Henstridge
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Rolf Graf
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Holik AK, Schweiger K, Stoeger V, Lieder B, Reiner A, Zopun M, Hoi JK, Kretschy N, Somoza MM, Kriwanek S, Pignitter M, Somoza V. Gastric Serotonin Biosynthesis and Its Functional Role in L-Arginine-Induced Gastric Proton Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5881. [PMID: 34070942 PMCID: PMC8199169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among mammals, serotonin is predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract, where it has been shown to participate in pathway-regulating satiation. For the stomach, vascular serotonin release induced by gastric distension is thought to chiefly contribute to satiation after food intake. However, little information is available on the capability of gastric cells to synthesize, release and respond to serotonin by functional changes of mechanisms regulating gastric acid secretion. We investigated whether human gastric cells are capable of serotonin synthesis and release. First, HGT-1 cells, derived from a human adenocarcinoma of the stomach, and human stomach specimens were immunostained positive for serotonin. In HGT-1 cells, incubation with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine reduced the mean serotonin-induced fluorescence signal intensity by 27%. Serotonin release of 147 ± 18%, compared to control HGT-1 cells (set to 100%) was demonstrated after treatment with 30 mM of the satiating amino acid L-Arg. Granisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, reduced this L-Arg-induced serotonin release, as well as L-Arg-induced proton secretion. Similarly to the in vitro experiment, human antrum samples released serotonin upon incubation with 10 mM L-Arg. Overall, our data suggest that human parietal cells in culture, as well as from the gastric antrum, synthesize serotonin and release it after treatment with L-Arg via an HTR3-related mechanism. Moreover, we suggest not only gastric distension but also gastric acid secretion to result in peripheral serotonin release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Holik
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Kerstin Schweiger
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Verena Stoeger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Barbara Lieder
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Angelika Reiner
- Pathologisch-Bakteriologisches Institut, Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Ost- Donauspital, Langobardenstraße 122, 1220 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Muhammet Zopun
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Julia K. Hoi
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Nicole Kretschy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.K.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Mark M. Somoza
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.K.); (M.M.S.)
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85345 Freising, Germany
| | - Stephan Kriwanek
- Chirurgische Abteilung, Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Ost- Donauspital, Langobardenstraße 122, 1220 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (J.K.H.)
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85345 Freising, Germany
- Nutritional Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85345 Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kanova M, Kohout P. Serotonin-Its Synthesis and Roles in the Healthy and the Critically Ill. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094837. [PMID: 34063611 PMCID: PMC8124334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) plays two important roles in humans-one central and the other peripheral-depending on the location of the 5-HT pools of on either side of the blood-brain barrier. In the central nervous system it acts as a neurotransmitter, controlling such brain functions as autonomic neural activity, stress response, body temperature, sleep, mood and appetite. This role is very important in intensive care, as in critically ill patients multiple serotoninergic agents like opioids, antiemetics and antidepressants are frequently used. High serotonin levels lead to altered mental status, deliria, rigidity and myoclonus, together recognized as serotonin syndrome. In its role as a peripheral hormone, serotonin is unique in controlling the functions of several organs. In the gastrointestinal tract it is important for regulating motor and secretory functions. Apart from intestinal motility, energy metabolism is regulated by both central and peripheral serotonin signaling. It also has fundamental effects on hemostasis, vascular tone, heart rate, respiratory drive, cell growth and immunity. Serotonin regulates almost all immune cells in response to inflammation, following the activation of platelets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Kanova
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 70300 Ostrava-Vítkovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-59737-2707
| | - Pavel Kohout
- Department of Internal Medicine, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague and Teaching Thomayer Hospital, 14059 Prague, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Valente EEL, Klotz JL, Harmon DL. 5-Hydroxytryptophan strongly stimulates serotonin synthesis in Holstein steers. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106560. [PMID: 33035847 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although serotonin has been extensively studied in many species, there is a lack of information in ruminants, and no research has been evaluated if its precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), administered into the abomasum may be used as a means to manipulate serotonin metabolism. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate if intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP increases circulating serotonin in the steer. Eight Holstein steers (471 ± 8.9 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square design experiment. The treatments were intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP at 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg BW. Blood was collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h after infusion. The serum concentration of 5-HTP increased quadratically (P = 0.005) with a peak at 2 h after administration. The 5-HTP administration increased (P < 0.05) serum serotonin in comparison with baseline with no difference (P > 0.05) between the doses of 5-HTP. When 5-HTP was dosed at 2.5 mg/kg BW or higher, intake decreased, and there was an altered manure consistency. The serum 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid concentrations followed the same pattern as 5-HTP. Plasma glucose content was not affected (P > 0.05) by 5-HTP dosing. However, free fatty acids concentration in the plasma was lower (P > 0.05) compared with baseline for the infusion levels of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg BW. Intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP efficiently increases serum serotonin cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E L Valente
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Cândido, Rondon 85960-000, Brazil
| | - J L Klotz
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - D L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bhullar JS, Leung JM, Almehthel MS. Management of refractory hypoglycaemia in a metastatic neuroendocrine tumour co-secreting serotonin and insulin. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/11/e236659. [PMID: 33168531 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-236659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 27-year-old otherwise healthy man of African descent presented to the hospital with initial symptoms of carcinoid syndrome that later evolved into symptoms of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia. Investigations revealed a metastatic neuroendocrine tumour (NET), co-secreting both serotonin and insulin. Management involved a multimodal approach in an attempt to reduce tumour burden and achieve euglycaemia, which proved to be a significant challenge in the face of refractory hypoglycaemia despite the administration of multiple prohyperglycaemic agents in combination. Unfortunately, given the burden of metastatic disease and multiple medical complications that ensued, the patient passed away. This case highlights the clinical history of a NET co-secreting serotonin and insulin, the use of combination therapy in the treatment of refractory hypoglycaemia in a metastatic insulin-producing tumour and emerging therapeutic modalities in the treatment of these rare malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Bhullar
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph Mws Leung
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mohammed S Almehthel
- Department of Endocrinology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mor A, Pawlak K, Kalaska B, Domaniewski T, Sieklucka B, Zieminska M, Cylwik B, Pawlak D. Modulation of the Paracrine Kynurenic System in Bone as a New Regulator of Osteoblastogenesis and Bone Mineral Status in an Animal Model of Chronic Kidney Disease Treated with LP533401. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5979. [PMID: 32825192 PMCID: PMC7503245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the peripheral synthesis of serotonin and kynurenine, observed during the chronic kidney disease (CKD) course, is negatively associated with bone health. Serotonin and kynurenine are connected by the common precursor, tryptophan. LP533401 is an inhibitor of peripheral serotonin synthesis. This study aimed to establish if the inhibition of serotonin synthesis by LP533401 may affect the kynurenine pathway activity in bone tissue and its potential consequence with regard to osteogenesis and bone mineral status. Nephrectomized rats were treated with LP533401 at a dose of 30 and 100 mg/kg daily for eight weeks. Tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations were determined, and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) expression was assessed. We discovered the presence of a TDO-dependent, paracrine kynurenic system in the bone of rats with CKD. Its modulation during LP533401 treatment was associated with impaired bone mineral status. Changes in TDO expression affecting the kynurenine pathway activity were related to the imbalance between peripheral serotonin and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. There were also close associations between the expression of genes participating in osteoblastogenesis and activation of the kynurenine pathway in the bones of LP53301-treated rats. Our results represent the next step in studying the role of tryptophan metabolites in renal osteodystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Mor
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.M.); (B.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Krystyna Pawlak
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (K.P.); (T.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Bartlomiej Kalaska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.M.); (B.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Tomasz Domaniewski
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (K.P.); (T.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Beata Sieklucka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.M.); (B.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Marta Zieminska
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (K.P.); (T.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Bogdan Cylwik
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.M.); (B.K.); (B.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Robinson E, Templeman JR, Thornton E, Croney CC, Niel L, Shoveller AK. Investigating the effects of incremental conditioning and supplemental dietary tryptophan on the voluntary activity and behaviour of mid-distance training sled dogs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232643. [PMID: 32790737 PMCID: PMC7425858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter synthesized by the amino acid tryptophan, that has the potential to impact the behaviour and activity of dogs. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of supplemental tryptophan and a 12-week incremental training regimen on the voluntary activity and behaviour of client-owned Siberian Huskies. Sixteen dogs were blocked for age, BW and sex and then randomly allocated to either the control or treatment group. Both groups were fed the same dry extruded diet; however, the treatment group were supplemented with tryptophan to achieve a tryptophan: large neutral amino acid ratio of 0.075:1. Once a week, a 5-minute video recording was taken immediately pre- and post- exercise to evaluate dogs' behaviours. Activity monitors were used to record voluntary activity on both training and rest days. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between training week and time spent performing each behaviour. Additionally, a repeated measure mixed model was used to test differences between diet groups and training week for both behavioural and activity count data. The time spent performing agonistic behaviours prior to exercise was negatively associated with week for treatment dogs (β = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.10], P < 0.05) and no change was observed for control dogs (β = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.15], P > 0.10). Treatment did not have any effect on activity levels (P > 0.10). For all dogs, locomotive behaviours decreased prior to exercise as weeks progressed (P < 0.05), while run day voluntary activity depended on the distance run that day (P < 0.05). These data suggest that sled dogs experience an exercise-induced reduction in voluntary locomotion in response to both single bouts and repetitive bouts of exercise. Additionally, tryptophan supplementation may decrease agonistic behaviours, without having any effect on voluntary activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eve Robinson
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R. Templeman
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Thornton
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Candace C. Croney
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lee Niel
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Kate Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
More than 90% of serotonin is produced in the intestine. Previous studies have shown that different protein diets significantly affect serum serotonin levels. Here, the colonic microbiota and intestinal serotonin were measured to elaborate how protein diets affect serotonin production in a mouse model. The emulsion-type sausage protein and cooked pork protein diets increased the mRNA levels of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) and monoamine oxidase A (Maoa) and serotonin level as well but reduced the number of enterochromaffin cells. However, the soy protein diet increased the number of enterochromaffin cells and Tph1 mRNA level but decreased the Maoa mRNA level and the serotonin content. Specific gut microbes that responded to dietary changes and affected the content of short-chain fatty acids were significantly related to serotonin-associated biomarkers. These results suggest that dietary proteins may regulate serotonin biosynthesis and catabolism by altering specific gut microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Xie
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing, MOA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Chong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing, MOA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing, MOA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing, MOA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing, MOA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are a complex set of illnesses in which genetic factors, particularly stress, play a role in the etiopathogenesis. In recent years, inflammation and intestinal microbiota have also been included in this complex network of relationships. The functions associated with tryptophan catabolism and serotonin biosynthesis have long been associated with anxiety disorders. Tryptophan catabolism progresses toward the path of the kynurenine in the presence of stress and inflammation. The catabolism of kynurenine is a pathway in which many enzymes play a role and a large number of catabolites with neuroactive properties occur. The body's serotonin biosynthesis is primarily performed by enterochromaffin cells located in the intestines. A change in the intestinal microbiota composition (dysbiosis) directly affects the serotonin biosynthesis. Stress, unhealthy nutrition, and the use of antibiotics cause dysbiosis. In the light of this new perspective, the role of dysbiosis-induced inflammation and kynurenine pathway catabolites activated sequentially come into prominence in the etiopathogenesis of anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alper Evrensel
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Barış Önen Ünsalver
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Documentation and Secretariat, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Ceylan
- Departments of Psychology and Philosophy, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun Y, Zhang N, Qu Y, Cao Y, Li J, Yang Y, Yang T, Sun Y. Shuangxia decoction alleviates p-chlorophenylalanine induced insomnia through the modification of serotonergic and immune system. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:315-325. [PMID: 31786727 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shuangxia Decoction (SXD) has been used to treat insomnia in oriental countries for more than thousands of years and it presents remarkable clinical effects. However, its active pharmacological fraction and the mechanism of sedative-hypnotic effects have not been explored. In this paper, we investigated active pharmacological fraction and revealed the detailed mechanisms underlying the sedative-hypnotic effects of SXD. It showed that SXD water extract compared to ethanol extract possessed better sedative effects on locomotion activity in normal mice and increased sleep duration in subhypnotic dose of sodium pentobarbital-treated mice. SXD alleviated p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) -induced insomnia by increasing the content of 5-HT in cortex [F (4, 55) = 12.67], decreasing the content of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Furthermore, SXD enhanced the expression of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in hypothalamic and reduced serum levels of IL-1,TNF-α [F (5, 36) = 15.58]. In conclusion, these results indicated that SXD produced beneficial sedative and hypnotic bioactivities mediated by regulating the serotonergic and immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Yangguang South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan district, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Yangguang South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan district, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yuxia Qu
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Yangguang South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan district, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yijia Cao
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Yangguang South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan district, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jianhao Li
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Yangguang South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan district, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Yangguang South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan district, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Tiange Yang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Yangguang South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan district, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yikun Sun
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Yangguang South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan district, Beijing, 102488, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun L, Song F, Guo J, Zhu X, Liu S, Liu F, Li X. Nano-ZnO-Induced Drought Tolerance Is Associated with Melatonin Synthesis and Metabolism in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030782. [PMID: 31991760 PMCID: PMC7037681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The applications of ZnO nanoparticles in agriculture have largely contributed to crop growth regulation, quality enhancement, and induction of stress tolerance, while the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, the involvement of melatonin synthesis and metabolism in the process of nano-ZnO induced drought tolerance was investigated in maize. Drought stress resulted in the changes of subcellular ultrastructure, the accumulation of malondialdehyde and osmolytes in leaf. The nano-ZnO (100 mg L-1) application promoted the melatonin synthesis and activated the antioxidant enzyme system, which alleviated drought-induced damage to mitochondria and chloroplast. These changes were associated with upregulation of the relative transcript abundance of Fe/Mn SOD, Cu/Zn SOD, APX, CAT, TDC, SNAT, COMT, and ASMT induced by nano-ZnO application. It was suggested that modifications in endogenous melatonin synthesis were involved in the nano-ZnO induced drought tolerance in maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; (L.S.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; (L.S.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-431-8253-6087 (X.L.); Fax: +86-431-8253-6087 (X.L.)
| | - Junhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; (L.S.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Xiancan Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China;
| | - Shengqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; (L.S.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Fulai Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup 2630, Denmark;
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; (L.S.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-431-8253-6087 (X.L.); Fax: +86-431-8253-6087 (X.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mao Z, Lin H, Su W, Li J, Zhou M, Li Z, Zhou B, Yang Q, Zhou M, Pan K, He J, Zhang W. Deficiency of ZnT8 Promotes Adiposity and Metabolic Dysfunction by Increasing Peripheral Serotonin Production. Diabetes 2019; 68:1197-1209. [PMID: 30936149 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ZnT8 is a zinc transporter enriched in pancreatic β-cells, and its polymorphism is associated with increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. However, the exact role of ZnT8 in systemic energy metabolism remains elusive. In this study, we found that ZnT8 knockout mice displayed increased adiposity without obvious weight gain. We also observed that the intestinal tract morphology, motility, and gut microbiota were changed in ZnT8 knockout mice. Further study demonstrated that ZnT8 was expressed in enteroendocrine cells, especially in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-positive enterochromaffin cells. Lack of ZnT8 resulted in an elevated circulating 5-HT level owing to enhanced expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1. Blocking 5-HT synthesis in ZnT8-deficient mice restored adiposity, high-fat diet-induced obesity, and glucose intolerance. Moreover, overexpression of human ZnT8 diabetes high-risk allele R325W increased 5-HT levels relative to the low-risk allele in RIN14B cells. Our study revealed an unexpected role of ZnT8 in regulating peripheral 5-HT biogenesis and intestinal microenvironment, which might contribute to the increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Mao
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen Su
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minsi Zhou
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Beibei Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingyan Zhou
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Serotonin syndrome results from excessive activation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptors in the nervous system, on the surface of platelets, and on the vascular endothelium. The clinical manifestations are a triad of altered conscious state, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular excitability. Clinical diagnostic criteria remain poorly defined and unvalidated, and there are no available investigations to confirm the diagnosis. The syndrome is caused by the administration of one or more drugs possessing serotonergic activity. Severe forms of the syndrome usually result from overdose, but can be induced by monotherapy. The exact incidence of serotonin syndrome remains unknown, but is likely to be increasing due to increased prescription of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor anti-depressants and tramadol, as well as recreational use of amphetamine-like substances. Serotonin syndrome may complicate the administration of drugs frequently used in anaesthetic practice, including pethidine and tramadol. Although the majority of cases improve with symptomatic and supportive care, severe cases need intensive care and frequently require mechanical ventilation. Neuromuscular excitability is likely to be the cause of rhabdomyolysis seen in severe cases and should be treated with benzodiazepines and muscle relaxants. Supportive therapies are required to treat hyperthermia and autonomic dysfunction. Cyproheptadine is the most commonly administered serotonergic antagonist, but is unavailable in parenteral form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Jones
- Department of Anaesthesia, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cao X, Wang X, Chen H, Li H, Tariq M, Wang C, Zhou Y, Liu Y. Neurotoxicity of nonylphenol exposure on Caenorhabditis elegans induced by reactive oxidative species and disturbance synthesis of serotonin. Environ Pollut 2019; 244:947-957. [PMID: 30469289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the neurobehavioural deficit induced by nonylphenol (NP), a well-known xenobiotic chemical. The neurotoxic mechanism from oxidative stress and serotonin-related progress was also investigated. Caenorhabditis elegans was exposed at different levels of NP ranging from 0 to 200 μg L-1 for 10 days. The results revealed that from a relatively low concentration (i.e., 10 μg L-1), significant effects including decreased head thrashes, body bends and forging behaviour could be observed, along with impaired learning and memory behaviour plasticity. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in head was significantly elevated with the increase of NP concentrations from 10 to 200 μg L-1. Through antioxidant experiment, the oxidative damage caused by NP restored to some extent. At a NP concentration of 200 μg L-1, the significant increased expression of stress-related genes, including sod-1, sod-3, ctl-2, ctl-3 and cyp-35A2 gene, was observed from integrated gene expression profiles. In addition, in comparison with wild-type N2 worms, the ROS accumulation was increased significantly with the mutation of sod-3. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in ADF and NSM neurons sharply decreased at the concentrations of 10-200 μg L-1. The transcription of TPH synthesis-related genes and serotonin-related genes were both suppressed, including tph-1, cat-1, cat-4, ser-1, and mod-5. Overall, these results indicated that NP could induce neurotoxicity on Caenorhabditis elegans through excessive induction of ROS and disturbance synthesis of serotonin. The conducted research opened up new avenues for more effective exploration of neurotoxicity caused by NP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Differences between female and male brains exist across the animal kingdom and extend from molecular to anatomical features. Here we show that sexually dimorphic anatomy, gene expression and function in the nervous system can be modulated by past experiences. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, sexual differentiation entails the sex-specific pruning of synaptic connections between neurons that are shared by both sexes, giving rise to sexually dimorphic circuits in adult animals1. We discovered that starvation during juvenile stages is memorized in males to suppress the emergence of sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity. These circuit changes result in increased chemosensory responsiveness in adult males following juvenile starvation. We find that an octopamine-mediated starvation signal dampens the production of serotonin (5-HT) to convey the memory of starvation. Serotonin production is monitored by a 5-HT1A serotonin receptor homologue that acts cell-autonomously to promote the pruning of sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity under well-fed conditions. Our studies demonstrate how life history shapes neurotransmitter production, synaptic connectivity and behavioural output in a sexually dimorphic circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Bayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oliver Hobert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pawlak D, Znorko B, Kalaska B, Domaniewski T, Zawadzki R, Lipowicz P, Doroszko M, Łebkowska U, Grabowski P, Pawlak K. LP533401 restores bone health in 5/6 nephrectomized rats by a decrease of gut-derived serotonin and regulation of serum phosphate through the inhibition of phosphate co-transporters expression in the kidneys. Bone 2018; 113:124-136. [PMID: 29792935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LP533401 is an orally bioavailable small molecule that inhibits tryptophan hydroxylase-1, an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of gut-derived serotonin (GDS). Recently, we showed that increased GDS in rats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) affected bone strength and metabolism. We tested the hypothesis that treatment with LP533401 could reverse CKD-induced bone loss in uremia. Sixteen weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy, rats were randomized into untreated (CKD), treated with vehicle (VEH) and LP533401 at a dose of 30 or 100 mg/kg daily for 8 weeks. Treatment with LP533401 decreased serotonin turnover and restored bone mineral status, microarchitecture, and strength in CKD rats to the values observed in the controls. In parallel with the reduction of serotonin, serum phosphate levels also decreased, particularly in the LP533401, 100 mg/kg group. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon resulted from decreased expression of the renal VDR/FGF1R/Klotho/Npt2a/Npt2c axis, leading to elevated phosphate excretion in the kidneys. The elevated urinary phosphate excretion resulted in improved bone mineral status and strength in LP533401-treated rats. Unexpectedly, the standard VEH used in this model was able to reduce renal VDR/FGF1R/Klotho/Npt2a expression, leading to a compensatory increase in Npt2c mRNA levels, secondary disturbances in phosphate-regulated hormones and partial improvement in the mineral status of the trabecular bone. The decrease of serotonin synthesis together with the simultaneous reduction of renal Npt2a and Npt2c expression in rats treated with LP533401, 100 mg/kg led to an increase in 1,25(OH)2D3 levels; this mechanism seems to be particularly beneficial in relation to the mineral status of cortical bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Znorko
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Kalaska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Domaniewski
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Radosław Zawadzki
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipowicz
- Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michał Doroszko
- Department of Mechanics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Łebkowska
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Grabowski
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pawlak
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Naseem W, Bano S. Chronic administration of St. John's Wort attenuates alcohol intake and brain indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase activity in mice. Pak J Pharm Sci 2018; 31:1203-1207. [PMID: 30033402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Present study aims to elucidate the effects of chronic administration of St. John's Wort (SJW) (500mg/kg) on brain tryptophan (TRP) metabolites and indoleamine 2-3 dioxygenase (IDO) activity in alcohol treated mice. Locally bred Albino BALB/c mice, weighing 20-25g were divided into three groups (untreated controls, Alcohol, Alcohol +Drug) having 6 mice in each. Freshly prepared ethanol solution was administered in drinking water in the proportion of 5% for three days or 8% for 3 weeks to two groups. After 3 weeks drug group was treated with SJW (dissolved in ethanol: saline 1:3 v/v) at a dose of 500mg/kg was administered orally for 1 week. During treatment alcohol intake was monitored .In present finding chronic administration of SJW significantly reduced ethanol intake by 78.6% (P<0.001) in mice. Data analyzed by student's t-test indicates that SJW remarkably reduce kynurenine (KYN) by 60.9% (P<0.001) and KYN/TRP ratio (IDO) activity) by 70.9% (P<0.001) in brain. Low serotonin level promotes alcohol intake. Presentresults suggest that SJW decreases alcohol intake by inhibiting IDO thereby shifting TRP catabolism towards serotonin synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warda Naseem
- Clinical Biochemistry and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Samina Bano
- Clinical Biochemistry and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xiao WY, Li YW, Chen QL, Liu ZH. Tributyltin impaired reproductive success in female zebrafish through disrupting oogenesis, reproductive behaviors and serotonin synthesis. Aquat Toxicol 2018; 200:206-216. [PMID: 29775928 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT), an organotin acting as aromatase (Cyp19a1) inhibitor, has been found to disrupt gametogenesis and reproductive behaviors in several fish species. However, few studies addressing the mechanisms underlying the impaired gametogenesis and reproduction have been reported. In this study, female adults of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were continuously exposed to two nominal concentrations of TBT (100 and 500 ng/L, actual concentrations: 90.8 ± 1.3 ng/L and 470.3 ± 2.7 ng/L, respectively) for 28 days. After exposures, TBT decreased the total egg number, reduced the hatchability and elevated the mortality of the larvae. Decreased gonadosomatic index (GSI) and altered percentages of follicles in different developmental stages (increased early-stage follicles and reduced mid/late-stage follicles) were also observed in the ovary of TBT-treated fish. TBT also lowered the plasma level of 17β-estradiol and suppressed the expressions of cyp19a1a in the ovary. In treated fish, up-regulated expressions of aldhla2, sycp3 and dmc1 were present in the ovary, indicating an enhanced level of meiosis. The mRNA level of vtg1 was dramatically suppressed in the liver of TBT-treated fish, suggesting an insufficient synthesis of Vtg protein, consistent with the decreased percentage of mid/late-stage follicles in the ovaries. Moreover, TBT significantly suppressed the reproductive behaviors of the female fish (duration of both sexes simultaneously in spawning area, the frequency of meeting and the visit in spawning area) and down-regulated the mRNA levels of genes involved in the regulation of reproductive behaviors (cyp19a1b, gnrh-3 and kiss 2) in the brain. In addition, TBT significantly suppressed the expressions of serotonin-related genes, such as tph2 (encoding serotonin synthase), pet1 (marker of serotonin neuron) and kiss 1 (the modulator of serotonin synthesis), suggesting that TBT might disrupt the non-reproductive behaviors of zebrafish. The present study demonstrated that TBT may impair the reproductive success of zebrafish females probably through disrupting oogenesis, disturbing reproductive behaviors and altering serotonin synthesis. The present study greatly extends our understanding on the reproductive toxicity of TBT on fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yang Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ying-Wen Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qi-Liang Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kannen V, Sakita JY, Carneiro ZA, Bader M, Alenina N, Teixeira RR, de Oliveira EC, Brunaldi MO, Gasparotto B, Sartori DC, Fernandes CR, Silva JS, Andrade MV, Silva WA, Uyemura SA, Garcia SB. Mast Cells and Serotonin Synthesis Modulate Chagas Disease in the Colon: Clinical and Experimental Evidence. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:1473-1484. [PMID: 29569002 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) infects millions of Latin Americans each year and can induce chagasic megacolon. Little is known about how serotonin (5-HT) modulates this condition. Aim We investigated whether 5-HT synthesis alters T. cruzi infection in the colon. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight paraffin-embedded samples from normal colon and chagasic megacolon were histopathologically analyzed (173/2009). Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) knockout (KO) mice and c-KitW-sh mice underwent T. cruzi infection together with their wild-type counterparts. Also, mice underwent different drug treatments (16.1.1064.60.3). RESULTS In both humans and experimental mouse models, the serotonergic system was activated by T. cruzi infection (p < 0.05). While treating Tph1KO mice with 5-HT did not significantly increase parasitemia in the colon (p > 0.05), rescuing its synthesis promoted trypanosomiasis (p < 0.01). T. cruzi-related 5-HT release (p < 0.05) seemed not only to increase inflammatory signaling, but also to enlarge the pericryptal macrophage and mast cell populations (p < 0.01). Knocking out mast cells reduced trypanosomiasis (p < 0.01), although it did not further alter the neuroendocrine cell number and Tph1 expression (p > 0.05). Further experimentation revealed that pharmacologically inhibiting mast cell activity reduced colonic infection (p < 0.01). A similar finding was achieved when 5-HT synthesis was blocked in c-KitW-sh mice (p > 0.05). However, inhibiting mast cell activity in Tph1KO mice increased colonic trypanosomiasis (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION We show that mast cells may modulate the T. cruzi-related increase of 5-HT synthesis in the intestinal colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Kannen
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil.
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Y Sakita
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Zumira A Carneiro
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Regina R Teixeira
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bianca Gasparotto
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Sartori
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Andrade
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Wilson A Silva
- Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sergio A Uyemura
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Sérgio B Garcia
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Indoleamines are associated with circadian rhythms in pineal gland and retina. Because the ciliary epithelium has an embryonic origin similar to that of pineal gland and retina, and intraocular pressure shows circadian variations, indoleamines were searched for in aqueous humor and ciliary body in humans. In aqueous humor, serotonin, 6-hydroxymelatonin, and melatonin were simultaneously detected and measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The concentration was 48.7±10.9 ng/ml for serotonin, 0.47±0.8 ng/ml for melatonin, and 13.9±7.7 ng/ml for 6 hydroxy melatonin. In ciliary bodies from freshly enucleated human eyes, tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography with simultaneous fluorescence- and electrochemical detection. Finally, the enzymatic activities of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltrans-ferase (HIOMT), enzymes indispensable in the synthesis of melatonin, were measured. The NAT activity was 273±25 pmol/mg protein/hour and that of HIOMT, 13520±50 pmol/mg protein/hour in ciliary body. Comparison of these activities (NAT versus HIOMT) permits the suggestion that NAT is a limiting enzyme in serotonin metabolism in this tissue. These findings indicate that a circadian rhythm of indoleamines exists in human aqueous humor and that the human ciliary body is the third organ, after the pineal gland and the retina, found to synthesize indoleamines in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X D Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee SJ, Sim GY, Lee Y, Kim BG, Ahn JH. Engineering of Escherichia coli for the synthesis of N-hydroxycinnamoyl tryptamine and serotonin. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1551-1560. [PMID: 28819877 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize various phenol amides. Among them, hydroxycinnamoyl (HC) tryptamines and serotonins exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherogenic activities. We synthesized HC-tryptamines and HC-serotonin from several HCs and either tryptamine or serotonin using Escherichia coli harboring the 4CL (4-coumaroyl CoA ligase) and CaHCTT [hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A:serotonin N-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase] genes. E. coli was engineered to synthesize N-cinnamoyl tryptamine from glucose. TDC (tryptophan decarboxylase) and PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase) along with 4CL and CaHCTT were introduced into E. coli and the phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway of E. coli was engineered. Using this strategy, approximately 110.6 mg/L of N-cinnamoyl tryptamine was synthesized. By feeding 100 μM serotonin into the E. coli culture, which could induce the synthesis of cinnamic acid or p-coumaric acid, more than 99 μM of N-cinnamoyl serotonin and N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin were synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Young Sim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngshim Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, 33 Dongjin-ro, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangman-do, 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Del Pino J, Moyano P, Ruiz M, Anadón MJ, Díaz MJ, García JM, Labajo-González E, Frejo MT. Amitraz changes NE, DA and 5-HT biosynthesis and metabolism mediated by alterations in estradiol content in CNS of male rats. Chemosphere 2017; 181:518-529. [PMID: 28463726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Amitraz is a formamidine insecticide/acaricide that alters different neurotransmitters levels, among other neurotoxic effects. Oral amitraz exposure (20, 50 and 80 mg/kg bw, 5 days) has been reported to increase serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) content and to decrease their metabolites and turnover rates in the male rat brain, particularly in the striatum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. However, the mechanisms by which these alterations are produced are not completely understood. One possibility is that amitraz monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition could mediate these effects. Alternatively, it alters serum concentrations of sex steroids that regulate the enzymes responsible for these neurotransmitters synthesis and metabolism. Thus, alterations in sex steroids in the brain could also mediate the observed effects. To test these hypothesis regarding possible mechanisms, we treated male rats with 20, 50 and 80 mg/kg bw for 5 days and then isolated tissue from striatum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. We then measured tissue levels of expression and/or activity of MAO, catechol-O-metyltransferase (COMT), dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TRH) as well as estradiol levels in these regions. Our results show that amitraz did not inhibit MAO activity at these doses, but altered MAO, COMT, DBH, TH and TRH gene expression, as well as TH and TRH activity and estradiol levels. The alteration of these enzymes was partially mediated by dysregulation of estradiol levels. Our present results provide new understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the harmful effects of amitraz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Del Pino
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paula Moyano
- Department of Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medical School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Ruiz
- Department of Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medical School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medical School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Díaz
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel García
- Department of Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medical School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Labajo-González
- Department of Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medical School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frejo
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Chromogranins (Cg) and secretogranins (Sg) are acidic proteins localized in the secretory granules of a large variety of endocrine cells collectively named APUD cells (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation). To examine the possible function of Cg/Sg as amine storage proteins, enteroendocrine cells of the rat gastric antral mucosa, i.e., serotonin-containing enterochromaffin (EC)-cells, gastrin (G)-, and somatostatin (D)-cells, were investigated immunohistochemically in serial semi-thin sections of controls and after intervention in serotonin synthesis. CgA and CgB immunoreactivity was determined semiquantitatively by optical density measurements. Experiments included inhibition of serotonin synthesis by p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), exogenous application of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and a combination of both treatments. The cellular distribution of Cg and the density of its immunoreactivity were closely related to the primary content of serotonin and the ability to store serotonin after 5-HTP application. Thus, Cg may act as amine-binding proteins in enteroendocrine cells, binding most probably being due to ionic interactions between Cg and the biogenic amines. EC- and G-cells, however, differed in their amine-handling properties and in the response of their Cg immunoreactivity after intervention in serotonin synthesis. We conclude, therefore, that the physiological function of Cg as amine storage proteins is restricted to endocrine cells with an endogenous content of amines. In other endocrine cells, exhibiting only a potential amine production, APUD may be considered as a kind of supravital staining without physiological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bargsten
- Department of Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Almaça J, Molina J, Menegaz D, Pronin AN, Tamayo A, Slepak V, Berggren PO, Caicedo A. Human Beta Cells Produce and Release Serotonin to Inhibit Glucagon Secretion from Alpha Cells. Cell Rep 2016; 17:3281-3291. [PMID: 28009296 PMCID: PMC5217294 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pancreatic islet, serotonin is an autocrine signal increasing beta cell mass during metabolic challenges such as those associated with pregnancy or high-fat diet. It is still unclear whether serotonin is relevant for regular islet physiology and hormone secretion. Here, we show that human beta cells produce and secrete serotonin when stimulated with increases in glucose concentration. Serotonin secretion from beta cells decreases cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in neighboring alpha cells via 5-HT1F receptors and inhibits glucagon secretion. Without serotonergic input, alpha cells lose their ability to regulate glucagon secretion in response to changes in glucose concentration, suggesting that diminished serotonergic control of alpha cells can cause glucose blindness and the uncontrolled glucagon secretion associated with diabetes. Supporting this model, pharmacological activation of 5-HT1F receptors reduces glucagon secretion and has hypoglycemic effects in diabetic mice. Thus, modulation of serotonin signaling in the islet represents a drug intervention opportunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Almaça
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Judith Molina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Danusa Menegaz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alexey N Pronin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alejandro Tamayo
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Vladlen Slepak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Latorre E, Pradilla A, Chueca B, Pagán R, Layunta E, Alcalde AI, Mesonero JE. Listeria monocytogenes Inhibits Serotonin Transporter in Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells. Microb Ecol 2016; 72:730-739. [PMID: 27488594 PMCID: PMC5023727 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause a serious infection. Intestinal microorganisms have been demonstrated to contribute to intestinal physiology not only through immunological responses but also by modulating the intestinal serotonergic system. Serotonin (5-HT) is a neuromodulator that is synthesized in the intestinal epithelium and regulates the whole intestinal physiology. The serotonin transporter (SERT), located in enterocytes, controls intestinal 5-HT availability and therefore serotonin's effects. Infections caused by L. monocytogenes are well described as being due to the invasion of intestinal epithelial cells; however, the effect of L. monocytogenes on the intestinal epithelium remains unknown. The main aim of this work, therefore, was to study the effect of L. monocytogenes on SERT. Caco2/TC7 cell line was used as an enterocyte-like in vitro model, and SERT functional and molecular expression assays were performed. Our results demonstrate that living L. monocytogenes inhibits serotonin uptake by reducing SERT expression at the brush border membrane. However, neither inactivated L. monocytogenes nor soluble metabolites were able to affect SERT. The results also demonstrate that L. monocytogenes yields TLR2 and TLR10 transcriptional changes in intestinal epithelial cells and suggest that TLR10 is potentially involved in the inhibitory effect observed on SERT. Therefore, L. monocytogenes, through TLR10-mediated SERT inhibition, may induce increased intestinal serotonin availability and potentially contributing to intestinal physiological changes and the initiation of the inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Latorre
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- RNA-Mediated Mechanisms of Disease, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| | - A Pradilla
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - B Chueca
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R Pagán
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E Layunta
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A I Alcalde
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J E Mesonero
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Carlson KS, Whitney MS, Gadziola MA, Deneris ES, Wesson DW. Preservation of Essential Odor-Guided Behaviors and Odor-Based Reversal Learning after Targeting Adult Brain Serotonin Synthesis. eNeuro 2016; 3:ENEURO.0257-16.2016. [PMID: 27896310 PMCID: PMC5112565 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0257-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) is considered a powerful modulator of sensory system organization and function in a wide range of animals. The olfactory system is innervated by midbrain 5-HT neurons into both its primary and secondary odor-processing stages. Facilitated by this circuitry, 5-HT and its receptors modulate olfactory system function, including odor information input to the olfactory bulb. It is unknown, however, whether the olfactory system requires 5-HT for even its most basic behavioral functions. To address this question, we established a conditional genetic approach to specifically target adult brain tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2), encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in brain 5-HT synthesis, and nearly eliminate 5-HT from the mouse forebrain. Using this novel model, we investigated the behavior of 5-HT-depleted mice during performance in an olfactory go/no-go task. Surprisingly, the near elimination of 5-HT from the forebrain, including the olfactory bulbs, had no detectable effect on the ability of mice to perform the odor-based task. Tph2-targeted mice not only were able to learn the task, but also had levels of odor acuity similar to those of control mice when performing coarse odor discrimination. Both groups of mice spent similar amounts of time sampling odors during decision-making. Furthermore, odor reversal learning was identical between 5-HT-depleted and control mice. These results suggest that 5-HT neurotransmission is not necessary for the most essential aspects of olfaction, including odor learning, discrimination, and certain forms of cognitive flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie A. Gadziola
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Molina-Cerrillo J, Alonso-Gordoa T, Martínez-Sáez O, Grande E. Inhibition of Peripheral Synthesis of Serotonin as a New Target in Neuroendocrine Tumors. Oncologist 2016; 21:701-7. [PMID: 27107003 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : The carcinoid syndrome represents a set of signs and symptoms associated with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) that occur primarily when metastases are developed in the liver, resulting in the worsening of quality of life. Serotonin plays a central role in the physiology of carcinoid syndrome by promoting intestinal motility. Somatostatin analogs (SSAs) have widely demonstrated their efficacy as symptomatic relievers of carcinoid syndrome, but this control is ephemeral, being reduced by approximately 50% within the first year. The exact mechanisms of resistance to SSAs are not fully understood, but it is believed that serotonin might be involved. Patients with carcinoid syndrome present with a significant increase in serotonin plasma levels and, consequently, in the soluble urinary metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. Telotristat etiprate is a potent inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin, that has demonstrated in the phase III TELESTAR clinical trial a significant improvement in the control of bowel movements in patients with NETs who have carcinoid syndrome and who have progressed to an SSA. Based on these results, telotristat etiprate has emerged as a potential new option in the treatment algorithm of symptomatic control of functioning NETs. However, some issues need to be clarified, such as the safety profile of the drug outside clinical trials, the benefit in quality of life, and the possible impact on tumor growth, as well as its role within sequencing or combination treatment strategies with pre-existing drugs effective in NET treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This article reviews the literature about carcinoid syndrome, which affects patients diagnosed with neuroendocrine tumors. Few articles have been published about this syndrome and its pathophysiology. Somatostatin analogs provide symptomatic relief; however, patients may become refractory to this strategy, usually within the first year of treatment. In this context, as an agent with an innovative mechanism of action, telotristat etiprate has demonstrated activity in a phase III trial, and findings may offer a path to an improve quality of life and prolonged survival for certain patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Alonso-Gordoa
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Martínez-Sáez
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Grande
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wu J, Chen H, Li H, Tang Y, Yang L, Cao S, Qin D. Antidepressant Potential of Chlorogenic Acid-Enriched Extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver Bark with Neuron Protection and Promotion of Serotonin Release through Enhancing Synapsin I Expression. Molecules 2016; 21:260. [PMID: 26927040 PMCID: PMC6274286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides) is a traditional Chinese medicine with many beneficial effects, used as a tonic medicine in China and other countries. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is an important compound in E. ulmoides with neuroprotective, cognition improvement and other pharmacological effects. However, it is unknown whether chlorogenic acid-enriched Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark has antidepressant potential through neuron protection, serotonin release promotion and penetration of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. In the present study, we demonstrated that CGA could stimulate axon and dendrite growth and promote serotonin release through enhancing synapsin I expression in the cells of fetal rat raphe neurons in vitro. More importantly, CGA-enriched extract of E. ulmoides (EUWE) at 200 and 400 mg/kg/day orally administered for 7 days showed antidepressant-like effects in the tail suspension test of KM mice. Furthermore, we also found CGA could be detected in the the cerebrospinal fluid of the rats orally treated with EUWE and reach the level of pharmacological effect for neuroprotection by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The findings indicate CGA is able to cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier to exhibit its neuron protection and promotion of serotonin release through enhancing synapsin I expression. This is the first report of the effect of CGA on promoting 5-HT release through enhancing synapsin I expression and CGA-enriched EUWE has antidepressant-like effect in vivo. EUWE may be developed as the natural drugs for the treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 86646-000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Haixia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 86646-000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 86646-000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 86646-000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Le Yang
- Chengdu Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co. Ltd., Chengdu 86610-063, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 86646-000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dalian Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 86646-000, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xu L, Choi S, Xie Y, Sze JY. Cell-Autonomous Gβ Signaling Defines Neuron-Specific Steady State Serotonin Synthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005540. [PMID: 26402365 PMCID: PMC4581872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins regulate a vast array of cellular functions via specific intracellular effectors. Accumulating pharmacological and biochemical studies implicate Gβ subunits as signaling molecules interacting directly with a wide range of effectors to modulate downstream cellular responses, in addition to their role in regulating Gα subunit activities. However, the native biological roles of Gβ-mediated signaling pathways in vivo have been characterized only in a few cases. Here, we identified a Gβ GPB-1 signaling pathway operating in specific serotonergic neurons to the define steady state serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, through a genetic screen for 5-HT synthesis mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that signaling through cell autonomous GPB-1 to the OCR-2 TRPV channel defines the baseline expression of 5-HT synthesis enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase tph-1 in ADF chemosensory neurons. This Gβ signaling pathway is not essential for establishing the serotonergic cell fates and is mechanistically separated from stress-induced tph-1 upregulation. We identified that ADF-produced 5-HT controls specific innate rhythmic behaviors. These results revealed a Gβ-mediated signaling operating in differentiated cells to specify intrinsic functional properties, and indicate that baseline TPH expression is not a default generic serotonergic fate, but is programmed in a cell-specific manner in the mature nervous system. Cell-specific regulation of TPH expression could be a general principle for tailored steady state 5-HT synthesis in functionally distinct neurons and their regulation of innate behavior. Levels of neurotransmitter serotonin synthesis shape disparate behaviors in evolutionary diverse organisms, but the mechanisms defining steady state serotonin synthesis in functionally distinct neuronal types remain unknown. A genetic screen for neuron-specific serotonin synthesis mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans revealed a unique Gβ GPB-1 signaling pathway operating in specific serotonergic neurons to define the baseline expression of serotonin synthesis rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase tph-1. Unlike in canonical heterotrimeric G protein signaling pathways where Gα subunits drive downstream effectors, we found that signaling through Gβ GPB-1 to the OCR-2 TRPV channel defines the baseline tph-1 expression. This Gβ signaling is not required for the establishment or maintenance of the serotonergic cell fates, but dedicated to set steady state 5-HT synthesis in mature neurons. Behavioral analyses showed that 5-HT synthesized in different neurons modulates distinct innate rhythmic behaviors. Our work identified a Gβ-mediated signaling pathway operating in differentiated neuronal cells to specify intrinsic functional diversities, and illuminate a mechanistic principle for genetic programming of neuron-specific steady state 5-HT synthesis in dedicated behavioral circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sunju Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Yusu Xie
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ji Ying Sze
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kudryavtseva NN. [Serotonergic Control of Aggressive Behavior: Novel Approaches--New Interpretations (Review)]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 2015; 65:546-563. [PMID: 26859999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a major inhibitory role of serotonin in aggressive behavior is widely accepted by researchers. There were ample evidences that a pharmacologically-induced increase in serotonergic activity attenuates agonistic behavior, and the manipulations inhibiting the brain serotonergic system can elicit aggressiveness in animals. Ealier, experimental studies have demonstrated reduced metabolism in brain serotonergic system and specific changes in pharmacological sensitivity of 5-HT(1A) receptors in male mice with repeated experience of aggression. It has been shown that mRNA levels of the serotonergic genes in the midbrain raphe nuclei are reduced in aggressive males. After no-fight period expression of some genes is restored or becomes higher compared with the controls on the background of increased aggression. The review provides data supporting and contradicting the serotonin-deficiency hypothesis of increased aggressiveness, revealing non-specific role of serotonin in the control of aggressive behavior, and also provides information about the inhibition of serotonergic activity under repeated experience of aggression.
Collapse
|
39
|
Fu HJ, Zhao Y, Zhou YR, Bao BH, Du Y, Li JX. Ursolic acid derivatives as bone anabolic agents targeted to tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph-1). Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 76:33-47. [PMID: 25930119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph-1) initiates the biosynthesis of peripheral serotonin. As peripheral serotonin suppresses bone formation, inhibitor of Tph-1 provides a useful tool to discover anabolic agents for osteoporosis. In the present study, series of ursolic acid (UA) derivatives were synthesized, and their inhibitory activity on serotonin biosynthesis and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Among the derivatives, 8d with potent inhibitory activity on serotonin was applied for further research. The data revealed that 8d significantly inhibited protein and mRNA expressions of Tph-1, and an SPR study indicated that 8d directly interacted to Tph-1 with a binding affinity of KD=15.09μM. Oral administration of 8d significantly prevented bone loss via suppressing serotonin biosynthesis without estrogenic side-effects in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Fu
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Yu-Ren Zhou
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Bei-Hua Bao
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Yun Du
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Jian-Xin Li
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Serotonin is a highly ubiquitous signaling molecule that plays a role in the regulation of various physiological functions. Several lines of evidence, including the present work from Hsiao and colleagues, demonstrate that, in the gut, microbial-derived metabolites affect the production of serotonin that in turn impacts host physiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ridaura
- Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lood C, Tydén H, Gullstrand B, Klint C, Wenglén C, Nielsen CT, Heegaard NHH, Jönsen A, Kahn R, Bengtsson AA. Type I interferon-mediated skewing of the serotonin synthesis is associated with severe disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125109. [PMID: 25897671 PMCID: PMC4405357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin, a highly pro-inflammatory molecule released by activated platelets, is formed by tryptophan. Tryptophan is also needed in the production of kynurenine, a process mediated by the type I interferon (IFN)-regulated rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). The aim of this study was to investigate levels of serotonin in patients with the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), association to clinical phenotype and possible involvement of IDO in regulation of serotonin synthesis. Serotonin levels were measured in serum and plasma from patients with SLE (n=148) and healthy volunteers (n=79) by liquid chromatography and ELISA, as well as intracellularly in platelets by flow cytometry. We found that SLE patients had decreased serotonin levels in serum (p=0.01) and platelets (p<0.0001) as compared to healthy individuals. SLE patients with ongoing type I IFN activity, as determined by an in-house reporter assay, had decreased serum levels of serotonin (p=0.0008) as well as increased IDO activity (p<0.0001), as determined by the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio measured by liquid chromatography. Furthermore, SLE sera induced IDO expression in WISH cells in a type I IFN-dependent manner (p=0.008). Also platelet activation contributed to reduce overall availability of serotonin levels in platelets and serum (p<0.05). Decreased serum serotonin levels were associated with severe SLE with presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies and nephritis. In all, reduced serum serotonin levels in SLE patients were related to severe disease phenotype, including nephritis, suggesting involvement of important immunopathological processes. Further, our data suggest that type I IFNs, present in SLE sera, are able to up-regulate IDO expression, which may lead to decreased serum serotonin levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lood
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Helena Tydén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Gullstrand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Christoffer T. Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels H. H. Heegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Jönsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robin Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders A. Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Matsushita A, Nakamura Y, Uchida E. [Pancreatic carcinoid tumor(serotonin-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor)]. Nihon Rinsho 2015; 73 Suppl 3:356-357. [PMID: 25857047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
|
43
|
Yu Y, Wu S, Li J, Wang R, Xie X, Yu X, Pan J, Xu Y, Zheng L. The effect of curcumin on the brain-gut axis in rat model of irritable bowel syndrome: involvement of 5-HT-dependent signaling. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:47-55. [PMID: 24807589 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is induced by dysfunction of central nervous and peripheral intestinal systems, which affects an estimated 10-15% population worldwide annually. Stress-related psychiatric disorders including depression and anxiety are often comorbid with gastrointestinal function disorder, such as IBS. However, the mechanism of IBS still remains unknown. Curcumin is a biologically active phytochemical presents in turmeric and has pharmacological actions that benefit patients with depression and anxiety. Our study found that IBS rats showed depression- and anxiety-like behaviors associated with decreased 5-HT (serotonin), BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and pCREB (phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein) expression in the hippocampus after chronic acute combining stress (CAS). However, these decreased parameters were obviously increased in the colonic after CAS. Curcumin (40 mg/kg) reduced the immobility time of forced swimming and the number of buried marbles in behavioral tests of CAS rats. Curcumin also decreased the number of fecal output and abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores in response to graded distention. Moreover, curcumin increased serotonin, BDNF and pCREB levels in the hippocampus, but they were decreased in the colonic of CAS rats. 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist NAN-190 reversed the effects of curcumin on behaviors and the changes of intestine, pCREB and BDNF expression, which are related to IBS. These results suggested that curcumin exerts the effects on IBS through regulating neurotransmitters, BDNF and CREB signaling both in the brain and peripheral intestinal system.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anxiety/drug therapy
- Anxiety/physiopathology
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/biosynthesis
- Colon/metabolism
- Curcumin/pharmacology
- Curcumin/therapeutic use
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/biosynthesis
- Defecation
- Diazepam/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Enteric Nervous System/physiopathology
- Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/physiopathology
- Imipramine/pharmacology
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome/drug therapy
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome/physiopathology
- Male
- Phosphorylation
- Physical Exertion
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Pressure/adverse effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/physiology
- Serotonin/biosynthesis
- Serotonin/physiology
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Stress, Physiological/physiology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingcong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wenzhou No.3 Clinical Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou people's hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bano S, Ara I, Saboohi K, Moattar T, Chaoudhry B. St. John's Wort increases brain serotonin synthesis by inhibiting hepatic tryptophan 2, 3 dioxygenase activity and its gene expression in stressed rats. Pak J Pharm Sci 2014; 27:1427-1435. [PMID: 25176236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of herbal St. John's Wort (SJW) on transcriptional regulation of hepatic tryptophan 2, 3 - dioxygenase (TDO) enzyme activity and brain regional serotonin (5-HT) levels in rats exposed to forced swim test (FST). TDO mRNA expression was quantified using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain (RT-PCR) reaction and brain regional indoleamines were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detector. Behavioral analysis shows significant reduction in immobility time in SJW (500mg/kg/ml) administered rats. It was found that pretreatment of SJW to rats did not prevent stress-induced elevation in plasma corticosterone levels however it increases serotonin synthesis by virtue of inhibiting hepatic TDO enzyme activity and its gene expression, ascertaining the notion that there exists an inverse relationship between hepatic TDO enzyme activity and brain 5-HT. The drug also decreases serotonin turnover in all the brain areas (hypothalamus, hippocampus amygdala) in stressed rats endorsing its monoamine oxidase inhibition property. Inhibition of TDO enzyme activity and its gene expression by the drug provides new insights for the development of therapeutic interventions for stress related mental illnesses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Corticosterone/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Hypericum
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/enzymology
- Male
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plants, Medicinal
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Serotonin/biosynthesis
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/enzymology
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/psychology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tryptophan Oxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tryptophan Oxygenase/genetics
- Tryptophan Oxygenase/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samina Bano
- Clinical Biochemistry and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi
| | - Iffat Ara
- Clinical Biochemistry and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi
| | | | - Tariq Moattar
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Chaoudhry
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yulia Z, Diana N, Anna S, Michael U. Brain as an endocrine source of circulating 5-hydroxytryptamine in ontogenesis in rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 393:92-8. [PMID: 24952115 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to test the authors' hypothesis stating that the developing brain before the closure of the blood brain barrier (BBB) operates as an endocrine organ that secretes classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides into the general circulation. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was selected as a marker of brain endocrine activity though it is also secreted by peripheral organs. 5-HT was detected in blood of rats in a biologically active concentration at any studied age, from the 21st embryonic day till the 30th postnatal day. The brain was proven to be a source of circulating 5-HT before the BBB closure by showing that the 5-HT concentration in blood decreased significantly after the inhibition of 5-HT synthesis in the brain of neonates. The 5-HT concentration in blood was not diminished after the BBB closure, apparently due to compensatory increase of 5-HT secretion by peripheral sources. Thus, brain-derived 5-HT is delivered to the general circulation before the BBB closure being potentially capable of providing endocrine regulation of target organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zubova Yulia
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nasyrova Diana
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sapronova Anna
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ugrumov Michael
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov str., 119334 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fu HJ, Zhou YR, Bao BH, Jia MX, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Li JX, He HL, Zhou XM. Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph-1)-targeted bone anabolic agents for osteoporosis. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4692-709. [PMID: 24844139 DOI: 10.1021/jm5002293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph-1), the principal enzyme for peripheral serotonin biosynthesis, provides a novel target to design anabolic agents for osteoporosis. Here, we present a design, synthesis of a novel series of ursolic acid derivatives under the guidance of docking technique, and bioevaluation of the derivatives using RBL2H3 cells and ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Of the compounds, 9a showed a potent inhibitory activity on serotonin biosynthesis. Further investigations revealed that 9a, as an efficient Tph-1 binder identified by SPR (estimated KD: 6.82 μM), suppressed the protein and mRNA expressions of Tph-1 and lowered serotonin contents in serum and gut without influence on brain serotonin. Moreover, oral administration of 9a elevated serum level of N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 1 (P1NP), a bone formation marker, and improved bone microarchitecture without estrogenic side effects in ovariectomized rats. Collectively, 9a may serve as a new candidate for bone anabolic drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Fu
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Klomp A, Václavů L, Meerhoff GF, Reneman L, Lucassen PJ. Effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment on neurogenesis and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in adolescent and adult rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97603. [PMID: 24827731 PMCID: PMC4020860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidepressant drug fluoxetine (Prozac) has been increasingly prescribed to children and adolescents with depressive disorders despite a lack of thorough understanding of its therapeutic effects in the paediatric population and of its putative neurodevelopmental effects. Within the framework of PRIOMEDCHILD ERA-NET, we investigated; a) effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a structural readout relevant for antidepressant action and hippocampal development; b) effects on tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) expression, a measure of serotonin synthesis; c) whether treatment effects during adolescence differed from treatment at an adult age, and d) whether they were subregion-specific. Stereological quantification of the number of proliferating (Ki-67+) cells and of the number of young migratory neurons (doublecortin+), revealed a significant age-by-treatment interaction effect, indicating that fluoxetine affects both proliferation and neurogenesis in adolescent-treated rats differently than it does in adult-treated rats. In terms of subregional differences, fluoxetine enhanced proliferation mainly in the dorsal parts of the hippocampus, and neurogenesis in both the suprapyramidal and infrapyramidal blades of the dentate gyrus in adolescent-treated rats, while no such differences were seen in adult-treated rats. Fluoxetine exerted similar age-by-treatment interaction effects on TPH cells mainly in the ventral portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus. We conclude that fluoxetine exerts divergent effects on structural plasticity and serotonin synthesis in adolescent versus adult-treated rats. These preliminary data indicate a differential sensitivity of the adolescent brain to this drug and thus warrant further research into their behavioural and translational aspects. Together with recent related findings, they further call for caution in prescribing these drugs to the adolescent population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Klomp
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Václavů
- Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F. Meerhoff
- Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nasu M, Yada S, Igarashi A, Sutoo D, Akiyama K, Ito M, Yoshida N, Ueda S. Mammalian-specific sequences in pou3f2 contribute to maternal behavior. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:1145-56. [PMID: 24709564 PMCID: PMC4040985 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various mutations have occurred during evolution among orthologs, genes in different species that diverged from a common ancestral gene by speciation. Here, we report the remarkable deterioration of a characteristic mammalian maternal behavior, pup retrieval, in nonmammalized mice, in which the transcription factor Pou3f2 was replaced with the Xenopus ortholog lacking all of the homopolymeric amino acid repeats of mammalian POU3F2. Most of the pups born to the nonmammalized mice died within days after birth, depending on the dam genotype alone. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreases in the rate-limiting enzymes of dopamine and serotonin synthesis in various brain structures. Similar results were obtained in knock-in mice in which all of the homopolymeric amino acid repeats of mammalian POU3F2 were removed. Pup retrieval behavior in mammals is thus strongly related to monoamine neurotransmitter levels via the acquisition of homopolymeric amino acid repeats during mammalian evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nasu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Yada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Igarashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Den'etsu Sutoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, JapanInstitute of Medical Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kayo Akiyama
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Meguru Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yoshida
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaroh Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dose F, Zanon P, Coslovich T, Taccola G. Nanomolar oxytocin synergizes with weak electrical afferent stimulation to activate the locomotor CpG of the rat spinal cord in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92967. [PMID: 24658101 PMCID: PMC3962494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synergizing the effect of afferent fibre stimulation with pharmacological interventions is a desirable goal to trigger spinal locomotor activity, especially after injury. Thus, to better understand the mechanisms to optimize this process, we studied the role of the neuropeptide oxytocin (previously shown to stimulate locomotor networks) on network and motoneuron properties using the isolated neonatal rat spinal cord. On motoneurons oxytocin (1 nM–1 μM) generated sporadic bursts with superimposed firing and dose-dependent depolarization. No desensitization was observed despite repeated applications. Tetrodotoxin completely blocked the effects of oxytocin, demonstrating the network origin of the responses. Recording motoneuron pool activity from lumbar ventral roots showed oxytocin mediated depolarization with synchronous bursts, and depression of reflex responses in a stimulus and peptide-concentration dependent fashion. Disinhibited bursting caused by strychnine and bicuculline was accelerated by oxytocin whose action was blocked by the oxytocin antagonist atosiban. Fictive locomotion appeared when subthreshold concentrations of NMDA plus 5HT were coapplied with oxytocin, an effect prevented after 24 h incubation with the inhibitor of 5HT synthesis, PCPA. When fictive locomotion was fully manifested, oxytocin did not change periodicity, although cycle amplitude became smaller. A novel protocol of electrical stimulation based on noisy waveforms and applied to one dorsal root evoked stereotypic fictive locomotion. Whenever the stimulus intensity was subthreshold, low doses of oxytocin triggered fictive locomotion although oxytocin per se did not affect primary afferent depolarization evoked by dorsal root pulses. Among the several functional targets for the action of oxytocin at lumbar spinal cord level, the present results highlight how small concentrations of this peptide could bring spinal networks to threshold for fictive locomotion in combination with other protocols, and delineate the use of oxytocin to strengthen the efficiency of electrical stimulation to activate locomotor circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dose
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (S.I.S.S.A.), Trieste, Italy
- Spinal Person Injury Neurorehabilitation Applied Laboratory (S.P.I.N.A.L.), Istituto di Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione (IMFR), Udine, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zanon
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (S.I.S.S.A.), Trieste, Italy
- Spinal Person Injury Neurorehabilitation Applied Laboratory (S.P.I.N.A.L.), Istituto di Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione (IMFR), Udine, Italy
| | - Tamara Coslovich
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (S.I.S.S.A.), Trieste, Italy
- Spinal Person Injury Neurorehabilitation Applied Laboratory (S.P.I.N.A.L.), Istituto di Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione (IMFR), Udine, Italy
| | - Giuliano Taccola
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (S.I.S.S.A.), Trieste, Italy
- Spinal Person Injury Neurorehabilitation Applied Laboratory (S.P.I.N.A.L.), Istituto di Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione (IMFR), Udine, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Islahudin F, Tindall SM, Mellor IR, Swift K, Christensen HEM, Fone KCF, Pleass RJ, Ting KN, Avery SV. The antimalarial drug quinine interferes with serotonin biosynthesis and action. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3618. [PMID: 24402577 PMCID: PMC3885885 DOI: 10.1038/srep03618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The major antimalarial drug quinine perturbs uptake of the essential amino acid tryptophan, and patients with low plasma tryptophan are predisposed to adverse quinine reactions; symptoms of which are similar to indications of tryptophan depletion. As tryptophan is a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT), here we test the hypothesis that quinine disrupts serotonin function. Quinine inhibited serotonin-induced proliferation of yeast as well as human (SHSY5Y) cells. One possible cause of this effect is through inhibition of 5-HT receptor activation by quinine, as we observed here. Furthermore, cells exhibited marked decreases in serotonin production during incubation with quinine. By assaying activity and kinetics of the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2), we showed that quinine competitively inhibits TPH2 in the presence of the substrate tryptophan. The study shows that quinine disrupts both serotonin biosynthesis and function, giving important new insight to the action of quinine on mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farida Islahudin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Malaysia
- Current address: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sarah M. Tindall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ian R. Mellor
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Karen Swift
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Kevin C. F. Fone
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Richard J. Pleass
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Kang-Nee Ting
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Simon V. Avery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|