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Cartas-Cejudo P, Cortés A, Lachén-Montes M, Anaya-Cubero E, Puerta E, Solas M, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E. Neuropathological stage-dependent proteome mapping of the olfactory tract in Alzheimer's disease: From early olfactory-related omics signatures to computational repurposing of drug candidates. Brain Pathol 2024:e13252. [PMID: 38454090 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by an early olfactory dysfunction, progressive memory loss, and behavioral deterioration. Albeit substantial progress has been made in characterizing AD-associated molecular and cellular events, there is an unmet clinical need for new therapies. In this study, olfactory tract proteotyping performed in controls and AD subjects (n = 17/group) showed a Braak stage-dependent proteostatic impairment accompanied by the progressive modulation of amyloid precursor protein and tau functional interactomes. To implement a computational repurposing of drug candidates with the capacity to reverse early AD-related olfactory omics signatures (OMSs), we generated a consensual OMSs database compiling differential omics datasets obtained by mass-spectrometry or RNA-sequencing derived from initial AD across the olfactory axis. Using the Connectivity Map-based drug repurposing approach, PKC, EGFR, Aurora kinase, Glycogen synthase kinase, and CDK inhibitors were the top pharmacologic classes capable to restore multiple OMSs, whereas compounds with targeted activity to inhibit PI3K, Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), microtubules, and Polo-like kinase (PLK) represented a family of drugs with detrimental potential to induce olfactory AD-associated gene expression changes. To validate the potential therapeutic effects of the proposed drugs, in vitro assays were performed. These validation experiments revealed that pretreatment of human neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells with the EGFR inhibitor AG-1478 showed a neuroprotective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage while the pretreatment with the Aurora kinase inhibitor Reversine reduced amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity. Taken together, our data pointed out that OMSs may be useful as substrates for drug repurposing to propose novel neuroprotective treatments against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Cartas-Cejudo
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adriana Cortés
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Lachén-Montes
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Anaya-Cubero
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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Escalada P, Ezkurdia A, Ramírez MJ, Solas M. Essential Role of Astrocytes in Learning and Memory. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1899. [PMID: 38339177 PMCID: PMC10856373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most biologically relevant functions of astrocytes within the CNS is the regulation of synaptic transmission, i.e., the physiological basis for information transmission between neurons. Changes in the strength of synaptic connections are indeed thought to be the cellular basis of learning and memory. Importantly, astrocytes have been demonstrated to tightly regulate these processes via the release of several gliotransmitters linked to astrocytic calcium activity as well as astrocyte-neuron metabolic coupling. Therefore, astrocytes seem to be integrators of and actors upon learning- and memory-relevant information. In this review, we focus on the role of astrocytes in learning and memory processes. We delineate the recognized inputs and outputs of astrocytes and explore the influence of manipulating astrocytes on behaviour across diverse learning paradigms. We conclude that astrocytes influence learning and memory in various manners. Appropriate astrocytic Ca2+ dynamics are being increasingly identified as central contributors to memory formation and retrieval. In addition, astrocytes regulate brain rhythms essential for cognition, and astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation is required for memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Escalada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (P.E.); (A.E.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Amaia Ezkurdia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (P.E.); (A.E.); (M.J.R.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Javier Ramírez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (P.E.); (A.E.); (M.J.R.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (P.E.); (A.E.); (M.J.R.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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3
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Pérez-Silanes S, Martisova E, Moreno E, Solas M, Plano D, Sanmartin C, Ramírez MJ. Novel Pitolisant-Derived Sulfonyl Compounds for Alzheimer Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:799. [PMID: 38255872 PMCID: PMC10815131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, behavioral changes, and other neurological symptoms. Considering the urgent need for new AD therapeutics, in the present study we designed, synthesized, and evaluated multitarget compounds structurally inspired by sulfonylureas and pitolisant with the aim of obtaining multitarget ligands for AD treatment. Due to the diversity of chemical scaffolds, a novel strategy has been adopted by merging into one structure moieties displaying H3R antagonism and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Eight compounds, selected by their binding activity on H3R, showed a moderate ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro, and two of the compounds (derivatives 2 and 7) were also capable of increasing acetylcholine release in vitro. Among the tested compounds, derivative 2 was identified and selected for further in vivo studies. Compound 2 was able to reverse scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits with results comparable to those of galantamine, a drug used in clinics for treating AD. In addition to its efficacy, this compound showed moderate BBB permeation in vitro. Altogether, these results point out that the fragment-like character of compound 2 leads to an optimal starting point for a plausible medicinal chemistry approach for this novel strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - María Javier Ramírez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.P.-S.); (E.M.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (D.P.); (C.S.)
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4
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Janeiro MH, Solas M, Orbe J, Rodríguez JA, Sanchez de Muniain L, Escalada P, Yip PK, Ramirez MJ. Trimethylamine N-Oxide as a Mediator Linking Peripheral to Central Inflammation: An In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17557. [PMID: 38139384 PMCID: PMC10743393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the plausible role of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a microbiota metabolite, was investigated as a link between peripheral inflammation and the inflammation of the central nervous system using different cell lines. TMAO treatment favored the differentiation of adipocytes from preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cell line). In macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line), which infiltrate adipose tissue in obesity, TMAO increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The treatment with 200 μM of TMAO seemed to disrupt the blood-brain barrier as it induced a significant decrease in the expression of occludin in hCMECs. TMAO also increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in primary neuronal cultures, induced a pro-inflammatory state in primary microglial cultures, and promoted phagocytosis. Data obtained from this project suggest that microbial dysbiosis and increased TMAO secretion could be a key link between peripheral and central inflammation. Thus, TMAO-decreasing compounds may be a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel H. Janeiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.H.J.); (M.S.); (L.S.d.M.); (P.E.)
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.H.J.); (M.S.); (L.S.d.M.); (P.E.)
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josune Orbe
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)-Ictus, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- CIBER Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leyre Sanchez de Muniain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.H.J.); (M.S.); (L.S.d.M.); (P.E.)
| | - Paula Escalada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.H.J.); (M.S.); (L.S.d.M.); (P.E.)
| | - Ping K. Yip
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Maria J. Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.H.J.); (M.S.); (L.S.d.M.); (P.E.)
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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5
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Sola-Sevilla N, Mesa-Lombardo A, Aleixo M, Expósito S, Diaz-Perdigón T, Azqueta A, Zamani F, Suzuki T, Maioli S, Eroli F, Matton A, Ramírez MJ, Solas M, Tordera RM, Martín ED, Puerta E. SIRT2 Inhibition Rescues Neurodegenerative Pathology but Increases Systemic Inflammation in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:529-550. [PMID: 37698780 PMCID: PMC10577113 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) has been proposed to have a central role on aging, inflammation, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases; however, its specific function remains controversial. Recent studies propose SIRT2 pharmacological inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Surprisingly, none of these published studies regarding the potential interest of SIRT2 inhibition has assessed the peripheral adverse side consequences of this treatment. In this study, we demonstrate that the specific SIRT2 inhibitor, the compound 33i, does not exhibit genotoxic or mutagenic properties. Moreover, pharmacological treatment with 33i, improved cognitive dysfunction and long-term potentiation, reducing amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation in the APP/PS1 AD mouse model. However, this treatment increased peripheral levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF, IL-6 and MCP-1. Accordingly, peripheral SIRT2 inhibition with the blood brain barrier impermeable compound AGK-2, worsened the cognitive capacities and increased systemic inflammation. The analysis of human samples revealed that SIRT2 is increased in the brain but not in the serum of AD patients. These results suggest that, although SIRT2 pharmacological inhibition may have beneficial consequences in neurodegenerative diseases, its pharmacological inhibition at the periphery would not be recommended and the systemic adverse side effects should be considered. This information is essential to maximize the therapeutic potential of SIRT2 inhibition not only for AD but also for other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Sola-Sevilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alberto Mesa-Lombardo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neurosciences, Medical School, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Aleixo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Expósito
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Diaz-Perdigón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Silvia Maioli
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Eroli
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Matton
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Tordera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eduardo D Martín
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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6
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Ardanaz CG, Ezkurdia A, Bejarano A, Echarte B, Smerdou C, Martisova E, Martínez-Valbuena I, Luquin MR, Ramírez MJ, Solas M. JNK3 Overexpression in the Entorhinal Cortex Impacts on the Hippocampus and Induces Cognitive Deficiencies and Tau Misfolding. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37236204 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are a family of protein kinases activated by a myriad of stimuli consequently modulating a vast range of biological processes. In human postmortem brain samples affected with Alzheimer's disease (AD), JNK overactivation has been described; however, its role in AD onset and progression is still under debate. One of the earliest affected areas in the pathology is the entorhinal cortex (EC). Noteworthy, the deterioration of the projection from EC to hippocampus (Hp) point toward the idea that the connection between EC and Hp is lost in AD. Thus, the main objective of the present work is to address if JNK3 overexpression in the EC could impact on the hippocampus, inducing cognitive deficits. Data obtained in the present work suggest that JNK3 overexpression in the EC influences the Hp leading to cognitive impairment. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokine expression and Tau immunoreactivity were increased both in the EC and in the Hp. Therefore, activation of inflammatory signaling and induction of Tau aberrant misfolding caused by JNK3 could be responsible for the observed cognitive impairment. Altogether, JNK3 overexpression in the EC may impact on the Hp inducing cognitive dysfunction and underlie the alterations observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Ardanaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Ezkurdia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Bejarano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Echarte
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Martisova
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iván Martínez-Valbuena
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences Division, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8 Toronto, Canada
| | - María-Rosario Luquin
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences Division, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Solas M, Vela S, Smerdou C, Martisova E, Martínez-Valbuena I, Luquin MR, Ramírez MJ. JNK Activation in Alzheimer's Disease Is Driven by Amyloid β and Is Associated with Tau Pathology. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 36976903 PMCID: PMC10119940 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) is suggested to play a key role in neurodegenerative disorders, especially in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unclear whether JNK or amyloid β (Aβ) appears first in the disease onset. Postmortem brain tissues from four dementia subtypes of patients (frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, and AD) were used to measure activated JNK (pJNK) and Aβ levels. pJNK expression is significantly increased in AD; however, similar pJNK expression was found in other dementias. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation, co-localization, and direct interaction between pJNK expression and Aβ levels in AD. Significant increased levels of pJNK were also found in Tg2576 mice, a model of AD. In this line, Aβ42 intracerebroventricular injection in wild-type mice was able to induce a significant elevation of pJNK levels. JNK3 overexpression, achieved by intrahippocampal injection of an adeno-associated viral vector expressing this protein, was enough to induce cognitive deficiencies and precipitate Tau aberrant misfolding in Tg2576 mice without accelerating amyloid pathology. JNK3 overexpression may therefore be triggered by increased Aβ. The latter, together with subsequent involvement of Tau pathology, may be underlying cognitive alterations in early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Vela
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Martisova
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iván Martínez-Valbuena
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences Division, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - María-Rosario Luquin
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences Division, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Pérez-González M, Solas M, Wu Y, Mela V. Editorial: New insights into the role of neuroinflammation and glial cells in the development of neurological disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1170013. [PMID: 37032836 PMCID: PMC10080992 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1170013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-González
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yixing Wu
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Mela
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Virginia Mela
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9
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Ezkurdia A, Ramírez MJ, Solas M. Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054354. [PMID: 36901787 PMCID: PMC10001958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main type of dementia and is a disease with a profound socioeconomic burden due to the lack of effective treatment. In addition to genetics and environmental factors, AD is highly associated with metabolic syndrome, defined as the combination of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Among these risk factors, the connection between AD and T2DM has been deeply studied. It has been suggested that the mechanism linking both conditions is insulin resistance. Insulin is an important hormone that regulates not only peripheral energy homeostasis but also brain functions, such as cognition. Insulin desensitization, therefore, could impact normal brain function increasing the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders in later life. Paradoxically, it has been demonstrated that decreased neuronal insulin signalling can also have a protective role in aging and protein-aggregation-associated diseases, as is the case in AD. This controversy is fed by studies focused on neuronal insulin signalling. However, the role of insulin action on other brain cell types, such as astrocytes, is still unexplored. Therefore, it is worthwhile exploring the involvement of the astrocytic insulin receptor in cognition, as well as in the onset and/or development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Ezkurdia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J. Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Lanz M, Janeiro MH, Milagro FI, Puerta E, Ludwig IA, Pineda-Lucena A, Ramírez MJ, Solas M. Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) drives insulin resistance and cognitive deficiencies in a senescence accelerated mouse model. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 204:111668. [PMID: 35341897 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that ageing is the major risk factor for cognitive deficiency and it is becoming increasingly evident that insulin resistance is another factor. Biological plausibility for a link between insulin resistance and dementia is relevant for understanding disease etiology, and to form bases for prevention efforts to decrease disease burden. In the present study, peripheral and central insulin resistance was found in SAMP8 mice (aging mouse model) accompanied by cognitive deficiencies. Furthermore, a marked peripheral inflammatory state was observed in SAMP8 mice, followed by neuroinflammation that could be due to a higher cytokine leaking into the brain across an aging-disrupted blood brain barrier. Moreover, aging-induced gut dysbiosis produces higher TMAO that could also contribute to the peripheral and central inflammatory tone as well as to the cognitive deficiencies observed in SAMP8 mice. All those alterations were reversed by DMB, a treatment that decreases TMAO levels. Data obtained from this project suggest that microbial dysbiosis and increased TMAO secretion could be a key link between aging, insulin resistance and dementia. Thus, pharmacological intervention that leads to decreased TMAO levels, such as DMB, could open a new avenue for the future treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lanz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel H Janeiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermin I Milagro
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERobn, CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- Program of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII 55, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Program of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII 55, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose supply from the blood to the brain is controlled by the glucose transporter GLUT1, highly expressed in astrocytes, which coordinate brain glucose supply, metabolization and storage. Ablating GLUT1 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells leads to BBB breakdown, brain glucose hypometabolism and impaired cognition, but this approach cannot discriminate between insufficient glucose supply and BBB breakdown-derived effects. Such question is the focus of the present work, which aims to elucidate the relevance of astrocytic GLUT1 to cellular, brain and systemic glucose metabolism, and to cognition. METHODS To address these questions, GLUT1 was ablated from primary astrocytes. Cellular metabolism was examined using an extracellular flux analyzer (Seahorse). In vivo, astrocytic GLUT1 was ablated using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre/LoxP approach (GLUT1ΔGFAP mice). 18 F-FDG PET, glucose and insulin tolerance and insulin secretion and fasting-induced hyperphagia were characterized. BBB integrity was examined by vessel immunostaining and capillary-depleted brain analysis. Recognition and spatial memory were assessed using Novel Object Recognition and Morris Water Maze tasks. To address the implication of purinergic signaling in those effects, a purinergic receptor antagonist (PPADS) was intracerebroventricularly administered before each behavioral test. RESULTS GLUT1-ablated astrocytes showed reduced glucose uptake and glycolysis, although preserving total ATP production. Unexpectedly, postnatal astrocytic GLUT1 deletion increased CNS glucose utilization. GLUT1ΔGFAP mice showed an improved metabolic status from which obese animals especially benefited. Specifically, GLUT1ΔGFAP mice were more efficient at suppressing hyperphagia and readjusting systemic glucose levels after hyperglycemia, exhibiting marked increase in insulin secretion. These effects were coupled with enhanced BAT activity, and reduced BAT adiposity. In parallel with this improved systemic homeostasis, GLUT1ΔGFAP mice performed both recognition and spatial memory tasks properly, even outperforming control mice. Noteworthy, those effects could be due to higher astrocytic ATP release. Indeed, central administration of PPADS could reverse improvements in metabolic and cognitive behaviors in mice with astrocyte GLUT1 knockout. CONCLUSION Overall, this study demonstrates that astrocytic GLUT1 ablation impairs astrocytic glucose availability but enhances brain glucose utilization, reprograms systemic glucose metabolism towards a more efficient glucose-handling phenotype and promotes cognitive abilities, which could be a key factor in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
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12
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Abstract
Even though the involvement of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and its receptors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is widely accepted, data on the expression and the role of 5-HT7 receptors in AD is relatively limited. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to study the expression of serotonergic 5-HT7 receptors in postmortem samples of AD brains and correlate it with neurotransmitter levels, cognition and behavior. The study population consisted of clinically well-characterized and neuropathologically confirmed AD patients (n = 42) and age-matched control subjects (n = 18). Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography were performed on Brodmann area (BA) 7, BA10, BA22, BA24, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and cerebellum to measure mRNA levels of 5-HT7 receptors (HTR7), as well as the concentrations of various monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites. Decreased levels of HTR7 mRNA were observed in BA10. A significant association was observed between HTR7 levels in BA10 and BEHAVE-AD cluster B (hallucinations) (rs(28) = 0.444, P < 0.05). In addition, a negative correlation was observed between HTR7 levels in BA10 and both MHPG concentrations in this brain region (rs(45) = -0.311; P < 0.05), and DOPAC levels in the amygdala (rs(42) = -0.311; P < 0.05). Quite surprisingly, no association was found between HTR7 levels and cognitive status. Altogether, this study supports the notion of the involvement of 5-HT7 receptors in psychotic symptoms in AD, suggesting the interest of testing antagonist acting at this receptor to specifically treat psychotic symptoms in this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Solas
- Dpt Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jana Janssens
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - U Ocariz
- Dpt Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yannick Vermeiren
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria J Ramirez
- Dpt Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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13
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Solas M, Van Dam D, Janssens J, Ocariz U, Vermeiren Y, De Deyn PP, Ramirez MJ. 5-HT 7 receptors in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105185. [PMID: 34555475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Even though the involvement of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and its receptors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is widely accepted, data on the expression and the role of 5-HT7 receptors in AD is relatively limited. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to study the expression of serotonergic 5-HT7 receptors in postmortem samples of AD brains and correlate it with neurotransmitter levels, cognition and behavior. The study population consisted of clinically well-characterized and neuropathologically confirmed AD patients (n = 42) and age-matched control subjects (n = 18). Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography were performed on Brodmann area (BA) 7, BA10, BA22, BA24, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and cerebellum to measure mRNA levels of 5-HT7 receptors (HTR7), as well as the concentrations of various monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites. Decreased levels of HTR7 mRNA were observed in BA10. A significant association was observed between HTR7 levels in BA10 and BEHAVE-AD cluster B (hallucinations) (rs(28) = 0.444, P < 0.05). In addition, a negative correlation was observed between HTR7 levels in BA10 and both MHPG concentrations in this brain region (rs(45) = -0.311; P < 0.05), and DOPAC levels in the amygdala (rs(42) = -0.311; P < 0.05). Quite surprisingly, no association was found between HTR7 levels and cognitive status. Altogether, this study supports the notion of the involvement of 5-HT7 receptors in psychotic symptoms in AD, suggesting the interest of testing antagonist acting at this receptor to specifically treat psychotic symptoms in this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Solas
- Dpt Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jana Janssens
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - U Ocariz
- Dpt Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yannick Vermeiren
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria J Ramirez
- Dpt Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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14
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Cortés A, Solas M, Pejenaute Á, Abellanas MA, Garcia-Lacarte M, Aymerich MS, Marqués J, Ramírez MJ, Zalba G. Expression of Endothelial NOX5 Alters the Integrity of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Causes Loss of Memory in Aging Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081311. [PMID: 34439558 PMCID: PMC8389305 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-Brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a hallmark of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, and oxidative stress is one of the molecular mechanisms that may underlie this process. NADPH oxidases (NOX) are involved in oxidative stress-mediated vascular dysfunction and participate in the pathophysiology of its target organs. The NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) isoform is absent in rodents, and although little is known about the role it may play in disrupting the BBB, it has recently been implicated in experimental stroke. Our aim was to investigate the role of NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) in promoting vascular alterations and to identify its impact on the cognitive status of aged mice. No differences were detected in the arterial blood pressure or body weight between knock-in mice expressing endothelial NOX5 and the control mice. The Morris water maze test showed memory impairments in the aged knock-in mice expressing NOX5 compared with their control littermates. For assessing the BBB integrity, we studied the protein expression of two tight junction (TJ) proteins: Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Compared to the control animals, Aged NOX5 mice exhibited reduced levels of both proteins, demonstrating an alteration of the BBB integrity. Our data indicate that vascular NOX5 may favor behavioral changes with aging through oxidative stress-mediated BBB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.); (Á.P.); (M.A.A.); (M.G.-L.); (M.S.A.); (J.M.)
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.S.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Álvaro Pejenaute
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.); (Á.P.); (M.A.A.); (M.G.-L.); (M.S.A.); (J.M.)
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Abellanas
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.); (Á.P.); (M.A.A.); (M.G.-L.); (M.S.A.); (J.M.)
- Neuroscience Program CIMA, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marcos Garcia-Lacarte
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.); (Á.P.); (M.A.A.); (M.G.-L.); (M.S.A.); (J.M.)
| | - Maria S. Aymerich
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.); (Á.P.); (M.A.A.); (M.G.-L.); (M.S.A.); (J.M.)
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroscience Program CIMA, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Marqués
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.); (Á.P.); (M.A.A.); (M.G.-L.); (M.S.A.); (J.M.)
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J. Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.S.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Guillermo Zalba
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.); (Á.P.); (M.A.A.); (M.G.-L.); (M.S.A.); (J.M.)
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-425-600
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15
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Janeiro MH, Ardanaz CG, Sola-Sevilla N, Dong J, Cortés-Erice M, Solas M, Puerta E, Ramírez MJ. Biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Lab Med 2021; 2:27-50. [PMID: 37359199 PMCID: PMC10197496 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2020-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. AD is the main cause of dementia worldwide and aging is the main risk factor for developing the illness. AD classical diagnostic criteria rely on clinical data. However, the development of a biological definition of AD using biomarkers that reflect the underling neuropathology is needed. Content The aim of this review is to describe the main outcomes when measuring classical and novel biomarkers in biological fluids or neuroimaging. Summary Nowadays, there are three classical biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD: Aβ42, t-Tau and p-Tau. The diagnostic use of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers is limited due to invasive collection by lumbar puncture with potential side effects. Plasma/serum measurements are the gold standard in clinics, because they are minimally invasive and, in consequence, easily collected and processed. The two main proteins implicated in the pathological process, Aβ and Tau, can be visualized using neuroimaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography. Outlook As it is currently accepted that AD starts decades before clinical symptoms could be diagnosed, the opportunity to detect biological alterations prior to clinical symptoms would allow early diagnosis or even perhaps change treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel H. Janeiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos G. Ardanaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noemí Sola-Sevilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jinya Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Cortés-Erice
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J. Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
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16
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Gil-Iturbe E, Solas M, Cuadrado-Tejedo M, García-Osta A, Escoté X, Ramírez MJ, Lostao MP. GLUT12 Expression in Brain of Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:798-805. [PMID: 31473905 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain depends on glucose as a source of energy. This implies the presence of glucose transporters, being GLUT1 and GLUT3 the most relevant. Expression of GLUT12 is found in mouse and human brain at low levels. We previously demonstrated GLUT12 upregulation in the frontal cortex of aged subjects that was even higher in aged Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. However, the cause and the mechanism through which this increase occurs are still unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate whether the upregulation of GLUT12 in AD is related with aging or Aβ deposition in comparison with GLUT1, GLUT3, and GLUT4. In the frontal cortex of two amyloidogenic mouse models (Tg2576 and APP/PS1) GLUT12 levels were increased. Contrary, expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 were decreased, while GLUT4 did not change. In aged mice and the senescence-accelerated model SAMP8, GLUT12 and GLUT4 were upregulated in comparison with young animals. GLUT1 and GLUT3 did not show significant changes with age. The effect of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition was also evaluated in Aβ peptide i.c.v. injected mice. In the hippocampus, GLUT12 expression increased whereas GLUT4 was not modified. Consistent with the results in the amyloidogenic models, GLUT3 and GLUT1 were downregulated. In summary, Aβ increases GLUT12 protein expression in the brain pointing out a central role of the transporter in AD pathology and opening new perspectives for the treatment of this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gil-Iturbe
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Nutrition Research Centre, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mar Cuadrado-Tejedo
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Division of Neurosciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana García-Osta
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Division of Neurosciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xavier Escoté
- Nutrition Research Centre, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Eurecat, Reus, Spain
| | - María Javier Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Pilar Lostao
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. .,Nutrition Research Centre, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. .,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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17
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Vela S, Sainz N, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Solas M, Ramirez MJ. DHA Selectively Protects SAMP-8-Associated Cognitive Deficits Through Inhibition of JNK. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1618-1627. [PMID: 29911253 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A potential role of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) has been suggested in memory, learning, and cognitive processes. Therefore, ω-3 PUFAs might be a promising treatment option, albeit controversial, for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among the different mechanisms that have been proposed as responsible for the beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs, inhibition of JNK stands as a particularly interesting candidate. In the present work, it has been studied whether the administration of two different PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) and a DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator (MaR1) is able to reverse cognitive deficits in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse model of sporadic AD. The novel object recognition test (NORT) test showed that recognition memory was significantly impaired in SAMP8 mice, as shown by a significantly decreased discrimination index that was reversed by MaR1 and DHA. In the retention phase of the Morris water maze (MWM) task, SAMP8 mice showed memory deficit that only DHA treatment was able to reverse. pJNK levels were significantly increased in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice compared to SAMR1 mice, and only DHA treatment was able to significantly reverse these increased pJNK levels. Similar results were found when measuring c-Jun, the main JNK substrate. Consequently to the increases in tau phosphorylation after increased pJNK, it was checked that tau phosphorylation (PHF-1) was increased in SAMP mice, and this effect was reversed after DHA treatment. Altogether, DHA could represent a new approach for the treatment of AD through JNK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vela
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Neira Sainz
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Moreno-Aliaga
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. .,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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18
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Ferrero H, Larrayoz IM, Solas M, Martínez A, Ramírez MJ, Gil-Bea FJ. Reduced Adrenomedullin Parallels Microtubule Dismantlement in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9328-9333. [PMID: 29671277 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein highly expressed in neurons with a chief role in microtubule dynamics and axonal maintenance. Adrenomedullin gene (ADM) codifies for various peptides that exert broad range of actions in the body. Previous works in our groups have shown that increased ADM products are positively correlated to microtubule disruption and tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease brains. In the present study, we explore the involvement of ADM in the neuropathology of frontotemporal lobar degeneration that presents with primary tauopathy (FTLD-tau). Proteins from frontal cortices of FTLD-tau patients and age- and sex-matched non-demented controls were analyzed with antibodies against different microtubule components, including adrenomedullin, and synaptic markers. Tau pathology in frontal cortex from FTLD patients was confirmed. Levels of total βIII-tubulin as well as acetylated and detyrosinated tubulins, two markers of stabilized and aged microtubules, were significantly reduced and directly correlated with PSD95 and proBDNF in FTLD-tau patients when compared to non-demented controls. In contrast, no change in actin cytoskeleton was found. Interestingly, changes in microtubule elements, indicators of disturbed axonal preservation, were accompanied by decreased levels of free adrenomedullin, although no association was found. Altogether, reduced levels of adrenomedullin might not be directly linked to the microtubule pathology of FTLD-tau, but based on previous works, it is suggested that downregulation of ADM might be an adaptive attempt of neurons to mitigate microtubule disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ferrero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - María J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Gil-Bea
- Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Health Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain.
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Solas M, Milagro FI, Ramírez MJ, Martínez JA. Inflammation and gut-brain axis link obesity to cognitive dysfunction: plausible pharmacological interventions. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 37:87-92. [PMID: 29107872 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity prevalence is increasing steadily throughout the world's population in most countries and in parallel the prevalence of metabolic disorders including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes is also rising, but less is reported about excessive adiposity relationship with poorer cognitive performance, cognitive decline and dementia. Some human clinical studies have evidenced that obesity is related to the risk of the development of mild cognitive impairment, in the form of short-term memory and executive function deficits, as well as dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The precise mechanisms that underlie the connections between obesity and the risk of cognitive impairment are still largely unknown but potential avenues of further research include insulin resistance, the gut-brain axis, and systemic mediators and central inflammation processes. A common feature of metabolic diseases is a chronic and low-grade activation of the inflammatory system. This inflammation may eventually spread from peripheral tissue to the brain, and recent reports suggest that neuroinflammation is an important causal mechanism in cognitive decline. This inflammatory status could be triggered by changes in the gut microbiota composition. Consumption of diets high in fat and sugar influences the microbiota composition, which may lead to an imbalanced microbial population in the gut. Thus, it has recently been hypothesized that the gut microbiota could be part of a mechanistic link between the consumption of high fat and other unbalanced diets and impaired cognition, termed 'gut-brain axis'. The present review will aim at providing an integrative analysis of the effects of obesity and unbalanced diets on cognitive performance and discusses some of the potential mechanisms involved, namely inflammation and changes in gut-brain axis. Moreover, the review aims to analyze anti-inflammatory drugs that have been tested for the treatment of cognition and obesity, recently approved anti-obesity drugs that could also have an impact on central nervous system, and bioactive food compounds that modulate gut microbiota and could have an impact through the gut-brain axis. In this era of precision nutrition medicine, it is imperative to identify the various metabolic-neurocognitive phenotypes in order to understand the processes that drive these diseases so that targeted therapeutic strategies to prevent and successfully manage these complex, multifactorial diseases could be designed and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Fermin I Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERobn, CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERobn, CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Food Institute, Madrid, Spain
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Ferrero H, Larrayoz IM, Martisova E, Solas M, Howlett DR, Francis PT, Gil-Bea FJ, Martínez A, Ramírez MJ. Increased Levels of Brain Adrenomedullin in the Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5177-5183. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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López V, Nielsen B, Solas M, Ramírez MJ, Jäger AK. Exploring Pharmacological Mechanisms of Lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia) Essential Oil on Central Nervous System Targets. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:280. [PMID: 28579958 PMCID: PMC5437114 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lavender essential oil is traditionally used and approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) as herbal medicine to relieve stress and anxiety. Some animal and clinical studies reveal positive results in models of anxiety and depression although very little research has been done on molecular mechanisms. Our work consisted of evaluating the effects of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil on central nervous system well-established targets, such as MAO-A, SERT, GABAAand NMDA receptors as well as in vitro models of neurotoxicity. The results showed that lavender essential oil and its main components exert affinity for the glutamate NMDA-receptor in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 0.04 μl/mL for lavender oil. In addition, lavender and linalool were also able to bind the serotonin transporter (SERT) whereas they did not show affinity for GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor. In three different models of neurotoxicity, lavender did not enhance the neurotoxic insult and improved viability of SH-SY5Y cells treated with hydrogen peroxide. According to our data, the anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects attributed to lavender may be due to an antagonism on the NMDA-receptor and inhibition of SERT. This study suggests that lavender essential oil may exert pharmacological properties via modulating the NMDA receptor, the SERT as well as neurotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor López
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San JorgeZaragoza, Spain.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Maria J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Anna K Jäger
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
In the present work, the involvement of JNK in insulin signaling alterations and its role in glutamatergic deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been studied. In postmortem cortical tissues, pJNK levels were increased, while insulin signaling and the expression of VGLUT1 were decreased. A significant correlation was found between reduced expression of insulin receptor and VGLUT1. The administration of a JNK inhibitor reversed the decrease in VGLUT1 expression found in a mice model of insulin resistance. It is suggested that activation of JNK in AD inhibits insulin signaling which could lead to a decreased expression of VGLUT1, therefore contributing to the glutamatergic deficit in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Javier Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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23
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Jais A, Solas M, Backes H, Chaurasia B, Kleinridders A, Theurich S, Mauer J, Steculorum SM, Hampel B, Goldau J, Alber J, Förster CY, Eming SA, Schwaninger M, Ferrara N, Karsenty G, Brüning JC. Myeloid-Cell-Derived VEGF Maintains Brain Glucose Uptake and Limits Cognitive Impairment in Obesity. Cell 2016; 166:1338-1340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Solas M, Milagro FI, Martínez-Urbistondo D, Ramirez MJ, Martínez JA. Precision Obesity Treatments Including Pharmacogenetic and Nutrigenetic Approaches. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:575-593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Rodriguez-Perdigon M, Tordera RM, Gil-Bea FJ, Gerenu G, Ramirez MJ, Solas M. Down-regulation of glutamatergic terminals (VGLUT1) driven by Aβ in Alzheimer's disease. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1303-12. [PMID: 27258819 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized phenotypically by memory impairment, histologically by accumulation of pTau and β-amyloid peptide and morphologically by a loss of nerve terminals in cortical and hippocampal regions. As glutamate is the principle excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (CNS), the glutamatergic system may play an important role in AD. To date, not many studies have addressed the deleterious effects of Aβ on glutamatergic terminals; therefore the aim of this study was to investigate how Aβ affects glutamatergic terminals and to assess the extent to which alterations in the glutamatergic neurotransmission could impact susceptibility to the illness. The present study shows that Aβ caused a loss of glutamatergic terminals, measured by VGLUT1 protein levels, in Tg2576 primary cell cultures, Tg2576 mice and AD patient brains, and also when Aβ was added exogenously to hippocampal cell cultures. Interestingly, no correlation was found between cognition and decreased VGLUT1 levels. Moreover, when Aβ1-42 was intracerebroventricularlly administered into VGLUT1+/- mice, altered synaptic plasticity and increased neuroinflammation was observed in the hippocampus of those animals. In conclusion, the present study not only revealed susceptibility of glutamatergic nerve terminals to Aβ induced toxicity but also underlined the importance of VGLUT1 in the progression of AD, as the decrease of this protein levels could increase the susceptibility to subsequent deleterious inputs by exacerbating Aβ induced neuroinflammation and synaptic plasticity disruption. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa María Tordera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,IdiSNA Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gil-Bea
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Neuroscience, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gorka Gerenu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Maria Javier Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,IdiSNA Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain. .,IdiSNA Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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26
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Jais A, Solas M, Backes H, Chaurasia B, Kleinridders A, Theurich S, Mauer J, Steculorum SM, Hampel B, Goldau J, Alber J, Förster CY, Eming SA, Schwaninger M, Ferrara N, Karsenty G, Brüning JC. Myeloid-Cell-Derived VEGF Maintains Brain Glucose Uptake and Limits Cognitive Impairment in Obesity. Cell 2016; 165:882-95. [PMID: 27133169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) feeding induces rapid reprogramming of systemic metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that HFD feeding of mice downregulates glucose transporter (GLUT)-1 expression in blood-brain barrier (BBB) vascular endothelial cells (BECs) and reduces brain glucose uptake. Upon prolonged HFD feeding, GLUT1 expression is restored, which is paralleled by increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in macrophages at the BBB. In turn, inducible reduction of GLUT1 expression specifically in BECs reduces brain glucose uptake and increases VEGF serum concentrations in lean mice. Conversely, myeloid-cell-specific deletion of VEGF in VEGF(Δmyel) mice impairs BBB-GLUT1 expression, brain glucose uptake, and memory formation in obese, but not in lean mice. Moreover, obese VEGF(Δmyel) mice exhibit exaggerated progression of cognitive decline and neuroinflammation on an Alzheimer's disease background. These experiments reveal that transient, HFD-elicited reduction of brain glucose uptake initiates a compensatory increase of VEGF production and assign obesity-associated macrophage activation a homeostatic role to restore cerebral glucose metabolism, preserve cognitive function, and limit neurodegeneration in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jais
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko Backes
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bhagirath Chaurasia
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - André Kleinridders
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Central Regulation of Metabolism, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; National Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Land Strasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Theurich
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Mauer
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sophie M Steculorum
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Brigitte Hampel
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Goldau
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Alber
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carola Y Förster
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Strasse 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine A Eming
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Napoleone Ferrara
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; National Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Land Strasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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27
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Yarza R, Vela S, Solas M, Ramirez MJ. c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) Signaling as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:321. [PMID: 26793112 PMCID: PMC4709475 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are a family of protein kinases that play a central role in stress signaling pathways implicated in gene expression, neuronal plasticity, regeneration, cell death, and regulation of cellular senescence. It has been shown that there is a JNK pathway activation after exposure to different stressing factors, including cytokines, growth factors, oxidative stress, unfolded protein response signals or Aβ peptides. Altogether, JNKs have become a focus of screening strategies searching for new therapeutic approaches to diabetes, cancer or liver diseases. In addition, activation of JNK has been identified as a key element responsible for the regulation of apoptosis signals and therefore, it is critical for pathological cell death associated with neurodegenerative diseases and, among them, with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies have reported alterations of JNK pathways potentially associated with pathogenesis and neuronal death in AD. JNK’s, particularly JNK3, not only enhance Aβ production, moreover it plays a key role in the maturation and development of neurofibrillary tangles. This review aims to explain the rationale behind testing therapies based on inhibition of JNK signaling for AD in terms of current knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease. Keeping in mind that JNK3 is specifically expressed in the brain and activated by stress-stimuli, it is possible to hypothesize that inhibition of JNK3 might be considered as a potential target for treating neurodegenerative mechanisms associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Yarza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Vela
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health ResearchPamplona, Spain
| | - Maria J Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health ResearchPamplona, Spain
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28
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Rodriguez-Perdigon M, Solas M, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Ramirez MJ. Lipoic acid improves neuronal insulin signalling and rescues cognitive function regulating VGlut1 expression in high-fat-fed rats: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:511-517. [PMID: 26769360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept of central insulin resistance and dysfunctional insulin signalling in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is now widely accepted and diabetes is recognized as one of the main risk factors for developing AD. Moreover, some lines of evidence indicated that VGlut1 is impaired in frontal regions of AD patients and this impairment is correlated with the progression of cognitive decline in AD. The present work hypothesizes that ketosis associated to insulin resistance could interfere with the normal activity of VGlut1 and its role in the release of glutamate in the hippocampus, which might ultimately lead to cognitive deficits. High fat diet (HFD) rats showed memory impairments and both peripheral (as shown by increased fasting plasma insulin levels and HOMA index) and hippocampal (as shown by decreased activation of insulin receptor, IRS-1 and pAkt) insulin pathway alterations, accompanied by increased ketone bodies production. All these effects were counteracted by α-lipoic acid (LA) administration. VGlut1 levels were significantly decreased in the hippocampus of HFD rats, and this decrease was reversed by LA. Altogether, the present results suggest that HFD induced alterations in central insulin signalling could switch metabolism to produce ketone bodies, which in turn, in the hippocampus, might lead to a decreased expression of VGlut1, and therefore to a decreased release of glutamate and hence, to the glutamatergic deficit described in AD. The ability of LA treatment to prevent the alterations in insulin signalling in this model of HFD might represent a possible new therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Moreno-Aliaga
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Spain; Department of Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Javier Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Spain.
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29
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Solas M, Puerta E, Ramirez M. Treatment Options in Alzheimer´s Disease: The GABA Story. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21:4960-71. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666150914121149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Martisova E, Aisa B, Tordera RM, Puerta E, Solas M, Ramirez MJ. Venlafaxine reverses decreased proliferation in the subventricular zone in a rat model of early life stress. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:79-82. [PMID: 26051818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is believed that glucocorticoids control the proliferation of neural progenitor cells, and this process is highly involved in mood disorders and cognitive processes. Using the maternal separation model of chronic neonatal stress, it has been found that stress induced depressive-like behavior, cognitive deficits and a decrease in proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Venlafaxine reversed all deleterious effects of chronic stress by modulating HPA activity. These outcomes suggest modulation of stress-mediated glucocorticoid secretion as a target for the treatment of mood disorders and neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Martisova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bárbara Aisa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Tordera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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Steculorum SM, Solas M, Brüning JC. The paradox of neuronal insulin action and resistance in the development of aging-associated diseases. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:S3-11. [PMID: 24529522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During past decades, ever-increasing life expectancy, despite the development of a sedentary lifestyle and altered eating habits, has led to a dramatic parallel increase in the prevalence of age-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and neurodegenerative disorders. Converging evidence from animal and human studies has indicated that insulin resistance in the central nervous system (CNS) is observed in both T2DM and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), leading to the hypothesis that impaired neuronal insulin action might be a unifying pathomechanism in the development of both diseases. This assumption, however, is in striking contrast to the evolutionary conserved, protective role of impaired insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling (IIS) in aging and in protein aggregation-associated diseases, such as AD. Thus, this review summarizes our current understanding of the physiological role of insulin action in various regions of the CNS to regulate neuronal function, learning, and memory, and to control peripheral metabolism. We also discuss mechanisms and clinical outcomes of neuronal insulin resistance and address the seeming paradox of how impaired neuronal IIS can protect from the development of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Steculorum
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Köln, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing Associated Diseases, Köln, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Köln, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing Associated Diseases, Köln, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Köln, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing Associated Diseases, Köln, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Köln, Germany.
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Solas M, Aisa B, Tordera RM, Mugueta MC, Ramírez MJ. Stress contributes to the development of central insulin resistance during aging: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2332-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Solas M, Gerenu G, Gil-Bea FJ, Ramírez MJ. Mineralocorticoid receptor activation induces insulin resistance through c-Jun N-terminal kinases in response to chronic corticosterone: cognitive implications. J Neuroendocrinol 2013. [PMID: 23181759 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming evident that chronic exposure to glucocorticoids might not only result in insulin resistance or cognitive deficits, but also is considered as a risk factor for pathologies such as depression or Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, in vivo experiments using a non-invasive method of chronic administration of corticosterone in drinking water demonstrated that chronic corticosterone administration led to cognitive impairment in the novel object recognition test and insulin resistance, as shown by significant increases in plasma insulin levels and the homeostatic model assessment index, and decreased insulin receptor phosphorylation. Corticosterone treatment induced an increased expression of stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the hippocampus, accompanied by decreases in glycogen synthase kinase 3β, increases in pTau levels and increased neuronal cell death (caspase-3 activity). All these effects were reversed by the administration of a JNK1 inhibitor or by the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone. It is suggested that the mineralocorticoid receptors and JNK-mediated pathways are involved in the interaction of glucocorticoid-insulin resistance and the development of relevant cellular processes for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Martisova E, Solas M, Gerenu G, I. Milagro F, Campion J, J. Ramirez M. Mechanisms Involved in BACE Upregulation Associated to Stress. Curr Alzheimer Res 2012; 9:822-9. [DOI: 10.2174/156720512802455368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Solas M, Francis PT, Franco R, Ramirez MJ. CB2 receptor and amyloid pathology in frontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:805-8. [PMID: 22763024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid system seems to play an important role in various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The relationship of cannabinoid receptors (CB(1)R and CB(2)R) to cognitive function and neuropathological markers in AD remains unclear. In the present study, postmortem cortical brain tissues (Brodmann area 10) from a cohort of neuropathologically confirmed AD patients and age-matched controls were used to measure CB(1)R and CB(2)R by immunoblotting. Correlational analyses were performed for the neurochemical and cognitive data. CB(1)R expression was significantly decreased in AD. Levels of CB(1)R correlated with hypophagia, but not with any AD molecular marker or cognitive status (Mini Mental State Examination score). The level of CB(2)R was significantly higher (40%) in AD. Increases in the expression of the glial marker glial fibrillar acidic protein were also found. CB(2)R expression did not correlate with cognitive status. Interestingly, expression levels of CB(2)R correlated with two relevant AD molecular markers, Aβ(42) levels and senile plaque score. These results may constitute the basis of CB(2)R-based therapies and/or diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Briones A, Gagno S, Martisova E, Dobarro M, Aisa B, Solas M, Tordera R, Ramírez M. Stress-induced anhedonia is associated with an increase in Alzheimer's disease-related markers. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:897-907. [PMID: 21797840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stress is believed to be associated with the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have studied mechanisms implicated in vulnerability to stress and the relationship with changes in AD-related markers. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Anhedonia induced by a chronic mild stress (CMS) procedure, applied for 6 weeks, was used to select rats vulnerable or resistant to stress. Sucrose intake, the Porsolt forced swimming test and cognitive deficits in the novel object recognition test (NORT) were used to characterize vulnerable and resilient rats. The antidepressant venlafaxine (20 mg·kg(-1) p.o.) or saline was administered daily during the last 2 weeks of CMS. Biochemical markers affected by stress, PKB, ERK and synaptophysin, and those associated with AD, amyloid β-protein (Aβ), β-secretase (BACE1) and τ phosphorylation, were measured in the hippocampus. KEY RESULTS After CMS, 40% of rats were resistant to the development of anhedonia (CMS-resistant to stress), whereas the remaining were responsive [CMS-anhedonic (CMSA)]. Only CMSA rats displayed significant increases in immobility time in the forced swimming test and cognitive deficits in the NORT, and significant decreases in synaptophysin, phosphorylated PKB and phosphorylated ERK1/2 expression in the hippocampus. Increased levels of Aβ40, BACE1 and τ phosphorylation were also found only in CMSA rats. All these effects in CMSA rats were reverted by treatment with venlafaxine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Vulnerability to stress might constitute a risk factor for the development of AD, and pharmacological treatment with venlafaxine may represent a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of stress-related disorders, including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Briones
- Dpto Farmacologia, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Martisova E, Solas M, Horrillo I, Ortega JE, Meana JJ, Tordera RM, Ramírez MJ. Long lasting effects of early-life stress on glutamatergic/GABAergic circuitry in the rat hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1944-53. [PMID: 22245561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to study the effects of an early-life stress (maternal separation, MS) in the excitatory/inhibitory ratio as a potential factor contributing to the ageing process, and the purported normalizing effects of chronic treatment with the antidepressant venlafaxine. MS induced depressive-like behaviour in the Porsolt forced swimming test that was reversed by venlafaxine, and that persisted until senescence. Aged MS rats showed a downregulation of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and 2 (VGlut1 and VGlut2) and GABA transporter (VGAT) and increased expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) in the hippocampus. Aged rats showed decreased expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), while the excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) was affected only by stress. Glutamate receptor subunits NR1 and NR2A and GluR4 were upregulated in stressed rats, and this effect was reversed by venlafaxine. NR2B, GluR1 and GluR2/3 were not affected by either stress or age. MS, both in young and aged rats, induced an increase in the circulating levels of corticosterone. Corticosterone induced an increase glutamate and a decrease in GABA release in hippocampal slices, which was reversed by venlafaxine. Chronic treatment with corticosterone recapitulated the main biochemical findings observed in MS. The different effects that chronic stress exerts in young and adult animals on expression of proteins responsible for glutamate/GABA cycling may explain the involvement of glucocorticoids in ageing-related diseases. Modulation of glutamate/GABA release may be a relevant component of the therapeutic action of antidepressants, such as venlafaxine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Martisova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Gil-Bea FJ, Solas M, Solomon A, Mugueta C, Winblad B, Kivipelto M, Ramirez MJ, Cedazo-Mínguez A. Insulin levels are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of women with prodomal Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 22:405-13. [PMID: 20847404 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have failed to reach consensus on insulin levels in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and on its relation to pathological features. We performed a new analysis in patients at different stages of AD, and investigated the relationship of insulin levels with biochemical disease markers and with cognitive score. We included 99 patients from our Memory Clinic (Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden), including: 27 patients with mild AD, 13 that progressed from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD in two years time, 26 with MCI stable after two years, and 33 with subjective cognitive impairment. Insulin was significantly decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of both women and men with mild AD. Insulin deficits were seen in women belonging to both MCI groups, suggesting that this occurs earlier than in men. Insulin was positively associated with amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42) levels and cognitive score. Furthermore, total-tau/(Aβ1-42*insulin) ratio showed strikingly better sensitivity and specificity than the total-tau/Aβ1-42 ratio for early AD diagnosis in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Gil-Bea
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gil-Bea FJ, Aisa B, Solomon A, Solas M, del Carmen Mugueta M, Winblad B, Kivipelto M, Cedazo-Mínguez A, Ramírez MJ. HPA Axis Dysregulation Associated to Apolipoprotein E4 Genotype in Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 22:829-38. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Gil-Bea
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuropharmacology and Behaviour, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Barbara Aisa
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuropharmacology and Behaviour, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alina Solomon
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuropharmacology and Behaviour, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria del Carmen Mugueta
- Clinical Chemistry Department, University Clinic of Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angel Cedazo-Mínguez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - María J. Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuropharmacology and Behaviour, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Aisa B, Gil-Bea FJ, Solas M, García-Alloza M, Chen CP, Lai MK, Francis PT, Ramírez MJ. Altered NCAM expression associated with the cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20:659-68. [PMID: 20164549 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter system dysfunction and synapse loss have been recognized as hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our hypothesis is that specific neurochemical populations of neurons might be more vulnerable to degeneration in AD due to particular deficits in synaptic plasticity. We have studied, in postmortem brain tissue, the relationship between levels of synaptic markers (NCAM and BDNF), neurochemical measurements (cholinacetyltransferase activity, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and glutamate levels), and clinical data (cognitive status measured as MMSE score). NCAM levels in frontal and temporal cortex from AD patients were significantly lower than control patients. Interestingly, these reductions in NCAM levels were associated to an ApoE4 genotype. Levels of BDNF were also significantly reduced in both frontal and temporal regions in AD patients. The ratio between plasticity markers and neurochemical measurements was used to study which of the neurochemical populations was particularly associated to plasticity changes. In both the frontal and temporal cortex, there was a significant reduction in the ChAT/NCAM ratio in AD samples compared to controls. None of the ratios to BDNF were different between control and AD samples. Furthermore, Pearson's product moment showed a significant positive correlation between MMSE score and the ChAT/NCAM ratio in frontal cortex (n=19; r=0.526*; p=0.037) as well as in temporal cortex (n=19; r=0.601*; p=0.018) in AD patients. Altogether, these data suggest a potential involvement of NCAM expressing neurons in the cognitive deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Aisa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Solas M, Aisa B, Mugueta MC, Del Río J, Tordera RM, Ramírez MJ. Interactions between age, stress and insulin on cognition: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1664-73. [PMID: 20182419 PMCID: PMC3055481 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is much interest in understanding the mechanisms responsible for interactions among stress, aging, memory and Alzheimer's disease. Glucocorticoid secretion associated with early life stress may contribute to the variability of the aging process and to the development of neuro- and psychopathologies. Maternal separation (MS), a model of early life stress in which rats experience 3 h of daily separation from the dam during the first 3 weeks of life, was used to study the interactions between stress and aging. Young (3 months) MS rats showed an altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity, depressive-like behavior in the Porsolt swimming test and cognitive impairments in the Morris water maze and new object recognition test that persisted in aged (18 months) rats. Levels of insulin receptor, phosphorylated insulin receptor and markers of downstream signaling pathways (pAkt, pGSK3 beta, pTau, and pERK1 levels) were significantly decreased in aged rats. There was a significant decrease in pERK2 and in the plasticity marker ARC in MS aged rats compared with single MS or aged rats. It is interesting to note that there was a significant increase in the C99 : C83 ratio, A beta levels, and BACE1 levels the hippocampus of MS aged rats, suggesting that in aged rats subjected to early life stress, there was an increase in the amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). These results are integrated in a tentative mechanism through which aging interplay with stress to influence cognition as the basis of Alzheimer disease (AD). The present results may provide the proof-of-concept for the use of glucocorticoid-/insulin-related drugs in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bárbara Aisa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María C Mugueta
- Clinical Chemistry Department, University Clinic of Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Del Río
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Tordera
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Department of Pharmacology, University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, C/ Irunlarrea, 1, Pamplona, 31008, Spain, Tel: +34 948 425 600; Fax: +34 948 425 649; E-mail:
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Gil-Bea FJ, Solas M, Mateos L, Winblad B, Ramírez MJ, Cedazo-Mínguez A. Cholinergic hypofunction impairs memory acquisition possibly through hippocampal Arc and BDNF downregulation. Hippocampus 2010; 21:999-1009. [PMID: 20865740 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that activity-regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (Arc) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are key players in the cellular mechanisms that trigger synaptic changes and memory consolidation. Cholinergic deafferentiation of hippocampus has been largely shown to induce memory impairments in different behavioral tasks. However, the mechanisms underlying cholinergic-induced memory formation remain unclear. The role of hippocampal cholinergic denervation on synaptic consolidation and further acquisition of spatial memory was hereby examined by analyzing Arc and BDNF in standard environment and after behavioral training in Morris water maze (MWM). In standard environment, a cholinergic hypofunction induced by the toxin (192) IgG-saporin led to significant decreases in Arc protein and mRNA as well as in BDNF. Lesioned rats subjected to MWM showed a worse acquisition performance that was reversed after galantamine treatment. Recovery of memory acquisition was accompanied by normalization of Arc and BDNF levels in hippocampus. Stimulation of muscarinic, but not nicotinic receptors, in hippocampal primary neurons caused a rapid induction of Arc production. These data suggest that cholinergic denervation of hippocampus leads to deficits in muscarinic-dependent induction of Arc and a subsequent impairment of spatial memory acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Gil-Bea
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Borderías AJ, Pérez-Mateos M, Solas M, Montero P. Frozen storage of high-pressure- and heat-induced gels of blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) muscle: rheological, chemical and ultrastructure studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s002170050176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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