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Cartas-Cejudo P, Cortés A, Lachén-Montes M, Anaya-Cubero E, Puerta E, Solas M, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E. Neuropathological stage-dependent proteome mapping of the olfactory tract in Alzheimer's disease: From early olfactory-related omics signatures to computational repurposing of drug candidates. Brain Pathol 2024:e13252. [PMID: 38454090 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by an early olfactory dysfunction, progressive memory loss, and behavioral deterioration. Albeit substantial progress has been made in characterizing AD-associated molecular and cellular events, there is an unmet clinical need for new therapies. In this study, olfactory tract proteotyping performed in controls and AD subjects (n = 17/group) showed a Braak stage-dependent proteostatic impairment accompanied by the progressive modulation of amyloid precursor protein and tau functional interactomes. To implement a computational repurposing of drug candidates with the capacity to reverse early AD-related olfactory omics signatures (OMSs), we generated a consensual OMSs database compiling differential omics datasets obtained by mass-spectrometry or RNA-sequencing derived from initial AD across the olfactory axis. Using the Connectivity Map-based drug repurposing approach, PKC, EGFR, Aurora kinase, Glycogen synthase kinase, and CDK inhibitors were the top pharmacologic classes capable to restore multiple OMSs, whereas compounds with targeted activity to inhibit PI3K, Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), microtubules, and Polo-like kinase (PLK) represented a family of drugs with detrimental potential to induce olfactory AD-associated gene expression changes. To validate the potential therapeutic effects of the proposed drugs, in vitro assays were performed. These validation experiments revealed that pretreatment of human neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells with the EGFR inhibitor AG-1478 showed a neuroprotective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage while the pretreatment with the Aurora kinase inhibitor Reversine reduced amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity. Taken together, our data pointed out that OMSs may be useful as substrates for drug repurposing to propose novel neuroprotective treatments against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Cartas-Cejudo
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adriana Cortés
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Lachén-Montes
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Anaya-Cubero
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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Baykan AH, Aydın E, Şahin Ş, Altunışık E. Quantitative analysis of the olfactory system in pediatric epilepsy: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Diagn Interv Radiol 2023; 29:396-401. [PMID: 36988051 PMCID: PMC10679695 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2022.21287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Olfactory dysfunction is a well-known complication in epilepsy. Studies have demonstrated that olfactory bulb volume (OBV), olfactory tract length (OTL), and olfactory sulcus depth (OSD) can be reliably evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we compared the OBV, OTL, and OSD values of children with epilepsy and those of healthy children (controls) of similar age. Our aim was to determine the presence of olfactory dysfunction in children with epilepsy and demonstrate the effects of the epilepsy type and treatment on olfactory function in these patients. METHODS Cranial MRI images of 36 patients with epilepsy and 108 controls (3-17 years) were evaluated. The patients with epilepsy were divided into groups according to the type of disease and treatment method. Subsequently, OBV and OSD were measured from the coronal section and OTL from the sagittal section. The OBV, OTL, and OSD values were compared between the epilepsy group, subgroups, and controls. RESULTS OBV was significantly reduced in the children with epilepsy compared with the control group (P < 0.001). No significant difference between the healthy children and those with epilepsy was determined in terms of OTL and OSD. Although OBV was moderately positively correlated with age in the control group (r = 0.561, P < 0.001), it was poorly correlated with age in children with epilepsy (r = 0.393, P = 0.018). CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate that OBV decreases in children with epilepsy, but epilepsy type and treatment method do not affect OBV, OTL, or OSD (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Haydar Baykan
- Department of Radiology, Adıyaman University Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Elçin Aydın
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Şahin
- Department of Radiology, Adıyaman Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Erman Altunışık
- Department of Neurology, Adıyaman University Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman, Turkey
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3
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Lanska DJ. Representations of the olfactory bulb and tracts in images of the medieval cell doctrine. J Hist Neurosci 2022; 31:176-199. [PMID: 34788191 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2021.1976585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a collection of previously overlooked, stereotyped, abstract, anatomical representations of the olfactory bulbs and tracts that were printed as part of schematic woodcuts of the medieval cell doctrine, generally in the early-sixteenth century but extending into the seventeenth century and, in at least one case, to the mid-nineteenth century. A representation of the olfactory bulbs is incorporated into many of these woodcuts, beginning with an illustration by German physician, philosopher, and theologian Magnus Hundt in 1501 in his Antropologium, which showed central projections of the two olfactory bulbs joining in the meshwork of the rete mirabile. German physician and anatomist Johann Eichmann, known as Johannes Dryander, modified Hundt's figure for his own monograph in 1537 but retained the representation of the olfactory bulbs. In 1503, German Carthusian humanist writer Gregor Reisch published an influential and highly copied woodcut in his Margarita philosophica, showing connections from the olfactory bulbs overlying the bridge of the nose (as well as from other special sense organs) to the sensus communis in the anterior cell or ventricle. In the following centuries, numerous authors derived similar figures from Reisch's original schematic illustration of the medieval cell doctrine, including Brunschwig (1512, 1525), Głogowczyk (1514), Romberch/Host (1520), Leporeus/Le Lièvre (1520, 1523), Dolce (1562), Lull/Bernardus de Lavinheta (1612), and Elliotson (1835). Similar representations were provided by Peyligk (1518) and Eck (1520). These stereotyped schematic images linked the olfactory bulbs to olfaction before the advent of more realistic images beginning in the mid-sixteenth century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Lanska
- Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Social Science, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Echevarria-Cooper SL, Zhou G, Zelano C, Pestilli F, Parrish TB, Kahnt T. Mapping the Microstructure and Striae of the Human Olfactory Tract with Diffusion MRI. J Neurosci 2022; 42:58-68. [PMID: 34759031 PMCID: PMC8741165 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1552-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human sense of smell plays an important role in appetite and food intake, detecting environmental threats, social interactions, and memory processing. However, little is known about the neural circuity supporting its function. The olfactory tracts project from the olfactory bulb along the base of the frontal cortex, branching into several striae to meet diverse cortical regions. Historically, using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) to reconstruct the human olfactory tracts has been prevented by susceptibility and motion artifacts. Here, we used a dMRI method with readout segmentation of long variable echo-trains (RESOLVE) to minimize image distortions and characterize the human olfactory tracts in vivo We collected high-resolution dMRI data from 25 healthy human participants (12 male and 13 female) and performed probabilistic tractography using constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD). At the individual subject level, we identified the lateral, medial, and intermediate striae with their respective cortical connections to the piriform cortex and amygdala (AMY), olfactory tubercle (OT), and anterior olfactory nucleus (AON). We combined individual results across subjects to create a normalized, probabilistic atlas of the olfactory tracts. We then investigated the relationship between olfactory perceptual scores and measures of white matter integrity, including mean diffusivity (MD). Importantly, we found that olfactory tract MD negatively correlated with odor discrimination performance. In summary, our results provide a detailed characterization of the connectivity of the human olfactory tracts and demonstrate an association between their structural integrity and olfactory perceptual function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study provides the first detailed in vivo description of the cortical connectivity of the three olfactory tract striae in the human brain, using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI). Additionally, we show that tract microstructure correlates with performance on an odor discrimination task, suggesting a link between the structural integrity of the olfactory tracts and odor perception. Lastly, we generated a normalized probabilistic atlas of the olfactory tracts that may be used in future research to study its integrity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiloh L Echevarria-Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- The Graduate School, Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience (NUIN), Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Christina Zelano
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Franco Pestilli
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Todd B Parrish
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Thorsten Kahnt
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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5
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Heijmans M, Wolters AF, Temel Y, Kuijf ML, Michielse S. Comparison of Olfactory Tract Diffusion Measures Between Early Stage Parkinson's Disease Patients and Healthy Controls Using Ultra-High Field MRI. J Parkinsons Dis 2022; 12:2161-2170. [PMID: 36093714 PMCID: PMC9661345 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MRI is a valuable method to assist in the diagnostic work-up of Parkinson's disease (PD). The olfactory tract (OT) has been proposed as a potential MRI biomarker for distinguishing PD patients from healthy controls. OBJECTIVE This study aims to further investigate whether diffusion measures of the OT differ between early stage PD patients and healthy controls. METHODS Twenty hyposmic/anosmic PD patients, 65 normosmic PD patients, and 36 normosmic healthy controls were evaluated and a 7T diffusion weighted image scan was acquired. Manual seed regions of interest were drawn in the OT region. Tractography of the OT was performed using a deterministic streamlines algorithm. Diffusion measures (fractional anisotropy and mean- radial- and axial diffusivity) of the generated streamlines were compared between groups. RESULTS Diffusion measures did not differ between PD patients compared to healthy controls and between hyposmic/anosmic PD patients, normosmic PD patients, and normosmic healthy controls. A positive correlation was found between age and mean- and axial diffusivity within the hyposmic/anosmic PD subgroup, but not in the normosmic groups. A positive correlation was found between MDS-UPDRSIII scores and fractional anisotropy. CONCLUSION This study showed that fiber tracking of the OT was feasible in both early stage PD and healthy controls using 7T diffusion weighted imaging data. However, 7T MRI diffusion measures of the OT are not useful as an early clinical biomarker for PD. Future work is needed to clarify the role of other OT measurements as a biomarker for PD and its different subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Heijmans
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Amée F. Wolters
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark L. Kuijf
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Michielse
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Sandron J, Hantson P, Duprez T. Intracranial brain parenchymal spread of mucormycosis through olfactory tract: a diffusion-weighted imaging-based concept. Acta Radiol Open 2020; 9:2058460120980999. [PMID: 33489314 PMCID: PMC7768863 DOI: 10.1177/2058460120980999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection involving among others the paranasal sinuses, nasal fossa and brain parenchyma. Mucor can invade the brain parenchyma by either contiguous spread from the paranasal sinuses or through vascular invasion. We report a case of fatal rhino-cerebral mucormycosis in whom cytotoxic edema at magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging was symmetrically restricted to both neocortical and paleocortical primary areas of olfactory projection at earliest phase of the disease process. Shortly later tissue damage extended into the whole brain. This undescribed observation raised the hypothesis of preferential way of brain invasion by Mucor through the olfactory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sandron
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinique Universitaire St-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Ph. Hantson
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinique Universitaire St-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - T. Duprez
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinique Universitaire St-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
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7
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Lachén-Montes M, Mendizuri N, Ausin K, Andrés-Benito P, Ferrer I, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Is Accompanied by Protein Derangements in the Olfactory Bulb-Tract Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218311. [PMID: 33167591 PMCID: PMC7664257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by progressive muscle paralysis due to the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Recent studies point out an involvement of the non-motor axis during disease progression. Despite smell impairment being considered a potential non-motor finding in ALS, the pathobiochemistry at the olfactory level remains unknown. Here, we applied an olfactory quantitative proteotyping approach to analyze the magnitude of the olfactory bulb (OB) proteostatic imbalance in ALS subjects (n = 12) with respect to controls (n = 8). Around 3% of the quantified OB proteome was differentially expressed, pinpointing aberrant protein expression involved in vesicle-mediated transport, macroautophagy, axon development and gliogenesis in ALS subjects. The overproduction of olfactory marker protein (OMP) points out an imbalance in the olfactory signal transduction in ALS. Accompanying the specific overexpression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Bcl-xL in the olfactory tract (OT), a tangled disruption of signaling routes was evidenced across the OB–OT axis in ALS. In particular, the OB survival signaling dynamics clearly differ between ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), two faces of TDP-43 proteinopathy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on high-throughput molecular characterization of the olfactory proteostasis in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Lachén-Montes
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (N.M.)
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Naroa Mendizuri
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (N.M.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karina Ausin
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pol Andrés-Benito
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (P.A.-B.); (I.F.)
- CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08007 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (P.A.-B.); (I.F.)
- CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08007 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (N.M.)
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.F.I.); (E.S.); Tel.: +34-848-425-740 (E.S.); Fax: +34-848-422-200 (E.S.)
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (N.M.)
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.F.I.); (E.S.); Tel.: +34-848-425-740 (E.S.); Fax: +34-848-422-200 (E.S.)
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Collins L, Brunjes P. Experimental Demyelination of the Lateral Olfactory Tract and Anterior Commissure. Neuroscience 2020; 434:93-101. [PMID: 32224229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination significantly affects brain function. Several experimental methods, each inducing varying levels of myelin and neuronal damage, have been developed to understand the process of myelin loss and to find new therapies to promote remyelination. The present work investigates the effect of one such method, lysolecithin administration, on the white matter tracts in the olfactory system. The olfactory forebrain contains two distinct tracts with differing developmental histories, axonal composition, and function: the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), which carries ipsilateral olfactory information from the olfactory bulb to olfactory cortex, and the anterior commissure (AC), which interconnects olfactory regions across hemispheres. The effects of lysolecithin injections were assessed in two ways: (1) the expression of myelin basic protein, a component of compacted myelin sheaths, was quantified using immunohistochemistry and (2) electron microscopy was used to obtain measurements of myelin thickness of individual axons as well as qualitative descriptions of the extent of damage to myelin and surrounding tissue. Data were collected at 7, 14, 21, and 30 days post-injection (dpi). While both the LOT and AC exhibited significant demyelination at 7 dpi and had returned to control levels by 30 dpi, the process differed between the two tracts. Remyelination occurred more rapidly in the LOT: substantial recovery was observed in the LOT by 14 dpi, but not in the AC until 21 dpi. The findings indicate that (a) the LOT and AC are indeed suitable tracts for studying lysolecithin-induced de- and remyelination and (b) experimental demyelination proceeds differently between the two tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Collins
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, United States; University of Oregon, Institute of Neuroscience, United States.
| | - Peter Brunjes
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, United States
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Chen NK, Chou YH, Sundman M, Hickey P, Kasoff WS, Bernstein A, Trouard TP, Lin T, Rapcsak SZ, Sherman SJ, Weingarten CP. Alteration of Diffusion-Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures in Brain Regions Involved in Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease. Brain Connect 2019; 8:343-349. [PMID: 29877094 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2017.0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many nonmotor symptoms (e.g., hyposmia) appear years before the cardinal motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is thus desirable to be able to use noninvasive brain imaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to detect brain abnormalities in early PD stages. Among the MRI modalities, diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) is suitable for detecting changes in brain tissue structure due to neurological diseases. The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether DTI signals measured from brain regions involved in early stages of PD differ from those of healthy controls. To answer this question, we analyzed whole-brain DTI data of 30 early-stage PD patients and 30 controls using improved region of interest-based analysis methods. Results showed that (i) the fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the olfactory tract (connected with the olfactory bulb: one of the first structures affected by PD) are lower in PD patients than healthy controls; (ii) FA values are higher in PD patients than healthy controls in the following brain regions: corticospinal tract, cingulum (near hippocampus), and superior longitudinal fasciculus (temporal part). Experimental results suggest that the tissue property, measured by FA, in olfactory regions is structurally modulated by PD with a mechanism that is different from other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Kuei Chen
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,2 Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,3 Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,4 Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina.,5 Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina.,6 BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ying-Hui Chou
- 3 Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,7 Department of Psychology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,8 Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Mark Sundman
- 7 Department of Psychology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Patrick Hickey
- 9 Department of Neurology, Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles, California
| | - Willard S Kasoff
- 10 Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,11 Department of Neurology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Adam Bernstein
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Theodore P Trouard
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,2 Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,6 BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,12 Evelyn F McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tanya Lin
- 11 Department of Neurology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,13 Department of Neurology, Southern Arizona VA Health Care System , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Steven Z Rapcsak
- 11 Department of Neurology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Scott J Sherman
- 11 Department of Neurology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Carol P Weingarten
- 4 Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina.,14 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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10
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Milardi D, Cacciola A, Calamuneri A, Ghilardi MF, Caminiti F, Cascio F, Andronaco V, Anastasi G, Mormina E, Arrigo A, Bruschetta D, Quartarone A. The Olfactory System Revealed: Non-Invasive Mapping by using Constrained Spherical Deconvolution Tractography in Healthy Humans. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:32. [PMID: 28443000 PMCID: PMC5385345 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the olfactory sense has always been considered with less interest than the visual, auditive or somatic senses, it does plays a major role in our ordinary life, with important implication in dangerous situations or in social and emotional behaviors. Traditional Diffusion Tensor signal model and related tractography have been used in the past years to reconstruct the cranial nerves, including the olfactory nerve (ON). However, no supplementary information with regard to the pathways of the olfactory network have been provided. Here, by using the more advanced Constrained Spherical Deconvolution (CSD) diffusion model, we show for the first time in vivo and non-invasively that, in healthy humans, the olfactory system has a widely distributed anatomical network to several cortical regions as well as to many subcortical structures. Although the present study focuses on an healthy sample size, a similar approach could be applied in the near future to gain important insights with regard to the early involvement of olfaction in several neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio Milardi
- Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo (IRCCS)Messina, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Calamuneri
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Maria F Ghilardi
- Sophie Davis School for Biomedical Education, City College New York (CCNY), The City University of New York (CUNY)New York, NY, USA.,The Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | | | - Filippo Cascio
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Papardo HospitalMessina, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Anastasi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Enricomaria Mormina
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Daniele Bruschetta
- Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo (IRCCS)Messina, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo (IRCCS)Messina, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
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Abstract
The olfactory bulb with its unique architecture was studied for neuronal maturation in human fetuses. Neuroblasts stream into the olfactory bulb from the rostral telencephalon and secondarily migrate radially. The transitory olfactory ventricular recess regresses postnatally. Olfactory is the only sensory system without thalamic projections but incorporates intrinsic thalamic equivalents. The bulb is a repository of progenitor cells. Maturation of the bulb and tract was studied in 18 normal human fetuses of 16-41 weeks gestation; mid-gestational twins with hydrocephalus; 7 arrhinencephaly/holoprosencephaly; 2 olfactory dysgeneses. Multiple immunoreactivities were performed. Synaptophysin around mitral neurons, in a few synaptic glomeruli and concentric lamination of the outer granular layer, was seen at 16 weeks. Outer granular neurons exhibited NeuN at 16 weeks, only 2/3 were reactive at term. Concentric alternating sheets of granular neurons and their dendrodendritic synapses are seen during maturation. Calretinin reactivity is seen in neurons and neurites, primary olfactory nerve axons, periglomerular cells and neuroepithelial cells surrounding the ventricular recess; reactivity occurs later in synaptic glomeruli than with synaptophysin; not all glomeruli are strongly reactive even at term. Nestin- and vimentin-reactive bipolar progenitor cells were demonstrated at all ages and extend into the olfactory tract. Myelin is demonstrated by Luxol fast blue (LFB) only postnatally. In hydrocephalus, the olfactory recess is dilated. Mitral cell dispersion, disrupted glomeruli, heterotopia and maturational delay are seen in some dysgeneses. Malformations exhibit unique findings. Fusion of hypoplastic bulbs can occur. Abnormal architecture is seen in hemimegalencephaly. More documentation of olfactory dysgenesis is needed in other major brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey B. Sarnat
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology)University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteCalgaryABCanada
| | - Weiming Yu
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Paediatric Pathology)University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteCalgaryABCanada
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12
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Sengoku R, Matsushima S, Bono K, Sakuta K, Yamazaki M, Miyagawa S, Komatsu T, Mitsumura H, Kono Y, Kamiyama T, Ito K, Mochio S, Iguchi Y. Olfactory function combined with morphology distinguishes Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:771-7. [PMID: 25986741 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine whether the volume of the olfactory bulbs and tracts (OB & T) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful for differentiating Parkinson's disease (PD) from PD-related disorders. METHODS The study group comprised 13 patients with PD, 11 with multiple system atrophy (MSA), five with progressive supranuclear palsy, and five with corticobasal degeneration (PSP/CBD). All patients were evaluated using the odor stick identification test for Japanese (OSIT-J), (123)I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy, and brain MRI. OB & T areas on 1-mm-thick coronal images were measured and summed for volumes. We examined relationships between olfactory function and volume, and cardiovascular dysautonomia. We defined the cut-off values for OSIT-J score or MIBG uptake and OB & T volume to discriminate PD from PD-related disorders and calculated the proportional rate of PD in four categorized groups. RESULTS OB & T volume was smaller in PD than in MSA or PSP/CBD (p < 0.05 each). The cut-off for detecting PD patients was OSIT-J score <8, heart/mediastinum ratio <1.6, and OB & T volume <270 mm(3). In the group with OSIT-J score <8 and OB & T volume <270 mm(3), the proportion of PD patients among all patients with PD-related disorders was 91%. The rate of probable PD gradually increased as OSIT-J score and OB & T volume decreased (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although preliminary, these data obtained from a combined morphological and functional evaluation of OB or cardiovascular dysautonomia could be useful for further differential of PD and other PD-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renpei Sengoku
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Matsushima
- Department of Radiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Bono
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakuta
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Yamazaki
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyagawa
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teppei Komatsu
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Mitsumura
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Kono
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kamiyama
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiteru Ito
- Department of Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuyuki Iguchi
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Kawaguchi Y, Nagaoka A, Kitami A, Mitsuhashi T, Hayakawa Y, Kobayashi M. Gender-typical olfactory regulation of sexual behavior in goldfish. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:91. [PMID: 24817840 PMCID: PMC4012221 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that olfaction is essential for the occurrence of sexual behavior in male goldfish. Sex pheromones from ovulatory females elicit male sexual behavior, chasing, and sperm releasing act. In female goldfish, ovarian prostaglandin F2α (PGF) elicits female sexual behavior, egg releasing act. It has been considered that olfaction does not affect sexual behavior in female goldfish. In the present study, we re-examined the involvement of olfaction in sexual behavior of female goldfish. Olfaction was blocked in male and female goldfish by two methods: nasal occlusion (NO) which blocks the reception of olfactants, and olfactory tract section (OTX) which blocks transmission of olfactory information from the olfactory bulb to the telencephalon. Sexual behavior of goldfish was induced by administration of PGF to females, an established method for inducing goldfish sexual behavior in both sexes. Sexual behavior in males was suppressed by NO and OTX as previously reported because of lack of pheromone stimulation. In females, NO suppressed sexual behavior but OTX did not affect the occurrence of sexual behavior. Females treated with both NO and OTX performed sexual behavior normally. These results indicate that olfaction is essential in female goldfish to perform sexual behavior as in males but in a different manner. The lack of olfaction in males causes lack of pheromonal stimulation, resulting in no behavior elicited. Whereas the results of female experiments suggest that lack of olfaction in females causes strong inhibition of sexual behavior mediated by the olfactory pathway. Olfactory tract section is considered to block the pathway and remove this inhibition, resulting in the resumption of the behavior. By subtract sectioning of the olfactory tract, it was found that this inhibition was mediated by the medial olfactory tracts, not the lateral olfactory tracts. Thus, it is concluded that goldfish has gender-typical olfactory regulation for sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Kawaguchi
- Department of Life Science, International Christian University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nagaoka
- Department of Life Science, International Christian University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asana Kitami
- Department of Life Science, International Christian University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Life Science, International Christian University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youichi Hayakawa
- Department of Life Science, International Christian University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makito Kobayashi
- Department of Life Science, International Christian University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Cross DJ, Anzai Y, Petrie EC, Martin N, Richards TL, Maravilla KR, Peskind ER, Minoshima S. Loss of olfactory tract integrity affects cortical metabolism in the brain and olfactory regions in aging and mild cognitive impairment. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1278-84. [PMID: 23804325 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.116558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Olfactory dysfunction is an early feature of Alzheimer disease. This study used multimodal imaging of PET and (18)F-FDG combined with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate the association of fiber tract integrity in the olfactory tract with cortical glucose metabolism in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal controls. We hypothesized that MCI subjects would show loss of olfactory tract integrity and may have altered associations with glucose metabolism. METHODS Subjects diagnosed with amnestic MCI (n = 12) and normal controls (n = 23) received standard brain (18)F-FDG PET and DTI with 32 gradient directions on a 3-T MR imaging scanner. Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were generated. Voxelwise correlation analysis of olfactory tract FA values with (18)F-FDG PET images was performed. RESULTS Integrated analysis over all subjects indicated a positive correlation between white matter integrity in the olfactory tract and metabolic activity in olfactory processing structures, including the rostral prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial thalamus, hypothalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, and uncus, and in the superior temporal gyrus, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex. Subjects with MCI, compared with normal controls, showed differential associations of olfactory tract integrity with medial temporal lobe and posterior cortical structures. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that impairment of axonal integrity or neuronal loss may be linked to functional metabolic changes and that disease-specific neurodegeneration may affect this relationship. Multimodal imaging using (18)F-FDG PET and DTI may provide better insights into aging and neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna J Cross
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7115, USA.
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Bai Q, Sun M, Stolz DB, Burton EA. Major isoform of zebrafish P0 is a 23.5 kDa myelin glycoprotein expressed in selected white matter tracts of the central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:1580-96. [PMID: 21452240 PMCID: PMC3903511 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish mpz gene, encoding the ortholog of mammalian myelin protein zero, is expressed in oligodendrocytes of the zebrafish central nervous system (CNS). The putative gene product, P0, has been implicated in promoting axonal regeneration in addition to its proposed structural functions in compact myelin. We raised novel zebrafish P0-specific antibodies and established that P0 is a 23.5 kDa glycoprotein containing a 3 kDa N-linked carbohydrate moiety. P0 was localized to myelin sheaths surrounding axons, but was not detected in the cell bodies or proximal processes of oligodendrocytes. Many white matter tracts in the adult zebrafish CNS were robustly immunoreactive for P0, including afferent visual and olfactory pathways, commissural and longitudinal tracts of the brain, and selected ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord. P0 was first detected during development in premyelinating oligodendrocytes of the ventral hindbrain at 48 hours postfertilization (hpf). By 72 hpf, short segments of longitudinally oriented P0-immunoreactive myelinating axons were seen in the hindbrain; expression in the spinal cord, optic pathways, hindbrain commissures, midbrain, and peripheral nervous system followed. The mpz transcript was found to be alternatively spliced, giving rise to P0 isoforms with alternative C-termini. The 23.5 kDa isoform was most abundant in the CNS, but other isoforms predominated in the myelin sheath surrounding the Mauthner axon. These data provide a detailed account of P0 expression and demonstrate novel P0 isoforms, which may have discrete functional properties. The restriction of P0 immunoreactivity to myelin sheaths indicates that the protein is subject to stringent intracellular compartmentalization, which likely occurs through posttranslational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Bai
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ming Sun
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward A. Burton
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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