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Valès S, Bacola G, Biraud M, Touvron M, Bessard A, Geraldo F, Dougherty KA, Lashani S, Bossard C, Flamant M, Duchalais E, Marionneau-Lambot S, Oullier T, Oliver L, Neunlist M, Vallette FM, Van Landeghem L. Erratum to "Tumor cells hijack enteric glia to activate colon cancer stem cells and stimulate tumorigenesis" [EBioMedicine 49 (2019) 172-188]. EBioMedicine 2023; 88:104448. [PMID: 36689913 PMCID: PMC9876818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Valès
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Gregory Bacola
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mandy Biraud
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Mélissa Touvron
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anne Bessard
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Fanny Geraldo
- Nantes University, INSERM 1232, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Kelsie A. Dougherty
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Shaian Lashani
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Mathurin Flamant
- Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France,Jules Verne Clinic, Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Duchalais
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France,Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Lisa Oliver
- Nantes University, INSERM 1232, CRCINA, Nantes, France,Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France,Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France; Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Shanahan MT, Kanke M, Oyesola OO, Hung YH, Koch-Laskowski K, Singh AP, Peck BCE, Biraud M, Sheahan B, Cortes JE, Gong H, Sahoo DK, Cubitt R, Kurpios NA, Mochel JP, Allenspach K, McElroy SJ, Ding S, von Moltke J, Dekaney CM, Tait-Wojno ED, Sethupathy P. Multiomic analysis defines the first microRNA atlas across all small intestinal epithelial lineages and reveals novel markers of almost all major cell types. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G668-G681. [PMID: 34643097 PMCID: PMC8887887 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00222.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-mediated regulation is critical for the proper development and function of the small intestinal (SI) epithelium. However, it is not known which microRNAs are expressed in each of the cell types of the SI epithelium. To bridge this important knowledge gap, we performed comprehensive microRNA profiling in all major cell types of the mouse SI epithelium. We used flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting with multiple reporter mouse models to isolate intestinal stem cells, enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, tuft cells, and secretory progenitors. We then subjected these cell populations to small RNA-sequencing. The resulting atlas revealed highly enriched microRNA markers for almost every major cell type (https://sethupathy-lab.shinyapps.io/SI_miRNA/). Several of these lineage-enriched microRNAs (LEMs) were observed to be embedded in annotated host genes. We used chromatin-run-on sequencing to determine which of these LEMs are likely cotranscribed with their host genes. We then performed single-cell RNA-sequencing to define the cell type specificity of the host genes and embedded LEMs. We observed that the two most enriched microRNAs in secretory progenitors are miR-1224 and miR-672, the latter of which we found is deleted in hominin species. Finally, using several in vivo models, we established that miR-152 is a Paneth cell-specific microRNA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, first, microRNA atlas (and searchable web server) across all major small intestinal epithelial cell types is presented. We have demonstrated microRNAs that uniquely mark several lineages, including enteroendocrine and tuft. Identification of a key marker of mouse secretory progenitor cells, miR-672, which we show is deleted in humans. We have used several in vivo models to establish miR-152 as a specific marker of Paneth cells, which are highly understudied in terms of microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Shanahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Oyebola O Oyesola
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Kieran Koch-Laskowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Ajeet P Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Bailey C E Peck
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mandy Biraud
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Breanna Sheahan
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Josca E Cortes
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Huiyu Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Dipak K Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Rebecca Cubitt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Steven J McElroy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christopher M Dekaney
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Elia D Tait-Wojno
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Singh AP, Hung YH, Shanahan MT, Kanke M, Bonfini A, Dame MK, Biraud M, Peck BC, Oyesola OO, Freund JM, Cubitt RL, Curry EG, Gonzalez LM, Bewick GA, Tait-Wojno ED, Kurpios NA, Ding S, Spence JR, Dekaney CM, Buchon N, Sethupathy P. Enteroendocrine Progenitor Cell-Enriched miR-7 Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation in an Xiap-Dependent Manner. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:447-464. [PMID: 31756561 PMCID: PMC7021555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The enteroendocrine cell (EEC) lineage is important for intestinal homeostasis. It was recently shown that EEC progenitors contribute to intestinal epithelial growth and renewal, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. MicroRNAs are under-explored along the entire EEC lineage trajectory, and comparatively little is known about their contributions to intestinal homeostasis. METHODS We leverage unbiased sequencing and eight different mouse models and sorting methods to identify microRNAs enriched along the EEC lineage trajectory. We further characterize the functional role of EEC progenitor-enriched miRNA, miR-7, by in vivo dietary study as well as ex vivo enteroid in mice. RESULTS First, we demonstrate that miR-7 is highly enriched across the entire EEC lineage trajectory and is the most enriched miRNA in EEC progenitors relative to Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells. Next, we show in vivo that in EEC progenitors miR-7 is dramatically suppressed under dietary conditions that favor crypt division and suppress EEC abundance. We then demonstrate by functional assays in mouse enteroids that miR-7 exerts robust control of growth, as determined by budding (proxy for crypt division), EdU and PH3 staining, and likely regulates EEC abundance also. Finally, we show by single-cell RNA sequencing analysis that miR-7 regulates Xiap in progenitor/stem cells and we demonstrate in enteroids that the effects of miR-7 on mouse enteroid growth depend in part on Xiap and Egfr signaling. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that EEC progenitor cell-enriched miR-7 is altered by dietary perturbations and that it regulates growth in enteroids via intact Xiap and Egfr signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet P. Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Michael T. Shanahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Alessandro Bonfini
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York
| | - Michael K. Dame
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mandy Biraud
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Bailey C.E. Peck
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Oyebola O. Oyesola
- Baker Institute of Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - John M. Freund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca L. Cubitt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Ennessa G. Curry
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Liara M. Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Gavin A. Bewick
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elia D. Tait-Wojno
- Baker Institute of Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Natasza A. Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christopher M. Dekaney
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Praveen Sethupathy, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 618 Tower Road T7 006D, Veterinary Research Tower, Ithaca, New York 14850. fax: (607) 253–4447.
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Valès S, Bacola G, Biraud M, Touvron M, Bessard A, Geraldo F, Dougherty KA, Lashani S, Bossard C, Flamant M, Duchalais E, Marionneau-Lambot S, Oullier T, Oliver L, Neunlist M, Vallette FM, Van Landeghem L. Tumor cells hijack enteric glia to activate colon cancer stem cells and stimulate tumorigenesis. EBioMedicine 2019; 49:172-188. [PMID: 31662289 PMCID: PMC6945247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancer stem cells (CSCs), considered responsible for tumor initiation and cancer relapse, are constantly exposed to regulatory cues emanating from neighboring cells present in the tumor microenvironment. Among these cells are enteric glial cells (EGCs) that are potent regulators of the epithelium functions in a healthy intestine. However, whether EGCs impact CSC-driven tumorigenesis remains unknown. METHODS Impact of human EGC primary cultures or a non-transformed EGC line on CSCs isolated from human primary colon adenocarcinomas or colon cancer cell lines with different p53, MMR system and stemness status was determined using murine xenograft models and 3D co-culture systems. Supernatants of patient-matched human primary colon adenocarcinomas and non-adjacent healthy mucosa were used to mimic tumor versus healthy mucosa secretomes and compare their effects on EGCs. FINDINGS Our data show that EGCs stimulate CSC expansion and ability to give rise to tumors via paracrine signaling. Importantly, only EGCs that were pre-activated by tumor epithelial cell-derived soluble factors increased CSC tumorigenicity. Pharmacological inhibition of PGE2 biosynthesis in EGCs or IL-1 knockdown in tumor epithelial cells prevented EGC acquisition of a pro-tumorigenic phenotype. Inhibition of PGE2 receptor EP4 and EGFR in CSCs inhibited the effects of tumor-activated EGCs. INTERPRETATION Altogether, our results show that EGCs, once activated by the tumor, acquire a pro-tumorigenic phenotype and stimulate CSC-driven tumorigenesis via a PGE2/EP4/EGFR-dependent pathway. FUNDING This work was supported by grants from the French National Cancer Institute, La Ligue contre le Cancer, the 'Région des Pays de la Loire' and the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Valès
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Gregory Bacola
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mandy Biraud
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Mélissa Touvron
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anne Bessard
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Fanny Geraldo
- Nantes University, INSERM 1232, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Kelsie A. Dougherty
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Shaian Lashani
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Mathurin Flamant
- Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France,Jules Verne Clinic, Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Duchalais
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France,Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Lisa Oliver
- Nantes University, INSERM 1232, CRCINA, Nantes, France,Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France,Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,Corresponding author at: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, CB# 8401, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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5
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Larauche M, Moussaoui N, Biraud M, Bae W, Duboc H, Million M, Taché Y. Brain corticotropin-releasing factor signaling: Involvement in acute stress-induced visceral analgesia in male rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13489. [PMID: 30298965 PMCID: PMC6347489 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water avoidance stress (WAS) induces a naloxone-independent visceral analgesia in male rats under non-invasive conditions of monitoring. The objective of the study was to examine the role of brain CRF signaling in acute stress-induced visceral analgesia (SIVA). METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically implanted with an intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannula. The visceromotor response (VMR) to graded phasic colorectal distension (CRD: 10, 20, 40, 60 mm Hg, 20 seconds, 4 minutes intervals) was monitored using manometry. The VMR to a first CRD (baseline) was recorded 5 minutes after an ICV saline injection, followed 1 hour later by ICV injection of either CRF (30, 100, or 300 ng and 1, 3, or 5 μg/rat) or saline and a second CRD, 5 minutes later. Receptor antagonists against CRF1 /CRF2 (astressin-B, 30 μg/rat), CRF2 (astressin2 -B, 10 μg/rat), oxytocin (tocinoic acid, 20 μg/rat), or vehicle were injected ICV 5 minutes before CRF (300 ng/rat, ICV) or 15 minutes before WAS (1 hour). KEY RESULTS ICV CRF (100 and 300 ng) reduced the VMR to CRD at 60 mm Hg by -36.6% ± 6.8% and -48.7% ± 11.7%, respectively, vs baseline (P < 0.001), while other doses had no effect and IP CRF (10 µg/kg) induced visceral hyperalgesia. Astressin-B and tocinoic acid injected ICV induced hyperalgesia and prevented the analgesic effect of ICV CRF (300 ng/rat) and WAS, while astressin2 -B only blocked WAS-induced SIVA. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These data support a role for brain CRF signaling via CRF2 in SIVA in a model of WAS and CRD likely mediated by the activation of brain oxytocin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Larauche
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States
| | - N. Moussaoui
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States,Present address: Inserm U1048/I2MC Obesity Research
Laboratory, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès BP 84225 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4,
France
| | - M. Biraud
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States,Present address: 1060 William Moore drive CVM Main
Building, RM C305, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - W.K. Bae
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States,Present address: Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan
Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - H. Duboc
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States,Present address: CRI INSERM UMR 1149, University Paris
Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and DHU Unity, APHP, F-75890 Paris, France
| | - M. Million
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States
| | - Y. Taché
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States
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6
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Soufflet F, Biraud M, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Lardeux B, Trang C, Coron E, Bruley des Varannes S, Bourreille A, Neunlist M. Modulation of VIPergic phenotype of enteric neurons by colonic biopsy supernatants from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: Involvement of IL-6 in Crohn's disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 28857361 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroplastic changes in the enteric nervous system (ENS) observed during IBD might participate in physiopathological processes. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide has been shown to be involved in intestinal inflammation and barrier functions. We aimed to investigate the modulation of VIP expression in colonic biopsies of IBD patient, the ability of soluble factors from biopsies to reproduce in vitro these modulations and identify soluble factors responsible. METHODS VIP and cytokines mRNA expressions were assessed in colonic biopsies of healthy subjects (HS) and IBD patients from inflamed (I) and non-inflamed areas (NI). Supernatants (SUP) of biopsies were applied to primary culture of ENS and VIP and cytokines mRNA expressions were assessed. The role of cytokines in SUP induced changes in VIP expression was evaluated. KEY RESULTS VIP mRNA expression was lower in biopsies of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) than Ulcerative Colitis (UC) but unchanged as compared to HS. VIP mRNA and protein expression were lower in primary culture of ENS incubated with SUP-CD than with SUP-UC. Furthermore, in CD but not UC, SUP-I reduced VIP expression in the ENS as compared to SUP-NI. Next, IL-6 but not IL-5, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ or TNF-α reduced VIP expression in the ENS. Finally, in CD, SUP-I incubated with anti-IL-6 antibody increased VIP expression as compared to SUP-I alone. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Mucosal soluble factors from IBD induce VIP neuroplastic changes in the ENS. IL-6 was identified as a putative soluble factor responsible in part for changes in VIP expression in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Soufflet
- INSERM, UMR1235, Nantes, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - M Biraud
- INSERM, UMR1235, Nantes, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - M Rolli-Derkinderen
- INSERM, UMR1235, Nantes, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - B Lardeux
- INSERM, UMR1235, Nantes, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - C Trang
- INSERM, UMR1235, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.,CIC Inserm 1413, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - E Coron
- INSERM, UMR1235, Nantes, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.,CIC Inserm 1413, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - S Bruley des Varannes
- INSERM, UMR1235, Nantes, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.,CIC Inserm 1413, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - A Bourreille
- INSERM, UMR1235, Nantes, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.,CIC Inserm 1413, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - M Neunlist
- INSERM, UMR1235, Nantes, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
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Moussaoui N, Jacobs JP, Larauche M, Biraud M, Million M, Mayer E, Taché Y. Chronic Early-life Stress in Rat Pups Alters Basal Corticosterone, Intestinal Permeability, and Fecal Microbiota at Weaning: Influence of Sex. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23:135-143. [PMID: 27829577 PMCID: PMC5216644 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Wistar rat dams exposed to limited nesting stress (LNS) from post-natal days (PND) 2 to 10 display erratic maternal behavior, and their pups show delayed maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and impaired epithelial barrier at PND10 and a visceral hypersensitivity at adulthood. Little is known about the impact of early life stress on the offspring before adulthood and the influence of sex. We investigated whether male and female rats previously exposed to LNS displays at weaning altered corticosterone, intestinal permeability, and microbiota. Methods Wistar rat dams and litters were maintained from PND2 to 10 with limited nesting/bedding materials and thereafter reverted to normal housing up to weaning (PND21). Control litters had normal housing. At weaning, we monitored body weight, corticosterone plasma levels (enzyme immunoassay), in vivo intestinal to colon permeability (fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa) and fecal microbiota (DNA extraction and amplification of the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene). Results At weaning, LNS pups had hypercorticosteronemia and enhanced intestinal permeability with females > males while body weights were similar. LNS decreased fecal microbial diversity and induced a distinct composition characterized by increased abundance of Gram positive cocci and reduction of fiber-degrading, butyrate-producing, and mucus-resident microbes. Conclusions These data indicate that chronic exposure to LNS during the first week post-natally has sustained effects monitored at weaning including hypercorticosteronemia, a leaky gut, and dysbiosis. These alterations may impact on the susceptibility to develop visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats and have relevance to the development of irritable bowel syndrome in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Moussaoui
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Muriel Larauche
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mandy Biraud
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mulugeta Million
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emeran Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Moussaoui N, Larauche M, Biraud M, Molet J, Million M, Mayer E, Taché Y. Limited Nesting Stress Alters Maternal Behavior and In Vivo Intestinal Permeability in Male Wistar Pup Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155037. [PMID: 27149676 PMCID: PMC4858303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A few studies indicate that limited nesting stress (LNS) alters maternal behavior and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis of dams and offspring in male Sprague Dawley rats. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of LNS on maternal behavior in Wistar rats, and on the HPA axis, glycemia and in vivo intestinal permeability of male and female offspring. Intestinal permeability is known to be elevated during the first week postnatally and influenced by glucocorticoids. Dams and neonatal litters were subjected to LNS or normal nesting conditions (control) from days 2 to 10 postnatally. At day 10, blood was collected from pups for determination of glucose and plasma corticosterone by enzyme immunoassay and in vivo intestinal permeability by oral gavage of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4kDa. Dams exposed to LNS compared to control showed an increase in the percentage of time spent building a nest (118%), self-grooming (69%), and putting the pups back to the nest (167%). LNS male and female pups exhibited a reduction of body weight by 5% and 4%, adrenal weights/100g body weight by 17% and 18%, corticosterone plasma levels by 64% and 62% and blood glucose by 11% and 12% respectively compared to same sex control pups. In male LNS pups, intestinal permeability was increased by 2.7-fold while no change was observed in females compared to same sex control. There was no sex difference in any of the parameters in control pups except the body weight. These data indicate that Wistar dams subjected to LNS during the first postnatal week have an altered repertoire of maternal behaviors which affects the development of the HPA axis in both sexes and intestinal barrier function in male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Moussaoui
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, 90073, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Muriel Larauche
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, 90073, United States of America
| | - Mandy Biraud
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, 90073, United States of America
| | - Jenny Molet
- Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697–4475, United States of America
| | - Mulugeta Million
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, 90073, United States of America
| | - Emeran Mayer
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, 90073, United States of America
| | - Yvette Taché
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, 90073, United States of America
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Brégeon J, Neunlist M, Bossard C, Biraud M, Coron E, Bourreille A, Meurette G. Improvement of Refractory Ulcerative Proctitis With Sacral Nerve Stimulation. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 49:853-7. [PMID: 25930972 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is recognized for its efficiency and safety for anal incontinence, preventing high morbidity. Evidence from the literature suggests extending SNS to diseases associated with problems of intestinal barrier permeability. The aim of this study was to highlight clinical evidence of the beneficial impact of SNS in a refractory proctitis case report. MATERIALS AND METHODS A permanent SNS was performed successfully in a patient with proctitis after implantation of the neuromodulator. Despite immunosuppressive drugs, the patient was experiencing mucus and blood discharge, pain, and fecal incontinence. To relieve fecal incontinence, SNS was tested without modification of medications. Disease activity, endoscopic and histologic score, ex vivo barrier permeability, expression of inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor-β, tumor necrosis factor α, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8), and junctional proteins (ZO-1, claudin-1, occludin) were assessed before and after SNS to observe the impact of SNS other than for incontinence. RESULTS After a 3-week period of temporary stimulation, the patient experienced significant improvement with a decrease in fecal incontinence and disease activity scores. Both endoscopic and histologic scores showed improvement. The rectal barrier permeability decreased with SNS, whereas junctional protein mRNA expression transiently increased. Clinical and histologic improvement was sustained over time. After 18 months of permanent stimulation, the patient remained improved by SNS. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates the relevance to explore further indications of SNS beyond fecal incontinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Brégeon
- *INSERM UMR 913, Institut des maladies de l'appareil digestif, CHU de Nantes, Université de Nantes †Laboratoire d'anatomie pathologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
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Valès S, Biraud M, Marionneau‐Lambot S, Oullier T, Neunlist M, Van Landeghem L. Enteric Glial Cells Activate Colon Cancer Stem Cells to Promote Tumorigenesis. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.1000.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Valès
- UMR Inserm 913Institute of Digestive Diseases (IMAD)NantesFrance
- Nantes UniversityNantesFrance
| | - Mandy Biraud
- UMR Inserm 913Institute of Digestive Diseases (IMAD)NantesFrance
- Nantes UniversityNantesFrance
| | | | | | - Michel Neunlist
- UMR Inserm 913Institute of Digestive Diseases (IMAD)NantesFrance
- Nantes UniversityNantesFrance
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- UMR Inserm 913Institute of Digestive Diseases (IMAD)NantesFrance
- Nantes UniversityNantesFrance
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Mulak A, Larauche M, Biraud M, Million M, Rivier J, Taché Y. Selective agonists of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 or 2 injected peripherally induce antihyperalgesic effect in two models of visceral hypersensitivity in mice. Peptides 2015; 63:71-80. [PMID: 25451334 PMCID: PMC4385413 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin interacts with five G-protein-coupled receptor (sst1-5). Octreotide, a stable sst2≫3≥5 agonist, exerts a visceral anti-hyperalgesic effect in experimental and clinical studies. Little is known on the receptor subtypes involved. We investigated the influence of the stable sst1-5 agonist, ODT8-SST and selective receptor subtype peptide agonists (3 or 10μg/mouse) injected intraperitoneally (ip) on visceral hypersensitivity in mice induced by repeated noxious colorectal distensions (four sets of three CRD, each at 55mmHg) or corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 agonist, cortagine given between two sets of graded CRD (15, 30, 45, and 60mmHg, three times each pressure). The mean visceromotor response (VMR) was assessed using a non-invasive manometry method and values were expressed as percentage of the VMR to the 1st set of CRD baseline or to the 60mmHg CRD, respectively. ODT8-SST (10μg) and the sst2 agonist, S-346-011 (3 and 10μg) prevented mechanically induced visceral hypersensitivity in the three sets of CRD, the sst1 agonist (10μg) blocked only the 2nd set and showed a trend at 3μg while the sst4 agonist had no effect. The selective sst2 antagonist, S-406-028 blocked the sst2 agonist but not the sst1 agonist effect. The sst1 agonist (3 and 10μg) prevented cortagine-induced hypersensitivity to CRD at each pressure while the sst2 agonist at 10μg reduced it. These data indicate that in addition to sst2, the sst1 agonist may provide a novel promising target to alleviate visceral hypersensitivity induced by mechanoreceptor sensitization and more prominently, stress-related visceral nociceptive sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Mulak
- Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Muriel Larauche
- Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mandy Biraud
- Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mulugeta Million
- Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean Rivier
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Paillusson S, Clairembault T, Biraud M, Neunlist M, Derkinderen P. Activity-dependent secretion of alpha-synuclein by enteric neurons. J Neurochem 2013; 125:512-7. [PMID: 23278133 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence supporting a role of extracellular alpha-synuclein in the spreading of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. Recent pathological studies have raised the possibility that the enteric nervous system (ENS) is one of the initial sites of alpha-synuclein pathology in PD. We therefore undertook this survey to determine whether alpha-synuclein can be secreted by enteric neurons. Alpha-synuclein secretion was assessed by immunoblot analysis of the culture medium from primary culture of ENS. We show that alpha-synuclein is physiologically secreted by enteric neurons via a conventional, endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi-dependent exocytosis, in a neuronal activity-regulated manner. Our study is the first to evidence that enteric neurons are capable of secreting alpha-synuclein, thereby providing new insights into the role of the ENS in the pathophysiology of PD.
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Paillusson S, Tasselli M, Lebouvier T, Mahé MM, Chevalier J, Biraud M, Cario-Toumaniantz C, Neunlist M, Derkinderen P. α-Synuclein expression is induced by depolarization and cyclic AMP in enteric neurons. J Neurochem 2010; 115:694-706. [PMID: 20731759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence emphasizes the importance of α-synuclein expression levels in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. PD is a multicentric disorder that affects the enteric nervous system (ENS), whose involvement may herald the degenerative process in the CNS. We therefore undertook the present study to investigate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of expression of α-synuclein in the ENS. The regulation of α-synuclein expression was assessed by qPCR and western blot analysis in rat primary culture of ENS treated with KCl and forskolin. A pharmacological approach was used to decipher the signaling pathways involved. Intraperitoneal injections of Bay K-8644 and forskolin were performed in mice, whose proximal colons were further analyzed for α-synuclein expression. Depolarization and forskolin increased α-synuclein mRNA and protein expression in primary cultures of ENS, although L-type calcium channel and protein kinase A, respectively. Both stimuli increased α-synuclein expression through a Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway. An increase in α-synuclein expression was also observed in vivo in the ENS of mice injected with Bay K-8644 or forskolin. In conclusion, we have identified stimuli leading to α-synuclein over-expression in the ENS, which could be critical in the initiation of the pathological process in PD.
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